EXPERIMENTNO.

1(SALT -1)
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts
(Appearance) may be absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO3–2is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.
Group–IIAcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: Acolourlessgasisevolved, it GroupIICl –Present.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4 givesthickwhitefumeswithglass
rod dipped inNH4OHsolution.
C.TforCl -: Whitecurdyppt is obtained. It is Cl– (Chloride)
AgNO3Test: soluble in excess of NH4OH isConfirmed.
Solution.
Saltsolution+AgNO3
Step –III- Detection of Basic Radical (Cations) :
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is
dissolved in minimum amount of water.
DetectionofGroupof Zero group BasicRadical:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil. A pungent smell of ammonia, which gives ZeroGroupCation
dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped Ammonium (NH4+)
in conc. HCl. may bePresent.

.
C.T forNH4+(Ammonium):
Brownprecipitate NH4+Confirmed.
O.S+NaOH+Nessler’sreagent.
Report (Result): Acid Radical (Anion) Chloride (Cl-)
Ammonium (NH )
4
Basic Radical (Cation) +

Salt name Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 1

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 EXPERIMENTNO.2(SALT -2)
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
2. Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts
(Appearance) may be absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference –2
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO 3 is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.
Group–IIAcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: AReddish brown fumes and the GroupIIBr–Present.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4 solution turns brown.
C.TforBr-: A pale yellowppt is obtained. It is Br– (Bromide)
AgNO3Test: sparingly soluble in excess of isConfirmed.
NH4OH Solution.
Saltsolution+AgNO3
Step –III- Detection of Basic Radical (Cations) :
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in
minimum amount of water.
DetectionofGroupof Zero group BasicRadical:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil. A pungent smell of ammonia, which gives ZeroGroupCation
dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped Ammonium (NH4+)
in conc. HCl. may bePresent

.
C.T forNH4+(Ammonium):
Brownprecipitate NH4+Confirmed.
O.S+NaOH+Nessler’sreagent.

Report (Result): Acid Radical (Anion) Bromide (Br-)

Basic Radical (Cation) Ammonium (NH4+)
Salt name Ammonium Bromide (NH4Br)

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 2

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 EXPERIMENTNO.3(SALT -3)
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
3. Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts
(Appearance) may be absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference –2
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO 3 is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.

Group–IIAcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: No colour gases are Cl-, Br- may be absent.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4. evolved.
To the above solution + few Cu No reaction even on 2ndGroup anions are
turnings are added & heated gently. heating. absent.
Group –III : Acid Radicals :
Test Observation Inference
Salt solution + BaCl2 Awhiteppt insolublein GroupIIISO 4– 2 Present.
solution is added. dil.HCl.
C.T for SO4–2: –2
Whiteppt soluble in SO4 Confirmed.
Saltsolution+Leadacetate.
hotammoniumacetate.
Step-III- Detection Basic radicals (Cations):
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in
minimum amount of water.
Detection of BasicRadicals or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofammonia ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 3

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
NH4Cl+NH4OH WhiteGelatinousppt Group–III(Al+3)Present
Analysisof GroupIIIBasicRadical:
Test Observation Inference
3+ 3+
C.T forAl : Awhitegelatinouspptsolubleinexcess Al Confirmed
O.S +NaOH drop bydrop ofNaOH

Report (Result): Acid Radical (Anion) Sulphate (SO2-)

Basic Radical (Cation) Aluminium (Al3+)
Salt name Aluminium Sulphate(Al2(SO4)3)

EXPERIMENTNO.4(SALT -4)
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
4. Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts
(Appearance) may be absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference –2
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO 3 is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.
Group–IIAcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: Acolourlessgasisevolved, it GroupIICl –Present.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4 givesthickwhitefumeswithglass
rod dipped inNH4OHsolution.
C.TforCl -: Whitecurdyppt is obtained. It is Cl– (Chloride)
AgNO3Test: soluble in excess of NH4OH isConfirmed.
Solution.
Saltsolution+AgNO3
Step –III- Detection of Basic Radical (Cations) :
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 4

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
minimum amount of water.
Detectionof BasicRadicals Or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofam ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
monia
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent
OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Noppt Group–III(Al+3)Absent
OS+NH4Cl +NH4OH+ H2S Noppt Group – IV (Zn+2/Mn+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3 Whiteppt Group – V (Ba+2/Ca+2)Absent
Analysis of V-Group basic radicals:
Test Observation Inference
Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) Test: Yellow Ppt. is obtained. May be Ba2+ is present.
O.S + Potassium Chromate.
C.T for Ba2+: Flame test:
A pinch of salt + few drops of conc.
HCl and made into a paste. This paste Apple green colour is Ba2+ is Confirmed.
is shown to the non-luminous flame. imparted to the flame.

Report (Result): Acid Radical (Anion) Chloride (Cl-)

Basic Radical (Cation) Barium (Ba2+)
Salt name Barium Chloride (BaCl2)

EXPERIMENTNO.5(SALT -5)
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
5. Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts may
(Appearance) be absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like NH4+,
Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+ present in the
given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like NH4+,
Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+ present in the
given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 5

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 –2
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO 3 is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.

Group–IIAcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: No colour gases are Cl-, Br- may be absent.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4. evolved.
To the above solution + few Cu Reddish brown fumes NO3- (Nitrate) is maybe
turnings are added & heated gently. are evolved and the present. (2nd group acid
C.T for Nitrate (NO3-): solution turns brown. radicals present).
Brown ring test:
Freshly prepared FeSO4 is added to A brown ring is obtained NO3- (Nitrate) is
salt solution containing test tube and at the junction of 2 confirmed.
few drops of conc. H2SO4 is added layers.
along the test tube slowly.
Step –III- Detection of Basic Radical (Cations) :
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in
minimum amount of water.
Detectionof BasicRadicals Or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofam ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
monia
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent
OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Noppt Group–III(Al+3)Absent
OS+NH4Cl +NH4OH+ H2S Noppt Group – IV (Zn+2/Mn+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3 Whiteppt Group – V (Ba+2/Ca+2)Absent
Analysis of V-Group basic radicals:
Test Observation Inference
Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) Test: Yellow Ppt. is obtained. May be Ba2+ is present.
O.S + Potassium Chromate.
C.T for Ba2+: Flame test:
A pinch of salt + few drops of conc.
HCl and made into a paste. This paste Apple green colour is Ba2+ is Confirmed.
is shown to the non-luminous flame. imparted to the flame.
Nitrate (NO3- )
Report (Result): Acid Radical (Anion)
Basic Radical (Cation) Barium (Ba2+)
Salt name Barium Nitrate (Ba (NO3)2)

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 6

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 EXPERIMENTNO.6(SALT -6)
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
6. Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts may
(Appearance) be absent in the given salt.
2.State Amorphous May be water insoluble salts like CO 32-,
HCO3- may bepresent in the given salt.
3.Solubility Insoluble in water May be water soluble salts like NH4+,
Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+ absent in the
given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: BriskeffervescencesofCO2gas GroupI anion -CO 3–2may
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4. evolved. be present.
C.T. for CO32-(Carbonate): Bisk effervescences of CO2 is CO32- (Carbonate) is
Salt + dil.HCl or dil.H2SO4. passing into lime water, it turns confirmed.
into milky white.
Step –III- Detection of Basic Radical (Cations) :
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in
minimum amount of dil.HCl.
Detectionof BasicRadicals Or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofam ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
monia
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent
OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Noppt Group–III(Al+3)Absent
OS+NH4Cl +NH4OH+ H2S Noppt Group – IV (Zn+2/Mn+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3 Whiteppt Group – V (Ba+2/Ca+2)Absent
Analysisof GroupVBasicRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2+ 2+
C.TforBa : Noyellowpptisinsolubleinac Ba Absent
1.O.S+K2CrO4solution eticacid.
C.T forCa2+:
1.O.S +NH4OH+Ammonium oxalate. Awhitepptis formed Ca2+Confirmed

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 7

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
2.FlameTest:
A pinch of salt + few drops of conc. HCl Brick red colour is
and made into a paste. This paste is Ca2+Confirmed
imparted.
shown to the non-luminous flame.

Report (Result): Acid Radical (Anion) Carbonate (CO32-)

Basic Radical (Cation) Calcium (Ca2+)
Salt name Calcium Carbonate(CaCO3)

EXPERIMENTNO.7(SALT–7):
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
7. Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts
(Appearance) may be absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radicals(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference –2
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO 3 is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.

Group–IIAcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: No colour gases are Cl-, Br- may be absent.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4. evolved.
To the above solution + few Cu No reaction even on 2nd Group anions are
turnings are added & heated gently. heating. absent.
Group –III :Acid Radicals :
Test Observation Inference
Salt solution + BaCl2 Awhiteppt insolublein GroupIIISO 4– 2 Present.
solution is added. dil.HCl.
C.T for SO4–2: White ppt soluble in
–2
Saltsolution+Leadacetate. hotammoniumacetate. SO4 Confirmed.
Step-III- Detection Basic radicals (Cations):

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 8

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in
minimum amount of water.
Detection of BasicRadicals or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofammonia ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent
OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Noppt Group–III(Al+3)Absent
OS+NH4Cl +NH4OH+ H2S Noppt Group – IV
(Zn+2/Mn+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3 Noppt Group – V
(Ba+2/Ca+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+Na2HPO4 Whiteppt Group– VI(Mg+2) Present

AnalysisofGroupVIBasicRadical
Test Observation Inference
C.T forMg2+: AwhitepptinsolubleinexcessofNaO Mg2+Confirmed.
O.S +NaOH drop bydrop H.

Report (Result): Acid Radical (Anion) Sulphate (SO42-)

Basic Radical (Cation) Magnesium (Mg2+)
Salt name Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4)

EXPERIMENTNO.8(SALT–8):
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
8. Colour White or Light pale pink Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts
(Appearance) may be absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like
NH4+, Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+
present in the given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 9
.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
Test Observation Inference –2
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO 3 is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.

Group–IIAcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: No colour gases are Cl-, Br- may be absent.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4. evolved.
To the above solution + few Cu No reaction even on 2nd Group anions are
turnings are added & heated gently. heating. absent.
Group –III: Acid Radicals:
Test Observation Inference
Salt solution + BaCl2 Awhiteppt insolublein GroupIIISO4–2 Present.
solution is added. dil.HCl.
C.T for SO4–2: –2
Whiteppt soluble in SO4 Confirmed.
Saltsolution+Leadacetate.
hotammoniumacetate.
Step-III- Detection Basic radicals (Cations):
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in
minimum amount of water.
Detectionof BasicRadicals or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofammonia ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent
OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Noppt Group–III(Al+3)Absent
OS+NH4Cl +NH4OH+ H2S A flesh colouredppt. Group – IV (Zn+2 or Mn2+)present

Analysis of IV Group Basic radicals:

Test Observation Inference
2+
C.T forZn :
O.S +NaOH drop bydrop Nowhiteppt Zn2+Absent

C.T for Mn2+:

Awhitepptturnsbrownonexposuretoa Mn2+Confirme
O.S +NaOH drop bydrop
ir. d

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 10

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
Report (Result):
Acid Radical (Anion) Sulphate (SO42-)
Basic Radical (Cation) Manganese (Mn2+)
Salt name Manganese Sulphate (MnSO4)

EXPERIMENTNO.9(SALT–9):
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
9. Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts may be
(Appearance) absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like NH4+, Al3+,
Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+ present in the given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like NH4+, Al3+,
Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+ present in the given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference –2
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO 3 is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.

Group–IIAcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: No colour gases are Cl-, Br- may be absent.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4. evolved.
To the above solution + few Cu No reaction even on 2nd Group anions are
turnings are added & heated gently. heating. absent.
Group –III : Acid Radicals :
Test Observation Inference
Salt solution + BaCl2 Awhiteppt insolublein GroupIIISO4–2 Present.
solution is added. dil.HCl.
C.T for SO4–2: –2
Whiteppt soluble in SO4 Confirmed.
Saltsolution+Leadacetate.
hotammoniumacetate.
Step-III- Detection Basic radicals (Cations):
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in
minimum amount of water.
Detectionof BasicRadicals or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofammonia ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 11

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Noppt Group–III(Al+3)Absent
OS+NH4Cl +NH4OH+ H2S Noppt Group – IV
(Zn+2/Mn+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3 Noppt Group – V
(Ba+2/Ca+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+Na2HPO4 Whiteppt Group– VI(Mg+2) Present

AnalysisofGroupVIBasicRadical:
Test Observation Inference
C.T forMg2+: AwhitepptinsolubleinexcessofNaO Mg2+Confirmed.
O.S +NaOH drop bydrop H.

Report (Result:
Acid Radical (Anion) Sulphate (SO42-)
Basic Radical (Cation) Magnesium (Mg2+)
Salt name Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4)

EXPERIMENTNO.10(SALT -10)
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
10.Colour White or Colourless Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts may
(Appearance) be absent in the given salt.
2.State Amorphous May be water insoluble salts like CO 32-,
HCO3- may bepresent in the given salt.
3.Solubility Insoluble in water May be water soluble salts like NH4+,
Al3+, Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+ absent in the
given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: BriskeffervescencesofCO2gas GroupI anion -CO 3–2may
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4. evolved. be present.
C.T. for CO32-(Carbonate): Bisk effervescences of CO2 is CO32- (Carbonate) is
Salt + dil.HCl or dil.H2SO4. passing into lime water, it turns confirmed.
into milky white.
Step –III- Detection of Basic Radical (Cations) :
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 12

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
minimum amount of dil.HCl.
Detectionof BasicRadicals Or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofammonia ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent
OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Noppt Group–III(Al+3)Absent
OS+NH4Cl +NH4OH+ H2S Noppt Group – IV
(Zn+2/Mn+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3 Noppt Group – V
(Ba+2/Ca+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+Na2HPO4 Whiteppt Group– VI(Mg+2) Present

AnalysisofGroupVIBasicRadical:
Test Observation Inference
C.T forMg2+: AwhitepptinsolubleinexcessofNaO Mg2+Confirmed.
O.S +NaOH drop bydrop H.

Report (Result:
Acid Radical (Anion) Carbonate (CO32-)
Basic Radical (Cation) Magnesium (Mg2+)
Salt name Magnesium Sulphate (Mg CO3)

EXPERIMENTNO.11(SALT -11)
Analysis of Inorganic Salt involves 3 types of tests:
Step. I-PreliminaryTests:
Experiment Observation Inference
1.Colour (Appearance) White or Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+& Ni2+ Salts may be
Colourless absent in the given salt.
2.State Crystalline May be water soluble salts like NH4+, Al3+,
Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+ present in the given salt.
3.Solubility Soluble in water May be water soluble salts like NH4+, Al3+,
Zn2+, Ba2+& Mg2+ present in the given salt.
Step II: Detection of Acid Radical(Anions):
Group – I AcidRadicals:
Test Observation Inference –2
dil.HCl Or dil.H2SO4 test: NobriskeffervescencesofCO2ga GroupI anion -CO 3 is
Salt+dil. HCl or dil.H2SO4 s evolved. Absent.

Group–IIAcidRadicals:

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 13

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
Test Observation Inference
2.Conc.H2SO4Test: No colour gases are Cl-, Br- may be absent.
Salt+Conc.H2SO4. evolved.
To the above solution + few Cu Reddish brown fumes NO3- (Nitrate) is maybe
turnings are added & heated gently. are evolved and the present. (2nd group acid
C.T for Nitrate (NO3-): solution turns brown. radicals present).
Brown ring test:
Freshly prepared FeSO4 is added to A brown ring is obtained NO3- (Nitrate) is
salt solution containing test tube and at the junction of 2 confirmed.
few drops of conc. H2SO4 is added layers.
along the test tube slowly.
Step –III- Detection of Basic Radical (Cations) :
PreparationofOriginalSolution(O.S): The given salt is taken in a test tube and it is dissolved in
minimum amount of water.
Detectionof BasicRadicals Or Cations:
Test Observation Inference
Salt+NaOH+ Boil Nosmellofam ZeroGroup(NH4+)Absent
monia
OS+dil.HCl Noppt Group–I(Pb+2) Absent
OS+dil.HCl +H2S Noppt Group–II(Cu+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH Noppt Group–III(Al+3)Absent
OS+NH4Cl +NH4OH+ H2S Noppt Group – IV (Zn+2/Mn+2)Absent
OS+NH4Cl+NH4OH+ (NH4)2CO3 Whiteppt Group – V (Ba+2/Ca+2/Sr2+)present.
Analysis of V-Group basic radicals:
Test Observation Inference
1. Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4)Test: No yellow Ppt. is Ba2+ is Absent.
O.S + Potassium Chromate. obtained.
2. Ammonium Sulphate((NH4)2SO4)test: Sr2+ is present.
A white Ppt is obtained.
O.S + Ammonium Sulphate solution.
C.T for Ba2+: Flame test:
A pinch of salt + few drops of conc. HCl A Crimson red colour is Sr2+ is Confirmed.
and made into a paste. This paste is shown imparted to the flame.
to the non-luminous flame.
Report (Result): Acid Radical (Anion) Nitrate (NO3-)
Basic Radical (Cation) Strontium (Sr2+)
Salt name Strontium Nitrate (Sr (NO3)2)

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 14

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 EXPERIMENTNO.12(TITRATION -1)
DeterminationofMolarityofPotassiumPermanganateUsing
0.1M FAS
Aim:Todeterminetheconcentrationofpotassiumpermanganatesolution bytitratingit against
Mstandardsolutionofferrousammoniumsulphate.
Principle:A known volume of standard ferrous ammonium sulphate (F.A.S) is acidified
withdilH2SO4and thesolutionis titrated against KMnO4(self-indicator).
2KMnO4 +8 H2SO4 +10FeSO4K2SO4+2MnSO4+5 Fe2 (SO4)3 +8H2O
MaterialRequired:
a) Apparatus:100 mLConicalflask, 50mLBurette,10mLPipette,Burettestand.
b) Chemicals:0.1MFerrousammoniumsulphate,Potassiumpermanganatesolution,
dil.sulphuricacid
Procedure:10 mL of 0.1M ferrous ammonium sulphate solution is pipetted out into a
clean conicalflask. Half a tube of dil. H2SO4 are added to it. The solution is titrated
against KMnO4 solution takenin a burette till pale pink colour is obtained. Volume of
KMnO4 is noted. The titration is repeated togetconcordant values.
Observations:
• Solutioninburette :KMnO4solution.
• Solutioninconicalflask :10mLof 0.1 MF.A.S+1 test tube dil.H2SO4.
• Indicatorused :KMnO4 acts asself-indictor.
• Colourchange :Colourless topalepink.
TabularColumn:
BuretteReading I II III
FinalLevel

InitialLevel

Volumeof KMnO4added(V1)

M.B.R(V1)=9.8ml.
Calculations: a1 M1 V1 = a2 M2 V2
(KMnO4) (F.A.S)
a1 = No. of electrons gained per formula unit of KMnO4 = 5
M1 = Molarity of KMnO4=? , V1 = Volume of Burette reading = M.B.R =___ ml.
a2 = No. of electrons lost per formula unit of F.A.S = 1
M2 = Molarity of F.A.S = 0.1 M, V2 = Volume of F.A.S = 10 ml.
M 1 = a 2x M 2 V 2
a1 V1
Result: Molarity of KMnO4 Solution is __________________

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 15

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 EXPERIMENTNO.13(TITRATION -2):
Determinationof Molarityof
PotassiumPermanganateUsing0.05MOxalicAcid.
Aim:Todeterminetheconcentrationofpotassiumpermanganatesolution bytitratingit
Against0.05Mstandard solutionofoxalicacid.
Principle:A known volume of oxalic acid solution is acidified with H2SO4 and the
solution is heatednearlyto boilingand thehot solution is titrated against KMnO 4(self-
indicator).
2KMnO4 +3 H2SO4+5 H2C2O4 K2SO4+2MnSO4+8H2O+10 CO2
MaterialRequired:
a) Apparatus:100 mLConicalflask, 50mLBurette,10mLPipette,Burettestand,
b) Chemicals:0.05M Oxalic acid, Potassium permanganate solution, 1 M Sulphuric acid.

Procedure:10mLof0.05Moxalicacid(H2C2O4)solutionispipettedoutintoacleanconicalfl
ask.Halfatesttubeof1MH2SO4isaddedtoitandthesolutionisheatedtoboiling.Thehotsolutio
nistitratedagainstKMnO4
solutiontakeninaburettetillpalepinkcolourisobtained.VolumeofKMnO4 is noted.
Thetitrationis repeated togetconcordant values.
Observations:
• Solutioninburette :KMnO4solution.
• Solutioninconicalflask :10mLof0.05 MOxalic acid (H2C2O4)+1 test tube dil.H2SO4.
• Indicatorused :KMnO4 acts asself-indictor.
• Colourchange :Colourless topalepink.
TabularColumn:
BuretteReading I II III
FinalLevel 9.8ml 19.6ml 29.4ml

InitialLevel 0.0ml 9.8ml 19.6ml

Volumeof KMnO4added(V1) 9.8ml 9.8ml 9.8ml

M.B.R(V1)=9.8ml.
Calculations: a1 M1 V1 = a2 M2 V2
(KMnO4) (H2C2O4)
a1 = No. of electrons gained per formula unit of KMnO4 = 5
M1 = Molarity of KMnO4=? , V1 = Volume of Burette reading = M.B.R = 9.8 ml.
a2 = No. of electrons lost per formula unit of H2C2O4 = 2
M2 = Molarity of H2C2O4 = 0.05 M, V2 = Volume of H2C2O4 = 10 ml.
M1 = a2x M2 V2 = 2 x 0.05 x 10 = 0.02 04M.
a 1 V1 5 x 9.8
Result: Molarity of KMnO4 Solution is 0.0204 M.

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 16

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 EXPERIMENTNO.14
TESTFORFUNCTIONALGROUPSINORGANICCOMPOU
NDS:
A. TESTFORUNSATURATION:
Test Observation Inference
1.Brominewatertest:Organiccompound+ Orange colour Indicates the
CCl4+fewdropsofbrominewaterwithconti presence
nuousshaking. ofbromine water
isdischarged ofunsaturation.
2. Baeyer’s test: Organic PinkcolourofKMnO4isdi Indicates the
compounddissolvedinacetone+fewdr scharged presence
opsofalkalinepotassiumpermanganatesol ofunsaturation.
ution
B.TESTFORALCOHOLICGROUP
Test Observation Inference
1.Cericammoniumnitratetest:Organicco Pinkofredcoloura Indicates the presence
mpound+fewdropsofcericammoniumnitra ppears. ofalcoholic group.
tewithcontinuousshaking.
2. Esterification test: Organic compound A fruity smell Indicates the presence
+few drops of glacial acetic acid + 1 – 2 isobtained ofalcoholic group
dropsof conc.H2SO4 + heated on a water
bath
forfewminutes.Cooledandpouredintowate
rtakeninabeaker
C.TESTFORPHENOLICGROUP
Test Observation Inference
1. NeutralFerricchloride test: Violetcolourisobta Indicates the presence
Organiccompound+fewdropsofneutralFe ined ofphenolicgroup
Cl3 solution.
2.Phthaleindyetest:5dropsofcompound+P Blue, green, Indicates the presence
hthalicanhydride+5dropsofConc.H2SO4, + ofphenolicgroup
heat the mixture to fuse &coolthenviolet
pourinto NaOHsolution. orredcolourisobta
ined
D.TESTFORALDEHYDICANDKETONICGROUPS.
Test Observation Inference
1.2,4–DNPtest:Organiccompound+2,4– Orangepptisobtain Indicates the presence
DNP(dinitrophenylhydrazinesolution). ed ofcarbonylgroup(aldehyde
orKetone )

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 17

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 2. Silvermirrorisobtai Aldehydic group
Tollen’sreagenttest:Organiccompound+T ned ispresent
ollen’sreagent.Heatedonwaterbath,coolthe
contentandpouredintothecoldwatercontaini
ngNa2CO3

3.Fehling’stest:Organiccompound+Fehlin Abrickredpptisobt Aldehydic group

g’ssolutionandheated ispresent
ained
4.Schiff’sreagenttest:Organiccompound+ Ared/pink/violetcol Aldehydic group
Schiff’sreagent. ispresent
ourisobtained
5. Sodium nitroprusside test: Aredcolourisobtained Ketonicgroupisprese
Organiccompound+sodium nitroprusside nt
+NaOH.
E.TESTFORCARBOXYLGROUP.
Test Observation Inference
1.Litmustest:Organiccompound+bluelitm Bluelitmuspaperturn Carboxylic group
uspaper sred ispresent
2. Sodium bicarbonate test: Briskeffervescencei Carboxylic group
Organiccompound+sodium sobtained ispresent
bicarbonate
3. Esterification test:Organic compound A fruity smell Carboxylic group
+few drops of glacial acetic acid + 1 – 2 isobtained ispresent
dropsof conc.H2SO4 + heated on a water
bath
forfewminutes.Cooledandpouredintowate
rtakeninabeaker
F.TESTFORAMINEGROUP
Test Observation Inference
1.Litmustest:Organiccompound+redlitmu Redlitmuspapertu Aminogroupispresent
spaper rnsred
2.Solubilitytest:Organiccompound+dil.H Organic Aminogroupispresent
Clshaken well compounddissolves
3.Carbylaminetest:2dropsofcompound+2 Adisagreeablesmel Primaryamineispresen
dropsofaniline+1ccofalcoholicKOH+warm t(Aliphaticoraromatic)
lisobtained
. .
4. Diazotization test:5 dropsCompound Orangedye– Primary
+1mlofdil.HCl,coolthemixtureincoldwate stuffisobtained aromaticamineispresen
r, then add few drops of ice cold t
sodiumnitrite.Thenaddfewdropsofthisreac
tionmixture to ice cold - naphthol in
NaOHsolution

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 18

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 EXPERIMENT NO.15:
PREPARATIONOFACETANILIDE:
Aim:Toprepare acetanilide
MaterialRequired:

a) Apparatus:100mL Roundbottomflask,Sand bath,Funnel,Air condenser,250mL

Beaker,boilingchips, Meltingpoint apparatus

b) Chemicals:Aniline,Aceticanhydride,Aceticacid
Reactions:
NH2 NHCOCH3
Aceticacid
+ (CH3CO)2O

Procedure:
 Take5mLofanilineina100mLroundbottomflaskandaddacetylatingmixturecontaining
5mLglacial aceticacid and 5mLaceticanhydride.
 Fitaircondenseronthemouthoftheroundbottomflaskafteraddingboilingchipsandreflu
xthemixturegentlyfor10– 15 minutes onasand bath.
 Coolthereactionmixtureand pourit slowlyin150– 200mLoficecold waterwithstirring.
 Filterthesolid,washitwithcoldwaterandrecrystallizeasmallamountofsamplefromhotw
atercontainingafewdrops methanol orethanol.
 Reportthe yieldand meltingpointofthecompound.
Result:
(1). Yield of Acetanilide = 12 g.
(2). Melting point of Acetanilide is = 1150C.

EXPERIMENTNO.16:
PREPARATIONOFPHENYL –AZO–β–NAPHTHOL(AZODYE):
Aim:Toprepare phenyl– azo–β–naphthol
MaterialRequired:
Apparatus: 250mLBeaker,100mLconicalflask,Glassrod,Thermometer(210 oC),
Fiterpaper, Funnel, Melting point apparatus.
Chemicals: Aniline, Conc.HCl, Sodium nitrate,β–naphthol,Sodium hydroxide,
Glacialaceticacid,Ice, Distilled water.
Procedure:
 Take
6.5mLofconcentratedhydrochloricacidina100mLbeaker.Diluteitwith6.5mLofwatera
nd dissolve2mLofanilinein it.
2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 19
.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
  Cooltheabovemixturebyplacingthebeakerin an icebath maintained at0– 5oC.
 Diazotizetheabovemixturebyaddingasolutionof1.6 gofsodium nitritein8mLwater.
 Dissolve3.2gβ–
naphtholin18mLof10%sodiumhydroxidesolution.Addabout25gofcrushediceto it.
 Stirtheβ–
naphtholsolutionwellandaddicecoldsolutionofdiazoniumchlorideslowlytoitwithcons
tant stirring.
 Anorangedye ofphenylazo -β–naphthol isformed.
 Allowthemixturetostandinthebathfor30minuteswithconstantshaking.
 Filterthecrystalsobtainedandwashthemwell withcoldwater.
 Recrystalliseasmallamountofsamplefromthe glacialaceticacid.
 Filtertherecrystalisedsample,washthecompoundwithlittlealcoholtoremoveaceticacid
anddrythesebetween thefolds ofafilterpaper.
 Recordtheyieldandmeltingpoint ofthecompound..
Result:
a) Yieldof phenyl azo -β– naphthol= 27.24g
b) Meltingpointof phenylazo-β–naphthol =133 oC.

EXPERIMENTNO.17:
PREPARATIONOFFERROUSAMMONIUMSULPHATE (MOHR’S SALT):
Aim:Toprepareferrousammoniumsulphate
MaterialRequired:
Chemicals:7 gIronfillings,10mLconc.H2SO4,Ammoniumhydroxidesolution
Reaction:FeSO4+ (NH4)2SO4+6H2OFeSO4.(NH4)2SO4. 6H2O
Procedure:
1. 10 mL conc. H2SO4 is dissolved in 40mL of distilled water to get 1:4 dil. H2SO4

solution. Thesolutionis divided intotwo equal parts A andBis taken.

2. 25mL of part A solution is taken in a beaker and 7g of iron fillings are added into

it. The mixtureis heated with constant stirring. The following reaction takes place
giving ferrous sulphate andhydrogengas.
Fe+2H2SO4FeSO4+H2
3. 25mL of part B solution along with red litmus paper is taken in another beaker.

Ammoniumhydroxide solution is added with constant stirring until the red litmus

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 20

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 paper turns blue. Thefollowingreaction takes placegivingammonium sulphateand
water.
H2SO4 +2 NH4OH (NH4)2SO4+2 H2O
4. The Part A and Part B solution are intermixed and the resulting solution is boiled

and cooled toget white crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate. The crystals are
separated by filtration anddried.
Result:The yield of F.A.S is = 19.6 g.

EXPERIMENTNO.18:
TESTSFORCARBOHYDRATES,FATSANDPROTIENS:
1. TestsforCarbohydrates:
Test Observation Inference
a)Molisch’sTest:(Generaltestforallcarboh Adeepvioletringisfor
ydrates): 1cc of an aqueous solution ofthe med at the junction Thegivencompoundis
compound + a few drops of 5% solutionof oftwoliquids carbohydrate.
α- naphthol and shaken well. Now
theconc.H2SO4 is added along the sides of
testtube
b)Benedict’stestforreducingsugars: Aredpptisformed Thegivencarbohydra
2ccofBenedict’sreagent+1ccofthegivensol teisareducingsugar.
ution.Themixtureisheatedonawaterbath.

c) Tollen’s reagent test:1cc of the Abrightsilvermirrorisf Thegivencarbohydrat

givensolution+2ccofTollen’sreagentandhe ormed eisareducingsugar.
atedon awaterbath.
d) Fehling’s solution test:1cc of the Aredpptisformed Thegivencarbohydrat
givensolution+2ccofFehling’ssolutionandh eisareducingsugar.
eatedon awaterbath.
e)Seliwanoff’stest:1ccofthegivensolution Adeepredcolouredppt Thegivencarbohydrat
+ 2 cc of Seliwanoff’s reagent isformed eisaketose.
andthemixtureis boiled.
f)IodinetestforStarch:1ccofthegivensoluti Adeepbluecolourisfor Thegivencompoundis
on+fewdrops ofiodinesolution med starch.

2. TestsforOil/Fat:
Test Observation Inference
Acrolein test: 1cc of oil + potassium Irritatingsmell
Oil/Fatisconfirmed.
bisulphateandheated. (Acrolein)isproduced.

3.TestsforProteins:

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 21

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR
 Test Observation Inference
a)Biurettest:2ccofthegivenproteinsolution Avioletcolourisformed
+ an equal volume of 10% Proteinispresent
NaOHsolutionand shaken well.
b)Ninhydrintest:
(General test for all Proteins) : Abluecolouris formed Proteinispresent
2cc of thegivenprotein solution +1cc of
2%solutionofNinhydrin.Thesolutionisboil
edandcooled.
c) Xantho - Proteic test: 2cc of the
givenproteinsolution+1ccofconc.HNO3and A yellow colour Protein
heated. isformed containingbenzeneri
ngispresent
d)Millon’stest: 2cc of
thegivenproteinsolution + 5 drops of Awhitepptwhichisgra Proteincontainingph
Millon’s reagent. Thesolutionis boiled and duallyturnsredisforme enolicgroupispresen
cooled. d t

2nd PU-Chemistry-Practical procedure Page 22

.Ningaraja G [M.Sc, B.Ed]
Lecturer in Chemistry
H.B HALLI, VIJAYANAGAR