@E@ C

_JGBEHZLZEG

5.5 Leter @jlefegd

^j`edec sjmregd pjge`ugd sjtce bc sj`ueh `egf, sjtjleh kjleluc pjgdugbceg yegd

segdet fjtet, Egbe tjrgyete kjgbepetfeg fj`jrugtugdeg kjgiebc seleh sjmregd pjkjgegd
hebceh ugbceg, yectu kjkclch kjgjrcke uegd sjiukleh Pp :?.???.??? sjfelc seie pebe herc
cgc eteu kjgjrcke Pp 5.???.??? sjtcep tcde `uleg sjukur hcbup. _clcheg kege yegd efeg
Egbe ek`cl=
Zgtuf kjgjgtufeg hebceh kege yegd sj`ecfgye bcpclch, Egbe kjk`utuhfeg
pjkehekeg kjgdjgec fmgsjp
fmgs jp eguctes. Eguctes (eggucty) sjgbcrc bepet bcertcfeg
bcertcfe g sj`edec suetu
regdfeceg pjk`eyereg/pjgjrckeeg sjiukleh uegd, ukukgye seke `jser, bjgdeg pjrcmbj
weftu yegd seke ugtuf sjtcep pjk`eyereg. Iebc pebe besergye yegd herus bclefufeg belek
fesus bc etes ebeleh kjgdhctugd gclec sjferegd (prjsjgt veluj) berc hebceh fjbue, yectu

Pp5.???.??? sjtcep tcde `uleg sjukur hcbup beg kjk`egbcgdfeggye bjgdeg Pp:?.???.???
herc cgc. Ferjge egbe kjgjrcke, pestc iukleh lj`ch `jser yegd efeg Egbe pclch. Cgdet `ehwe
esuksc kegusce ebeleh kefhluf rescmgel sjlelu ebe blek ketjketcfe fjuegdeg weleupug
tcbef bcgyetefeg sjnere jfsplcsct.
Berc sjbcfct clustresc bcetes kefe bepet bcsckpulfeg `ehwe pjkehekeg fcte efeg
eguctes segdet bcpjrlufeg. Hel cgc ferjge sj`edec pjlefu jfmgmkc fcte `egyef sjfelc
bchebepfeg pebe hel-hel yegd `jrhu`ugdeg bjgdeg eguctes kcselfeg pjk`eyereg `ugde
pcgiekeg, `ugde bjpmsctm,
bjpms ctm, `ugde m`lcdesc, ncncleg frjbct rukeh, ncncleg frjb
frjbct
ct kmtmr, beg lecg
sj`edecgye. Mljh ferjge ctu belek kefeleh cgc _jgulcs efeg kjk`ehes tjgtegd eguctes

fhususgye eguctes `jrtuk`uh beg eguctes verce`jl.

5.0 Ruiueg Kefeleh

5. Kjkehekc
Kjkehekc pjr`jbeeg egtere eguces
eguces `jrtuk`uh
`jrtuk`uh beg eguctes verce`lj
verce`lj bjgdg eguctes `cese
`cese
beg eguctes bc kufe.
0. Kjgjrepfeg
Kjgjrepfeg pjrsekeeg eguctes
eguctes `jrk`uh beg eguctes
eguctes verce`lj
verce`lj ugtuf pjgcleceg
pjgcleceg essjt
acgegncel.
>. Kjgdhctugd
Kjgdhctugd gclec sjferegd berc eguctes
eguctes `jrtuk
`jrtuk`uh,
`uh, eguctes verce`lj,
verce`lj, beg pjrpjtuctes
pjrpjtuctes
`jrtuk`uh.

5
 @E@ CC
EGZCRE^ @JPRZK@ZH BEG EGZCRE^ QEPCE@LJ

^ekpec seet cgc, `jser pjk`eyerg eteu pjgjrckeeg ugtuf sjtcep pjrcmbj ebeleh seke,
yctu sj`jser E. pjrcmbj pjrteke pjk`eyereg eteu pjgjrckeeg bepet tjriebc bc ewel bc efhcr,
teu sjtjleh k pjrcmbj. Hel yegd cgdcg fcte fjtehuc sjferegd ebeleh `edeckege icfe `jser
pjk`eyereg eteu pjgjrckeeg
pjgjrcke eg sjtcep pjrcmbj tcbef seke, tjtepc tuk`uh beg `jrfjk`egd
`jrf jk`egd
bjgdeg tcgdfet pjrtuk`uheg d yegd seke sjleke pjrcmbj-pjrcmbj tjrtjgtu. Kefsubgye, ice
tehug cgc `jsergye pjk`eyereg eteu pjgjrckeeg ebeleh E ?, kefe tehug bjpeg E5, yectu
Em(5+d), tehug `jrcfutgye ebeleh E 5(5+d); Em(5+d)(5+d) beg bjkcfceg sjtjrusgye.

5. EGZC
EGZCRE
RE^
^ @JP
@JPRZ
RZK
K@ZH
@ZH
Lctjreturj kegeijkjg fjuegdeg beg cgvjstesc kesch kjgdefuc regdfeceg pjk`eyereg
eteu pjgjrckeeg uegd bjgdeg `jser yegd tcbef seke tjtepc `jrtuk`uh bjgdeg tcgdfet
pjrtuk`uheg yegd seke
se ke sj`edec eguctes beg kjgyj`utfeggye
kjgyj` utfeggye sj`edec eguctes `jrtuk`uh
(drmwcgd eggucty). Zgtuf kjgdhctugd gclec sjferegd berc eguctes `jrtuk`uh jrgyete fcte iude
tcbef pjrlu kjlefueggye setu pjr set, ferjge ebe pjrsekeeg fhusus ugtuf ctu, yetu9

V (+) [
g
5+ d
5∐
5 c
_Q ; E5
c∐ d

Beg
g∐ 5

_Q ;
5∐
(+)
5+ d
5 c
E5 + E?
c∐ d

Bjgdeg c7d, beg

V [
c ; tcgdfe
tcgdfett `ugde
`ugde bcsfmgtm
bcsfmgtm (tcgdfet
(tcgdfet `ugde
`ugde rjljv
rjljveg)
eg)
d ; tcgd
tcgdfe
fett pjrt
pjrtuk
uk`u
`uhe
heg
g
g ; iuk
iukle
leh
h pjr
pjrcm
cmbj
bj
E? ; `jser pjk`eyereg eteu pjgjrckeeg herc cgc
E5 ; `jser pjk`eyereg eteu pjgjrckeeg 5 pjrcmbj ledc

0
Nmgtmh 5 Frjbct cgvjstesc sj`jser Pp >??.???.??? berc @egf Egbeleg bepet bclgesc bjgdeg
bue nere, yectu9
e. Kjk`eyer
Kjk`eyer Pp13>.358.003
Pp13>.358.003,4
,4 sjtjleh
sjtjleh 1 tehug6 eteu
`. Kjk`eyer Pp520.503.235,> pjr
pj r tehug sjleke 2 tehug yegd
yeg d bckulec > tehug
ledc.

Eltjrgetca kege yegd lj`ch kjrcgdegfeg bj`ctur=

Iewe`9
Hel pjrteke yegd herus fcte lefufeg ugtuf kjgiewe` smel cgc ebeleh kjgdhctugd `ugde
jajftca berc kescgd-kescgd eltjrgeca beg kjkclch yegd lj`ch rjgbeh.

Eltjrgetca E
(5+c)1Pp>??.???.??? ; Pp13>.358.003,4

∙
1 13>.358.003,4
13>.358 .003,4
c ; ∐5
>??.???.???
>??.??? .???

; ?,5: eteu 5:% p.e.

Eltjrgetca @

( )
∐2
5∐( 5+ c )
Ô Pp 520.503 .235,>
c ; Pp>??.???.???
( 5 + c)0

( )
∐2
5∐( 5+ c )
Pp >??.
>??.???
??? .???
c ;
Pp 520.503 .235,>
(5 + c)0

Bjgdeg kjtmbj trcel egb jrrmr, fcte kjgbepetfeg c; 5:,1% p.e.

Iebc, eltjrgetcvj pjk`eyereg e kjk`jrcfeg tcgdfet `ugde jajftca yegd lj`h rjgbeh.

Nmgtmh 0 @jrepe gclec berc erus fes sj`jserPp5.???.??? tehug bjpeg, Pp5.5??.???
tehug `jrcfutgye, beg tjrus `jrtuk`h sj`jser 5?% sjtcep tehug sjleke 5? felc
icfe tcgdfet `ugde ebeleh
eb eleh i5;50%=
Iewe`9
E5 ; Pp5.???.???
d ; 5?% ; ?,5
c ; 50% ; ?,50
g ; 5?

>
 V (+) [
g
5+ d
5∐
5 c
_Q ; E5
c∐ d

V (+ ) [
5?
5 + ?,5
5∐
5 ?,50
½ Pp 5.?
5.???
?? .???
?,50 ∐?,5

; Pp8.022.054,01

Nmgtmh > Icfe erus fes pebe nmgtmh 0 bc etes bckulec herc cgc Pp5.???.???, tehug bjpeg
Pp5.5??.??? beg sjtjrusgye, bjgdeg c beg g yegd seke, `jrepe gclec
sjferegdgye=
Iewe`9
_jreke fcte kjgnerc _Q berc erus fes Pp5.5??.??? kulec teug bjpeg beg sjtjrusgye beg
`jrtuk`uh sj`jser 5?% sjleke
sjle ke 3 felc bjgdeg c;50%. Fjkubceg fcte kjgek`ehfeg E?, erus
fes herc cgc, sj`jser Pp5.???.???.

V [
g∐5

_Q ;
5∐
(+)
5+ d
5 c
E5 + E?
c∐ d

V [
5? ∐5

_Q ;
5∐
(+ )
5+ ?,5
5 ?,50
Ô Pp 5.5??.??? + Pp 5.??
5.???
? .???
?,50∐?,5

; Pp8.0>>.:0>,>> + Pp5.???.???

; Pp3.0>>.:0>,>>

2
0. _JP_
_JP_JR
JRZC
ZCRE
RE^
^ @JP
@JPRZ
RZK
K@ZH
@ZH
_jrsekeeg pjrpjtuctes yectu9

_Q ; E eteu tjpetgye E 5
c c
Icfe pjk`eyereg eteu pjgjrckeeg pjrteke ebeleh kulec herc cgc, fcte hegye pjrlu
kjgek`ehfeg E? tjrhebep pjrsekeeg bcetes ugtuf kjgbepetfeg gclec sjferegd sjhcgdde
bepet bctulcsfeg sj`edec `jrcfut.
E5
_Q ; + E?
c
E? ebeleh `jser eguctes herc cgc eteu pjrcmbj gm beg E5 ebeleh eguctes setu pjrcmbj
`jrcfutgye. Fcte sjlelu kjgdegsukscfeg
kjgde gsukscfeg E ?;E5 ferjge `jsergye eguctes ebeleh tjtep ugtuf
sjtcep pjrcmbj.
_jrtegyeeg `jrcfutgye ebeleh `edeckege icfe `jser eguctes kjgiebc tcbef tjtep, tjtepc
kjgdelekc pjrtuk`uheg, sjpjrtc bcvcbjg sehek suetu pjruseheeg yegd kjgdelekc
pjrtuk`uheg d pjr tehug. Belek kegeijkjg cgvjstesc,pjrsekeeg pjpjtuctes `jrtuk`h `jdctu
pmpuler ferjge segdet
seg det sjrcgd bcpefec ugtuf
ug tuf kjgclec herde weier eteu g
gclec
clec cgtrcgscn suetu
sehek.
_jrsekeeg `efu belek lctjretur cgvjstesc ugtuf kjgclec herdesehek yegd kjk`jrcfeg
bcvcbjg `jrtuk`uh ebeleh9
B5
_ ?;
f∐d
Bjgdeg _? ; herde weier (gclec cgtrcgscf) seet cgc
B5 ; pjrfcreeg bcvcbjg tehug bjpeg
f ; tcgdfet `ugde bcsfmgtm
d ; tcgdfet pjrtuk`uheg

Zgtuf tuiueg fmgscstjgsc pjgddugeeg verce`lj beg gmtesc belek kefeleh cgc, pjrsekeeg
pjrpjtuctes `jrtuk`uh bepet bctulcsfeg sj`edec6
sj `edec6
E5
_Q ?; _Q ;
c∐ d

Beg

:
 E5
_?; _Q ; + E?
c∐ d

Bjgdeg E? ; erus fes herc cgc

E5 ; erus fes setu pjrcmbj `jrcfutgye

c ; bcsfmgtm

Nmgtmh 2 @jrepe herde weier sehek yegd bcpjrfcrefeg kjk`jrcfeg bcvcbjg sj`jser
Pp00? tehug bjpg icfe tcgdfet `ugde bcsfmgtm ebeleh 5:% p.e. beg bcvcbjg
tehug cgc yegd `eru seie bc`eyer ebeleh Pp 0??=

Iewe` 9 _jrteke fcte kjgdhctugd tcgdfet pjrtuk`uheg bcvcbjg (d), yectu9

f ; 5:% ; ?,5:
B5 ; Pp 00?

B? ; Pp0??
B 5∐ B ?
d ; X 5??%
B?
Pp .00? ∐ Pp .0??
d ; Ô 5??% ;5? % ;?,5
Pp .0??
E5 B5
_? ; _Q ; ;
c∐ d f∐ d
Pp .00?
; ; Pp 2.2??
?,5:∐?,5

Nmgtmh : ^j`ueh sehek `eru seie kjk`jrcfeg bcvcbjg sj`jser Pp5:? beg bcpjrfcrefeg
bcvcbjg efeg kjgdelekc pjrtuk`uheg 1% sjtcep tehuggye. Icfe tcgdfet `ugde
rjljveg ebeleh 50%, `jrepe gclec cgtrcgscn sehek cgc=

Iewe`9 _jrteke fcte hctugd bcvcbjg tehug bjpeg (B 5), yectu9

B? ; Pp 5:?
d ; 1% ; ?,?1
f ; 50% ; ?,50
B5 ; B5(5+d)

; Pp 5:? (5 + ?,?1) ; Pp5:3

1
 E5 B5
_? ; _Q ; ;
c∐ d f∐ d
Pp .5:3
; ; Pp 0.1:?
?,50∐?,?1

Nmgtmh 1 kege yegd lj`ch kjgercf, kjgjrcke uegd pjgscmg sj`jser Pp 50?.???.???
herc cgc eteu Pp 0.0??.??? tehug bjpeg beg tjrus gecf sj`jser 5?% sjtcep
tehug sjleke sjukur hcbup= Esukscfeg tcgdfet `ugde yegd rjljveg ebeleh
5:% p.e.

Iewe`9 Fcte hegye pjrlu kjgdhctugd gclec sjferegd berc pjrpjtuctes `jrtuk`uh ugtuf
bc`egbcgdfeg bjgdeg Pp 50?.???.???. fcte kjkclch yegd lj`ch `jser tjgtugye,
ferjge iukleh ctuleh yegd efeg fcte tjrcke.
E5 ; Pp 0.0??.???
c ; 5:% ; ?,5:
d ; 5?% ; ?,5
E5
_Q ;
c∐ d
Pp .0 .0??.???
.0??.???
; ; Pp 22.???.???
?,5:∐ ?,5

Iebc, kjgjrcke Pp50?.???.??? herc cgc lj`ch kjgercf.

>. EGZC
EGZCRE
RE^
^ QEPCE
EPCE@
@JL
Eguctes yegd hekpjr seke bjgdeg eguctes `jrtuk`uh ebeleh eguctes verce`lj ( verce`lj

eggucty). _jr`jbeeggye, belek eguctes `jrtuk`uh tcgdfet pjrtuk`uheg bcgyetefeg belek

pjrsjgtesc6 sjbegdfeg
sjbegdf eg belek eguctes verce`lj, `jser
` jser pjrtuk`uheg ebeleh
ebe leh belek gclec gmkcgel,
kcselgye Pp 5.???.???.`ecf belek eguctes `jrtuk`uh keupug belek eguctes verce`lj, tcgdfet
pjrtuk`uheg beg `jser
`js er pjrtuk`uheg, weleupug ieregd,
ier egd, bepet iude gjdetua sjpjrtc -5?% eteu
„Pp5??.???.
^eke sjpjrtc eguctes `jrtuk`uh, fctepug kjkpugyec pjrsekeeg fhusus, weleupug lj`ch
pegiegd, ugtuf kjgdhctugd gclec sjferegd berc erus
eru s fes yegd `jrtuk`uh sj`jser
sj `jser gmkcgel
tjrtjgtu sjtcep pjrcmbjgye._jrsekeeg gclec sjferegd ugtuf eguctes verce`lj tcbef bepet
bcsegdscfeg ledc ebeleh yegd tjrsulct.

Eguctes verce`lj bepet bctjrepfeg ugtuf sjmregd pjgdusehe yegd kjgdcgdcgfeg

pjlugeseg utegdgye bjgdeg egdsureg yegd
y egd kjgurug sjtcep pjrcmbjgye.^jkjgtere
pjrcmb jgye.^jkjgtere sjmregd

4
feryeweg kugdfcg kjrese lj`ch gyekeg bjgdeg egdsureg frjbct pjkclcfeg rukeh (F_P)
yegd kjgcgdfet, kjgdcfutc fjgecfeg deicgye. Rjrefhcr, eguctes verce`lj pug bepet bcdugefeg
ugtuf kjgclec m`lcdesc yegd pmfmf utegdgye bcegdsur seke `jser sjtcep pjrcmbjgye `jrseke
`ugde pjrcmbcn sjhcgdde
sjh cgdde iukleh pjk`eyereg kjgdelekc
kjgd elekc pjgurugeg.

Nmgtmh 4 utegd sj`jser Pp 1?.???.??? `jr`ugde 5?% bclugesc bjgdeg > felc egdsureg
tehugeg. _jlugeseg pmfmf utegd belek sjtcep egdsureg ebeleh seke `jser,
yectu 5/> eteu Pp 0?.???.???. `uetleh sfjbul pjlugeseg utegd bcetes.

Iewe`9 @ceye `ugde tehug pjrteke ; 5?% Ô Pp 1?.???.??? ; Pp 1.???.???

Egdsureg pjrteke ; Pp 0?.???.??? + Pp 1.???.??? ; Pp 01.???.???
^elbm utegd sjtjleh egdsureg pjrteke ; Pp 1?.???.??? „ Pp 0?.???.???
; Pp 2?.???.???

@ceye `ugde tehug fjbue ; 5?% Ô Pp 2?.???.??? ; Pp 2.???.???

Egdsureg fjbue ; Pp 0?.???.??? + Pp 2.???.??? ; Pp 02.???.???
^elbm utegd sjtjleh egdsureg fjbue ; Pp 2?.???.??? „ Pp 0?.???.???
; Pp 0?.???.???

@ceye `ugde tehug fjtcde ; 5?% Ô Pp 0?.???.??? ; Pp 0.???.???

Egdsureg fjtcde ; Pp 0?.???.??? + Pp 0.???.??? ; Pp 00.???.???

Rehug 5 Rehug 0 Rehug >

Egdsureg (Pp) 01.???.??? 02.???.??? 00.???.???
(0.???.???) (0.???.???)
^fjbul pjlugeseg utegd belek nmgtmh bcetes tjrgyete kjkjguhc
eguctes verce`lj bjgdeg g ; >, tcgdfet `ugde ( c) ; 5?%, gclec ewel (e5) ;
Pp01.???.???, beg pjr`jbeeg gmkcgel (b) s`jser „Pp 0.???.???. Egdsureg
tjrefhcr kjgdegsugd `ugde Pp 0.???.???, egdsureg fjbue kjgdegbugd `ugde
bue felcgye, beg yegd pjrteke `ugdegye tcde felc lcpetgye.
_jr`jbeeg yegd fmgsteg sjpjrtc cgc ebeleh ugnc ugtuf kjk`uftcfeg `ehwe
gclec sjferegd ebeleh Pp 1?.???.??, yectu 9
(Pp 00.???.??? „ Pp 0.???.???) + (Pp 02.???.??? „ 0 Ô Pp 0.???.???) +

(Pp 01.???.??? „ > Ô Pp 0.???.???) ; > Ô Pp 0?.???.???.

8
Nmgtmh 8 Hctugd gclec sjferegd berc erus fes tehugeg `jrcfut icfe tcgdfet bcsfmgtm ;
5?% p.e Pp 21.???.???, Pp 22.???.??? beg Pp 20.???.???.
Iewe`9 ^fjke egdsureg utegd bcetes bepet bc`edc kjgiebc bue sjrc, yectu9

Rehug 5 Rehug 0 Rehug >

(Pp) (Pp) (Pp)
^jrc 5 0?.???.??? 0?.???.??? 0?.???.???
^jrc 0 01.???.??? 02.???.??? 00.???.???
21.???.??? 22.???.??? 20.???.???
Bjgdeg bjkcfceg, gclec sjferegd berc erus fes bcetes ebeleh gclec
sjferegd berc sjrc 5, yectu Pp 23.4>4.?>3,8 beg gclec sjferegd berc sjrc 0, yectu
Pp 1?.???.???, `jrbeserfeg pjrhctugdeg belek nmgtmh 4. Rmtel gclec sjferegd
kjgiebc Pp 5?3.4>4.?>3,8. Gclec sjferegd berc sjrc 5 bepet bchctugd bjgdeg
kjgddugefeg pjrsekeeg eguctes `cese bjgdeg E ; Pp 0?.???.???, g ; >, beg c
;5?%.
_jrhetcfeg feleu nmgtmh bcetes sj`jgergye ebeleh fesus pjlugeseg
utegd sj`jser Pp 50?.???.??? bjgdeg `ugde :% pjrhetug belek > felc
egdsureg tehugeg. _mfmf utegd bclugesc seke `jser belek sjtcep egdsureg
pebe tcgdfet bcsfmgtm
bcsfmg tm ebeleh :% Ô Pp 50?.???.???,
50?.???.??? , Pp 2.???.??? ebeleh :%
Ô Pp 8?.???.???, beg Pp 0.???.??? ebeleh :% Ô Pp 2?.???.???
(Pp 21.???.??? „ > Ô :% Ô Pp 2?.???.???)
+ (Pp 22.???.??? „ > Ô :% Ô Pp 2?.???.???)
+ (Pp 20.???.??? „ 5 Ô :% ÔPp 2?.???.???) ; Pp 50?.???.???

Nmgtmh 3 Hctugd gclec sjferegd berc erus fes `jrcfut, icfe bcfjtehuc c ; 5?%
Rehug Egdsureg Rehug Egdsureg
(Pp) (Pp) (Pp)
5 >1?.??? 3 08?.???
0 >:?.??? 5? 04?.???
> >2?.??? 55 01?.???
2 >>?.??? 50 0:?.???
: >0?.??? 5> 02?.???
1 >5?.??? 52 0>?.???
4 >??.??? 5: 00?.???
8 03?.??? 51 05?.???

3
 Fcte bepet kjk`edc erus fes bcetes kjgiebc 0 sjrc sjpjrtc nmgtmh sj`jlukgye
bjgdeg erus fes sjrc 5 sj`jser Pp 5??.??? beg pjr`jbeeg gmkcgel sj`jser „
Pp 5?.??? ugtuf sjrc 0.
Rehug Egdsureg ^jrc 5 ^jrc 0
(Pp) (Pp) (Pp)
5 >1?.??? 5??.??? 01?.???
0 >:?.??? 5??.??? 0:?.???
> >2?.??? 5??.??? 02?.???
2 >>?.??? 5??.??? 0>?.???
: >0?.??? 5??.??? 00?.???
1 >5?.??? 5??.??? 05?.???
4 >??.??? 5??.??? 0??.???
8 03?.??? 5??.??? 53?.???
3 08?.??? 5??.??? 58?.???
5? 04?.??? 5??.??? 54?.???
55 01?.??? 5??.??? 51?.???
50 0:?.??? 5??.??? 5:?.???
5> 02?.??? 5??.??? 52?.???
52 0>?.??? 5??.??? 5>?.???
5: 00?.??? 5??.??? 50?.???
51 05?.??? 5??.??? 55?.???

Gclec sjferegd berc erus fes

f es bcetes ebeleh iukleh gcle
gclecc sjferegd erus fes ssjrc
jrc 5
beg clec sjferegd erus fes sjrc 0. Gclec sjferegd erus fes sjrc 5 ebeleh
Pp480.>4?,81, yectu eguctes `cese bjgdeg E ; Pp 5??.???, g ; 51, beg c ;

∐gb
5?%. ^jbegdfeg gclec sjferegd erus fes sjrc 0 ebeleh , yectu
c

∐51 Ô(∐ Pp .5?.?? )

; Pp 5.1?
5.1??
? .???
5? %
_Q Eguctes Qerce`lj ; _Q ^jrc 5 + _Q ^jrc 0
_Q ; Pp 480.>4?,81 + Pp 5.1??.???
_Q ; Pp 0.>80.>4?,81
_jrhetcfeg feleu nmgtmh cgc sj`jgergye ebeleh fesus pjlugeseg utegd sj`jser
Pp >.0??.??? bjgdeg `ugde :% pjrtehug belek 51 felc egdsureg tehugeg.

Nmgtmh 5? bjgdeg kjgddugefeg sjrc 5 beg 0, hctugd gclec sjferegd berc eguctes verce`lj
`jrcfut icfe bcfjtehuc tcgdfet `ugde :%.

Rehug Erus fes

5?
 (Pp)
5 0.???.???
0 5.3:?.???
> 5.3??.???
2 5.8:?.???
: 5.8??.???
1 5.4:?.???

4 5.4??.???
8 5.1:?.???
3 5.1??.???
5? 5.::?.???

Ie
Iewe
we`
`9 @jser erus fes ugtuf sjrc 5 ebeleh9
e5 ; Pp.0.???.???
b ; -Pp:?.???
g ; 5?
c ; :% ; ?,?:
b
5+ +
E ;e c bg

; Pp 0.???.??? + (∐ Pp .:? .???

?,?:
.???
) + 5? (-Pp :?.???)

; Pp 0.???.??? „ Pp.5.???.??? „ Pp :??.???

; Pp :??.???
@jrbeserfeg hescl cgc, fcte bepet kjgyusug sfjbul sjrc 5 beg sjrc 0 berc
erus fes bcetes kjgiebc sj`edec `jrcfut9
Rehug Erus Fes ^jrc 5 ^jrc 0
(Pp) (Pp) (Pp)

5 0.???.??? :??.??? 5.:??.???

0 5.3:?.??? :??.??? 5.2:?.???
> 5.3??.??? :??.??? 5.2??.???
2 5.8:?.??? :??.??? 5.>:?.???
: 5.8??.??? :??.??? 5.>??.???
1 5.4:?.??? :??.??? 5.0:?.???
4 5.4??.??? :??.??? 5.0??.???
8 5.1:?.??? :??.??? 5.5:?.???
3 5.1??.??? :??.??? 5.5??.???
5? 5.::?.??? :??.??? 5.?:?.???

_Q Eguctes
Eguctes Qerce`lj ; _Q ^jrc 5 + _Q ^jrc 0
½
_Q ;
; Pp >.81?.841,: + Pp 5?.???.???

55
 ; Pp 5>.81?.841,:

_jrsekeeg ukuk ugtuf kjgnerc `jser eguctes eteu E belek sjrc 5

ebeleh 9
b
E ; e5 + + gb
c

Bjgdeg
e5 ; `jser pjk`eyereg pjrcmbj 5
b ; pjr`jbeeg gmkcgel egterpjrcmbj
c ; tcgdfet bcsfmgtm pjr pjrcmbj
g ; iukleh pjrcmbj pjk`eyereg

sjbegdfeg pjrsekeeg ugtuf kjgnerc _Q sjrc 0 ebeleh9

∐gb
_Q ^jrc 0 ;
c
Icfe fcte kjgdde`ugdfeg fjbuegye, fcte efeg kjgbepetfeg pjrsekeeg gclec
sjferegd ugtuf eguctes verce`lj, yectu9

_Q ; ½
Eteu
_Q ; ½
2. EGZCRE^ Q
QE
EPCE@JL KJ
KJGCGDFER
^jieuh cgc, fcte `eru kjk`ehes nmgtmh-nmgtmh eguctes verce`lj bjgdeg b<
?.@edeckege icfe b7 ?=_jk`edceg erus fes kjgiebc sjrc 5 beg sjrc 0 kesch bepet
bclefufeg ugtuf eguctes verce`lj yegd kjgcgdfet.

Nmgtmh 55 hctugd gclec sjferegd berc erus fes Pp 00.???.??? tehug bjpeg yegd kjgcgdfet
Pp 0.???.??? sjtcem tehug sjleke 2 felc tcgdfet `ugde yegd rjljveg ebeleh
5?% p.e.
Iewe`9 c ; 5?% ; ?,5
g ;2
b ; Pp 0.???.???
e5 ; Pp 00.???.???
pjrteke, fcte efeg kjgnerc erus
e rus fes pjrcmbcn ugtuf ssjrc
jrc 5, yectu9

50
 b
E ; e5 + + gb
c

; Pp 00.???.??? + ( Pp .0.???.???
?,5 ) + 2(Pp.0.???.???)

; Pp 00.???.??? + Pp 0?.???.??? + Pp.8.???.??? ; Pp :?.???.???

Bjgdeg bjkcfceg, pjk`edceg sjrc 5 beg sjrc 0 kjgiebc9

Rehug Erus Fes ^jrc 5 ^jrc 0

(Pp) (Pp) (Pp)
5 00.???.??? :?.???.??? (08.???.???)
0 02.???.??? :?.???.??? (01.???.???)
> 01.???.??? :?.???.??? (02.???.???)
2 08.???.??? :?.???.??? (00.???.???)
_Q erus feb sjrc 5 ebeleh _Q eguctes `cese bjgdeg E ; Pp :?.???.???, yectu
Pp 5:8.23>.040,:. ^jbegdfeg _Q sjrc 0 ebeleh „Pp 8?.???.??? ferjge9
(-Pp 08.???.??? „ 2 Ô 5?% Ô Pp 0?.???.???) + (-Pp 01.???.??? „ > Ô

5?% Ô Pp 0?.???.???) + (-Pp 02.???.??? „ 0 Ô 5?% Ô Pp 0?.???.???)

+ (-Pp 00.???.??? „ 5 Ô 5?% Ô Pp 0?.???.???) ; 2 Ô (-Pp 0?.???.???)
; -Pp 8?.???.???
Iebc, _Q berc erus fes bcetes ebeleh Pp 5:8.23>.040,> + (-Pp 8?.???.???) ;
Pp 48.23>.040,:
Nmgtmh 50 Hctugd gclec sjferegd berc pjk`eyereg uegd pjgscmg Pp >?.???.??? tehug
bjpeg yegd kjgcgdfet sj`jser Pp 0.???.??? sjtcep tehuggye sjleke 5? felc
icfe bcfjtehuc tcgdfet
tcgdf et bcsfmgtm yegd rjljveg
rjljv eg ebeleh 8% p.e

Iewe`9 c ; 8% ; ?,?8
g ; 5?
b ; Pp 0.???.???
e5 ; Pp >?.???.???
b
E ; e5 + + gb
c

; Pp >?.???.??? + ( Pp 0.??
0.???
? .???
?,?8
.???
) + 5?(Pp 0.???.???)

; Pp 4:.???.???
_Q ;½
;½

5>
 ; Pp :?>.0:1.5?: „ Pp 0:?.???.??? ; Pp 0:>.0:1.5?:

:. E_LCFE^C _EBE QE
QELZE^C M@LCDE^C
^eleh setu eplcfesc berc eguctes verce`lj ebeleh ugtuf kjgclec herde weier
m`lcdesc.Qeluesc gclec weier sj`ueh m`lcdesc ukukgye kjlc`etfeg bue tcgdfet `ugde,

yectu fupmg m`lcdesc beg ycjlb yegd bcherepfeg cgvjrtmr._mle pjlugeseg utegd m`lcdesc
pug ebe bue._jrteke, m`lcdesc yegd
y egd hegye kjk`eyer fupm
fupmgg sjnere pjrcmbj beg utegd
u tegd
pmfmf sj`jser gclec gmkcgl
gm kcgl seet ietuh tjkpm. Fjbue, m`lcdes
m`lcdescc yegd kjgdegdsur pmf
pmfmf
mf
utegd seke `jser sjtcep pjrcmbj, `jrsekeeg bjgdeg `ugde tjrutegdgye. Ztegd m`lcdesc
fjlmkpmf fjbue efeg kjgdelekc pjgurugeg sjtcep pjrcmbjgye, beg pjk`eyereg
`ugde pjrcmbcn pug sjkefcg
sj kefcg kjgdjncl berc pjrcmbj fj pjrcmbj.

Nmgtmh 5> ^j`ueh fmrpmresc kjgdjluerfeg m`lcdesc `jrgclec Z^$5??.?? bjgdeg fupmg
2%. Ztegd m`lcdesc cgc efeg bclugesc belek 0? pjk`eyereg seke `jser,

kescgd-kescgd $:.??? pebe efhcr sjtcep tehug, `jrsekeeg bjgdeg pjk`eyereg

`ugde tjrutegdgye. Hctugd
Hctu gd herde weier m`lcdesc icfe cgvjstmr kjgdherepfeg
ycjlb sj`jser 5?% ugtuf m`lcdesc cgc.
Iewe` 9 g ; 0?
c ; 5?% ; ?,5
b ; 2% Ô $:.???
e5 ; $:.??? + 2%($5??.???) ; $3.???

Rehug _jlugeseg _mfmf @ceye @ugde Rmtel

($) ($) ($)

5 :.??? 2.??? 3.???
0 :.??? >.8?? 8.8??
> :.??? >.1?? 8.1??
2 :.??? >.2?? 8.2??
: :.??? >.0?? 8.0??
1 :.??? >.??? 8.???
4 :.??? 0.8?? 4.8??
8 :.??? 0.1?? 4.1??
3 :.??? 0.2?? 4.2??
5? :.??? 0.0?? 4.0??
55 :.??? 0.??? 4.???
50 :.??? 5.8?? 1.8??
5> :.??? 5.1?? 1.1??
52 :.??? 5.2?? 1.2??

52
 5: :.??? 5.0?? 1.0??
51 :.??? 5.??? 1.???
54 :.??? 8?? :.8??
58 :.??? 1?? :.1??
53 :.??? 2?? :.2??
0? :.??? 0?? :.0??
_Q ;½
;½
; $0:.:2?,13 + $2?.??? ; $1:.:2?,13
Nmgtmh Letcheg ^mel

5. Kege yegd
yegd lj`ch kjgercf,
kjgercf, kjgjrcke
kjgjrcke uegd pjgscug sj`jser Pp 5?.???.???
5?.???.??? sjtcep
sjtcep
tehug kulec herc cgc eteu kjgjrcke Pp :.???.??? kulec tehug bjpeg beg gecf sj`jser
5?% sjtcep tehug, sjukur hcbup icfe c;50% p.e.=
Iewe`9
Eltjrgetca 5
E? ; E5 ; Pp 5?.
5?.???.
??.???
???

c ; 50% ; ?,50
d ; 5?% ; ?,5
E5
_Q5 ½ + E?
c
Pp 5?.??? .???
½ + Pp 5?.??? .???
?,50

; Pp 8>.>>>.>>>,>> + Pp 5?.???.???
; Pp 3>.>>>.>>>,>>

Eltjrgetca 0
E5 ; Pp :.???.???
E5
_Q0 ;
c∐ d

Pp :.?
:.???
?? .???
.???
;
?,50∐ ?,5

; Pp 0:?.???.???
Iebc eltjrgetca 0 (kjgjrcke Pp :.???.??? kulec tehug bjpeg) yegd lj`ch kjgercf

5:
 0. Herde suetu
suetu sehek
sehek yegd `eru seie
seie kjk`edcfeg
kjk`edcfeg bjvcbjg
bjvcbjg Pp 5?? ebeleh
ebeleh Pp 0.3??.
0.3??. Icfe
Icfe
tcgdfet pjrtuk`uheg bjvcbjg ebeleh 50 %, `jrepe tcgdfet `ugde bcsfmgtm epe`cle
herde sehek bc etes subeh kjgnjrkcgfeg gclec cgstrcgscf sehek tjrsj`ut=

B? ; Pp 5??

_? ; _Q ; Pp 0.3??
d ; 50 % ; ?,50
B5 ; B? (5+d)
B5
_Q ;
c∐ d
5?? Ô ( 5 + ?,50 )
Pp0.3?? ;
c ∐?,50

( c∐?,50 ) Ô Pp 0.3?? ; Pp 5?? Ô ( 5+ ?,50 )

Pp 0.3?? c „ Pp >28 ; Pp 550

Pp 0.
0.3?? c ; Pp
Pp 55
550 + Pp >2
>28

c ; ?,5:81 ; 5:,81 %

>. @jrepe gclec

gclec sjferegd
sjferegd berc
berc hebceh
hebceh yegd kjk`jrcfe
kjk`jrcfeg
g uegd sj`jser
sj`jser Pp
Pp :.???.???
:.???.??? kulec
kulec
herc cgc, Pp :.5??.??? `uleg bjpeg, beg tjrus kjgcgdfet 0 % sjtcep `uleg icfe
pjgjrcke hebceh kjgbepetfeggye
kjgbe petfeggye sjleke 50 felc
f elc beg tcgdfet `ugde i50;>1%=

Iewe`9

E? ; Pp :.
:.??
???.
?.??
???
?
E5 ; Pp :.5??.???
g ; 50
d ; 0% ; ?,?0
>1 %
c ; ;>% ; ?,?>
50

g∐ 5

_Q ;
5∐
(+)
5+ d
5 c
E 5 + E?
c∐ d

V [ 51
 V [
50 ∐ 5

5∐
(+ )
5 + ?,?0
5 ?,?>
Ô Pp :.5?? .???+ Pp :.??
:.5?? :.???
? .???
?,?> ∐?,?0

Pp :1.834.:45,88

2. ^j`ueh sehek tehug bjpeg bcpjrfcrefeg

bcpjrfcrefeg efeg
efeg kjk`edcfeg
kjk`edcfeg bcvcbjg Pp :?? beg
tehug-tehug `jrcfutgye Pp 1??, Pp 40?, beg Pp 812. _jrtuk`uheg bcvcbjg yegd
segdet `jser pebe jkpet tehug pjrteke ctu fjkubceg turug beg ste`cl kjgiebc sjfcter
:% pjr tehugsjhcgdde bcvcbjg : tehug ledc ebeleh Pp 3?4,0, sjtehug fjkubceg Pp
3:0,:1, beg bjkcfceg sjtjrusgye. @jrepe herde weier sehek tjrsj`ut icfe tcgdfet
`ugde rjljveg ebeleh
eb eleh 5?%=

Iewe`9
Cgc ebeleh nmgtmh bcvcbjg bjgdeg pjrtuk`uheg `jrdegbe eteu `ehfe kultcpjl

(kultcplj drmwth). Rcgdfet pjrtuk`uheg yegd segdet `jser (supjrgmrkel drmwth)

`cesegye tjriebc hegye ugtuf pjrcmbj tjr`etes,
tjr` etes, sjbegdfeg ugtuf
ug tuf iegdfe pegiegd
tcgdfet pjrtuk`uheggye efeg gmrkel. Herde weier sehek ctu ebeleh gclec sjferegd
berc bcvcbjg tehug pjrteke hcgdde fj-2, bctek`eh gclec sjferegd berc herde sehek bc
tehug fj-2.
c ; 5?% ; ?,5
d ; :% ; ?,?:
B: ; Pp 3?4,0
B2 ; Pp 812

B> ; Pp 40?
B0 ; Pp 1??
B5 ; Pp :??

B5 B0>
B 2
B _
_?; _Q ; + + + + 2 2
(5+ c ) ( 5+ c ) (5 + c ) (5 + c) (5 +c )
0 > 2

_2 ebeleh herde sehek bc tehug fj 2 yegd bepet bchctugd bjgdeg9

_ B:
2;
c∐ d

½ Pp 3?4,0 ; Pp58,522
?,5∐?,?:

54
 Kefe,
Pp :?? Pp 1?? Pp 40? Pp 812 Pp 58,522
_?; _Q ; + + + +
(5,5 ) (5,5)0 (5,5)> ( 5,5)2 (5,5)2
; Pp 52.242,?8

:. Zegd pjgscug
pjgscug sj`jser
sj`jser Pp 0.???.???
0.???.??? pjr `uleg
`uleg efeg
efeg bc`jrcfeg
bc`jrcfeg fjpebe
fjpebe feryeweg
feryeweg yegd
pjgscug eteu ehlc wercsgye
wercs gye sjleke 5: tehug icfe feryeweg
f eryeweg ctu subeh kjge`ugd eteu
kjk`eyer cureg pjgscug sjleke 02? `uleg `jrturut-turut kulec usce 2? hcgdde 1?
tehug. _jk`eyereg pjrteke ebeleh pebe herc ulegd tehug feryeweg fj 2? beg
pjk`eyereg tjrefhcr tjpet setu `uleg sj`jluk
sj`j luk feryeweg `jrulegd tehug
tehu g fj 1?. Icfe
tcgdfet `ugde bcesukscfeg ste`cl pebe i50;1% sjleke >: tehug ctu, `jrepe `jser cureg
`ulegeg pjgscug yegd
y egd herus bc`eyerfeg=
bc`eyerfeg =

Iewe`9

_jrteke fcte herus kjgdhctugd gclec sjferegd pebe `uleg fj 02? (_Q02?) berc
pjgjrckeeg uegd sj`jser
sj` jser Pp 0.???.??? pjr `uleg sjleke 58? felc (5: tehug)
E ; Pp 0.???.???
c ; ?,:% ; ?,??:

( )
∐g
5∐( 5+ c )
_Q02? ; E
c

( )
∐ 58?
∐( +
5 )
5 ?,??:
; Ô Pp 0.??
0.???
? .???
?,??:

; Pp 0>4.??4.?03,>

^jlegiutgye fcte herus kjgdhctugd `jser cureg `ulegeg yegd sjtjleh 02? felc kjgiebc
Pp 0>4.??4.?03,> bjgdeg kjgddugefeg pjrsekeeg gcelc efeg betegd.

AQ02? ; ( ( 5 + c )g∐5
c ) ÔE

AQ 02?
E ;
( ( 5 +c )g∐5
c )
Pp 0>4.??4 .?03,1
;
( ( 5 + ?,??: )02? ∐5
?,??: )
; Pp :50.3:1,80

58
1. Belek usehe ugtuf kjkjgegdfeg
kjkjgegdfeg pjrsecgdeg
pjrsecgdeg kjrj`ut
kjrj`ut pjgukpegd kesfepec
pjgjr`egdeg Jlegd (Jlegd Ecrlcgj) efhcrgye turut kjgewerfeg ugbceg `jrhebceh
fjpebe pere pjlegddeggye. Hebceh uteke ugbceg yegd bcebefeg sjtcep `uleg ebeleh
pjkjgegd bepet kjkclch setu
se tu beg hegye setu hebceh `jrcfut9

e. Zegd
Zegd tuge
tugecc Pp 5??.
5??.???
???.?
.???
?? herc
herc cgc
`. Zegd sj`jser Pp 58.???.??? sjtcep
s jtcep tehug sjleke 5? felc kulec tehug bjpeg
(eguctes `cese)
n. Zegd sj`jser
sj`jser Pp
Pp 51.???.???
51.???.??? sjtcep
sjtcep tehug
tehug sjleke
sjleke 5? felc
felc kulec
kulec herc cgc
cgc (eguctes
(eguctes
bckufe)
b. Zegd sj`jser Pp 50.:??.???
50.:??.??? sjtcep tehug sjukur
sjukur hcbup kulectehug
kulectehug bjpeg
bjpeg
(pjrpjtuctes)
j. Zegd sj`jser
sj`jser Pp
Pp 55.:??.???
55.:??.??? sjtcep
sjtcep tehug
tehug sjukur hcbup kulec
kulec herc cgc (pjrpjtuctes
(pjrpjtuctes
bc kufe)

a. Zegd
Zegd sj`jser
sj`jser Pp 5>.???.
5>.???.???
??? herc
herc cgc fjkubce
fjkubceg
g Pp 52.?2?.?
52.?2?.???
?? tehug
tehug bjpeg
bjpeg beg
tjrus gecf sj`jser 8% sjtcep tehug, beg kjgjrckegye sjleke 5? felc seie (eguctes
`jrtuk`uh)
d. Zegd sj`jser
sj`jser Pp
Pp 1.???.???
1.???.??? kulec
kulec herc cgc, fjkubceg
fjkubceg kjgiebc Pp 1.>??.???
1.>??.??? tehug
tehug
bjpeg beg tjrus gecf sj`jser :% sjtcep tehug beg kjgjrckegye sjukur hcbup
(pjrpjtuctes `jrtuk`uh)
h. Zegd sj`jser
sj`jser Pp
Pp 2?.???.???
2?.???.??? sjtcep
sjtcep tehug
tehug sjleke
sjleke : felc,
felc, tjtepc
tjtepc kulec
kulec 2 tehug
tehug ledc
(eguctes bctugbe)

Rcgdfet fjpestceg sjkue hebceh bc etes ebeleh seke. Kege hebceh yegd pelcgd
kjgercf ugtuf bcpclch pjkjgegd ugbceg icfe tcgdfet `ugde yegd rjljveg ebeleh
i5;5?%=

e. _Q ; Pp 5??.???.???

( )
∐g
5∐( 5+ c )
`. _Q ; E
c

( ∐( + ) )
∐5?
5 5 ?,5
; Ô Pp 58.???.???
?,5

; Pp 55
55?.1?0.0?8

5∐( 5+ c )∐g + 5
n. _Q ;
( c
+5 E
)
53
 ( )
∐3
5∐( 5 + ?,5 )
; + 5 Ô Pp 51.?
51.???
?? .???
?,5

; Pp 5?
5?8.522.>85,5
E
b. _Q ;
c
Pp 50.:
50.:??
?? .???
.???
; ?,5

; Pp 50
50:.???.???
E5
j. _Q ; + E?
c
Pp 55.:??.???
; + Pp 55.
55.:??
:?? .???
?,5

; Pp 50
501.:??.???

| |
g∐5
5+ d
5∐( )
a. _Q ; 5 +c
E5+ E?
c∐ d

| |
5? ∐ 5

;
5∐
( 5 + ?,?8
5 + ?,5 ) Pp 52.?2? .???+ Pp 5>.???.???
52.?2?
?,5∐?,?8

; Pp 55
553.81>.080,8
E5
d. _Q ; + E?
c∐ d

Pp 1.>?
1.>??
? .???
; + Pp 1.??
1.???
? .???
?,5∐ ?,?:

; Pp 5>
5>0.???.???

( )
∐g
5∐( 5 + c )
E
h. _Q ; c
( 5 + c ) k∐ 5

( )
∐:
5∐( 5 + ?,5 )
Ô Pp 2?.?
2?.???
?? .???
; ?,5
(5 + ?,5 )>
; Pp 55
55>.300.318,>
Iebc hebceh yegd pelcgd kjgercf ebeleh d yectu hebceh uegd sj`jser Pp1.???.???

kulec herc cgc beg gecf sj`jser :% sjtcep tehug, sjleke sjukur hcbup

0?
4. ^j`ueh fmrpmresc
fmrpmresc kjgdjluerfeg
kjgdjluerfeg m`lcdesc
m`lcdesc `jrgclec
`jrgclec Z^
Z^ $ 5??.???
5??.??? bjgdeg
bjgdeg fupmg 2%.
Ztegd m`lcdesc cgc efeg bclugesc belek 0? pjk`eyereg seke `jser, kescgd-kescgd
$:.??? pebe efhcr sjtcep tehug, `jrsekeeg bjgdeg pjk`eyereg `ugde tjrutegdgye.
Regpe kjk`uet te`jl sjrc 5 beg sjrc 0, hctugd herde weier m`lcdesc icfe cgvjstmr

kjgdherepfeg ycjlb sj`jser >% ugtuf m`lcdesc cgc.

Iewe`9
g ; 0?
c ; >% ; ?,?>
b ; 2% ; ?,?2
e5 ; $:.???+
$:.???+ 2% x ($5??
($5??.???
.???)) ; $3.???
$3.???
_Q ; ½

_Q ; ½

; -$02.
-$02.43:
43:,43
,43>+$
>+$5>>
5>>.>
.>>>,
>>,>>
>>>
>
; $5
$5?8
?8.:
.:>4
>4,,:2

8. Bjgdeg kjgddugefe
kjgddugefeg
g sj`ueh snjbul
snjbul sjrc
sjrc 5 beg
beg 0, hctugd
hctugd gclec
gclec sjferegd
sjferegd berc 5?
pjk`eyeregyegd bckulec
b ckulec berc Pp 0.???.???, Pp 5.3:?.???,
5.3:?.??? , beg sjtjrusgye hcgdd
hcgddee Pp
5.::?.??? icfe bcfjtehuc tcgdfet `ugde 5?%.

Rehug Erus fes

(Pp)
5 0.???.???
0 5.3:?.???
> 5.3??.???
2 5.8:?.???
: 5.8??.???
1 5.4:?.???
4 5.4??.???
8 5.1:?.???
3 5.1??.???
5? 5.::?.???

@jser erus fesugtuf sjrc 5ebeleh9

e5 ;oPp 0.???.???

b ; -Pp :?.???

05
 g ; 5?
c ;5?% ; ?,5
b
E ;e 5+ + gb
c

E ; Pp 0.???.??? + ( ∐ Pp :?.???
?,5 )+ 5? (∐ Pp :?.??? )

;Pp 0.???.??? „ Pp :??.??? „ Pp :??.???

; Pp 5.???.???

@jrbeserfeg hescl cgc, fcte bepet kjgyusug sfjbul sjrc 5 beg sjrc 0 berc erus fes bcetes
kjgiebc sjpjrtc `jrcfut9

Rehug Erus Fes ^jrc 5 ^jrc 0

(Pp) (Pp) (Pp)
5 0.???.??? 5.???.??? 5.???.???
0 5.3:?.??? 5.???.??? 3:?.???
> 5.3??.??? 5.???.??? 3??.???
2 5.8:?.??? 5.???.??? 8:?.???
: 5.8??.??? 5.???.??? 8??.???
1 5.4:?.??? 5.???.??? 4:?.???
4 5.4??.??? 5.???.??? 4??.???
8 5.1:?.??? 5.???.??? 1:?.???
3 5.1??.??? 5.???.??? 1??.???
5? 5.::?.??? 5.???.??? ::?.???

_Q Eguctes
Eguctes Qerce`lj
Qerce`lj ; _Q ^jrc 5 + _Q ^jrc 0
_Q ;½
; Pp 1.522.:14,0 + Pp :.???.???
; Pp 55.522.:14,0

3. Regpe
Regpe kjk`uet
kjk`uet te`jl,
te`jl, hctugdl
hctugdleh
eh gclec
gclec sjferegd
sjferegd berc eguct
eguctes
es
Pp20.???.???,Pp22.???.???, Pp21.???.???, Pp28.???.????, beg Pp:?.???.???
bjgdeg kjgddugefeg pjrsekeeg eguctes verce`jl icfe tcgdfet `ugde yegd rjljveg
ebeleh 5?% p.e.

Iewe`9

c ; 5?% ; ?,5

00
 g ; :
b ; Pp 0.???.???
e5 ; Pp 20.
20.??
???.
?.??
???
?

_Q ; ½

; ½

; Pp0
Pp040.
40.3>1
3>1.12
.124,2
4,2 „ Pp5??.
Pp5??.???
????.?
?.???
??
; Pp
Pp54
540.
0.3>
3>1.
1.12
124
4,2

@E@ CCC
FJ^CK_ZLEG

5. Eguct
uctes @jr
@jrtuk`uh
g
5+ d
5
5+ c
(∐ )
V [
_Q ; ∐ E5
c d

Beg

V [
g∐ 5

_Q ;
5∐
(+)
5+ d
5 c
E5 + E?
c∐ d

0. _j
_jrp
rpjt
jtuc
ucte
tess @jru
@jruk
k`u
`uh
h
E5
_Q ?; _Q ;
c∐ d
Beg

0>
 E5
_?; _Q ; + E?
c∐ d

>. Eguct
uctes Qe
Qerce
rce`jl
_Q Eguctes Qerce`lj ; _Q ^jrc 5 + _Q ^jrc 0

02