Salt Analysis, Titration - 070529

Experiment-1
SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS
STEP-1: PRELIMINARY TEST
Physical state: Crystalline

colour: White
Solubility: The given salt is soluble in water
STEP-2: DETECTION OF ACID RADICAL
GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

NO.
I DETECTION TEST
Salt + dil.Hcl Brisk effervescence is not I group acid radical is
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
Salt + Con.H2SO4 A colourlesss pungent II group acid radical
smell gas which gives present is chloride(Cl-)
dense white fumes with anion
glass rod dipped in
NH4OH is exposed to the
mouth of the test tube
SILVER NITRATE(AgNO3) TEST
Salt solution + Silver Curdy white precipitate Chloride(Cl-) anion is
Nitrate(AgNO3) solution which is soluble in excess confirmed
of NH4OH
STEP-3: DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL

NO.
0 DETECTION TEST
Salt + dil.NaOH solution boil Pungent smelling gas NH3 0 group basic radical
is evolved which gives present is
dense white fumes when Ammonium(NH ) cation
a glass rod dipped in
Con.HCl is exposed to the
NESSLER’S REAGENT TEST
Salt solution + Nessler’s A reddish brown Ammonium(NH ) cation is
reagent + NaOH precipitate is formed confirmed
REPORT:
The given inorganic salt contains
Acid radical: Chloride anion (Cl-)
Basic radical: Ammonium cation (NH4)+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Ammonium Chloride – NH4Cl
Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 1

Experiment-2

colour: White

NO.
I DETECTION TEST
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
Salt + Con.H2SO4 White fumes followed by II group acid radical
reddish brown fumes are present is Bromide(Br-)
formed anion
Salt solution + Silver Pale yellow precipitate Bromide(Br-) anion is
Nitrate(AgNO3) solution which is sparingly soluble confirmed
in excess of NH4OH

NO.
0 DETECTION TEST
is evolved which gives present is
dense white fumes when Ammonium(NH ) cation
a glass rod dipped in
Con.HCl is exposed to the
NESSLER’S REAGENT TEST
Salt solution + Nessler’s A reddish brown Ammonium(NH ) cation is
reagent + NaOH precipitate is formed confirmed
REPORT:
Acid radical: Bromide ion (Br-)
Basic radical: Ammonium cation (NH4)+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Ammonium Bromide – NH4Br

Experiment-3

colour: White

NO.
I DETECTION TEST
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
glass rod dipped in
of NH4OH

NO.
0 DETECTION TEST
is not evolved present is absent
I Salt solution + dil.HCl No precipitate I group basic radical is
absent
II Salt solution + dil.HCl + H2S No precipitate II group basic radical is
gas absent
III DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ No precipitate III group basic radical is
NH4OH(excess) absent
IV DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ No precipitate IV group basic radical is
NH4OH(excess) + H2S gas absent
V DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ white precipitate is V group acid radical present
NH4OH(excess) + (NH4)2CO3 formed may be Barium (Ba+2) or
solution Strontium (Sr+2) or Calcium
(Ca+2) cation
TEST FOR BARIUM (Ba+2)
Salt solution + K2CrO4 Yellow precipitate is Barium (Ba+2) cation is

solution formed present
FLAME TEST
A paste of the given salt is Apple green colour is Barium (Ba+2) cation is
prepared with few drops of imparted to the flame confirmed
con.HCl and it is exposed to
the colourless flame though
platinum wire
REPORT:
Basic radical: Barium cation (Ba+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Barium Chloride – BaCl2

Experiment-4

colour: White

NO.
I DETECTION TEST
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
Salt + Con.H2SO4 No fumes II group acid radical
present is chloride(Cl-)
anion and Bromide(Br-)
anion are absent
DETECTION TEST
Salt + Con.H2SO4+ a piece Reddish brown fumes are II group acid radical
of copper turning, heated evolved present is Nitrate (NO3-)
anion
CONFIRMATION TEST(Brown ring Test)
Salt solution + equal A brown ring is formed at Nitrate (NO3-) anion is
volume of freshly prepared the junction of two liquids confirmed
FeSO4 solution, add
con.H2SO4 along the sides
of the test tube

NO.
0 DETECTION TEST
I Salt solution + dil.HCl No precipitate I group basic radical is
absent
II Salt solution + dil.HCl + H2S No precipitate II group basic radical is
gas absent
III DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ No precipitate III group basic radical is
NH4OH(excess) absent
IV DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ No precipitate IV group basic radical is
NH4OH(excess) + H2S gas absent
V DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ white precipitate is V group acid radical present
NH4OH(excess) + (NH4)2CO3 formed may be Barium (Ba+2) or

(Ca+2) cation

Salt solution + K2CrO4 Yellow precipitate is Barium (Ba+2) cation is
solution formed present
FLAME TEST
A paste of the given salt is Apple green colour is Barium (Ba+2) cation is
con.HCl and it is exposed to
the colourless flame though
platinum wire
REPORT:
Acid radical: Nitrate anion (NO3-)
Basic radical: Barium cation (Ba+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Barium Nitrate – Ba(NO3)2

EXPERIMENT-5

colour: White

NO.
I DETECTION TEST
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
glass rod dipped in
of NH4OH
GROUP NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

0 DETECTION TEST
I Salt solution + dil.HCl No precipitate I group basic radical is absent
II Salt solution + dil.HCl + H2S gas No precipitate II group basic radical is absent
III DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ No precipitate III group basic radical is absent
NH4OH(excess)
IV DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ No precipitate IV group basic radical is absent
NH4OH(excess) + H2S gas
V DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ white precipitate is formed V group acid radical present
NH4OH(excess) + (NH4)2CO3 may be Barium (Ba+2) or
(Ca+2) cation
Salt solution + K2CrO4 solution Yellow precipitate is not Barium (Ba+2) cation is absent
formed
TEST FOR STRONTIUM (Sr+2)
Salt solution + (NH4)2SO4 heat White precipitate is formed Strontium (Sr+2) cation is
and scratch the sides of the present
test tube with a glass rod
FLAME TEST
A paste of the given salt is Crimson red colour is Strontium (Sr+2) cation is
con.HCl and it is exposed to the
colourless flame though
platinum wire
REPORT:
Basic radical: Strontium cation (Sr+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Strontium Chloride – SrCl2

Experiment-6

colour: White

NO.
I DETECTION TEST
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
Salt + Con.H2SO4 No fumes II group acid radical
present is chloride(Cl-)
anion and Bromide(Br-)
anion are absent
DETECTION TEST
Salt + Con.H2SO4+ a piece Reddish brown fumes are II group acid radical
of copper turning, heated evolved present is Nitrate (NO3-)
anion
CONFIRMATION TEST(Brown ring Test)
Salt solution + equal A brown ring is formed at Nitrate (NO3-) anion is
volume of freshly prepared the junction of two liquids confirmed
FeSO4 solution, add
con.H2SO4 along the sides
of the test tube

0 DETECTION TEST
Salt + dil.NaOH solution boil Pungent smelling gas NH3 is 0 group basic radical
not evolved present is absent
III DETECTION TEST
NH4OH(excess)
IV DETECTION TEST
V DETECTION TEST
(Ca+2) cation

formed
Salt solution + (NH4)2SO4 heat White precipitate is formed Strontium (Sr+2) cation is
and scratch the sides of the present
FLAME TEST
A paste of the given salt is Crimson red colour is Strontium (Sr+2) cation is
platinum wire
REPORT:
Acid radical: Nitrate anion (NO3-)
Basic radical: Strontium cation (Sr+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Strontium Nitrare – Sr(NO3)2

EXPERIMENT-7

colour: White

I DETECTION TEST
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
Salt + Con.H2SO4 no fumes II group acid radicals Cl-
and Br- areabsent
DETECTION TEST
Salt + Con.H2SO4+ a piece of Reddish brown fumes are II group acid radical Nitrate
copper turning, heated not evolved (NO3-) anion is absent
III DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + BaCl2 solution A thick white precipitate is III group acid radical
formed present is sulphate (SO )
anion is confirmed
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Excess of dil.Hcl to the white A thick white precipitate Sulphate (SO ) anion is
precipitate obtained remains insoluble confirmed

0 DETECTION TEST
Salt + dil.NaOH solution boil Pungent smelling gas NH3 is 0 group basic radical is absent
not evolved
III DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ A gelatinous precipitate is III group basic radical present
NH4OH(excess) formed is Aluminium (Al+3) cation
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Salt solution added with A white gelatinous
dil.NaOH first small quantity precipitate soluble in excess
followed by excess of NaOH giving a clear
solution
To the above clear solution add White gelatinous precipitate Aluminium (Al+3) cation is
solid NH4Cl, boil and cool under reappears confirmed
tap water

REPORT:
Acid radical: Sulphate anion (SO4-2)
Basic radical: Aluminium Cation (Al+3)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Aluminium Sulphate – Al2(SO4)3

EXPERIMENT-8

colour: White

I DETECTION TEST
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
and Br- areabsent
DETECTION TEST
III DETECTION TEST
anion is confirmed
CONFIRMATORY TEST

0 DETECTION TEST
not evolved
III DETECTION TEST
NH4OH(excess)
IV DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ white precipitate is formed IV group basic radical may be
NH4OH(excess) + H2S gas Zinc (Zn+2) cation
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Salt solution + K4[Fe(CN)6] A bluish white precipitate is Zinc (Zn+2) cation
formed
REPORT:
Basic radical: Zinc cation (Zn+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Zinc Sulphate – ZnSO4

EXPERIMENT-9
Physical state: Amorphous

colour: White
Solubility: The given salt is soluble in dil.HCl

I DETECTION TEST
Salt + dil.Hcl Brisk effervescence is seen I group acid radical present
is carbonate(CO ) anion
LIME WATER TEST
Salt + dil.H2SO4, heat pass the Lime water turns milky carbonate( CO ) anion is
gas though lime water confirmed

0 DETECTION TEST
not evolved
III DETECTION TEST
NH4OH(excess)
IV DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ white precipitate is formed IV group basic radical may be
NH4OH(excess) + H2S gas Zinc (Zn+2) cation
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Salt solution + K4[Fe(CN)6] A bluish white precipitate is Zinc (Zn+2) cation
formed
REPORT:
Acid radical: Carbonate anion (CO3-2)
Basic radical: Zinc cation (Zn+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Zinc Carbonate – ZnCO3

EXPERIMENT-10

colour: White

I DETECTION TEST
seen absent
II DETECTION TEST
and Br- areabsent
DETECTION TEST
III DETECTION TEST
anion is confirmed
CONFIRMATORY TEST

0 DETECTION TEST
not evolved
III DETECTION TEST
NH4OH(excess)
IV DETECTION TEST
V DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ No precipitate V group acid radical is absent
NH4OH(excess) + (NH4)2CO3
solution
VI Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ A white crystalline VI group basic radical present
NH4OH(excess) + Na2HPO4, precipitate is formed is Magnesium cation (Mg+2)
scratch the sides of the test
tube with a glass rod
REPORT:

Basic radical: Magnesium cation (Mg+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Magnesium Sulphate – MgSO4

EXPERIMENT-11

colour: White

I DETECTION TEST
LIME WATER TEST

0 DETECTION TEST
not evolved
III DETECTION TEST
NH4OH(excess)
IV DETECTION TEST
V DETECTION TEST
Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ No precipitate V group acid radical is absent
NH4OH(excess) + (NH4)2CO3
solution
VI Salt solution + NH4Cl (Solid)+ A white crystalline VI group basic radical present
NH4OH(excess) + Na2HPO4, precipitate is formed is Magnesium cation (Mg+2)
scratch the sides of the test
tube with a glass rod
REPORT:
Basic radical: Magnesium cation (Mg+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Magnesium Carbonate – MgCO3

EXPERIMENT-12

colour: White

I DETECTION TEST
LIME WATER TEST

0 DETECTION TEST
not evolved
III DETECTION TEST
NH4OH(excess)
IV DETECTION TEST
V DETECTION TEST
(Ca+2) cation
formed
Salt solution + (NH4)2SO4 heat No precipitate Strontium (Sr+2) cation is
and scratch the sides of the absent
TEST FOR CALCIUM (Ca+2)
Salt solution + (NH4)2C2O4 White precipitate is formed Calcium (Ca+2) cation is present
FLAME TEST
A paste of the given salt is Brick red colour is imparted Calcium (Ca+2) cation is
prepared with few drops of to the flame confirmed
platinum wire
REPORT:
Basic radical: Calcium cation (Ca+2)
Therefore the given inorganic salt is Calcium Carbonate – CaCO3

EXPERIMENT-13
TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS
Determination of Molarity of KMnO4 using 0.1M Oxalic acid by volumetric analysis
Aim
To determine the molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a 0.1 M standard solution of oxalic acid
Theory
Acidified KMnO4 will oxidize oxalic acid into CO2 and H2O. Hence known volume of oxalic acid is titrated
against KMnO4. Here KMnO4 acts as oxidizing agent and oxalic acid as reducing agent.
Chemical reaction:
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 ⎯ K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O
Procedure
1. Exactly 10mL of 0.1 M oxalic acid is pipette out into a clean conical flask and 1 test tube full of
dil.H2SO4 is added. The solution is heated to 600C.
2. The hot solution is titrated against KMnO4 taken in the burette until a permanent pale pink colour is
obtained. This is the end point of titration.
3. The burette readings are recorded and the titration is repeated for agreeing values.
Observation:
1. Burette: KMnO4 solution
2. Conical flask: 10mL 0.1M H2C2O4 + 1 test tube full of dil.H2SO4 solution
3. Indicator: KMnO4 is a self indicator
4. End point: Colourless to pale pink.
Result:
Molarity of KMnO4 = M2 =_________ M
Tabulation:
Burette readings Trial numbers

1 2 3
Final
Initial
Volume of KMnO4 added in
mL
Calculations:
a1 (M1V1)oxalic acid = a 2 (M2 V2 ) KMnO4

a1 = 2, (the number of electrons lost per formula unit of oxalic acid in a balanced equation of half cell
reaction)
a2 = 5, (the number of electrons gained per formula unit of potassium permanganate in the balanced
equation of half cell reaction)
M2 =
.
M2 =
M2= _______ M

EXPERRIMENT-14
Determination of Molarity of KMnO4 using 0.1M FAS by volumetric analysis
Aim
To determine the molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a 0.1 M standard solution of Ferrous
Ammonium Sulphate (FAS)
Theory
Acidified KMnO4 will oxidize FeSO4 of FAS into Fe2(SO4)3. Hence known volume of FAS is titrated against
KMnO4. Here KMnO4 acts as oxidizing agent and FeSO4 as reducing agent.
Chemical equation
2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5Fe2(SO4)3
Procedure
1. Exactly 10mL of 0.1 M FAS is pipette out into a clean conical flask and 1 test tube full of dil.H 2SO4 is
added.
2. The solution of the conical flask is titrated against KMnO4 taken in the burette until a permanent pale
pink colour is obtained. This is the end point of titration.
3. The burette readings are recorded and the titration is repeated for agreeing values.
Observation:
Burette: KMnO4 solution
Conical flask: 10mL 0.1M FAS + 1 test tube full of dil.H 2SO4 solution
Indicator: KMnO4 is a self indicator
End point: Colourless to pale pink.
Result:
Molarity of KMnO4 = M2 =_________ M
Tabulation:
Burette readings Trial numberrs

1 2 3
Final
Initial
Volume of KMnO4 added in
mL
Calculations:
a1 (M1V1)FAS = a 2 (M2 V2 ) KMnO4
a1 = 1, (the number of electrons lost per formula unit of ferrous ammonium sulphate in the half cell reaction)
a2 = 5, (the number of electrons gained per formula unit of potassium permanganate in a half cell reaction)
M2 =
.
M2 =
M2= _______ M

Salt Analysis, Titration - 070529

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Experiment-1

SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS

STEP-1: PRELIMINARY TEST

Physical state: Crystalline

STEP-2: DETECTION OF ACID RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

STEP-3: DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 1

SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS

STEP-1: PRELIMINARY TEST

Physical state: Crystalline

STEP-2: DETECTION OF ACID RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

STEP-3: DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 2

SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS

STEP-1: PRELIMINARY TEST

Physical state: Crystalline

STEP-2: DETECTION OF ACID RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

STEP-3: DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 3

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 4

SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS

STEP-1: PRELIMINARY TEST

Physical state: Crystalline

STEP-2: DETECTION OF ACID RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

STEP-3: DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 5

TEST FOR BARIUM (Ba+2)

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 6

SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS

STEP-1: PRELIMINARY TEST

Physical state: Crystalline

STEP-2: DETECTION OF ACID RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

STEP-3: DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL

GROUP NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 8

SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS

STEP-1: PRELIMINARY TEST

Physical state: Crystalline

STEP-2: DETECTION OF ACID RADICAL

GROUP EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

STEP-3: DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL

GROUP NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 9

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 10

SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLE INORGANIC SALTS

STEP-1: PRELIMINARY TEST

Physical state: Crystalline

STEP-2: DETECTION OF ACID RADICAL

GROUP NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

STEP-3: DETECTION OF BASIC RADICAL

GROUP NO. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERNCE

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 11

Naveen Kumar B R, Lectr. Dept. of Chemistry Page 12