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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CEN 400A & B : B.TECH PROJECT
B.TECH. (IV YEAR) PROJECT (2023-24)
A New Road Bridge is required to be constructed to facilitate the movement of traffic from two
lane State Highway which is on the Left Bank of the River to the Four Lane Divided National
Highway which is on the Right Bank of the River. The schematic description of the problem is
provided in Sketch 1 attached along with .
Each group is provided with the location of the place (in terms of Latitude and Longitude) along
with all other details required for the design of the new road and the new bridge . The required
data for different items is provided in the annexures enclosed along with this paper.
The project report shall consist of the detailed analysis/design/drawings involving the following
disciplines:
1. Survey
Develop the Topographical Map for an area: 1.25 km upstream/downstream of the given
location and 1 km on each side of the left and the right bank using Google Maps/3D Civil
or any other appropriate software
Develop the Cross Section Profile along the New Road/New Bridge using Google Maps
Elevation data/any other appropriate databank/software
The details of location for each group are provided in Annexure 1.
2. Geotechnical Studies
- Analyze the given Bore Log data and carry out Geotechnical Design for the foundation (s)
of the abutment and the pier to be designed.
Assessment of Liquefaction Potential
The Bore Logs to be used by each group are provided in Annexure 2.
3. Hydrological and Hydraulic Studies
- Analyze the given hydrological data to compute the Scour Depth using HEC_RAS
Design of River Training Works up to 500m upstream and 100m downstream of the
proposed bridge site
Drainage Arrangement of Bridge. Rainfall Data for this purpose shall be obtained from the
IMD site.
The data needed for Hydrological studies is provided in Annexure 3.

4. Highway Plan & Profile
Geometric design of connectivity between new road along the bridge and the existing
highway on right bank of the river including the design of the pavement crust
Type of intersection, elements at the intersection for safe maneuvers, layout plan
any need of auxiliary lanes, etc.
Design calculations, sketch of pavement crust, material to be used in each layer,

and specification values for all.
The data needed for Highway geometry and crust design is provided in Annexure 4.
5. Detailed Design of Bridge
General Arrangement Drawing of the Bridge showing different components
Elevation Profile and Pier Locations for the entire length of the bridge
Dimension Details of the different components of the Bridge
Design and Drawings of one Typical Span (from Abutment to First pier) involving the
longitudinal design and transverse design.
Design and Drawings of the End Abutment (on Right Bank, towards National Highway)
involving substructure and foundation .
Design and Drawings of one typical Pier involving substructure and foundation.
Design of Spherical Bearings/POT PTFE bearings.
Design of Crash Barrier
The preliminary data for the design of the bridge is provided in Annexure 5.
6. Environmental Studies
Steps for Environmental Impact Assessment- Lectures

Brief Description of Environment: Flora, fauna, Water, Air, Land Noise,
Socio-Economic- Provided by the Teacher, Same for everyone
Anticipated Impact of the Project on Environment
Environmental Management Plan during Construction and Operation phase
The data for Environmental Studies is provided in Annexure 6.
7. Bill of Quantities
The bill of quantities for the entire bridge and road works to be provided based on the
detailed design. The rate for each item will be provided subsequently.
~Ilh:
Right Bank Left'Bank
RIVER
I ~,;~~[:':;. /;: \
.~J~;iti'- '.'
\~:\f:,'~;:~: :·1~
J:
Intersection I.!l
between NH and J:
u.
New Road New Bridge ~
--; ~
V".
" L.I.
.. .,:( . . 2
<l
1 km t ~
'.
. - : -.-.-.- ~ - . -.-.~.-.-~- . -.- . -.- . - . - . -.-.- . -
. \
. - . - .-.-. _ . _ . _._ . _._ .
>:;('.,..
,•.,;: ! ;q I •
- ------- - ------ - -
. LENGTH OF BRIDGE lkm k·,K
, ~$i~!' .;. ':
: ", ':~· •. :"l
Sketch 1: Schematic Description of the Problem i!t~!:

(EN 400A / Annexure 1 / Locations
Group Latitude Longitude Group Latitude Longitude

0
1 25°40'54.44"N 80 53'34.16"E 9 26°11'40.38"N 79°41' 54.37 "E
2 26°46'51.53"N 78°10'8.42"E 10 25°41'34.51"N 0
80 40'57.93"E
3 25°21'4.93"N 81 °38'37.28" E 11 16°22'13.04"N 75 °48 '27.12"E
4 25° 7'21.22" N 82°47'36.98"E 12 16°49'14.78"N 80° 6'57.04"E
5 25°28'25.71"N 83°25'20.13"E 13 30° 0'1.58"N '.
77°15'37.67"E
6 25°33'19.29"N 83°55'49.55"E 14 28°34'57.06"N 78°12' 18.54"
0
7 25°53'53.63"N 80 21'1.92"E 15 25°53'18.46"N 81°12'49.46"E
-
8
0
30 59'40.20"N 75°50'36.02"E
The levels at the river location provided by the aerial/satellite imagery gives the top of the water level. Hence, interpolation is required to
be done to achieve the actual bed level profile of the river. The following scheme shall be used by all groups.
Profile from Google Maps
Width/2
5m
Width/4' Width/4
Profile to be Developed
(EN 400A / Annexure 3 / Hydrological Data
Group River Flow (cumecs) Group River Flow (cumecs)
1 10,000
9 15,000
2 12,000
10 13,000
3 14,000
11 11,000
4 16,000
12 21,000
5 18,000
13 22,000
6 20,000
7 19,000 14 23,000
8 17,000 15 24,000
The HFL shall be taken 1 m down from the lowest level of the two banks at each location.
""'
'"
...".
CEN 400A / Annexure 4 / Highway Data
FRL of NH with Angle of intersection

Subgrade Soil Borrowed AADT, CVD as %
Group respect to FRL of between bridge axis and CL
CBR (%) Soil CBR (%) veh/d ofAADT
New Bridge profile of NH (9)
1 5 13 25000 10 5 90
2 7 15 15000 8 -5 80
3 9 13 22000 12 -5.5 60
4 11 15 12000 14 5.5 45
5 10 10 18000 16 3 30
6 8 12 24000 9 -3 80
7 6 14 16000 7 6 70
8 5 20 15000 11 -6 90
9 7 13 20000 13 0 60
10 9 10 13000 15 2 30
11 11 15 17000 10 -2 50
12 10 13 20000 8 4.5 70
13 8 12 16000 12 -4.5 90
14 6 12 12000 14 3.5 40
15 8 15 15000 15 -3 .5 --
80
Annexure 5: Steel-Concrete Composite Girder Bridge
Structural Form : Steel-Concrete composite girder bridge
Overall width ofthe deck: 17.5m (2x7.5m carriageway width + 104m wide central median +
crash barrier at both the ends)
Number of longitudinal girders: 5 or 6 as per the following table 1
• •" . L ' , I"
-,
17 500 \7500
~ --
Typical Cross-sectional Details (Bridge with 5 longitudinal girders)
Table 1
Group Span Length (m) Tentative Dimensions Exposure Number of
Condition longitudinal
Dl(mm) D2(mm) girders
1 20 200 to 250mm Span/13 to Moderate 5

2&3 22 Span/16 Severe 5
4&5 24 Very Severe 5
6&7 26 Severe 5
8&9 28 Moderate 6
10&11 30 Severe 6
12&13 32 Very severe 6
14&15 34 Severe 6
'" ",.
Annexure 6 / Envirohment Data (All Groups)
I
I
Existing Flora at the site Soil Quality at Site
Common Name Density
Scientific name
(Local Name) (plants/m 2 ) Parameters All Locations
Ipomoea alba White Morning Glory 0.01

pH 7.89
Dactyloctancums indicum Crow foot grass 0.01
EC(/lS/cm) 232
Water Morning
Ipomea aquatica 0.01 Organic matter (%) 2
Glory
Ammonia Nitrogen(g/Kg) 0.89
Alternantheraphiloxeroides Alligator Weed 0.04
Nitrate(g/Kg) 2.2
Amaranthusviridis Cholai 0.05
Phosphorus(g/Kg) 0.1
Cynodon Grass Dhoob 0.00
Calcium (mg/L) 11.1
Daturastramonium Datura 0.05
Magnesium(mg/L) 8.74
Phyllanthusn iru ri Amla 0.01
Sodium (mg/L) 9
Portulacaoleracea Purslane 0.21
Potassium (mg/L) 8
Swamp Willow
Persicariadecip iens 0.11 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) 11.7
Weed
Noise level at Site
Parameters Location 1
SPL(dB) 34.8
LEQ(dB) 32.4
_. - -----
Annexure 6/ Environment Data (All Groups)
Existing Water Quality of the River

Existing Air Quality at Site
IS 10500:2012
PARAMETERS RIVER (U\S) RIVER (0\5) (Drinking NAAQ Standard
Parameters All Locations
Water) (24 hours)
pH 7.28 7.25 6.5-8;5
PM lO (ug/m 3 ) 33.1 100
Alkalinity (mg/ L) 130 125 200
Total Acidity (mg/ L) 50 45 -
PM 2.S (ug/m 3 ) 66.2 60
EC (\lS/cm) 398 330 -
Turbidity (NTU) 144 127 5 SOx(ug/m 3 ) 66.8 80
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/ L) 261 220 500
Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) 536 521 - NOx(ug/m 3 ) 42.12 80
COD (mg/L) 60 49 -
BOD (mg/L) 45.2 33 .2 nil
Socio-Economic analysis of Nearby Inhabitants at
Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) 3.5 5.3 -
Nitrate (mg/L) 0.89 1.01 45 Site
Phosphorus(mg/ L) 0.32 0.26 -
Parameters Location 1
Total Hardne ss( mg/ L) 30 22 300
Calcium (mg/L) 19 9.8 75
Area (sq. km) 0.80
Magnesium(mg/L) 4.4 . 3.7 30
Sodium (mg/L) 14 17 -
Population (no. of person s) 180
Potas sium (mg/ L) 6 8 -
Chloride (mg/ L) 88 79 250
Sulphate (mg/ L) 40 32 200 Annual Incom e Rs .15000p: m
Iron (mg/ L) 0.60 0.65 0.30

Boron (m g/L) 0.51 0.72 1 Literacy % (upto high school ) 70%
Fecal coliforms (MPN / 100mL) 2400 4500 Absent
....
Di ssolve d Oxvge n (DO) mg/L 4.2 4.3 - ....
ANNEXURE 7
HEC-RAS Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System

(US Army Corps of Engineers)
IRC :6-2017 Standard Specifications & Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section 11-
Loads and Stresses (Fifth Revision)
IRC: 112-2020 Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges
IRC: 22-2015 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges. Section-
VI Composite Construction (First revision)
IRC : 38-1988 Guidelines for Design for Horizontal Curves for Highways and Design
Tables (first Revision)
IRC: 75-1979 Guidelines for the Design of High Embankments.
IRC: 78-2014 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Section-
VII Foundations & Sub-structure
IRC: 83-2018 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Section-
IX Bearings, Part-I : Metallic Bearings.
IRC: 83-2002 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, (Part-II
Section-IX Bearings, Part-III: POT POT-CUM-PTFE, PIN AND METALLIC
GUIDE BEARINGS
IRC: 35-1997 Code of Practice for Road Markings
IRC: 67-2012 Code of Practice for Road Signs
IRC : 92-1985 Guidelines for the Design of Interchanges in Urban Areas
IRC SP: 41-1994 Guidelines of the Design of at Grade Intersections in Rural and Urban
Areas
IRC: SP84-2009 Manual of Standards and Specifications for Four Laning of Highways
IRC SP: 90-2010 Manual for Grade Separators and Elevated Structures
IRC: 37-2012 Tentative Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements
IS :2911 (Part-I/sec 2) Design and Construction of Pile Foundation-Concrete Piles Bored Cast-in-
situ.
IS : 10751-1994 Planning and Design of Guide banks for Alluvial Rivers - Guidelines (First
Revision)
Topographical Maps and
Cross-Section Profile (QGIS)
Profile Tool
CEN-400A & B : B.Tech Project

Add Placemark – 1 (Latitude & Longitude)
Add Placemark – 1 (Latitude & Longitude)
Save Place As – 1
Save Place As – 1.kml
QGIS , HCMGIS – Google Satellite Hybrid (BaseMap)
QGIS , HCMGIS – Google Satellite Hybrid (BaseMap)
Layer – Add Layer – Add Vector Layer
Vector Datasets- Browse
Vector Datasets- 1.kml
Add Vector Dataset - 1.kml
1.Kml – Zoom to Layer
1.Kml on BaseMap
Download DEM – Bhuvan Portal (Open Data Archive)
Website URL: www.bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/home/index.php

Download DEM – CartoDEM (Select Version)
Select Area – Tiles
Select Area – Tiles – Choose Tile with Pt. 1
Cordinates - Click Next
Tile – Download (Make sure to Login Before
Downloading)
Layer – Add Layer – Add Raster Layer
Raster Dataset - Browse
Raster Dataset – DEM.tif
Add Raster Dataset – DEM.tif
DEM.tif – Properties
Layer Properties - Transparency
Layer Properties - Symbology
Render Type – Singleband pseudocolor
Singleband pseudocolor – Invert Color Ramp
Singleband pseudocolor – Invert Color Ramp - OK
DEM Layer + Point 1
New Shapefile Layer
Geometry Type - Line
Geometry Type – Line – cross_section.shp
Toggle Editing
Add Line Feature
Measure Line
Measure Line
Downstream – LINE (2.5km)
Upstream – LINE (2.5km)
Cross-section – LINE (2.5 km upstream
&downstream and 1 km right and left of riverbank)
Add Area – Polygon Feature
Plugins – Manage & Install Plugins
Plugins – Profile Tool
Plugins – Profile Tool - Install
Profile Tool – Add Layer
Profile Tool – Add Layer - DEM
Profile Tool – Draw Transect (Along)
Profile Tool – Draw Transect – Elevation (m) [Y-axis]
with Distance (m) [X-axis] (Across)
Profile Tool –Output – Graph [X-axis (distance) Y-
axis (elevation)] (in m)
Thank You
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES
CEN – 400A & B
Analysis of given bore-log data
• Granular soil: SPT resistance (N) is given. Find

corresponding value of ϕ.
2
Contd…
• Cohesive soil or c-ϕ soil: shear strength parameters, c and ϕ

shall be given.
• Unit weight of all the soil layers.
• Location of water table.
• Possibility of liquefaction based on soil stratum

– Carry out liquefaction analysis,
– Find out extent of liquefiable soil.
3
Contd…
• Observe the bore-log carefully to take the decision regarding

type of foundations: pile or well foundations
• Decide the tentative diameter and length of foundation

according to the bore-log data.
– If there is any clay layer, foundation should not rest in this.
– In the presence of clay layer, see to it that equivalent raft (in case of
pile foundation) is placed at proper depth so that settlement is within
permissible limit.
– Keep in mind the extent of liquefiable soil (if any): liquefiable soil will
not offer any resistance and therefore its contribution should be
neglected while calculating the load carrying capacity of the
foundation.
4
Load carrying capacity of pile foundations
• Ultimate load carrying capacity of piles in granular soils

 1  n
Qu = Ap  D N  + PD N q  +  Ki PDi tan  i Asi
2  i =1
– Nγ factor: IS: 6403 (for general shear failure)
– Nq factor: depends upon nature of soil, type of pile, L/B ratio and its
method of construction
– Ki: earth pressure coeff.: Bored cast-in-situ piles: between 1 and 1.5
– PD: effective overburden pressure
– δ: angle of wall friction = equal to friction angle of soil around pile
– Need to use critical depth concept.
5
Contd…
Nq factor for bored cast-in-situ piles

as per
IS: 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2): 2010
6
Contd…
• Ultimate load carrying capacity of piles in cohesive soils

n
Qu = Ap N c c p +  i ci Asi
i =1
– Nc factor: taken as 9
– cp: average cohesion at pile tip
– αi: adhesion factor
7
Contd…
• In case of presence of lateral loads: lateral soil resistance

p
= h z
y
8
Contd…
• Lateral soil resistance for preloaded clays

p k1 0.3
= K , where K = 
y 1.5 B
• k1:Terzaghi’s modulus of subgrade reaction: determined from
load-deflection measurements on a 30 cm square plate and
B, is width of plate (= diameter in case of circular piles).
9
Contd…
• Stiffness factors for piles in sand and normally loaded clays:

EI
T= 5
h
• For piles in preloaded clays:
EI
R= 4
KB
10
Contd…
• Criteria for short rigid piles and long elastic piles
11
Contd…
• Deflection and moments in long elastic piles: requires

determination of depth of virtual fixity, zf.
12
Contd…
• Pile head deflection, y:
H (e + z f )
3
y=  103 for free head pile

3EI
H (e + z f )
3
y=  103 for fixed head pile

12 EI
– H: lateral load (kN)

– y: deflection of pile head (mm)
– E: modulus of elasticity of pile material (kN/m2); I: moment of inertia of
pile cross-section (m4)
– zf: depth to point of fixity (m)
– e: cantilever length above ground to point of load application (m)
13
Contd…
• Fixed end moment of pile for equivalent cantilever, MF:

M F = H ( e + z f ) for free head pile
H (e + z f )
MF = for fixed head pile
2
• MF > actual maximum bending moment M in the pile
• Actual maximum moment may be obtained by multiplying the

fixed end moment of the equivalent cantilever by a reduction
factor, m.
14
Contd…
15
HW
48 387
Hydraulic Modeling using HEC-RAS
Department of Civil Engineering

What is a hydraulic model?
• Hydraulic model: A hydraulic model is a mathematical representation of a
water/sewer/storm system and is used to analyze the system’s hydraulic
behavior.
• Hydraulic modeling is frequently used to understand a hydraulic system’s
behavior under different scenarios at different spatial and temporal scales.
Lab experiment Modeling

Cost
Time
2
Different types of hydraulic models
Hydraulic models can be categorized by its dimensionality
1D 2D
Flow is considered one dimensional Flow is considered two dimensional

(1D) both in channel and floodplain (1D) in both channel and floodplain
1D/2D 3D
Combined 1D-2D. 1D in channel Flow is considered three dimensional

and 2D in floodplain (3D) in both channel and floodplain
3
One dimensional (1D) hydraulic model
A 1D model assume flow in one direction – generally along the river.
Flow along Flow along lateral

longitudinal 1D direction is neglected
direction
EXAMPLES
•HEC-RAS 1D (Hydraulic Engineering Center-River Analysis Service 1D Model)

• MIKE 11
• SWMM (Storm and water management model)
•HY8
4
Software and Data Requirements
• The HEC-RAS program can be downloaded free of charge

from the Hydrologic Engineering Center's home page at:
https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/
• A user's manual is also available at this location.
• HEC-RAS example projects can be downloaded from the

following link:
– https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-
ras/download.aspx
5
HEC-RAS Hydraulics
• HEC-RAS is a one-dimensional steady flow hydraulic

model.
• Steady flow describes conditions in which depth and

velocity at a given channel location do not change with time.
• Gradually varied flow is characterized by minor changes in

water depth and velocity from cross-section to cross-section.
• The primary procedure used by HEC-RAS to compute water

surface profiles assumes a steady, gradually varied flow
scenario, and is called the Standard step method.
6
HEC-RAS Hydraulics
• The basic computational procedure is based on an iterative

solution of the energy equation:
• The change in energy between two cross-sections is called

head loss (hL).
• The energy equation parameters are illustrated in the

following graphic:
7
HEC-RAS Hydraulics
• Given the flow and water surface elevation at one cross-

section, the goal of the direct step method is to compute the
water surface elevation at the adjacent cross-section.
• Whether the computations proceed from upstream to

downstream or vice versa, depends on the flow regime.
• The dimensionless Froude number (𝑭𝒓 ) is used to
characterize flow regime, where:
• 𝐹𝑟 < 1 denotes subcritical flow
• 𝐹𝑟 > 1 denotes supercritical flow
• 𝐹𝑟 = 1 denotes critical flow
8
HEC-RAS Hydraulics
• For a subcritical flow scenario, which is very common in

natural and man-made channels, standard step
computations would begin at the downstream end of the
reach, and progress upstream between adjacent cross-
sections.
• For supercritical flow, the computations would begin at the

upstream end of the reach and proceed downstream.
9
Starting a Project
• You may start the HEC-RAS program by

clicking Start/Programs/Hec/HEC-RAS.
• The following window should subsequently appear:
• Henceforth, this window will be referred to as the main

project window.
10
Starting a Project
• A Project in RAS refers to all of the data sets associated

with a particular river system.
• To define a new project, select File/New Project to bring up

the main project window:
11
Starting a Project
• You will first need to select your working directory, and

then a title (Waller Creek), and file name (Waller.prj).
• All project filenames for HEC-RAS are assigned the

extension ".prj".
• Click on the OK button and a window will open confirming

the information you just entered.
• Again click the OK button. The project line in your main

project window should now be filled in.
12
Starting a Project
• The Project Description line at the bottom of the main

project window allows you to type a detailed name for the
actual short Project name.
• If desired, you may click on the ellipsis to the right of

the Description bar, and additional space for you to type a
lengthy Description will appear.
• Any time you see an ellipsis in a window in HEC-RAS, it

means you may access additional space for writing
descriptive text.
13
Starting a Project
• For each HEC-RAS project, there are three required

components--the Geometry data, Flow data, and Plan data.
• The Geometry data, for instance, consists of a description

of the size, shape, and connectivity of stream cross-sections.
• Likewise, the Flow data contains discharge rates.
• Finally, Plan data contains information pertinent to the run

specifications of the model, including a description of the
flow regime.
14
Entering Geometric Data
• To use the Geometric Data editor to enter geometry, select

Geometric Data from the Edit menu on the main HEC-RAS
window.
• The next step is to enter the necessary geometric data,

which consist of :
– a background map layer
– cross-section data
– hydraulic structure data (bridges, culverts, weirs, etc.).
15
Geometry Data Plan View
Cross-section
Cross-section
Bank locations
Bank locations
Station number
River or stream
Station number
River or stream
Junction
Junction
16
Editing Geometric Data
• The and buttons are used to create the reach

schematic.
• A reach is simply a subsection of a river, and a junction

occurs at the confluence of two rivers.
• The , and buttons are used to input and edit

geometric descriptions for cross-sections, and hydraulic
structures such as bridges, culverts, and weirs.
17
Geometric Data
• The data used to describe the cross-sections include

– the river station/cross-section number
– lateral and elevation coordinates for each terrain point (station &
elevation columns)
– Manning's roughness coefficients (n)
– reach lengths between adjacent cross-sections
– left and right bank station
– channel contraction and expansion coefficients.
• These data are typically obtained by field surveys.
18
Geometric Data
• The allows you

to associate an image
file (photograph) with
a particular cross-
section.
• Click on the
button to open the
cross-section data
window:
19
LOB - ROB
LC
LLOB LROB
2
2
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐵 𝑉𝑐2 𝑉𝑅𝑂𝐵
Plan View 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
a𝑉 2
2𝑔
Cross-sectional View
20
Geometry Data – Cross sectional view
Station or Elevation
distance values
along XS along XS
21
Geometric Data
• To actually see what the cross-sections look like, select

the Plot/Plot Cross-Section menu item.
• The cross-section points

appear black and bank
stations are denoted
with red. Manning
roughness coefficients
appear across the top of
the plot.
22
Geometric Data
• Once geometric data are entered, the data should be saved

to a file on the hard disk by selecting the Save Geometric
Data As option from the File menu on the Geometric Data
editor.
• This option allows the user to enter a title for the geometric
data.
• Once a title is established, geometric data can be saved

periodically by selecting Save Geometric Data from the File
menu of the Geometric Data editor.
23
Entering Flow Data and Boundary Conditions
• Once the geometric data are entered, the modeler can then
enter either steady flow or unsteady flow data.
• The type of flow data entered depends upon the type of

analyses to be performed.
• The data entry form for steady flow data is available under
the Edit menu bar option on the HEC-RAS main window.
24
• The steady flow data consist of:

– number of profiles to be computed
– flow data
– river system boundary conditions.
25
• Boundary conditions are required in order to perform the

calculations.
• If a subcritical flow analysis is going to be performed, then

only the downstream boundary conditions are required.
• If a supercritical flow analysis is going to be performed,

then only the upstream boundary conditions are required.
• The Boundary Conditions data entry form can be brought up

by pressing the Reach Boundary Conditions button from
the Steady Flow Data entry form.
26
Steady Flow Data – Upstream boundary condition
Flow value is specified at the upstream of

each reach. Multiple values can be
specified to create multiple profiles.
27
Steady Flow Data – Downstream boundary
condition
Water depth (known water surface

elevation, critical depth or normal depth)
can be provided as downstream boundary
for each reach
28

calculations.



29
• Once all of the steady flow data and boundary conditions are
entered, the modeler should save the data to the hard disk.
• This can be accomplished by selecting Save Flow Data As

from the File option on the Steady Flow Data menu bar.
• Flow data is saved in a separate file.
• The user is only required to enter a title for the flow data,
the filename is automatically assigned.
30
Performing Study Flow Analysis
• We need to put together a Plan by selecting a specific set of

geometric data and flow data.
• A Plan can be put together by selecting New Plan from the

File menu bar option of the Steady Flow Analysis window.
• Once a Plan Title and Short Identifier (Short ID) have been
entered, the modeler can select a Flow Regime for which the
model will perform calculations.
• Subcritical, Supercritical, or Mixed flow regime calculations

are available.
31
32
Viewing and Printing Results
• Several output features are available under the View option

from the main window.
• These options include:

– cross section plots
– water surface profile plots
– general profile plots
– rating curve plots
– 3D perspective plots
– tabular output at specific locations (Detailed Output Tables)
– tabular output for many locations (Profile Summary Tables)

33
34
35
36
37
Entering and Editing Bridge Data
• To enter bridge data

press the
Bridge/Culvert button
on the geometric data
window.
• Once the
bridge/culvert button is
pressed, the
Bridge/Culvert Data
Editor will appear as
shown in Figure.
38
• To add a bridge to the model, do the following:

– Select the river and reach that you would like to place the bridge in.
– Go to the Options menu and select Add a Bridge and/or Culvert

from the list. An input box will appear prompting you to enter a river
station identifier for the new bridge.
– Enter all of the required data for the new bridge.

• Bridge Deck
• Sloping Abutments (optional)
• Piers (optional)
• Bridge modeling approach information
39
Entering Bridge Deck Data
• Select the Deck Roadway icon on the left

tool bar and enter the following
information:
– Distance: This is the distance between the
upstream side of the bridge deck and the
cross section immediately upstream of the
bridge
– Width: This is the bridge deck width in the

direction of flow that would be determined
by the roadway design standards for travel.
– Weir Coef: Coefficient that will be used for

weir flow over the bridge deck in the
standard weir equation. Leave at a default
of 2.60.
40
41
• Deck Geometry: This is where we enter

the geometry of the new bridge by
– cross section stations (upstream and

downstream)
– high and low chord (top of deck and

bottom of stringers or beams)
– by the upstream and downstream

embankment side slopes.
42
• Upstream Stationing, High Chord, and

Low Chord : Entered from left to right in
cross section stationing. The deck is the
area between the high and low chord
elevation information.
• Downstream Stationing, High Chord,

and Low Chord : If the geometry of the
downstream side is the same as the
upstream side, then the user only needs to
press the Copy US to DS button. When
this button is pressed, all of the upstream
bridge deck information is copied to the
downstream side.
43
• U.S. Embankment SS : This field is used

to enter the slope of the road embankment
on the upstream side of the bridge.
• The slope should be entered as the

horizontal to vertical distance ratio of the
embankment.
• This variable is generally not used in the

computations, but is used for display
purposes in the profile plot.
44
• Max Submergence : The maximum

allowable submergence ratio that can
occur during weir flow calculations over
the bridge deck.
• If this ratio is exceeded, the program

automatically switches to energy based
calculations rather than pressure and
weir flow.
• The default value is 0.95 (95 percent

submerged)
45
Entering Bridge Abutment Data
• Sloping Bridge Abutments : The sloping

bridge abutments editor is used to
supplement the bridge deck information.
• Whenever bridge abutments are

protruding towards the main channel
(sloping inward abutments), it will be
necessary to block out additional area that
cannot be accounted for in the bridge
deck/roadway editor.
• If the bridge has vertical wall abutments,

then it is not necessary to use this editor.
46
• Vertical wall abutments can be included as

part of the bridge deck/roadway data.
• To add sloping abutments, press the

Sloping Abutment button on the
Bridge/Culvert Data editor.
• Once this button is pressed the Abutment

data editor will appear as in Figure.
• Sloping abutments are entered in a similar

manner to the bridge deck/roadway.
• When the editor is open, it has already

established an abutment # of 1.
47
• Generally a left and right abutment is

entered for each bridge opening.
• Sloping abutment data are entered from

left to right, looking in the downstream
direction.
• In general it is usually only necessary to

enter two points to describe each
abutment.
• The station and elevation information

represents the high chord information of
the abutment.
48
• The low chord information of the abutment

is assumed to be below the ground, and it
is therefore not necessary to enter it.
• The geometric information for each

abutment can vary from upstream to
downstream.
• If this information is the same, then the

user only needs to enter the upstream
geometry and then press the Copy Up to
Down button.
49
• To add additional sloping abutments, the

user can either press the ADD or the
Copy button.
• Once all of the abutment data are entered,

the user should press the OK button.
• When the OK button is pressed, the

abutment information is accepted and the
editor is closed.
• The abutments are then added to the

bridge graphic on the Bridge/Culvert Data
editor.
50
• An example of a sloping
bridge abutment is shown in
Figure.
• This graphic is zoomed in

on the left abutment of the
bridge.
51
Entering Bridge Pier Data
• Bridge Piers : The bridge pier editor is

used to describe any piers that exist in the
bridge opening.
• To enter pier information, press the Pier

button on the Bridge/Culvert Data editor.
• Once the pier button is pressed, the pier

• When the pier data editor appears it will

have already defined the first pier as pier #
1.
• You are required to enter a centerline

station for both the upstream and
downstream side of the pier.
52
• The pier geometry is entered as pier

widths and elevations.
• The elevations must start at the lowest

value and go to the highest value.
• Generally the elevations should start

below the ground level.
• Any pier area below the ground will be

clipped off automatically.
• Pier widths that change at a single

elevation are handled by entering two
different widths at the same elevation.
53
• If the pier geometry on the downstream

side is the same as the upstream side,
simply press the Copy Up to Down button
after the upstream side data are entered.
• Additional piers can be added by pressing

either the Add or the Copy button.
• If the piers are the same shape, it is easier

to use the copy button and simply change
the centerline stations of the new pier.
• To delete a pier, simply press the Delete

button and the currently displayed pier will
be deleted.
54
• Once all of the pier data are

entered, press the OK button.
• When the OK button is pressed,

the data will be accepted and
the pier editor will be closed.
• The graphic of the bridge will

then be updated to include the
piers.
• An example bridge with piers is

shown in Figure.
55
• Bridge Modeling Approach. The

Bridge Modeling Approach editor is
used to define how the bridge will be
modeled and to enter any coefficients
that are necessary.
• To bring up the Bridge Modeling

Approach editor press the Bridge
Modeling Approach button on the
• Once this button is pressed, the editor

will appear as shown in Figure
56
• When the Bridge Modeling

Approach editor comes up it will be
ready to enter data for the first bridge
opening (coefficient set # 1).
• If there is more than one bridge

opening at the current location, the
user can either use a single set of
modeling approaches and coefficients,
or establish a different set for each
bridge opening.
57
• Establishing a bridge modeling

approach consists of defining which
methods the program will use for low
flow computations and high flow (flow at
or above the maximum low chord)
computations.
• The user can instruct the program to

use any or all of the low flow methods
during the computations by clicking the
buttons under the Compute column.
58
• If either the Momentum or Yarnell

method are selected, the user must
enter a value for the pier loss
coefficient that corresponds to that
method.
• If the WSPRO method is selected, the

user must press the "WSPRO
Variables" button and enter additional
information that is required for the
method.
59
• Once the WSPRO

Variables button is
pressed, a data
editor as shown in
Figure will appear.
60
• All of the required variables shown on the WSPRO data editor are used in the
computation of the discharge coefficient, C, which is used in the WSPRO
expansion loss equation.
• A detailed discussion of how the discharge coefficient is computed can be found

in Appendix D of the HEC-RAS Hydraulic Reference manual.
61
• El of the top of the Embankment

: These fields are used for entering
the elevation of the top of the
embankment (top of road) at the
edges of the bridge opening.
• El of the toe of the Abutment :
• An elevation must be entered for
These fields are used for entering
both the left and right side of the
the elevation of the abutment toe
bridge opening.
(elevation at the station in which
the abutment toe intersects with
the natural ground inside the bridge
opening) on both the left and right
side of the bridge opening.
62
• Abutment Type : This field is used

for selecting the type of abutments.
• There are four abutment types

available from this selection box.
• Slope of the Abutments : This

• Top Width of Embankment : This
field is used for entering the slope
field is used for entering the width of
of the abutments.
the top of the road embankment, in the
• This slope is taken as the
area of the bridge opening.
horizontal distance divided by the
vertical distance.
• If the abutments are vertical walls,

then this field should be left blank
or set to zero.
63
• For a High Flow Method, the modeler

can choose between Energy based
calculations or pressure and weir flow
calculations.
• If pressure and weir flow is the selected

high flow method, the user must enter
coefficients for the pressure flow
equations.
• The first coefficient applies to the

equation that is used when only the
upstream side (inlet) of the bridge is
submerged.
64
• If this coefficient is left blank, the

program selects a coefficient based on
the amount of submergence.
• If the user enters a coefficient, then that

value is used for all degrees of
submergence.
• The second coefficient applies to the

equation that is used when both the
upstream and downstream end of the
bridge is sub-merged.
• Generally this coefficient is around 0.8.
65
• For more information on pressure flow

coefficients see Hydraulics of Bridge
Waterways (FHWA, 1978).
• Max Low Chord : This field is used to

set the maximum elevation of the deck
low chord, and therefore the elevation at
which pressure flow begins to be
calculated.
• If this field is left blank, then the

elevation that triggers pressure flow
calculations is based on the highest low
chord elevation on the upstream side of
the bridge deck.
66
Thank you!
67
Hydraulic Modeling using HEC-RAS
Department of Civil Engineering

What is a hydraulic model?
• Hydraulic model: A hydraulic model is a mathematical representation of a
water/sewer/storm system and is used to analyze the system’s hydraulic
behavior.
• Hydraulic modeling is frequently used to understand a hydraulic system’s
behavior under different scenarios at different spatial and temporal scales.
Lab experiment Modeling

Cost
Time
2
Different types of hydraulic models
Hydraulic models can be categorized by its dimensionality
1D 2D
Flow is considered one dimensional Flow is considered two dimensional

(1D) both in channel and floodplain (1D) in both channel and floodplain
1D/2D 3D
Combined 1D-2D. 1D in channel Flow is considered three dimensional

and 2D in floodplain (3D) in both channel and floodplain
3
One dimensional (1D) hydraulic model
A 1D model assume flow in one direction – generally along the river.
Flow along Flow along lateral

longitudinal 1D direction is neglected
direction
EXAMPLES
•HEC-RAS 1D (Hydraulic Engineering Center-River Analysis Service 1D Model)

• MIKE 11
• SWMM (Storm and water management model)
•HY8
4
Software and Data Requirements
• The HEC-RAS program can be downloaded free of charge

from the Hydrologic Engineering Center's home page at:
https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/
• A user's manual is also available at this location.
• HEC-RAS example projects can be downloaded from the

following link:
– https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-
ras/download.aspx
5
HEC-RAS Hydraulics
• HEC-RAS is a one-dimensional steady flow hydraulic

model.
• Steady flow describes conditions in which depth and

velocity at a given channel location do not change with time.
• Gradually varied flow is characterized by minor changes in

water depth and velocity from cross-section to cross-section.
• The primary procedure used by HEC-RAS to compute water

surface profiles assumes a steady, gradually varied flow
scenario, and is called the Standard step method.
6
HEC-RAS Hydraulics
• The basic computational procedure is based on an iterative

solution of the energy equation:
• The change in energy between two cross-sections is called

head loss (hL).
• The energy equation parameters are illustrated in the

following graphic:
7
HEC-RAS Hydraulics
• Given the flow and water surface elevation at one cross-

section, the goal of the direct step method is to compute the
water surface elevation at the adjacent cross-section.
• Whether the computations proceed from upstream to

downstream or vice versa, depends on the flow regime.
• The dimensionless Froude number (𝑭𝒓 ) is used to
characterize flow regime, where:
• 𝐹𝑟 < 1 denotes subcritical flow
• 𝐹𝑟 > 1 denotes supercritical flow
• 𝐹𝑟 = 1 denotes critical flow
8
HEC-RAS Hydraulics
• For a subcritical flow scenario, which is very common in

natural and man-made channels, standard step
computations would begin at the downstream end of the
reach, and progress upstream between adjacent cross-
sections.
• For supercritical flow, the computations would begin at the

upstream end of the reach and proceed downstream.
9
Starting a Project
• You may start the HEC-RAS program by

clicking Start/Programs/Hec/HEC-RAS.
• The following window should subsequently appear:
• Henceforth, this window will be referred to as the main

project window.
10
Starting a Project
• A Project in RAS refers to all of the data sets associated

with a particular river system.
• To define a new project, select File/New Project to bring up

the main project window:
11
Starting a Project
• You will first need to select your working directory, and

then a title (Waller Creek), and file name (Waller.prj).
• All project filenames for HEC-RAS are assigned the

extension ".prj".
• Click on the OK button and a window will open confirming

the information you just entered.
• Again click the OK button. The project line in your main

project window should now be filled in.
12
Starting a Project
• The Project Description line at the bottom of the main

project window allows you to type a detailed name for the
actual short Project name.
• If desired, you may click on the ellipsis to the right of

the Description bar, and additional space for you to type a
lengthy Description will appear.
• Any time you see an ellipsis in a window in HEC-RAS, it

means you may access additional space for writing
descriptive text.
13
Starting a Project
• For each HEC-RAS project, there are three required

components--the Geometry data, Flow data, and Plan data.
• The Geometry data, for instance, consists of a description

of the size, shape, and connectivity of stream cross-sections.
• Likewise, the Flow data contains discharge rates.
• Finally, Plan data contains information pertinent to the run

specifications of the model, including a description of the
flow regime.
14
Entering Geometric Data
• To use the Geometric Data editor to enter geometry, select

Geometric Data from the Edit menu on the main HEC-RAS
window.
• The next step is to enter the necessary geometric data,

which consist of :
– a background map layer
– cross-section data
– hydraulic structure data (bridges, culverts, weirs, etc.).
15
Geometry Data Plan View
Cross-section
Cross-section
Bank locations
Bank locations
Station number
River or stream
Station number
River or stream
Junction
Junction
16
Editing Geometric Data
• The and buttons are used to create the reach

schematic.
• A reach is simply a subsection of a river, and a junction

occurs at the confluence of two rivers.
• The , and buttons are used to input and edit

geometric descriptions for cross-sections, and hydraulic
structures such as bridges, culverts, and weirs.
17
Geometric Data
• The data used to describe the cross-sections include

– the river station/cross-section number
– lateral and elevation coordinates for each terrain point (station &
elevation columns)
– Manning's roughness coefficients (n)
– reach lengths between adjacent cross-sections
– left and right bank station
– channel contraction and expansion coefficients.
• These data are typically obtained by field surveys.
18
Geometric Data
• The allows you

to associate an image
file (photograph) with
a particular cross-
section.
• Click on the
button to open the
cross-section data
window:
19
LOB - ROB
LC
LLOB LROB
2
2
𝑉𝐿𝑂𝐵 𝑉𝑐2 𝑉𝑅𝑂𝐵
Plan View 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
a𝑉 2
2𝑔
Cross-sectional View
20
Geometry Data – Cross sectional view
Station or Elevation
distance values
along XS along XS
21
Geometric Data
• To actually see what the cross-sections look like, select

the Plot/Plot Cross-Section menu item.
• The cross-section points

appear black and bank
stations are denoted
with red. Manning
roughness coefficients
appear across the top of
the plot.
22
Geometric Data
• Once geometric data are entered, the data should be saved

to a file on the hard disk by selecting the Save Geometric
Data As option from the File menu on the Geometric Data
editor.
• This option allows the user to enter a title for the geometric
data.
• Once a title is established, geometric data can be saved

periodically by selecting Save Geometric Data from the File
menu of the Geometric Data editor.
23
• Once the geometric data are entered, the modeler can then
enter either steady flow or unsteady flow data.
• The type of flow data entered depends upon the type of

analyses to be performed.
• The data entry form for steady flow data is available under
the Edit menu bar option on the HEC-RAS main window.
24
• The steady flow data consist of:

– number of profiles to be computed
– flow data
– river system boundary conditions.
25

calculations.



26
Steady Flow Data – Upstream boundary condition
Flow value is specified at the upstream of

each reach. Multiple values can be
specified to create multiple profiles.
27
Steady Flow Data – Downstream boundary
condition
Water depth (known water surface

elevation, critical depth or normal depth)
can be provided as downstream boundary
for each reach
28

calculations.



29
• Once all of the steady flow data and boundary conditions are
entered, the modeler should save the data to the hard disk.
• This can be accomplished by selecting Save Flow Data As

from the File option on the Steady Flow Data menu bar.
• Flow data is saved in a separate file.
• The user is only required to enter a title for the flow data,
the filename is automatically assigned.
30
• We need to put together a Plan by selecting a specific set of

geometric data and flow data.
• A Plan can be put together by selecting New Plan from the

File menu bar option of the Steady Flow Analysis window.
• Once a Plan Title and Short Identifier (Short ID) have been
entered, the modeler can select a Flow Regime for which the
model will perform calculations.
• Subcritical, Supercritical, or Mixed flow regime calculations

are available.
31
32
• Several output features are available under the View option

from the main window.
• These options include:

– cross section plots
– water surface profile plots
– general profile plots
– rating curve plots
– 3D perspective plots
– tabular output at specific locations (Detailed Output Tables)
– tabular output for many locations (Profile Summary Tables)

33
34
35
36
37
• To enter bridge data

press the
Bridge/Culvert button
on the geometric data
window.
• Once the
bridge/culvert button is
pressed, the
Bridge/Culvert Data
Editor will appear as
shown in Figure.
38
• To add a bridge to the model, do the following:

– Select the river and reach that you would like to place the bridge in.
– Go to the Options menu and select Add a Bridge and/or Culvert

from the list. An input box will appear prompting you to enter a river
station identifier for the new bridge.
– Enter all of the required data for the new bridge.

• Bridge Deck
• Sloping Abutments (optional)
• Piers (optional)
• Bridge modeling approach information
39
• Select the Deck Roadway icon on the left

tool bar and enter the following
information:
– Distance: This is the distance between the
upstream side of the bridge deck and the
cross section immediately upstream of the
bridge
– Width: This is the bridge deck width in the

direction of flow that would be determined
by the roadway design standards for travel.
– Weir Coef: Coefficient that will be used for

weir flow over the bridge deck in the
standard weir equation. Leave at a default
of 2.60.
40
41
• Deck Geometry: This is where we enter

the geometry of the new bridge by
– cross section stations (upstream and

downstream)
– high and low chord (top of deck and

bottom of stringers or beams)
– by the upstream and downstream

embankment side slopes.
42
• Upstream Stationing, High Chord, and

Low Chord : Entered from left to right in
cross section stationing. The deck is the
area between the high and low chord
elevation information.
• Downstream Stationing, High Chord,

and Low Chord : If the geometry of the
downstream side is the same as the
upstream side, then the user only needs to
press the Copy US to DS button. When
this button is pressed, all of the upstream
bridge deck information is copied to the
downstream side.
43
• U.S. Embankment SS : This field is used

to enter the slope of the road embankment
on the upstream side of the bridge.
• The slope should be entered as the

horizontal to vertical distance ratio of the
embankment.
• This variable is generally not used in the

computations, but is used for display
purposes in the profile plot.
44
• Max Submergence : The maximum

allowable submergence ratio that can
occur during weir flow calculations over
the bridge deck.
• If this ratio is exceeded, the program

automatically switches to energy based
calculations rather than pressure and
weir flow.
• The default value is 0.95 (95 percent

submerged)
45
• Sloping Bridge Abutments : The sloping

bridge abutments editor is used to
supplement the bridge deck information.
• Whenever bridge abutments are

protruding towards the main channel
(sloping inward abutments), it will be
necessary to block out additional area that
cannot be accounted for in the bridge
deck/roadway editor.
• If the bridge has vertical wall abutments,

then it is not necessary to use this editor.
46
• Vertical wall abutments can be included as

part of the bridge deck/roadway data.
• To add sloping abutments, press the

Sloping Abutment button on the
• Once this button is pressed the Abutment

• Sloping abutments are entered in a similar

manner to the bridge deck/roadway.
• When the editor is open, it has already

established an abutment # of 1.
47
• Generally a left and right abutment is

entered for each bridge opening.
• Sloping abutment data are entered from

left to right, looking in the downstream
direction.
• In general it is usually only necessary to

enter two points to describe each
abutment.
• The station and elevation information

represents the high chord information of
the abutment.
48
• The low chord information of the abutment

is assumed to be below the ground, and it
is therefore not necessary to enter it.
• The geometric information for each

abutment can vary from upstream to
downstream.
• If this information is the same, then the

user only needs to enter the upstream
geometry and then press the Copy Up to
Down button.
49
• To add additional sloping abutments, the

user can either press the ADD or the
Copy button.
• Once all of the abutment data are entered,

the user should press the OK button.
• When the OK button is pressed, the

abutment information is accepted and the
editor is closed.
• The abutments are then added to the

bridge graphic on the Bridge/Culvert Data
editor.
50
• An example of a sloping
bridge abutment is shown in
Figure.
• This graphic is zoomed in

on the left abutment of the
bridge.
51
• Bridge Piers : The bridge pier editor is

used to describe any piers that exist in the
bridge opening.
• To enter pier information, press the Pier

button on the Bridge/Culvert Data editor.
• Once the pier button is pressed, the pier

• When the pier data editor appears it will

have already defined the first pier as pier #
1.
• You are required to enter a centerline

station for both the upstream and
downstream side of the pier.
52
• The pier geometry is entered as pier

widths and elevations.
• The elevations must start at the lowest

value and go to the highest value.
• Generally the elevations should start

below the ground level.
• Any pier area below the ground will be

clipped off automatically.
• Pier widths that change at a single

elevation are handled by entering two
different widths at the same elevation.
53
• If the pier geometry on the downstream

side is the same as the upstream side,
simply press the Copy Up to Down button
after the upstream side data are entered.
• Additional piers can be added by pressing

either the Add or the Copy button.
• If the piers are the same shape, it is easier

to use the copy button and simply change
the centerline stations of the new pier.
• To delete a pier, simply press the Delete

button and the currently displayed pier will
be deleted.
54
• Once all of the pier data are

entered, press the OK button.
• When the OK button is pressed,

the data will be accepted and
the pier editor will be closed.
• The graphic of the bridge will

then be updated to include the
piers.
• An example bridge with piers is

shown in Figure.
55
• Bridge Modeling Approach. The

Bridge Modeling Approach editor is
used to define how the bridge will be
modeled and to enter any coefficients
that are necessary.
• To bring up the Bridge Modeling

Approach editor press the Bridge
Modeling Approach button on the
• Once this button is pressed, the editor

will appear as shown in Figure
56
• When the Bridge Modeling

Approach editor comes up it will be
ready to enter data for the first bridge
opening (coefficient set # 1).
• If there is more than one bridge

opening at the current location, the
user can either use a single set of
modeling approaches and coefficients,
or establish a different set for each
bridge opening.
57
• Establishing a bridge modeling

approach consists of defining which
methods the program will use for low
flow computations and high flow (flow at
or above the maximum low chord)
computations.
• The user can instruct the program to

use any or all of the low flow methods
during the computations by clicking the
buttons under the Compute column.
58
• If either the Momentum or Yarnell

method are selected, the user must
enter a value for the pier loss
coefficient that corresponds to that
method.
• If the WSPRO method is selected, the

user must press the "WSPRO
Variables" button and enter additional
information that is required for the
method.
59
• Once the WSPRO

Variables button is
pressed, a data
editor as shown in
Figure will appear.
60
• All of the required variables shown on the WSPRO data editor are used in the
computation of the discharge coefficient, C, which is used in the WSPRO
expansion loss equation.
• A detailed discussion of how the discharge coefficient is computed can be found

in Appendix D of the HEC-RAS Hydraulic Reference manual.
61
• El of the top of the Embankment

: These fields are used for entering
the elevation of the top of the
embankment (top of road) at the
edges of the bridge opening.
• El of the toe of the Abutment :
• An elevation must be entered for
These fields are used for entering
both the left and right side of the
the elevation of the abutment toe
bridge opening.
(elevation at the station in which
the abutment toe intersects with
the natural ground inside the bridge
opening) on both the left and right
side of the bridge opening.
62
• Abutment Type : This field is used

for selecting the type of abutments.
• There are four abutment types

available from this selection box.
• Slope of the Abutments : This

• Top Width of Embankment : This
field is used for entering the slope
field is used for entering the width of
of the abutments.
the top of the road embankment, in the
• This slope is taken as the
area of the bridge opening.
horizontal distance divided by the
vertical distance.
• If the abutments are vertical walls,

then this field should be left blank
or set to zero.
63
• For a High Flow Method, the modeler

can choose between Energy based
calculations or pressure and weir flow
calculations.
• If pressure and weir flow is the selected

high flow method, the user must enter
coefficients for the pressure flow
equations.
• The first coefficient applies to the

equation that is used when only the
upstream side (inlet) of the bridge is
submerged.
64
• If this coefficient is left blank, the

program selects a coefficient based on
the amount of submergence.
• If the user enters a coefficient, then that

value is used for all degrees of
submergence.
• The second coefficient applies to the

equation that is used when both the
upstream and downstream end of the
bridge is sub-merged.
• Generally this coefficient is around 0.8.
65
• For more information on pressure flow

coefficients see Hydraulics of Bridge
Waterways (FHWA, 1978).
• Max Low Chord : This field is used to

set the maximum elevation of the deck
low chord, and therefore the elevation at
which pressure flow begins to be
calculated.
• If this field is left blank, then the

elevation that triggers pressure flow
calculations is based on the highest low
chord elevation on the upstream side of
the bridge deck.
66
Hydraulic Design (HD) Calculators
• To use one of the Hydraulic Design Calculators press the HD button , or

select the Run → Hydraulic Design Functions menu from the main HEC-RAS
editor.
• The HD editor automatically

opens to the Bridge Scour
tool.
• Input data tabs are available

for contraction scour, pier
scour, and abutment scour.
67
Contraction Scour Equations
• Live-bed contraction scour
• To predict the depth of scour in a contracted section, a modified version of
Laursen's (1960) equation for live-bed scour during a long contraction is
suggested (Laursen 1960)
• where 𝑦𝑠 = 𝑦2 - 𝑦0 = (average contraction scour depth from bed level)

• 𝑦1 = Average depth on the upstream main channel, (m)
• 𝑦2 = Average depth on the contracted section, (m)
• 𝑦0= Existing depth on the contracted section before scour, (m)
• 𝑄1= Flow in the upstream channel transporting sediment, (m3 /s)
• 𝑄2= Flow in the contracted channel, (m3 /s)
• 𝑊1= Bottom width of the upstream main channel that is transporting bed
material, (m)
• 𝑊2= Bottom width of main channel in contracted section less pier width(s), (m)
𝑘1= Exponent determined below (Values of k1 at different Mode of bed transport
material)
68
Contraction Scour Equations
• Clear-water contraction scour

• The proposed clear-water contraction scour equation is based on Laursen's work
(1963). The expression is (HEC-18)
• 𝑦𝑠 = 𝑦2 - 𝑦0 = (average contraction scour depth)

• 𝑦2 = Average equilibrium depth in the contracted section after contraction scour,
ft (m)
• Q = Discharge through the bridge or on the set-back overbank area at the bridge
associated with the width W, (m3 /s)
• Dm = Diameter of the smallest non-transportable particle in the bed material
(1.25 D50) in the contracted section, (m)
• D50 = Median diameter of bed material, (m)
• W = Bottom width of the contracted section less pier widths, (m)
• 𝑦0= Average existing depth in the contracted section, (m)
• 𝐾𝑢= = 0.0077 for English units or 0.025 for SI units
69
Entering Contraction Scour Data
• Contraction scour can be computed in HEC-RAS by either Laursen's clear-

water (Laursen, 1963) or live-bed (Laursen, 1960) contraction scour equations.
• All of the variables except K1

and D50 are obtained
automatically from the HEC-
RAS output file.
• To compute contraction scour,

the user is only required to enter
the D50 (mean size fraction of
the bed material) and a water
temperature to compute the K1
factor.
70
• Y1: The average depth (hydraulic depth) in the left overbank, main channel,
and the right overbank, at the approach cross-section.
• V1: The average velocity of flow in the left overbank, main channel, and right
overbank, at the approach section.
• Y0: The average depth in the left overbank, main channel, and right overbank,
at the contracted section. The contracted section is taken as the cross section
inside the bridge at the upstream end of the bridge.
• Q2: The flow in the left overbank, main channel, and right overbank, at the
contracted section.
• W2: The top width of the active flow area (not including ineffective flow area),
taken at the contracted section.
71
• D50: The bed material particle size of which 50% are smaller, for the left
overbank, main channel, and the right overbank. These particle sizes must be
entered in millimeters by the user.
• Q1: The flow in the left overbank, main channel, and right overbank at the
approach cross-section.
• W1: The top width of the active flow area (not including ineffective flow area),
taken at the approach cross section.
72
• Equation Options:
– User Choice: The user can decide whether to use the live-bed or clear-
water contraction scour equations or select a specific equation.
– Default Option: If the user selects the Default option, the program
automatically determines the most appropriate equation to use.
• Critical Velocity (Vc):
– Calculation: The program calculates Vc, which represents the critical
velocity required to transport bed material finer than D50.
• Equation Selection:
– Velocity Comparison: If the average velocity at the approach cross-section
is greater than Vc, the program uses the live-bed contraction scour
equation.
– Otherwise: If the average velocity is less than Vc, the program employs the
clear-water contraction scour equation.
73
• K1 Factor: K1 is an exponent for the live-bed
contraction scour equation.
– Options:
• User Input: The user can manually enter a
value for K1.
• Program Computation: The program can
automatically compute a value for K1.
• Automatic Computation:
– Press the K1 Button.
– Input Parameters: Enter water temperature and
press the OK button.
– Result Display: After input, the K1 factor is
displayed on the main contraction scour window.
• Factors Influencing K1:
– Energy slope (S1) at the approach section.
– Shear velocity (V*) at the approach section.
– Water temperature.
– Fall velocity (w) of the D50 bed material.
74
• Contraction Approach XS River Sta.: The river station of what is being used
as the approach cross section.
• The approach cross section should be located at a point upstream of the bridge
just before the flow begins to contract do to the constriction of the bridge
opening.
• The program assumes that the second cross section upstream of the bridge is
the approach cross section.
• If this is not the case, the user can select a different river station to be used as
the approach cross section
75
Contraction Scour Cross Section Locations
Cross section 1 is located sufficiently
downstream from the structure so that
the flow is not affected by the
structure.
Cross section 2 is located a short
distance downstream from the bridge
or culvert. This cross section should
represent the natural ground.
Cross section 3 should be located a
short distance upstream from the
bridge or culvert. This distance should
only reflect the length required for the
abrupt acceleration and contraction of
the flow that occurs in the immediate
area of the opening.
Cross section 4 is an upstream cross
section where the flow lines are
approximately parallel and the cross
section is fully effective. In general,
Cross Section Locations at a Bridge or Culvert flow contractions occur over a shorter
distance than flow expansions.
76
• As shown in Figure, the computation of contraction scour is performed

separately for the left overbank, main channel, and right overbank.
77
Local Scour Estimation around Pier
For both live-bed and clear-water pier scour, the HEC-18 equation (based
on the CSU equation) is recommended
• 𝑦𝑠= Scour depth from bed level, (m)

• 𝑦1 = Flow depth directly upstream of the pier,(m)
• 𝐾1 = Correction factor for pier nose shape
• 𝐾2= Correction factor for angle of attack of flow
• 𝐾3 = Correction factor for bed condition
• 𝐾4 =Correction factor for armoring of bed given by relation
• 𝐾4 = 0.35(𝑏/𝑑50) 0.19
• 𝑎 = Pier width, (m)
• L = Length of pier, (m)
• 𝐹𝑟1 = Froude Number directly upstream of the pier
• V1= Mean velocity of flow directly upstream of the pier, (m/s)
• g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s)
78
Entering Pier Scour Data
• Pier scour can be computed by either the Colorado State University (CSU)
equation (Richardson, et al, 1990) or the Froehlich (1988) equation.
• The CSU equation is the default.
• The user is only required to enter

– pier nose shape (K1)
– angle of attack for flow hitting the

piers
– condition of the bed (K3), and
– D95 size fraction for the bed

material.
• All other values are automatically

obtained from the HEC-RAS output
file.
79
• The user has the option to use the maximum velocity and depth in the
main channel, or the local velocity and depth at each pier for the calculation
of the pier scour.
• In general, the maximum velocity
and depth are used in order to
account for the potential of the main
channel thalweg to migrate back
and forth within the bridge opening.
• The migration of the main channel

thalweg could cause the maximum
potential scour to occur at any one
of the bridge piers.
80
• Maximum V1 Y1: The program will find the maximum velocity and depth
located in the cross section just upstream and outside of the bridge.
• The program uses the flow

distribution output to obtain these
values. The maximum V1 and Y1
will then be used for all of the piers.
• Local V1 Y1: The program will find

the V1 and Y1 at the cross section
just upstream and outside of the
bridge that corresponds to the
centerline stationing of each of
the piers.
81
• Method: The method option allows the user to choose between the CSU
equation and the Froehlich equation for the computation of local scour at
bridge piers.
• Pier #: This selection box controls

how the data can be entered.
– When the option "Apply to All
Piers" is selected, any of the pier
data entered by the user will be
applied to all of the piers.
82
• Shape: This selection box is used to establish the pier nose (upstream end)
shape.
• User can select between:

– square nose,
– round nose,
– circular cylinder,
– group of cylinders, or
– sharp nose (triangular) pier shapes.
• When the user selects a shape, the

K1 factor for the CSU equation and
the Phi factor for the Froehlich
equation are automatically set.
83
• a: This field is used to enter the width of the pier.
– The program automatically puts a value in this field based on the bridge input data.
• Y1: This field is used to display the

depth of water just upstream of each
pier.
– If the user has selected to use the
maximum Y1 and V1 for the pier
scour calculations, then this field will
show the maximum depth of water in
the cross section for each pier.
84
• V1: This field is used to display the average velocity just upstream of each
individual pier.
• Angle: This field is used to enter the

angle of attack of the flow
approaching the pier.
– If the flow direction upstream of the
pier is perpendicular to the pier
nose, then the angle would be
entered as zero.
– When an angle is entered, the

program automatically sets a value
for the K2 coefficient.
85
• L: This field represents the length of the pier through the bridge.
– The field is automatically set by the program to equal the width of the bridge.
– This length is also used in determining the magnitude of the K2 factor.
• K1: Correction factor for pier nose

shape, used in the CSU equation.
• K2: Correction factor for angle of

attack of the flow on the pier, used in
the CSU equation.
86
• K3: Correction factor for bed condition, used in the CSU equation.
– The user can select from:
• clear-water scour;
• plane bed and anti-dune flow;
• small dunes;
• medium dunes;
• large dunes
87
• K4: The K4 factor is used to decrease scour depths in order to account for
armoring of the scour hole.
– This factor is only applied when

the D50 of the bed material is
greater than 0.2 mm and the D95
is greater than 2.0 mm.
– This factor is automatically

calculated by the program, and is
a function of D50; D95; a; and the
depth of water just upstream of
the pier.
88
• a: The projected pier width with respect to the direction of the flow.
– This factor should be calculated by the user and is based on the pier width, shape,
angle, and length.
– This factor is specific to Froehlich's equation.
• Phi: Correction factor for pier

nose shape, used in the
Froehlich equation.
– This factor is automatically set
when the user selects a pier nose
shape.
89
Entering Abutment Scour Data
• Abutment scour can be computed by either the HIRE equation (Richardson,
1990) or Froehlich's equation (Froehlich, 1989).
• The input data and results for abutment scour computations are shown in Figure.
• The user is only required to

enter the abutment type (spill-
through, vertical, vertical with
wing walls).
• The program automatically

selects values for all of the
other variables based on the
hydraulic output and default
settings.
90
Local Scour around Abutment
Froehlich (1989) performed a regression analysis on 170 live-bed scour data in

laboratory flumes to get the following equation:
𝐾1 = Coefficient for abutment shape

𝐾2 = Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow
𝐾2 = θ/90 0.13
𝐿 ′ = Length of active flow obstructed by the embankment, (m)
𝐴𝑒 = Flow area of the approach cross section obstructed by the embankment,
𝐹𝑟 = Froude Number of approach flow upstream of the abutment = Ve/(gya) 1/2
𝑉𝑒 = 𝑄𝑒/𝐴𝑒 , (m/s)
𝑄𝑒 = Flow obstructed by the abutment and approach embankment, (m3 /s)
𝑦𝑎 = Average depth of flow on the floodplain (Ae/L), (m)
𝐿 = Length of embankment projected normal to the flow, (m)
𝑦𝑠 = Scour depth, (m)
91
Local Scour around Abutment
HIRE equation, is valid when the ratio of anticipated abutment length (L) to flow
depth (y1) exceeds 25.
• This equation can be used to determine scour depth (ys) at an abutment where
conditions are similar to the field conditions from which the equation was derived
where
• 𝑦𝑠 = Scour depth, (m)
• 𝑦1= Depth of flow at the abutment on the overbank or in the main channel, (m)
• 𝐹𝑟 = Froude Number based on the velocity and depth adjacent to and upstream
of the abutment
• 𝐾1 = Abutment shape coefficient
• 𝐾2 = Coefficient for skew angle of abutment to flow calculated as for Froehlich's
equation
92
• Abutment scour can be computed by either the HIRE equation (Richardson,
1990) or Froehlich's equation (Froehlich, 1989).
• The input data and results for abutment scour computations are shown in Figure.
• The user is only required to

enter the abutment type (spill-
through, vertical, vertical with
wing walls).
• The program automatically

selects values for all of the
other variables based on the
hydraulic output and default
settings.
93
• Toe Sta at Bridge: This field is used to define the stationing in the upstream
bridge cross section, where the toe of the abutment intersects the natural ground.
– The program automatically selects a value for this stationing at the point where the
road embankment and/or abutment data intersects the natural ground cross-section
data.
• Toe Sta at App.: This field is used
to define the stationing in the
approach cross section, based on
projecting the abutment toe station
onto the approach cross section.
94
• Length: Length of the abutment and road embankment that is obstructing the
flow.
– The program automatically computes this value for both the left and right
embankments.
• Y1: This value is the computed depth of water at the station of the toe of the
embankment, at the cross section just upstream of the bridge.
• K1: This value represents a correction factor accounting for abutment shape.
– The user can choose among:
• vertical abutments;
• vertical with wing walls; and
• spill-through abutments.
95
• Skew: This field is used to enter the angle of attack of the flow against the
abutment.
– A value of 90 degrees should be entered for abutments that are perpendicular to the
flow (normal situation).
– A value less than 90 degrees should be entered if the abutment is pointing in the
downstream direction.
– A value greater than 90 degrees should be entered if the abutments are pointing in the
upstream direction.
– The skew angle is used in computing the K2 factor.
• K2: Correction factor for angle of attack of the flow on the abutments.
96
• Equation: This field allows the user to select a specific equation (either the HIRE
or Froehlich equation), or select the default mode.
– When the default mode is selected, the program will choose the equation that is the
most applicable to the situation.
– The selection is based on computing a factor of the embankment length divided by

the approach depth.
– If factor >25, HIRE equation.
– If factor ≤ 25, the program will automatically use the Froehlich equation.
• L': The length of the abutment (embankment) projected normal to the flow
(projected up to the approach cross section).
– This value is automatically computed by the program once the user enters an abutment
length and a skew angle.
97
• Ya: The average depth of flow (hydraulic depth) that is blocked by the
embankment at the approach cross section.
• Qe: The flow obstructed by the abutment and embankment at the approach cross
section.
• Ae: The flow area that is obstructed by the abutment and embankment at the
approach cross section.
• V1: The velocity at the toe of the abutment, taken from the cross section just
upstream and outside of the bridge.
98
99
Thank you!
100

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CEN 400A & B : B.TECH PROJECT

B.TECH. (IV YEAR) PROJECT (2023-24)

The details of location for each group are provided in Annexure 1.

Assessment of Liquefaction Potential

The Bore Logs to be used by each group are provided in Annexure 2.

3. Hydrological and Hydraulic Studies

The data needed for Hydrological studies is provided in Annexure 3.

Design calculations, sketch of pavement crust, material to be used in each layer,

5. Detailed Design of Bridge

General Arrangement Drawing of the Bridge showing different components

Dimension Details of the different components of the Bridge

Design of Spherical Bearings/POT PTFE bearings.

Design of Crash Barrier

Steps for Environmental Impact Assessment- Lectures

Sketch 1: Schematic Description of the Problem i!t~!:

Group Latitude Longitude Group Latitude Longitude

Group River Flow (cumecs) Group River Flow (cumecs)

FRL of NH with Angle of intersection

Number of longitudinal girders: 5 or 6 as per the following table 1

• •" . L ' , I"

Typical Cross-sectional Details (Bridge with 5 longitudinal girders)

1 20 200 to 250mm Span/13 to Moderate 5

Annexure 6 / Envirohment Data (All Groups)

Ipomoea alba White Morning Glory 0.01

Noise level at Site

Existing Water Quality of the River

Iron (mg/ L) 0.60 0.65 0.30

HEC-RAS Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System

IRC: 112-2020 Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges

IRC: 75-1979 Guidelines for the Design of High Embankments.

IRC: 35-1997 Code of Practice for Road Markings

IRC: 67-2012 Code of Practice for Road Signs

IRC : 92-1985 Guidelines for the Design of Interchanges in Urban Areas

IRC: 37-2012 Tentative Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements

CEN-400A & B : B.Tech Project

Website URL: www.bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/home/index.php

• Granular soil: SPT resistance (N) is given. Find

• Cohesive soil or c-ϕ soil: shear strength parameters, c and ϕ

• Unit weight of all the soil layers.

• Location of water table.

• Possibility of liquefaction based on soil stratum

• Observe the bore-log carefully to take the decision regarding

• Decide the tentative diameter and length of foundation

• Ultimate load carrying capacity of piles in granular soils

Nq factor for bored cast-in-situ piles

• Ultimate load carrying capacity of piles in cohesive soils

• In case of presence of lateral loads: lateral soil resistance

• Lateral soil resistance for preloaded clays

• Stiffness factors for piles in sand and normally loaded clays:

• Criteria for short rigid piles and long elastic piles

• Deflection and moments in long elastic piles: requires

• Pile head deflection, y:

y=  103 for free head pile

y=  103 for fixed head pile

– H: lateral load (kN)

• Fixed end moment of pile for equivalent cantilever, MF:

• MF > actual maximum bending moment M in the pile

• Actual maximum moment may be obtained by multiplying the

Hydraulic Modeling using HEC-RAS

Department of Civil Engineering

Lab experiment Modeling

Flow is considered one dimensional Flow is considered two dimensional