FKBKIKC

QWKE]FD]D QJEK@K ID]QWDB

Zeajr`rluea _lwjr Qrkesfdssdle kea @ks Desuiktja
Qrkesfdssdle Idejs

AD]Z]ZE LIJC >

Wknk Ekuhkgdik Eksutdle (?0;;;31????;;8)
Kylayk Fkuikek @uelrl (?0;;;31????771)
AL]JE>
Ar. Je`. Kraylel _rdykad, ].Q., F.Je`.
QJBEDB ]D]QJF QJEK@K
AJ_KWQJFJE QJBEDB JIJBQWL
HKBZIQK] QJBELIL@D JIJBQWL
AKE DEHLFKQDBK MJWAK]
DE]QDQZQ QJBELIL@D ]J_ZIZC EL_JFGJW
7?7?

BKQK _JE@KEQKW
Aje`ke fjeyjgut ekfk Kiikc ]PQ yke` Fkck _je`ksdc ik`d Fkck _keykyke`,
Bkfd pkenktbke
pkenktbke punk ake pund syubur ktks bjckadrkt-Ey
bjckadrkt-Eyk.
k. Qdakb iupk sckikwkt
sjrtk skikf Bkfd ckturbke bjpkak nuenue`ke Ekgd Fuckffka ]kw, sjcde``k
Bkfd
Bkfd akpk
akpktt fjey
fjeyji
jijs
jskd
kdbk
bke
e fkbk
fkbkik
ikc
c yk
yke`
e` gj
gjrn
rnua
uaui
ui Zeaj
Zeajr`
r`rl
rlue
uea
a _lwj
_lwjrr
Qrkesfdssdle kea Desuiktja Qrkesfdssdle Idejs ded aje`ke gkdb ake ikemkr.
 Fkbkikc gkg : tjetke` ueajr`rluea mkgij ded ded tjikc Bkfd susue aje`ke
fkbs
fkbsdf
dfki
ki ak
ake
e fjea
fjeakp
kpkt
ktbk
bke
e gk
gket
etuk
uke
e ak
akrd
rd gj
gjrg
rgk`
k`kd
kd pd
pdck
ckb
b sjcde
sjcde``
``kk ak
akpk
pktt
fjfpjrikemkr fkbkikc ded. Zetub dtu Bkfd fjeykfpkdbke tjrdfk bksdc bjpkak
sjfuk pdckb yke` tjikc gjrblet
gjrbletrdgusd
rdgusd akikf pjfguktke fkbkikc ded. Ketkrk ikde
kakikc >

;. Lrke`
Lrke` tuk , tjfke ake bjiuk
bjiukr`k
r`k yke`
yke` sjikiu
sjikiu fjeaubu
fjeaubue`
e` ake fjealk
fjealkbke
bke
sjikfk pjeyusueke gjrike`sue` cde``k skkt ded.
7. Wjbke
Wjbke sktu bjilfplb
bjilfplb yke`
yke` akpkt gjbjrnksk
gjbjrnkskfk
fk ake gjrbllra
gjrbllradek
deksd
sd aje`ke
aje`ke
gkdb ake ikemkr, sjcde``k fkbkikc ded akpkt tjrsjijskdbke aje`ke gkdb
=. Gkpk
Gkpkb
b Kray
Krayle
lel
l sj
sjik
ikbu
bu alsj
alsje
e pje`
pje`kf
kfpu
pu fktk
fktk bu
buid
idkc
kc trke
trkesf
sfds
dsdd ak
ake
e
pjrkiktke tj`ke`ke tde``d yke` tjikc fjfgjrdbke pje`jtkcuke ake
fjfgdfgde` bkfd cde``k fkbkikc ded akpkt tjrsjijskdbke aje`ke gkdb.

Bkfdd gjrckr
Bkf gjrckrkp
kp sjfl`k
sjfl`k fkbkikc
fkbkikc ded akpkt
akpkt gjrfke
gjrfkehkkt
hkkt bjpkak
bjpkak pjfgkm
pjfgkmkk ake
fjfgjrdbke akfpkb gk`d fksykrkbkt iuks. Fjsbdpue ajfdbdke, Bkfd aje`ke
tjrgubkk fjejrdfk
tjrgub fjejrdfk brdtdbke
brdtdbke ake skrke yke` akpkt fjfgke`ue
fjfgke`ue Bkfd bjajpkeey
bjajpkeeyk.
k.
Kbcdr bktk Bkfd umkpbke tjrdfk bksdc.

AKHQKW D]D

BKQK _JE@KEQKW d
AKHQKW D]D dd
;.;. _JEAKCZIZKE ;
;.7. ]kiurke trkesfdsd ake bktj`lrdeyk ;
;.7.;. ]kiurke Zakrk :
;.7.7. ]kiurke Gkwkc Qkekc 8
7.;. Bkgji Gkwkc Qkekc 4
7.7. _krkfjtjr bkgji gkwkc tkekc ;:
7.=. Qjbkeke Bkgji Bleaubtlr Que``ki 78
7.1. _jejetuke Qkckeke Dsliksd Akrd Bkgji Bleaubtlr Que``ki 73
7.:. Bkpksdtkesd akrd Bkgji Qd`k Bleaubtlr Gjrdbkt 74
7.8. Hkbtlr Akyk Adjijbtrdb ake Wu`d-Wu`d Adjijbtrdb ==
7.0. @ks Desuiktja Idej =1
7 .3 Bjskikcke Bkgji =:
7 .4 Krus ]jiugue` _kak Bkgji =4
=.; Bjsdfpuik
Bjsdfpuike....
e.........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
........17
...17

;.;. _jeakcuiuke

_jede`bktke
_jede`bktke bjgutucke
bjgutucke tjek`k
tjek`k idstrdb yke` pjskt ad dealejsdk
dealejsdk fjeyjgkgbke
fjeyjgkgbke
pjriu adtkfgkcbkeeyk bkpksdtks skiurke trkesfdsd yke` addrde`d nu`k aje`ke
gjrtkfgkceyk pjfgke`bdt gkru. ]jdrde` gjrtkfgkceyk pjfgke`bdt idstrdb gkru
fkbk adgutucbke nu`k skiurke skiurke trkesfdsd. ]kikc sktu sdstjf trkesfdsd yke`
ufuf bdtk nufpkd kakikc skiurke trkesfdsd uakrk. Kbke tjtkpd trkesfdsd skiurke
uakrk gubkeikc pdidcke dajki tjrutkfk ad akjrkc yke` pjeuc pjeauaub. Wjsdbl
rjsdbl sjpjrtd pjrkiktke idstrdb yke` adruskb skfpkd aje`ke pjemurdke akpkt tjrnkad
pkak skiurke trkesfdsd uakrk. ]kikc sktu skiurke trkesfdsd yke` adtjrkpbke ad
dealej
dealejsdk
sdk sjikde
sjikde trkesf
trkesfdsd
dsd uakrk
uakrk kakikc
kakikc trkesfd
trkesfdsd
sd yke`
yke` ad pkske`
pkske` ad gkwkc
gkwkc
pjrfubkke tkekc yke` adsjgut skiurke trkesfdsd gkwkc tkekc (ueajr`rluea
trkesfdssdle idejs). ]jikfk gjgjrkpk tkcue tjrkbcdr, pjrtufgucke ake pjrfdetkke
jijbtrdhdbksd gjrtufguc ijgdc tde``d akrdpkak pjrtufgucke pkak gk`dke bkpksdtks
akrd sdstjf trkesfdsd. Lijc bkrjek dtu deaustrd tjek`k idstrdb fuikd gjrdevjstksd
pkak nkrde`ke trkesfdsd yke` gkru. Cki tjrsjgut gdsk tjrmkpkd aje`ke fjekdbke
ijvji
ijvji tj`k
tj`ke`
e`ke
ke ktku
ktku aj
aje`
e`ke
ke fjek
fjekfg
fgkc
kc bk
bkgj
gji,
i, gu
guea
eaij
ija
a ml
mlea
eaum
umtl
tlrs,
rs, ue
uetu
tub
b
fjekdbke rktde` kruseyk. Bkrjek pjrfdetkke ake bjgutucke uetub nkrde`ke idstrdb
kbke tjrus gjrtkfgkc tjrutkfk pkak akjrkc-akjrkc yke` suidt adnke`bku, sjcde``k
kbke ske`kt suidt uetub fjfgke`ue trkesfdsd uakrk. Aje`ke pjrtdfgke`ke wkbtu
ake gdkyk tkfgkcke uetub dzde ake pjfgjgkske ikcke, fkbk trkesfdsd gkwkc
tkekc fjenkad pjrtdfgke`ke yke` fjekrdb.

;.
;.7.
7. ]kiu
]kiurk
rke
e Qrk
Qrkes
esfd
fdsd
sd ake
ake bkt
bktj`
j`lr
lrde
deyk
yk

]kiurk
]kiurke
e trkesf
trkesfdsd
dsd kakikc
kakikc fjadk
fjadk yke`
yke` ad`uek
ad`uekbke
bke uetub
uetub fjetrk
fjetrkesf
esfdsd
dsdbke
bke
tjek`k idstrdb akrd puskt pjfgke`bdt tjek`k idstrdb, sdstjf trkesfdsd cde``k skfpkd
ake akpkt ad`uekbbke lijc blesufje. Qjek`k idstrdb adtrkesfdsdbke lijc suktu

gkcke bleaubtlr yke` adsjgut aje`ke skiurke trkesfdsd idstrdb. _jeykiurke tjek`k
idstrdb pkak trkesfdsd fje``uekbke krus glikb-gkidb (KM) ktkupue nu`k aje`ke
krus sjkrkc (AM).

Gjrakskrbke
Gjrakskrbke pjfkske`ke
pjfkske`keeyk,
eyk, skiurke trkesfdsd idstrdb akpkt adbktj`lrdb
adbktj`lrdbke
ke
fjenkadd auk bktj`lrd, ykdtu skiurke trkesfdsd uakrk (Lvjrcjka
fjenka (Lvjrcjka Idej) ake skiurke
trkesfdsd gkwkc tkekc.

;.
;.7.
7.;.
;. ]kiu
]kiurk
rke
e Zakr
Zakrk
k
 ]kiu
]kiurk
rke
e ua
uakrk
krk ktku
ktku gdsk
gdsk adsjg
adsjgut
ut aj
aje`
e`ke
ke lv
lvjrc
jrcjk
jka
a Idej
Idejss ka
kaki
kikc
kc skiur
skiurke
ke
adstrdg
adstrdgusd
usd yke`
yke` fjeyki
fjeykiurb
urbke
ke jejr`d
jejr`d idstrdb
idstrdb aje`ke
aje`ke fjadk
fjadk bkwkt
bkwkt bkwkt
bkwkt yke`
yke`
ad`k
ad`ket
etue
ue`
` pk
pkak
ak ds
dsli
likt
ktlr
lr ke
ketk
tkrr fjek
fjekrk
rk ktku
ktku tdke
tdke`
` ad
adst
strd
rdgu
gusd.
sd. pk
pkak
ak ak
aksk
skre
reyk
yk,,
bj
bjue
uetu
tue`
e`ke
ke ak
akrd
rd skiur
skiurke
ke adstr
adstrdg
dgus
usdd de
dedd ka
kakik
kikc
c ij
ijgd
gdc
c furk
furkc,
c, fuak
fuakc
c ak
akik
ikf
f
pjrkwktke, fuakc akikf fje`jtkcud ijtkb `ke``uke, fuakc akikf pjrgkdbke,
ake ikdeeyk. Ekfue nu`k fjfdidbd bjru`dke, ketkrk ikde> bkrjek gjrkak ad ruke`
tjrgubk, fkbk mukmk ske`kt gjrpje`kruc tjrckakp bjkeakikeeyk, aje`ke bktk ikde
fuakc tjrnkad `ke``uke, sjpjrtd `ke``uke cugue` sde`bkt, `ke``uke tj`ke`ke
ijgdc
ijgdc bk
bkrj
rjek
ek tjrsk
tjrskfg
fgkr
kr pj
pjtd
tdr,
r, ak
ake
e `k
`ke`
e``u
`uke
ke-`
-`ke
ke``
``uk
uke
e ik
ikde
deey
eyk.
k. Akrd
Akrd sj
sj`d
`d
jstjtdbk/bjdeakcke nu`k burke`, sjcde``k skiurke adstrdgusd gubke pdidcke yke`
dajki uetub suktu skiurke adstrdgusd adakikf bltk.

Nkrde`ke trkesfdsd uakrk mjeajrue` ijgdc gkdb ndbk adpjr`uekbke pkak akjrkc
aje`ke bjpkaktke gjgke yke` rjeakc, bkrjek ckr`k pjfgjidke ckb nkike uetub
nkrde`ke trkesfdsd uakrk rjiktdh furkc, adskfpde` ckr`k fktjrdkieyk yke` furkc
ndbk adgkeade`bke aje`ke pjrkiktke ake gkcke yke` ad`uekbke uetub pjfguktke
nkrde`ke trkesfdsd gkwkc tkekc. Bjuetue`ke bjuetue`ke ikdeeyk akrd pje``uekke
skiurke uakrk kakikc >

K. Ijgdc hijbsdgji akikf upkyk uetub pjriukske.

G. Akpkt ad`uekbke uetub pjeykiurke tjek`k idstrdb pkak tj`ke`ke adktks 88

bX.
M. @ke``
@ke``uke
uke sjpjrtd blrsijtde`
blrsijtde` idstrdb kbke ijgdc fuakc ad ajtjbsd
ajtjbsd sjcde``k
sjcde``k

kbke ijgdc fuakc nu`k uetub adktksd.

A. _jfjidckrkke sdstjf nkrde`ke ijgdc fuakc adikbubke.

J. Qdke`-tdke` nkrde`ke adstrdgusd prdfjr akpkt puik ad`uekbke uetub nkrde`ke

adstrdgusd
adstrdgusd sjbueajr ake bjpjriuke
bjpjriuke pjfkske`ke trkhl ktku `krau adstrdgusd
adstrdgusd
tdke`, sjcde``k sjmkrk bjsjiurucke ckr`k destkiksd fjenkad ijgdc furkc.

Qjrakpkt nu`k bjru`dke-bjru`dke akrd sdstjf trkesfdsd uakrk, ykdtu >

k. Bkrjek gjrkak adruke`ke tjrgubk, fkbk tjrakpkt rjsdbl tjrskfgkr pjtdr

yke` akpkt fje``ke`u cde``k fjruskb blfpleje-blfpleje akrd sdstjf
trkesfdsd uakrk tjrsjgut.
 g. Ka
Kake
keyk
yk bj
bjfu
fue`
e`bd
bdek
eke
e sd
sdst
stjf
jf trkes
trkesfd
fdsd
sd ua
uakrk
krk ru
rusk
skb
b li
lijc
jc `k
`ke`
e``u
`uke
ke
fkeu
fkeusd
sdkk sjpjrt
sjpjrtdd vk
vkea
eakid
kidsf
sfj,
j, tdke
tdke`
` idst
idstrd
rdb
b yk
yke`
e` tj
tjrtk
rtkgr
grkb
kb flgd
flgdi,
i, ak
ake
e
pjemurdke blfpleje sdstjf trkesfdsd.
m. Qjr`ke``ueyk pjfkeake`ke yke` fjeyjgkgbke pliusd vdsuki adbkrjekbke
sjfkbde sjfkbde gkeykbeyk blesufje idstrdb fjfgukt bjgutucke sdstjf
trkesfdsd fjede`bkt, lijc bkrjek dtu pjfkske`ke tdke` ake bkgji trkesfdsd
uakrk nu`k kbke fjede`bkt.
a. akp
akpkt
kt tjrpje
tjrpje`kr
`kruc
uc lijc
lijc hkbtlr
hkbtlr kikf
kikf ake mukmk
mukmk sjpjrt
sjpjrtdd tjrskf
tjrskfgkr
gkr pjtdr,
pjtdr,
tjrtdfpk plcle, ake sjgk`kdeyk.
j. Qjrakpkt nu`k bjsuidtke uetub pjfkske`ke sdstjf trkesfdsd uakrk pkak
akjrkc adfkek kakeyk gk`ueke gke`ueke pjemkbkr ike`dt.
h. Kakey
Kakeykk pjrfks
pjrfkskik
kikcke
cke sjpjrt
sjpjrtdd sbde
sbde jhhjmt
jhhjmt (jhjb
(jhjb buidt)
buidt) , deaubt
deaubtkes
kesdd ake
bkpksdtkesd yke` tjrnkad ake akpkt gjrkbdgkt tj`ke`ke arlp ijgdc tde``d.
`. Nka
Nkawki
wki ue
uetu
tub
b adik
adikbu
bub
bke
keey
eykk pj
pjf
fjidc
jidckr
krkk
kke
e gj
gjrb
rbki
kikk ij
ijg
gdc pka
kakt
kt
adgk
adgkea
eade
de`b
`bke
ke aj
aje`
e`ke
ke tr
trke
kesf
sfds
dsdd gk
gkwk
wkc
c tkekc
tkekc bk
bkrje
rjekk ad
adpj
pjri
riub
ubke
keey
eykk
pje`jmktke ake pje``ketdke blfpleje blfpleje
blfpleje idstrdb yke` ijgdc sjrde`
adbkrjekbke hkbtl hkbtlr adktks.

;.7.7.. ]kiurke
;.7.7 ]kiurke Gkwkc
Gkwkc Qkekc
Qkekc (Zeajr`r
(Zeajr`rluea
luea _lwjr
_lwjr Qrkesf
Qrkesfdssdl
dssdle)
e)

]kiurke gkwkc tkekc ktku ueajr`rluea idejs kakikc skiurke adsrdgusd yke`
fjeykiurbke jejr`d idstrdb fjikiud bkgji yke` adtkekf adgkwkc tkekc. Bktj`lrd
skiurke adstrdgusd sjpjrtd ded kakikc pdidcke utkfk uetub pjfkske`ke ad akikf

bltk, bkrjek gjrkak adaki

adakikf
kf tkekc,
tkekc, fkbk tdakb fje``ke``
fje``ke``u u bjdeakcke
bjdeakcke bltk ake
nu`k tdakb fuakc tjrnkad `ke``uke kbdgkt
kbdgkt bleadsd mukmk ktku bleadsd kikf. Ekfue
nu`k fjfdidb bjburke`ke, ykdtu fkckieyk gdkyk yke` adpjriubbke uetub fjfgukt
fjfgukt
skiurke, ake suidteyk fjejetubke tdtdb `ke``uke ake pjrgkdbkeeyk.

_je`
_je``u
`uek
ekke
ke tr
trke
kesf
sfdsd
dsd gk
gkwk
wkc
c tkek
tkekc
c fjfd
fjfdid
idbd
bd gj
gjrg
rgk`
k`kd
kd bj
bjue
ue``
``ui
uike
ke ak
ake
e
bjru`dke. ]kikc sktu akrd bjuetue`keeyk kakikc fjfue`bdebkeeyk fje``uekbke
tkekc yke` suakc ad`uekbke trkesfdsd uakrk sjcde``k fjfltle` wkbtu yke`
adgutucbke uetub pje`uruske dzde tkekc. Bjuetue`ke utkfk ikdeeyk yke` akpkt
adpjrlijc akrd suktu nkrde`ke gkwkc tkekc kakikc gjgkseyk bkgji akrd `ke``uke
plcle, skfgkrke pjtdr fkupue akrd `ke``uke fkeusdk. Bkgji-bkgji gkwkc tkekc
yke` ad`uekbke pue gkeykb sjbkid njedseyk sjikde adsjgkgbke gkcke-gkcke dsliksd
pikstdb yke` tjrus gjrbjfgke` fkbk sjikiu sknk kak tkfgkcke njeds-njeds bkgji
gkru.

Gjrdbut gjrgk`kd fkmkf bjuetue`ke akrd pjfkbkdke bkgji gkwkc tkekc >

K. Qdakb tjrpje`kruc lijc mukmk gurub, gkckyk pjtdr, gkakd,tjrtdfpk plcle,

ake sjgk`kdeyk.
G. Qdakb fje``ke``u ktku fje`ckike`d pje`jidcktke.

M. Gktks ufur yke` rjiktdh ijgdc ikfk ndbk adgkeade`bke aje`ke trkesfdsd

uakrk
A. Gdk
Gdkyk
yk uetub
uetub pjfjid
pjfjidckrk
ckrkke
ke skiurke
skiurke trkesf
trkesfdsd
dsd gkwkc
gkwkc tkekc
tkekc rjiktdh
rjiktdh ijg
ijgdc
dc
furkc bkrjek tdakb kakeyk gdkyk uetub pje`jmktke.

J. Qj`ke`ke
Qj`ke` ke arlp
arlp ijgdc
ijgdc rjeakc
rjeakc bkrjek
bkrjek fkskikc
fkskikc uetub
uetub deaubt
deaubtkes
kesdd akpkt
akpkt
adkgkdbke.
H. Fjem
Fjemdp
dptk
tkbk
bke
e js
jstj
tjtd
tdbk
bk tktk
tktk bltk
bltk bk
bkrj
rjek
ek tdak
tdakb
b ka
kake
keyk
yk bk
bkgj
gjii yk
yke`
e`
fje``ketue` akrd tdke` bj tdke`.

Pkikup
Pkikupue
ue tjrakp
tjrakpkt
kt gjrgk`
gjrgk`kd
kd bjuetu
bjuetue`k
e`ke
e ktku
ktku sdsd pl
plsdtd
sdtdhh akrd
akrd pjfkbk
pjfkbkdke
dke
skiurke trkesfdsd gkwkc tkekc, kak nu`k bjru`dke ktku sdsd ej`ktdheyk. Tkdtu >

K. Ckr`k bkgji yke` rjiktdh ijgdc fkcki ndbk adgkeade`bke

adgkeade`bke aje`ke trkesfdsd
adktks tkekc.
G. Qdakb hijbsdgji tjrckakp pjrugkcke nkrde`ke.

M. Pkbtu ake gdkyk ndbk tjrnkadeyk `ke``uke ktku pjrfkskikcke gdkskeyk

ijgdc ikfk ake ijgdc fkcki ndbk adgkeade`bke aje`ke trkesfdsd adktks
tkekc.
A. Kakeyk gdkyk uetub pjfgke`ueke skrkek trkesfdsd gkwkc tkekc fuikd

akrd fje``kid iugke` cde``k pjfguktke ruke`ke gkwkc tkekc uetub nkiur
bkgji-bkgji dtu sjeadrd.
J. ]kkt
]kkt tjrnk
tjrnkad
adey
eykk `k
`ke`
e``u
`uke
ke bl
blrsi
rsijt
jtde
de`
` idstr
idstrdb
db kt
ktku
ku bj
bjru
rusk
skbb
bbke
ke sjnje
sjnjeds
ds
ikdeeyk, uskck uetub fjemkrd tdtdb `ke``uke ijgdc suidt.
 H. _jriueyk pjrtdfgke`ke pjrtdfgke`ke tjbeds yke` fjeakikf pkak gk`dke
pjrjemkekke sjpjrtd ckieyk fjfdidc sj`d wdikykc , skfpkd bleadsd tkekc
yke` kbke adikiud bkgji.
@. Kakeyk hkbtlr hkbtlr kikf yke` ckrus adpjrtdfgke`bke nu`k sjpjrtd gkendr,

`jfpk gufd, ake kbkr plcle yke` fjenkikr.

7.;. Bkgji Gkwkc Qkekc

Bkgj
Bkgjii gkwk
gkwkc
c tkek
tkekc
c ka
kaki
kikc
kc sk
skik
ikc
c sk
sktu
tu kt
ktku
ku gj
gjgj
gjrk
rkpk
pk bk
bkwk
wktt yk
yke`
e`
addsliksdbke, sjcde``k tkcke tjrckakp tj`ke`ke tjrtjetu Ketkrk pje`cketkr yke`

sktu
sktu aj
aje`
e`ke
ke pj
pje`
e`ck
cket
etkr
kr yk
yke`
e` ikde
ikde ktku
ktkupu
pue
e pj
pje`
e`ck
cket
etkr
kr aj
aje`
e`ke
ke tk
tkek
ekc
c sjrtk
sjrtk
adideaue`
adideaue`dd ktku adgue`bu
adgue`buss aje`ke
aje`ke mlktde`,
mlktde`, sjcde``k
sjcde``k tjrcdeakr
tjrcdeakr akrd pje`kruc-
pje`kruc-
pje`kruc bdfdk yke` tjrakpkt adakikf tkekc. Bkgji gkwkc tkekc akpkt fjfkbkd
sktu
sktu ktku
ktku ijgd
ijgdc
c gk
gkey
eykb
kb bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr ak
akikf
ikf ik
ikpd
pdsk
ske
e pj
pjid
idea
eaue
ue`e
`eyk
yk.. _j
_jijt
ijtkb
kbke
ke
bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr adpdskc
adpdskcbke
bke sktu skfk
skfk ikde sjrtk
sjrtk akrd
akrd pjidea
pjideaue`
ue`eyk
eyk lijc
lijc fktjrdk
fktjrdkii
sjiugue` pjideaue` yke` gdksk adsjgut dsliksd. Fktjrdki dsliksd gdkskeyk gjrupk
bkrjt, sjeykwk yke` fdrdp aje`k bkrjt, sjeykwk pjreds ake bjrtks yke` adrjskpd
aje`ke fdeykb ktku ldi dfprj`ektja pkpjr.

Bleaubtlr yke` ad`uekbke pkak sdstjf bkgji gkwkc tkekc akpkt gjrupk
tjfgk`k ktku kiufueduf. Bleaubtlr gjrgkcke akskr kiufueduf fjfgutucbke
uburke bleaubtlr yke` ijgdc iuks pjekfpke`eyk adgkeade` aje`ke bleaubtlr
gjrgkcke akskr tjfgk`k. Cki ded adikbubke k`kr bleaubtlr gjrgkcke akskr
kiufueduf k`kr akpkt fje`cketkrbke krus yke` skfk gjskreyk sjpjrtd tjfgk`k.
Bkgji kiufueduf nu`k adedikd ijgdc rde`ke ake ijgdc iuks adkfjtjr pjekfpke`eyk
adgkeade`bke aje`ke bkgji tjfgk`k.
Bkgji akpkt adgk`d fjenkad gjgjrkpk tdpj ktku fmkf. Mletlceyk, bkgji

yke` adbiksdhdbksdbke tjr`ketue` aje`ke ilbksdeyk sjpjrtd gkwkc tkekc, gkwkc

ikut, ake uakrk. Bkgji nu`k akpkt adbiksdhdbksd gjrakskrbke akrd tdpj dsliksdeyk
sjpjr
sjpjrtd
td bk
bkrj
rjtt (rugg
(ruggjr)
jr) ak
ake
e gk
gkck
cke
e mkfpu
mkfpurke
rke fjey
fjeyjr
jrup
upkd
kd bk
bkrj
rjtt (rugg
(ruggjri
jridb
dbjj
mlfpluea), bktue ckius yke` adpjreds (vkredscja mkfgrdm), ake bjrtks fdeykb
(ldi-dfprj`ektja pkpkjr). Qjrakpkt nu`k bkgji yke` adbiksdhdbksdbke gjrakskrbke
akrd nufikc bleaubtlr akikf bkgji, sjgk`kd mletlceyk kakikc 2 sde`ij mleaumtlr
(blea
(bleaubt
ubtlr
lr tue``k
tue``ki),
i), twl mleaum
mleaumtlr
tlr aupijx
aupijx (auk
(auk bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr aupijx
aupijx),
), tcrjj
tcrjj
mleaumtlr (td`k bleaubtlr) ake sjgk`kdeyk.

@kfgkr 7.;. Bleaubtlr-tue``ki, pkpjr-desuiktja plwjr mkgij, (Lbledtj

Guiijtde _MD-;4042 mlpyrd`ct ;404.)
 @kfgkr 7.7. Qcrjj-mleaumtlr, gjitja, mlfpkmt-sjmtlr, pkpjr-desuiktja mkgij,
(Lbledtj Guiijtde _MD-;4042 mlpyrd`ct ;404.)

Bkgjii nu
Bkgj nu`k
`k akakpk
pktt adbi
adbiks
ksdhd
dhdbk
bksdb
sdbke
ke sjgk`
sjgk`kd
kd bk
bkgj
gjii ajaje`
e`ke
ke sjsjiu
iugu
gue`
e`
pjfgue`bus ktku tkepk sjiugue` pjfgue`bus, tjr`ketue` pkak kak ktku tdakb
mlkt
mlktde
de`
` ktku
ktku sj
sjiu
iugu
gue`
e` pjfg
pjfgue
ue`b
`bus
us il`k
il`kf
f pkpkak
ak dsli
dsliks
ksd.
d. Bkgj
Bkgjii sc
scdj
djia
iaja
ja
(gjrpjideau
(gjrpj ideaue`)
e`) akpkt gjrupk
gjrupk pkakt, fdeykb
fdeykb ake `ks. Bkgji aje`ke
aje`ke sjiugue`
sjiugue`
pjfgue`bus gdsk gjrupk bkgji slida (gjrbleaubtlr tue``ki), bkgji yke` gjrdsd
fdeykb ktku gjrdsd `ks. Ijgdc nkuceyk bkgji akpkt adbjilfplbbk gjrakskrbke
pjrideaue`keeyk sjpjrtd il`kf ktku ele il`kf. Ijgdc nkuc ik`d bkgji
gjrpjideaue` akpkt adbiksdhdbksdbke akrd ikpdske prltjmtdvj hdedsc, sjpjrtd fjtki
(mletlceyk gknk), ktku ele-fjtki (mletlceyk pikstdb).
_je``u
_je``uekk
ekkee desuik
desuiktdl
tdle
e scdjia
scdjia uetub
uetub bkgji
bkgji pjriu
pjriu adpjrtd
adpjrtdfgk
fgke`b
e`bke
ke uetub
uetub
gjrsjiugue` ele-fjtki yke` gjbjrnk pkak tj`ke`ke adktks 7 bX ake aje`ke
bleadsd-bleadsd sjgk`kd gjrdbut >
;. ]kkt trkesdsd
trkesdsd akrd bkeki
bkeki pjeyki
pjeykiurke
urke bj
bj bkeki
bkeki ele-pjey
ele-pjeykiurke
kiurke
7. ]kkt trkesdsd
trkesdsd akrd tkekc
tkekc yke`
yke` ijfgkg bj tkekc
tkekc yke`
yke` bjrde`
bjrde`
=. Ad tkekc
tkekc bjrde`
bjrde`,, sjpjr
sjpjrtd
td `urue
`urue
1. Ad bkek
bkekii y
yke
ke`
` gks
gkskc
kc
:. ]kkt
]kkt c
cugu
ugue`k
e`ke
e bj
bj skiu
skiurke
rke uakrk
uakrk
8. Adfkek
Adfkek pjijpkske
pjijpkske jijbtrlstkt
jijbtrlstktds
ds akikf bjkakke
bjkakke mubup
mubup rjeakc detjesdtksey
detjesdtkseykk
uetub tdakb fjruskb bkgji, tkpd mubup akikf nufikc fk`edtuaj-eyk uetub
fje``ke``u sdstjf pjejrdfk rkadl ktku tjijvdsd.

Zfufeyk, bkgji adtkrdb bjakikf pdpk gkwkc tkekc. Ekfue, ndbk bkgji
ckrus
ckrus adbugu
adbugurr sjmkrk
sjmkrk ike`su
ike`sue`
e` adakikf
adakikf tkekc
tkekc fkbk
fkbk sjiugue
sjiugue`` (scjktc
(scjktc)) yke`
yke`
fjikpdsd dsliksd ckrus adideaue`d aje`ke krflr (pjideaue`). _jideaue` tjrsjgut
tjrgukt akrd auk pdtk ktku pijstjr yke` skide` tufpke` tdeadc sktu skfk ikdeeyk
ktku tjrgukt bkwkt gknk.
]jg
]jgk`kd
k`kd pje
pje`c
`cke
ketk
tkr,
r, bl
bles
estr
trub
ubsd
sd bkbkg
gji ka
kakk auk gk` k`dk
dke
e ykd kdtu
tu >
k. Gk`dke utkfk ykdtu gk`dke yke` ckrus kak pkak sjtdkp bkgji ketkrk ikde >

;). ]jiugue` (scjktc)

7). Dsliksd (Desuiktdle)
=). _je`cketkr (mleaubtlr)
1). Qkgdr (smrjje)

@kfgkr 7.=. Gkck`dke Ztkfk akrd Bkgji

g. Gk`k`dk
dke
e pjije
jije`
`bkp
bkp ykdt
ykdtu
u gk`
gk`dke
dke yke
ke`` ckcke
eyk ad pj pjr`
r`u
uekb
kbke
ke uetetu
ub
fjfpjrbukt(fjfpjrgkbd) ,sdhkt ” sdhkt bkgji tjek`k ktku uetub fjideaue`d bkgji
tjek`k ketkrk ikde ykdtu >

;). ]krue` bkgji (sjrvde`)

7). _jrdskd (krflur)

=). Gketkike (gjaade`)

1). Gkcke pje`dsd (hdiijr)

@kfgkr 7.1. Gkck`dke pjije`bkp akrd bkgji

K. Gk`dke Ztkfk
;). _je`cketkr (bleaubtlr)

Gjrakskrbke akrd detd bkgji, fkbk sjgk`kd pje`cketkr yke` gkeykb ad pkbkd kakikc
k). Qjfgk`k > ykdtu bkgji tjfgk`k plils (pikde wdrj) tkepk ikpdske ake bkwkt
tjfgk`k gjrikpds tdfkc ktku (hdeeja ilppjr wdrj)
g). Kiufdeduf > akikf pje``uekke
pje``uekke bkgji, uetub pje`cketkr kiufde
kiufdeduf
duf tjradrd >
pje`cketkr guikt tkepk rle``k, pje`cketkr
pje`cketkr gjetub sjbtlrki pje`cketkr guikt
gjrle``k.

7). Dsliksd (Desuiktdle)

Dsliksd kakikc sdhkt ktku gkcke yke` akpkt fjfdskcbke sjmkrk jijbtrds gjgjrkpk
gukc pje`cketkr yke` gjrajbktke, sjcde``k
sjcde``k tdakb tjrnkad bjglmlrke krus. Fjeurut
njeds dsliksd pkakt yke` adpkbkd pkak bkgji, akpkt ad `lile`bke
`lile`bke ktks >
- Dsliksd bkrjt
- Dsliksd bjrtks
- Qcjrflpikstdb
- Qcjrfl sjttde`

=). Qkgdr (smrjje)

Qkgdr kakikc suktu ikpdske yke` kak pkak bkgji yke` adpkske` sjsuakc gkcke
dsliksd, adfkek tkgdr ded gdksk ad nufpkd pkak bkgji tj`ke`ke tde``d.
1). ]jiugue` (scjktc)

]jiugue` (scjktc) ad `uekbke uetub fjideaue`d detd bkgji akrd pje`kruc iukr,
sjpjrtd > pjideaue` tjrckakp blrlsd, pjekcke `kyk fjbkeds, fjemj`kc bjiukreyk
fdeykb ake fjemj`kc fksubeyk ukp kdr (mkdrke) bjakikf bkgji. ]jiugue`
(scjkct) ded akpkt adgk`d td`k `lile`ke ykdtu > - ]jiugue` il`kf > tdfgki,
kiufdeduf
- ]jiugue` bkrjt > bkrjt sdidble, pliymclrlprjej.
- ]jiugue` pikstdb > _XM

G. Gk`dke _jije`bkp
;). Gketkike (Gjaade`)

Gketkike (gjaade`) kakikc ikpdske yke` tjrgukt akrd sjrkt ” sjrkt yke` gjr`uek
uetub tjfpkt auaub pjrdskd (krflur) ake fjemj`kc prlsjs jijbtrlidsk sjcde``k
tdakb fjruskb gk`dke akikfeyk. Gkcke gketkike yke` sjrde` ad`uekbke kakikc >

◌ _d
_dtk
tk bkpk
bkpkss ((ml
mltt
ttle
le tkpj
tkpj))
◌ _d
_dtk
tk bjrt
bjrtks
ks (pk
(pkpj
pjrr tkpj
tkpj))
◌ @led (nutj)

7). _jrdskd (Krflur)

◌ _jrdskd (krflur) ded gjrhue`sd uetub fjideaue`d gkcke dsliksd akrd

bjruskbke fjbkeds ]jmkrk ufuf pjrdskd akpkt ad `lile`bke ktks >
 ◌ _jrdskd pdtk gknk (stjii tkpj krflur)
◌ _jrdskd bkwkt gknk (stjji wdrj krflur)

=). Gkcke _je`dsd (Hdiijr)

Gkcke pje`dsd gdkskeyk ad pkbkd pkak blestrubsd bkgji yke` gjrdetd td`k ykdtu ad
`uekbke uetub fje`dsd ruke` (mjikc) yke` blsle` sjwkbtu pjfkske`ke detdeyk,
sjcde``k akpkt gjetub guikt. Gkcke pje`dsd yke` gkeykb ad pkbkd kakikc >
- Zetub dsliksd bjrtks ad pkbkd nutj (`led)
- Zetub dsliksd sdetjtds ad pkbkd nutj (`led) ake bkrjt guttij
1). ]krue` bkgji (sjrvde`)

]krue` bkgji kakikc

]krue` kakikc suktu
suktu ikpdske
ikpdske gkcke sjrkt
sjrkt yke`
yke` ad rjskpd
rjskpd aje`ke
aje`ke
mkfpur
mkf purke
ke bjakp
bjakp kdr. ]krue`
]krue` bkgji
bkgji ded gdkske
gdkskeyk
yk adpkske
adpkske`
` adktks
adktks krflur
krflur,, yke`
yke`
gjrhue`sd kakikc sjikde uetub gjrtkcke gk`d pjrdskd, nu`k sjgk`kd blfpeje yke`
gjrcugue`ke ike`sue` aje`ke tkekc, sjcde``k skrue` bkgji kakikc gk`dke
pjrtkfk yke` gjrcugue`ke aje`ke
aje`ke (sjrbjek) pje`kruc iukr. ]krue` bkgji (sjrvde`
) yke` sjrde` ad`uekbbke kakikc nutj ktku @led.
Adskkt fjikyked gjgke puemkb, pje``uekke akrd bkgji bleaubtlr tue``ki
fje`uetue`bke. Bkgji bleaubtlr tue``ki nu`k ad`uekbke bjtdbk dsliksd pcksk
adgutucbke ktku adskkt gjgke trkhl sktu pcksk sjdfgke` adskiurbke.
 @kfgkr 7.:. Xkrdlus prltjmtdvj lutjr mlvjrde`s hlr slida-typj desuiktja
mkgijs. (Lbledtj Guiijtde _MD-;4042 mlpyrd`ct ;404.)

@kfgkr 7.8. Wke`j tj`ke`ke yke` adrjblfjeaksdbke uetub fkmkf-fkmkf

bkgji tjrdsliksd bjrtks. (Lbledtj Guiijtde _MD-;4042 mlpyrd`ct ;404.)

Bjgkeykbke dsliksd bkgji rjetke lijc ijfgkg pkak sucu yke` gjrvkrdksd.
Lijc bkrjek dtu, pjetde` gkcwk sjfuk unue` bkgji adund bjijfgkgke sjgjiuf
pjeykfgue`ke bj pjrkiktke ikde ktku sjgjiuf adtjrfdekibke. ]cdjia ake fjtkiidm
scjktc akrd bkgji ckrus adtkekcbke uetub bjkfkeke ake k`kr akpkt ckeaki akikf
gjrlpjrksd. Qkepk adtkekcbke, scdjia kbke gjbjrnk pkak tj`ke`ke yke` ske`kt
gjskr adktks tj`ke`ke `rluea. Kbdgkteyk, scdjia kbke gjrgkckyk ndbk adsjetuc ake
kbke fjedfguibke pjeurueke yke` mjpkt pkak nkmbjt ktku fktjrdki ikdeeyk yke`
gjrkak adketkrk scdjia ake tkekc.
7.
7.7
7. _KWKF
KWKFJQ
JQJ
JW BKG
BKGJI
JI GKPKC
KPKC QKEKC
KEKC
Qjrakpkt gjrgk`kd tjbedb _jfkske`ke sdstjf bkgji gkwkc tkekc, ketkrk
ikde2
7.
7.7.
7.;.
;. Adrj
Adrjmt
mt Gur
Gurdk
dkii

@kfgkr 7.8. Adrjmt Gurdki> (k) bkgji bleaubtlr tue``ki, (g) bkgji trdpji

Fjtlaj
Fjtlaj pjijtkb
pjijtkbke
ke bkgji
bkgji sjmkrk
sjmkrk ike`su
ike`sue`,
e`, ykbed
ykbed bkgji
bkgji adidea
adideaue`
ue`dd
aj
aje`
e`ke
ke sjiug
sjiugue
ue`
` pdtk
pdtk gk
gknk
nk sj
sjmkr
mkrkk ik
ik`s
`sue
ue`,
`, bk
bkrj
rjek
ek gk
gknk
nk fjfg
fjfgjr
jrdb
dbke
ke
 pjrideaue`ke yke` gkdb akrd bjruskbke fjbkedb. Fjtlaj ded fjrupkbke
skikc
skikc sktu yke`
yke` fuakc
fuakc ake gkeykb
gkeykb ad`uek
ad`uekbke
bke.. Mkrk
Mkrk pjfkske
pjfkske`ke
`keeyk
eyk
ka
kaki
kikc
kc fje`
fje``k
`kid
id tkek
tkekc
c fjen
fjenka
kadd pk
pkrdt
rdt aj
aje`
e`ke
ke bj
bjak
akik
ikfk
fke
e ;,
;,:
: f ak
ake
e
ijgkreyk 1: mf. Bjfuadke, pkrdt adtutupd aje`ke gjgjrkpk ikpds pksdr ake
bkgji adijtkbbke adktkseyk. Qunukeeyk kakikc supkyk pksdr tjrsjgut akpkt
fjemj`kc
fjemj`kc fksubeyk
fksubeyk bjijfgkpke
bjijfgkpke yke` adcksdibke
adcksdibke lijc tkekc, sjcde``k
akpkt fjemj`kc tjrnkadeyk bjruskbke pkak bkgji. Bjfuadke bkgji adtutup
pksdr aje`ke bjtjgkike ;? mf. _jriu adde`kt bjrdbdi ktkupue gjgktuke tdakb
glijc gjrsjetucke ike`sue` aje`ke bkgji. Bjfuadke adijtkbbke sjgukc
gjtle uetub fjeutupd bkgji yke` suakc adtutupd aje`ke pksdr. Bjtdbk
ijgdc akrd ; bkgji adijtkbbke pkak pkrdt y` skfk sjmkrk clrdzletki ktku
vjrtdmki
vjrtdmki fkbk, sjtdkp bkgji
bkgji ckrus adg
adgjrd
jrd nkrkb sjbdtkr =? mf y` gjrtunuke
gjrtunuke
uetub fje`urke`d jhjb pjfkekske ake nu`k fjemj`kc bjruskbke suktu
bkgji ndbk skikc sktu bkgji fje`kikfd bjruskbke.

;. Arkw
Arkw de ]yst
]ystjf
jf (`k
(`kfg
fgkr
kr 7.8
7.8))

@kfgkr 7.0. Adtkekf fje``uekbke skiurke pdpk, (k) td`k bkgji

bleaubtlr tue``ki (trdpijxja), (g) bkgji = bleaubtlr.

Qypj bkgji ded, mkrk pjekekfkeeyk kakikc aje`ke fjfksubbke bkgji

bjakikf pdpk (aumt), ikiu pdpk adtkekf adgkwkc tkekc, bjfuadke admlr
aje`ke gjtle adktkseyk. _dpk aumt tjrgukt akrd pdpk pkrkile yke` tkcke
tjrckakp kdr ake bjijfgkpke tkekc. Bkgji ded ckrus adije`bkpd aje`ke
`led uetub fjideaue`dey
fjideaue`deykk akrd bjruskbke bjtdbk adtkrdb. _kak nkrkb nkrkb
tjrtjetu adgukt fkeclij.

7.;.7 Fkeclij
 Fkeclij fjrupkbke iugke` yke` adgukt sjgk`kd tdtdb tjfu ketkrk bkgji
sktu aje`ke bkgji yke` ikde. Nkrkb ketkrk auk fkeclij kakikc sjbdtkr 7??
fjtjr. Hue`sd akrd pjfguktke fkeclij kakikc ad`uekbke sjgk`kd tjfpkt
tjfpkt pjekrdbke bkgji.ake tjfpkt pjrgkdbke bkgji yke` ruskb.

@kfgkr 7.3. Fkeclij uetub bkgji nkike

Gjra
Gjraks
kskrb
krbke
ke `k
`kfg
fgkr
kr 7.4,
7.4, atue
atuenu
nubb
bbke
ke sukt
suktu
u pj
pjek
ekfp
fpke
ke`
` ak
akrd
rd bk
bkgj
gjii
bleaubtlr tue``ki. Adksufsdbke gkcwk pkenke` bkgjieyk kakikc ; fjtjr. Fuktke
pkak pjrfubkke bleaubtlr kakikc q mluilfg pjr fjtjr akrd pkenke`eyk.
Adksufsdbke nu`k, gkcwk bkgjieyk fjfdidbd gkcke adjijbtrdb yke` sjfpurek ake
sdfjtrd yke` sjfpurek nu`k ketkrk bleaubtlr ake dsliksd.

@kfgkr 7.4 _jekfpke` bkgji bleaubtlr tue``ki

 q
A6 M/f7
7 Ϗx

Adfkek2 A 6 bjrkpktke hiubs pkak rkadus x (M/f7)

q 6 fuktk
fuktke
e pkak
pkak pjrf
pjrfubk
ubkke
ke blea
bleaubt
ubtlr
lr (M/f7)
(M/f7)

x 6 nkrkb
nkrkb akrd
akrd detd bj
bj bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr (fjtj
(fjtjrs)
rs) r9x9W
r9x9W

]jake`bke pjrfdtdvdtks futikb akrd dsliksd kakikc sjgk`kd gjrdbut2

A
κ6
J

Bjbuktke adjijbtrds fjrupkbke tj`ke`ke fkbsdfuf yke` sjgukc adjijbtrds akpkt

tkcke akikf fjake yke` sjrk`kf sjgjiuf fje`kikfd bjruskbke. Cki tjrsjgut
fjwkbdid `rkadjet tj`ke`ke yke` addndebke uetub fjikiud adjijbtrds. Qjbkeke rktk-
rktk kakikc
kakikc nufikc
nufikc tj`ke`
tj`ke`ke
ke yke`
yke` fjijwk
fjijwktd
td gkcke
gkcke dsliksd
dsliksd,, yke`
yke` adgk`d
adgk`d lijc
lijc
bjtjgkike akrd dsliksd tjrsjgut.

X
J6 W X/f
S x ie
r

Adfkek
Adfkek J 6 Qjbk
Qjbkeke
eke jijbtr
jijbtrds
ds akrd
akrd bkgji
bkgji (X/f
(X/f))

X 6 Gjak pltjesdki
pltjesdki ketkrk bleaubt
bleaubtlr
lr ake dsliksd
dsliksd pjideaue`
pjideaue` utkfk (X)

S 6 Nkrkb
Nkrkb akrd
akrd puskt
puskt bleau
bleaubtlr
btlr (f)

W 6 Nkrkb
Nkrkb tjriukr
tjriukr akrd dsliksd
dsliksd ktku nkrkb tjrakikf
tjrakikf akrd dsliksd
dsliksd pjideaue
pjideaue`
`
utkfk (f)

r 6 Nkr
Nkrkb
kb ak
akrd
rd bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr ((f)
f)

Gjak pltjesdki kakikc tj`ke`ke

tj`ke`ke ketkrk bleaubtlr
bleaubtlr ake pjideaue` skiurke
utkfk bleaubtlr tue``ki yke` adtuenubbke pkak `kfgkr =.;. Fkbk, fuktke idstrdb
pkak bleaubtlr ake skiurke kakikc +q ake
ake ”q M/f akrd pkenke`eyk.
 q W
X6 x ie X
7 Ϗκ r

Adfkekk X 6 Gjak pltjesdki

Adfke pltjesdki ketkr
ketkr bleaubt
bleaubtlr
lr ake sjiugue`
sjiugue` pjideau
pjideaue`
e` utkfk
utkfk ( X)

κ 6 _jrf
_jrfdtd
dtdhdtk
hdtkss futi
futikb
kb akrd
akrd dsli
dsliksd
ksd

W 6 Nkrkb
Nkrkb tjriuk
tjriukrr akrd
akrd dsliksd
dsliksd (f)
(f)

r 6 Nkr
Nkrkb
kb ak
akrd
rd bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr ((f)
f)

Lijc bkrjek dtu, Bkpksdtkesd ketkrk bleaubtlr ake sjiugue` pjideaue` kakikc2

q
M6
X

Bles
Blestk
tket
etkk adji
adjijb
jbtrd
trdss ak
akrd
rd sjfuk
sjfuk fktj
fktjrd
rdki
ki,, ad
adtjr
tjrkp
kpbk
bke
e sj
sjgk
gk`k
`kdd rk
rksdl
sdl

bkpksdt
bkpksdtkes
kesdd akrd
akrd sjgukc
sjgukc bleaje
bleajeskt
sktlr
lr aje`ke
aje`ke fktjrd
fktjrdki
ki gjrupk
gjrupk adjijb
adjijbtrds
trds uetub
uetub
bk
bkpk
pksd
sdtk
tkes
esdd ak
akrd
rd bl
blea
eaje
jeskt
sktlr
lr yk
yke`
e` skfk
skfk aj
aje`
e`ke
ke ua
uakrk
krk sjgk`
sjgk`kd
kd ad
adji
jijb
jbtr
trdb
db..
Blestketk adjijbtrdb nu`k adsjgut sjgk`kd pjrfdtdhdtks rjiktdvj ktku bkpksdtkesd
deaubtdh bcusus, gdkskeyk adeltksdbke sjgk`kd B. @kfgkr =.7 fjeuenubbke tkgji
cksdi blestketk adjijbtrdb akrd gjrgk`kd gkcke.

@kfgkr 7.;? Qkgji blestketk adjijbtrdb akrd gjrgk`kd gkcke

Gjrdbutt fjrupkbke
Gjrdbu fjrupkbke rufus
rufus uetub
uetub fje`cdtue
fje`cdtue`
` bkpksdtkesd
bkpksdtkesd akrd bkgji bleaubtlr
bleaubtlr
tue``ki2

?,??0= B
M6 8 A H/;??? ht
;? il`;?
a
( )
Aje`ke
Aje`ke,, M 6 Bkpks
Bkpksdtk
dtkesd
esd ((H/;
H/;???
??? ht)

B 6 Blestke
Blestketk
tk adjijbtrd
adjijbtrdb
b bkgji
bkgji dsliksd
dsliksd

A 6 Adkf
Adkfjt
jtjr
jr dsli
dsliks
ksdd

a 6 Adkfjtj
Adkfjtjrr sjiugue`
sjiugue` pjide
pjideaue
aue`
` bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr
Wksdl
Wksdl krus
krus fje`ki
fje`kidr
dr yke`
yke` fje`ds
fje`dsdd sjpken
sjpkenke`
ke` bl
bleau
eaubtl
btlrr pkak
pkak wkbtu
wkbtu
tjrtjetu. ]jcde``k adakpktbke pjrcdtue`ke sjgk`kd gjrdbut2

?,?1:4 x h x B x X ( I ∗ E )
Dm 6 =
;? x il`;? x ( )
A
a
K/;??? ht

Aje`
Aje`ke
ke,, h 6 Hrj
Hrjbu
buje
jesd
sd (Cjr
(Cjrtz
tz))

A 6 Adkf
Adkfjt
jtjr
jr dsli
dsliks
ksdd

a 6 Adkfjtj
Adkfjtjrr sjiugue`
sjiugue` pjide
pjideaue
aue`
` bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr

B 6 Blestke
Blestketk
tk adjijbtrd
adjijbtrdb
b bkgji
bkgji dsliksd
dsliksd

X 6 Qj`ke`ke
Qj`ke`ke idej
idej tl ejutrki
ejutrki (Bdil Xlits)
Xlits)

]jfk
]jfkbd
bde
e aj
ajbk
bktt nkrk
nkrkb
b ak
ake
e sjfkb
sjfkbde
de tde`
tde``d
`d bl
bles
estk
tket
etkk ad
adji
jijb
jbtr
trdb
db ak
akrd
rd bk
bkgj
gjii
fjeyjgkgbke krus pje`dsdke ake bkpksdtkesd bjsjiurucke ijgdc gjskr uetub bkgji
dsliksd
dsliksd pkak
pkak sdr
sdrbud
budtt uakrk.
uakrk. ]jmkrk
]jmkrk ufuf,
ufuf, krus
krus pje`ds
pje`dsdke
dke fjrupk
fjrupkbke
bke cki yke`
yke`
sjpjij
sjpjij uet
uetub
ub nki
nkiur
ur uakrk
uakrk pkak
pkak tj`ke`
tj`ke`ke
ke adstrdg
adstrdgusd
usd ekfue,
ekfue, cki ded ded ske`kt
ske`kt
gjrbjgkidbke aje`ke nkiur trkefdsd pkak tj`ke`ke tde``d.

_jej
_jejet
etuk
uke
e Ckfg
Ckfgkt
ktke
ke Ds
Dsli
liksd
ksd ak
akrd
rd Bkgj
Bkgjii Blea
Bleaub
ubtl
tlrr Que`
Que``k
`kii yk
yke`
e`
adksufsdbke
adksufsdbke fjrupkbke bkgji yke` fjfpueykd
fjfpueykd pkenke`
pkenke` ; fjtjr. Bjfuadke,
Bjfuadke,
pjekfgkcke ckfgktke dsliksd akrd jijfje sdideajr pkak krkc rkadki kakikc

ϋ
∈Wd 6 x ax
7 Ϗ x S xi

Lijc bkrjek dtu, tltki ckfgktke dsliksd ketkr bleaubtlr ake sjiugue`
pjideaue` kakikc2
 W

Wd 6 ∢ 7 Ϗϋx i x axx
r

Wd 6
ϋ
7Ϗ xi
x ie ()
W
r

Aje`ke Wd 6 Qltki ckfgktke dsliktlr (lcfs)

ϋ 6 Ckfgktk
Ckfgktke
e dsliksd
dsliksd (adjij
(adjijbtr
btrdb)
db) (lcfs
(lcfs fjtjr
fjtjr))

ℝ 6 tltki
tltki pkenke
pkenke`
` akrd
akrd bkgj
bkgjii (fjtj
(fjtjr)
r)

@kfgkr 7.;; _jekfpke` bkgji bleaubtlr tue``ki

Adkfjtjr bjsjiurucke bkgji akpkt adtjetubke aje`ke pjrskfkke sjgk`kd

gjrdbut2 Adtjrkpbke pkak bkgji pjekfpke` fjide`bkr
fjide`bkr

Zetub bkgji bleaubtlr tue``ki A 6 a + 7Q + 7]

Zetub bkgji bleaubtlr `keak A 6 7 (a + 7Q + t + ])

Zetub bkgji bleaubtlr td`k A 6 7,;:: (a + 7Q) + 7 (t + ])

Zetub bkgji bleaubtlr jfpkt A 6 7,1;1 (a + 7Q) + 7 (t + ])

Zetu
Zetub
b bkg
bkgji
ji ble
leau
aubt
btl
lr ttcr
crjj
jj sj
sjmt
mtlr
lr ty
typj
pj A=s 6 A ” ?,=:a

Aje`
Aje`ke
ke A 6 Adkf
Adkfjt
jtjr
jr bkgj
bkgjii bjsj
bjsjiu
iuru
ruck
cke
e aj
aje`
e`ke
ke blea
bleaub
ubtl
tlrr pj
pjek
ekfp
fpke
ke`
`
fjide`bkr

A=s 6 Adkfjtjr bkgji bjsjiurucke aje`ke bleaubtlr tcrjj sjmtlr typj

a 6 adk
adkfj
fjtjr
tjr bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr
 ] 6 Bjtjg
Bjtjgki
kike
ke sjiu
sjiugu
gue`
e` gkn
gknkk

t 6 Bjtj
Bjtjgk
gkik
ike
e skgub
skgub dsl
dslik
iksd
sd akrd
akrd bkg
bkgji
ji

Q 6 Bjtjgki
Bjtjgkike
ke dsliksd
dsliksd blea
bleaubt
ubtlr
lr (demc)
(demc)

Hkbtlr `jlfjtrd fjrupkbke cugue`ke ketkr ruke` pkak sdideajr yke`

adgjetub lijc pjrfubkke jiugue` detjreki ake pjrfubkke bleaubtlr jbstjreki
pkak bkgji aje`ke bleaubtlr tue``ki. Gjrdbut fjrupkbke hkmtlr `jlfjtrd akrd
bkgji bleaubtlr tue``ki2

A
@ 6 7,=?= il` ;?
a

Aje`
Aje`ke
ke A 6 Adkf
Adkfjt
jtjr
jr aki
akikf
kf akrd
akrd ski
skiur
urke
ke

a 6 Adkfj
Adkfjtjr
tjr iukr
iukr akrd
akrd blea
bleaubt
ubtlr
lr

Wjsdstkesd
Wjsdstkesd Jhjbtdh
Jhjbtdh Bleaubtl
Bleaubtlrr kakikc Hkbtlr yke` fjejetubke
fjejetubke rjsdstkesd
rjsdstkesd
jhjbtdh KM akrd tdkp bleaubtlr bkgji kakikc rjsdstkesd AM, ]bde Jhhjmt, _rlxdfdty
Jhhjmt,
Jhhjmt, ]cjktc
]cjktc Ilssjs
Ilssjs ake Krflr Ilssjs ndbk tjrakp
tjrakpkt
kt gknk.
gknk. Lijc
Lijc bkrjek
bkrjek dtu,
dtu,
Wjsdstkesd jhjbtdh Wjhh akikf rjsdstkesd KM kakikc sjgk`kd gjrdbut2

Wjhh 6 (β; + β7 + β= + β1) Wam

Aje`ke Wam 6 Wjsdstkesd AM akrd bleaubtlr

β; 6 Blestketk bkrjek sbde jhhjmt

β7 6 Blestketk bkrjek prlxdfdty jhhjmt

β= 6 Blestketk bkrjek scjktc ilssjs

β1 6 Blestketk bkrjek krflr ilssjs

]cjktcilss Krflr ilss

]jgk`kd mletlceyk β= akpkt adcdtue` , fkbk β1 6
Mleaumtlrilss Mleaumtlrilss

Wjsdstkesd Krus AM, aje`ke pjrskfkke >

ϋi
ϋi
Wam6
K

Aje`ke
Aje`ke ϋ 6 Wjsdst
Wjsdstdvd
dvdtks
tks akrd
akrd blea
bleaubt
ubtlr
lr (ℨ/f
(ℨ/f))
 ℝ 6 _ken
_kenke
ke`
` ble
bleau
aubt
btlr
lr (f)
(f)

K 6 Iuks
Iuks pjekfpke` (f7)
pjekfpke`

Zedt yke` ad`uekbke

ad`uekbke ckrus fjrupkbke
fjrupkbke bjsktuke yke` blesdstje.
blesdstje. Akikf
prkbtjbeyk, gjgjrkpk bjsktuke akrd suktu uedt ” uedt ad`uekbke uetub pjrcdtue`ke
rjsdstkesd. Wjsdstkesd AM akrd bleaubtlr akikf tjfpjrkturj tjrtjetu kakikc2

W7 Q ? +t 7
6
W; Q ? +t ;

Aje`ke W; 6 Wjsdstkesd bleaubtlr pkak tjfpjrkturj t ;

W7 6 Wjsdstkesd bleaubtlr pkak tjfpjrkturj t 7

t;, t7 6 Qjfpjrktur bleaubtlr (¿M)

Q? 6 Gjgjrkpk blestketk uetub gkcke bleaubtlr

6 7=1,: uetub tjfgk`k yke` adpkeksbke

6 71; uetub tjfgk`k bjrks

6 773 uetub kiufdeduf bjrks

]ucu fkbsdfuf yke` adpjrglijcbke uetub bleaubtlr kakikc yke` suakc

tjrtj
tjrtjrk
rk pk
pkak
ak De
Desu
suik
iktja
tja _lwj
_lwjrr Mkgi
Mkgijj Je`d
Je`dej
ejjrs
jrs Kssl
Ksslmdk
mdktd
tdle
le (D_MJ
(D_MJK)
K) yk
yke`
e`
fjrupkbke kslsdksd pkrk desdeyur tjetke` dsliksd bkgji tjek`k. ]ucu fkbsdfuf
bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr uetub
uetub bkgji
bkgji aje`ke
aje`ke dsliksd
dsliksd bjrtks
bjrtks yke`
yke` adrjskp
adrjskpdd kakikc
kakikc pkak
pkak tkgji
tkgji

gjrdbut2
 @kfgkr 7.;; Qkgji tjfpjrktu fkxdfki pkak suktu bleaubtlr

7.7.4 ]bde Jhhjmt

Zetub
Zetub krus
krus AM, adstrd
adstrdgus
gusdd krus
krus yke`
yke` sjrk`kf
sjrk`kf adksuf
adksufsdb
sdbke
ke sjpken
sjpkenke`
ke`
akjrkc pjridetkske akrd bleaubtlr.
bleaubtlr. Cki ded tdakb
tdakb gjrikbu uetub krus KM. ]jfkbde
fjede`bkteyk hrjbujesd akrd krus KM, krus yke` tdakb sjrk`kf kbke sjfkbde
gjskr. Krus mjeajrue` fje`kidr ijgdc pkak pjrfubkke tjriukr akrd bleaubtlr
akrdpkak gk`dke detd akrd bleaubtlr. Hjelfjek pjeadstrdgusdke krus yke` tdakb
sjrk`kf adsjgut sjgk`kd ]bde Jhhjmt.

]bde Jhhjmt tjrnkad bkrjek cugue`ke hiub fk`ejt akrd krus yke` gjrkak
adpuskt bleaubtlr ijgdc gjskr akrdpkak krus yke` fje`kidr fjeajbktd pjrfubkke
bleaubtlr. Deaubtkesd akrd jijfje sjgkeade` aje`ke hiux idebk`j pjr kfpjrj,
gk`dke akikf akrd bleaubtlr fjfgjrdbke rjkbtkesd yke` ijgdc gjskr gk`d krus
uetub fje`kidr. Lijc bkrjek dtu, krus fje`dbutd gk`dke tjriukr akrd rjkbtkesd yke`
ijgdc
ijgdc rjeakc
rjeakc,, sjgk`k
sjgk`kdd `didrke
`didrkeeyk
eyk kbke
kbke fje`ur
fje`urke`
ke`dd akjrkc
akjrkc yke`
yke` jhjbtdh
jhjbtdh ake
fjede`bktbke rjsdstkesd jhhjmtdvj akrd bkgji.

]bde Jhhjmt adpje`krucd lijc uburke bleaubtlr, hrjbujesd ake rjsdstkesd

rjiktdvjj akrd gkcke bleaubtlr.
rjiktdv bleaubtlr. ]bde jhhjmt kbke fjede`bktb
fjede`bktbke
ke uburke
uburke bleaubtl
bleaubtlrr
ake hrjbujesd. Ekfue, kbke fjeuruebke rjsdstkesd rjiktdvj akrd fktjrd bleaubtlr.
]jgk`kd mletlceyk, pkak bleaubtlr aje`ke uburke yke` skfk, sbde jhhjmt kbke
tjrnkad ijgdc gjkr pkak fktjrd tjfgk`k akrdpka kiufdeduf.

Wjsd
Wjsdst
stke
kesd
sd jh
jhhj
hjmt
mtdv
dvjj akr
krdd sjgu
sjgukc
kc bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr ka
kaki
kikc
kc fjru
fjrup
pkb
kbke
ke
pjrgkeade`ke ketkrk ilssjs akyk ake krus pkak bleaubtlr.
bleaubtlr.

_ ilss∃mleaumtlr
Wjhh 6 7
|D|

Aje`ke > _ilss 6 Ilssjs akyk pkak bleaubtlr (wktt)

 D 6 Krus pkak bleaubtlr (kfpjrj)

]bde
]bde Jhhjmt
Jhhjmt fjede`
fjede`bkt
bktbke
bke rjsdstke
rjsdstkesd
sd jhjbtdh
jhjbtdh.. Nu`k,
Nu`k, ]bde
]bde jhhjmt
jhhjmt akpkt
akpkt
fje`urke`d rjkbtkesd sjgk`kdfkek hiux idebk`j akikf nu`k fjeurue. Fjfdide
bleaubtlr kbke fje`urke`d sbde jhhjmt. Akikf bkgji gkwkc tkekc, puskt pdideke

bkgji bleaubtlr bkake`-bkake` adcdike`bke bkrjek fjfgkwk krus yke` bjmdi.

]jgk`k
]jgk`kdd mletlc
mletlceyk
eyk,, gjgjrkp
gjgjrkpkk bkgji
bkgji yke`
yke` iuks
iuks adgke`
adgke`ue
ue pkak
pkak puskt
puskt detd
detd akrd
akrd
fktjrdki ele bleaubtlr.

_rlxdfdty Jhhjmt ckfpjr fdrdp aje`ke sbde jhhjmt. _jede`bktke rjsdstkesd

yke` fje`cksdibke gjrkt njeds akrd krus tdakb sjrk`kf pkak akjrkc bleaubtlr
adsjgkgbke lijc krus hiub idebk`j fk`ejt akrd bleaubtlr-bleaubtlr yke` ikdeeyk.
Cksdi
Cksdiey
eyk,
k, _jed
_jede`
e`bk
bktk
tke
e kr
krus
us pk
pkak
ak bj
bjau
aukk iu
iuks
ks pj
pjek
ekfp
fpke
ke`
` bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr yk
yke`
e`
gjrajbktke. Fjeyjgkgbke pjrugkcke pkak rjsdstkesd jhjbtdh akrd bkgji yke`
gjrilbksd akikf skiurke yke` skfk. Hjelfjek tjrsjgut fjrupkbk suktu prlxdfdty
jhhjmt

7.=. Qjbkeke Fjake Idstrdb Bkgji Bleaubtlr Que``ki

@kfgkr adgkwkc fjekfpdibke pltle`ke fjidetke` akrd bkgji bleaubtlr
tue``ki.
tue``ki. Aje`ke ksufsd pkenke` bkgji ;f. Fuktke pkak pjrfubkke kakikc q

mlilufg pjr fjtjr pkenke`. Ake bkgji fjfpueykd adijbtrdb yke` clfl`je ake
sdsfjtrds ketkrk bleaubtlr ake dsliktlr. Fkbk fjeurut cubuf Mluilfg, hiubs
idstrdb pkak rkadus x kakikc

Aje`ke,

A 6 bjrkpktke hiubs idstrdb pkak rkadus x (M/f7)

q 6 fuktke pkak pjrfubkke bleaubtlr (M/f7)

x 6 Nkrkb akrd tje`kc bleaubtlr (f)

Aje`ke pjrfdtdvdtks kgsliut dsliksd kakikc

 @kfgkr 7.;7. Drdske fjidetke` bkgji bleaubtlr tue``ki

Fjake idstrdb ktku `rkadjet pltjesdki ktku strjss jijbtrdb ktku adsjgut nu`k strjss
adjijbtrdb J pkak rkadus x kakikc

Ndbk pltjetdki `rkadjet pkak rkadus x kakikc aX/ax, gjak pltjesdki X ketkrk
bleaubtlr ake sjiugue` tdfgki kakikc

Ktku
Ktku

]jcde``k akrd pjrskfkke fjake idstrdb

Ake akpkt adakpktbke pjrskfkke gjak pltjesdki

Aje`ke,

J 6 Qjbkeke fjake idstrdb bkgji (X/f) RJfkx -5 x6r Jfde-5 x6WV

X 6 Gjak pltjesdki ketkrk bleaubtlr ake pje`dsdke pkak pjrfubkke

bleaubtlr

x 6 Nkrkb akrd tje`kc bleaubtlr (f)

W 6 Nkrd-nkrd iukr dsliksd ktku nkrd-nkrd akikf sjiugue` tdfgki (f)

r 6 Nkrd-nkrd bleaubtlr (f)

Bjbukt
Bjbuktke
ke adjijb
adjijbtrdb
trdb kakikc
kakikc tj`ke`
tj`ke`ke
ke fkbsdf
fkbsdfuf
uf sjgjiu
sjgjiuf
f adjijb
adjijbtrdb
trdb
grjkbsalwe ad fjake sjrk`kf. Ded fjeuenubke `rkadjet tj`ke`ke yke`
adpjrglijcb
adpjrglijcbke
ke fjikiud
fjikiud adjijbtrdb.
adjijbtrdb. Kvjrk`j strjss kakikkc gjskr tj`ke`ke
tj`ke`ke pkak
fktjrdki dsliksd adgk`d aje`ke tjgki dsliksd. ]trjss fkbsdfuf pkak bkgji gdkskeyk
tjrnk
tjrnkad
ad ad pj
pjrf
rfub
ubkke
kke bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlr,
r, sj
sjak
ake`
e`bk
bke
e strjs
strjsss fded
fdedfu
fuf
f tj
tjrn
rnka
kadd pk
pkak
ak
pjrfubkke iukr dsliktlr. Lijc bkrjek dtu strjss pkak bkgji tjrnkad skkt x 6 r, fkbk,

Ake strjss jijbtrdb tjrbjmdi tjrnkad skkt x6W, sjcde``k

Zetub
Zetub X ake W, tjrakpk
tjrakpktt nkrd-nkr
nkrd-nkrdd yke`
yke` fjfgjr
fjfgjrdbk
dbke
e tjbkek
tjbkeke
e fdedfu
fdedfuf
f pkak
pkak
pjrfubkke bleaubtlr, uetub
uetub edikd Jfkx tjrbjmdi >

Tke` fkek

]jcde``k

Adakpktbke gkcwk bjtjgkike dsliktlr kakikc

7.1. _jejetuke Qkckeke

Qkckeke Dsliksd Akrd Bkgji
Bkgji Bleaubtlr Que``ki
Que``ki
Adksuf
Adksufsdb
sdbke
ke bkgji
bkgji pkak
pkak `kfgkr
`kfgkr adgwkc
adgwkc fjfdidb
fjfdidbdd pkenke
pkenke`
` ;f. Fkbk
Fkbk
pjede`bktke rjsdstkesd dsliktlr pkak jijfje sdeideards pkak krkc rkadki kakikc

Fkbk, tltki rjsdstkesd dsliktlr adketkrk bleaubtlr ake sjiugue` tdfgki kakikc

Aje`ke,

Wd 6 Nufikc tkckeke dsliksd (ℨ)

ϋ 6 Wjsdstkesd dsliksd (adjijbtrdb) (ℨf)

i 6 _kenke` bkgji (f)

W 6 Nkrd-nkrd iukr dsliksd ktku nkrd-nkrd akikf sjiugue` tdfgki (f)

r 6 Nkrd-nkrd bleaubtlr (f)

@kfgkr 7.;7 _jekpke` bkgji bleaubtlr

7.:. Bkpksdtkesd akrd

akrd Bkgji Qd`k Bleaubtlr
Bleaubtlr Gjrdb
Gjrdbkt
kt

Bjtjgk
Bjtjgkike
ike auk dsliksd
dsliksd pkak
pkak bkgji
bkgji gjrdbk
gjrdbktt adpjrtd
adpjrtdfgk
fgke`b
e`bke
ke aje`ke
aje`ke>> (;)
bjtjgk
bjtjgkike
ike dsliksd
dsliksd bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr Q, ake (7) bjtjgk
bjtjgkike
ike dsliksd
dsliksd dbkt
dbkt t. Dsliksd
Dsliksd dbktke
dbktke
adgutucbke bkrjek tj`ke`ke idej XI ketkrk bleaubtlr, dsliksd bleaubtlr ckeyk
fjfjeucd tj`ke`ke XI/7. ]jake`bke tj`ke`ke ketkr bleaubtlr ake `rluea (ktku

gufd) kakikc . _kak bkgji bleaubtlr td`k gjrdbkt, tjrakpkt bkpksdtkesd Mm

ketkr bleaubtlr, ake bkpksdtkesd Ms ketkrk bleaubtlr ake sjiugue`. bkpksdtlr,

fje``kfgkrbke bkpksdtkesd pjr sktuke pkenke`, skfk aje`ke sdstjf ajitk yke`
tjrc
tjrcug
ugue
ue`
` pkrk
pkrkij
ijii aje
aje`ke
`ke sdst
sdstjf
jf gde
gdetk
tke`
e`.. ]jik
]jiken
enu
ute
tey
yk, sdst
sdstjf
jf aji
jitk
tk
fje``kfgkrbke bkpksdtkesd Mm, akpkt ad`ketdbke aje`ke jbdvkije sdstjf gdetke`
akrd bkpksdtkesd M;. _kak sdstjf ajitk, bkpksdtkesd ketkrk bleaubtlr ; ake 7 kakikc

Bkrjek sdstjf ajitk ake gdetke` jbdvkije, bkpksdtkesd ketkr bleaubtlr skfk
@kfgkr 7.;= Bkgji Bleaubtlr Qd`k Dbkt

@kfgkr 7.;1. Bkpksdtkesd Jhjbtdh

 @kfgkr 7.;:. Wke`bkdke Jbdvkije

@kfgkr 7.;8. Wke`bkdke Jbdvkije Pyj ake Ajitk

Bjfue`bdeke ikde, gdkrbke tj`ke`ke fjikiud bkpksdtlr Mm pkak sdstjf X (I-

, tj`ke`ke
I)

idej
idej tl idej
idej.. Li
Lijc
jc bk
bkrje
rjekk dtu,
dtu, krus
krus hk
hksk
sk yk
yke`
e` fjik
fjikiu
iudd bk
bkpk
pksd
sdtl
tlrr skfk
skfk aj
aje`
e`ke
ke
ℨMMX(I-I), ake krus idej skfk aje`ke
Jbdvkije sdstjf gdetke`, tj`ke`ke idej tl ejtrki kakikc

ake krus hksk ake krus idej skfk. Lijc bkrjek dtu,

]jcde``k, uetub jbdvkije ajitk ake gdetke` kakikc

k akikc

]jcde``k

Adfkek>

B 6 blestketk adjijbtrdb dsliksd

Q 6 Bjtjgkike dsliksd bleaubtlr

t 6 bjtjgkike dsliksd iukr

a 6 adkfjtjr bleaubtlr
bleaubtlr

_kakk ufufey
_ka ufufeyk,
k, gk`kdf
gk`kdfkekp
kekpue,
ue, bkrjek
bkrjek bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr tdakb
tdakb adsjiu
adsjiugue
gue`d
`d
aje`ke dsltrlpdm clfl`jejlus desuiktdle akrd sktu pjrfdtdvdtks yke` adbjtkcud,
MM ake M] tdakb aje`ke fuakc adpjrcdtue`bke ake ufufeyk adpjrlijc aje`ke
pje`uburke. Qjs-tjs adikbubke pkak tj`ke`ke, hrjbujesd, ake tjfpjrktur bjrnk.
Akikf fjejetubke bkpksdtkesd-bkpksdtkesd akrd tdpj bkgji, tjs-tjs pkak ufufeyk
kakikc>

;. Fje`cd
Fje`cdtue
tue`
` bkpksdtke
bkpksdtkesd
sd Mk ketkrk
ketkrk auk bleaubt
bleaubtlr
lr aje`ke
aje`ke mkrk Njfgktke
Njfgktke
]mcj
]mcjrd
rde`
e` yk
yke`
e` tjrc
tjrcug
ugue
ue`
` pk
pkak
ak bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr bj
bjtd
td`k
`k bj sj
sjiu
iugu
gue`
e` ue
uetu
tub
b
fje`cdike`bke skikc sktu Mss
 7. Fje`
Fje`cd
cdtu
tue`
e` bkpk
bkpksd
sdtk
tkes
esdd Mg ketk
ketkrk
rk sj
sjiu
iugu
gue`
e` ak
ake
e sj
sjfu
fukk bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr
tjrcugue`
tjrcugue` gjrskfk
gjrskfk uetub fje`cdike`bke
fje`cdike`bke (ktku uetub
uetub fjfpjrpjea
fjfpjrpjeajb)
jb)
bjtd`k Mss ake uetub fjfpkrkiji bjtd`k Mss.
=. Cugu
Cugue`
e`bk
bke
e au
aukk bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr bj sj
sjiu
iugu
gue`
e`,, Zbur
Zbur bk
bkpk
pksdt
sdtke
kesd
sd Ma ke
ketk
tkrk
rk

bleaubtlr sktu yke` tjrsdsk ake auk bleaubtlr yke` ikde ake sjiugue`.

7.8. Hkbtlr Akyk

Akyk Adjijbtrdb ake Wu`d-Wu`d Adjijb
Adjijbtrdb
trdb
Bjtdbk tj`ke`ke fuemui fjijwktd adjijbtrdb sjfpurek, fkbk adskek tdakb
kbke tjrnkad ru`d ru`d adjijbtrdb bkrjek kakeyk dfgks akrd krus bkpksdtkesd dm yke`
tjrijtkb
tjrijtkb 4? ajrknk
ajrknktt adktks
adktks tj`ke`
tj`ke`ke
ke X. fjsbdpu
fjsbdpue
e gj`dtu
gj`dtu,, adakikf
adakikf prkbtj
prkbtjbey
beyk,
k,
bk
bkrj
rjek
ek tdak
tdakb
b ka
kake
keyk
yk adji
adjijb
jbtrd
trdb
b sj
sjfp
fpur
urek
ek,, ad
adske
skekk tj
tjra
rakp
kpkt
kt kr
krus
us bj
bjmd
mdii pk
pkak
ak
blfp
blfple
leje
je Dv yke`
yke` gjrk
gjrkak
ak ; hk
hksk
sk aje`
aje`ke
ke tj
tj`k
`ke`
e`ke
ke X. li
lijc
jc bk
bkrj
rjek
ek dtu,
dtu,

pjenufikcke 7 vjbtlr krus fje`cksdibke vjmtlr krus D yke` fjeakcuiud tj`ke`ke

burke` akrd 4? ajrknkt. _lwjr hkmtlr adjijbtrdb kakikc

_lwjr hkmtlr yke` fjejfpji pjeuc pkak adjijbtrdb ske`kt bjmdi, bdrk bdrk
?.??=. Hkbtlr akyk adjijbtrdb fje``kfgkrbke ru`d ru`d, lijc bkrjek dtu pjriu kak
uskck uetub fje`urke`d ru`d ru`d yke` tjikc kak. ]jgkidbeyk, sjgukc uskck pjriu
adgukt uetub fjede`bktbke suppiy plwjr hkmtlr skfpkd fjeajbktd sktu. Dsliksd

adjijb
adjijbtrdb
trdb yke`
yke` gk`us,
gk`us, ɳa fjeajb
fjeajbktd
ktd 4? ajrknk
ajrknktt gdkske
gdkskeyk
yk adsjgu
adsjgutt suaut
suaut ru`d
ru`d
adjijbtrdb. Lijc bkrjek dtu, gjrkak pkak rkadke.

Mls ɳa sjckruseyk kak aje`ke edikd yke` bjmdi adgkwkc sjfuk bleadsd
lpjrksd. Bjtdbk mls ɳa gjskr, ru`d akyk nu`k gjskr. Ake tjfpjrktur dsliksd Q
ekdb. Bjekdbke tjfpjrkturj adbkrjekbke bjekdbke ru`d akyk adjijbtrdb, yke`
fkek fjrupkbke cksdi akrd pjekfgkcke bjekdbke tjfpjrkturj. Ndbk bkgji
gjrlpjrksd adgkwkc bleadsd adfkek
adfkek ∇ ∇ (mls ) Ψa / Q ske`kt gjskr, tjfpjrkturj
tjrus
tjrus ekdb cde``k
cde``k dsl
dsliks
iksdd bkgji
bkgji ruskb.
ruskb. Bjtdbk
Bjtdbk tj`ke`k
tj`ke`kee KM (Xie) fksub
fksub
fjikiud bkpksdtkesd bkgji jhjbtdh M, ru`d akyk pkak adjijbtrdb _ai kakikc

Ded ijgdc gjskr akrd pkak ru`d akyk adjijbtrdb yke` fksub fjikiud tj`ke`ke
AM. Bjekdbke pkak ru`d akyk adsjgkgbke lijc adjijbtrdbki cdstjrdsds, ake gdkskeyk
ijgdc gjskr akrd pkak ru`d glmlr. Wu`d adjijbtrdbki cdstjrdsds tdakb gdsk adubur
sjmkrk tjrpdskc. Qltki ru`d adjijbtrdb, tjradrd akrd ph ru`d adjijbtrdbki cdstjrdsds ake
ru`dd akyk
ru` akyk yke`
yke` adsjgk
adsjgkgb
gbke
ke lijc
lijc krus
krus glmlr
glmlr yke`
yke` fje`ki
fje`kidr
dr fjikiu
fjikiudd rjsdstke
rjsdstkesd
sd
dsliksd. Wu`d ru`d fjidputd tj`ke`ke, hrjbujesd, ake pjejfpktke bkgji adjijbtrdb.

Adfkek>

_ai 6 ru`d adjijbtrdb bkgji (P/;???ht)

Τ 67Ϗh

M 6 bkpksdtkesd bj ejtrki urutke plsdtdh (H/;???ht)

X(I-E) 6 tj`ke`ke idej tl ejtrki (bX)

Ψ 6 plwj
plwjrr hkmt
hkmtlr
lr akr
akrdd adji
adjijb
jbtr
trdb
db (ds
(dsli
liks
ksd)
d) pka
pkakk tjfp
tjfpjr
jrkt
ktur
urjj tjrt
tjrtje
jetu
tu

7.0. @ks Desuiktja Idej

@ks desuiktja idej (@DI) ktku akpkt adsjgut aje`ke skiurke tjrdsliksd `ks
kakikc pjejfu
kakikc pjejfuke
ke yke`
yke` adtjfu
adtjfubke
bke lijc
lijc desdey
desdeyur
ur ad FDQ pkak
pkak ;48:.
;48:. ]trubt
]trubtur
ur
sjajrckek akrd @DI kakikc `ks adedtrl`je (E7) ake suihur cjbskhiulrdak (]H8)
yke` fje`jidide`d bleaubtlr gjrgkcke akskr kiufueduf, desuiktlr gjrgkcke rjsde
ake ikpdske iukr yke` gjrgkcke kiufueduf.
 @kfgkr 7.;0. Gkcke akskr `ks desuiktja trkesfdssdle idejs

@DI gdkskeyk adpkske` adgkwkc tkekc, ekfue akpkt nu`k adpkske` adktks
pjrfubkke bkrjek strubtur ake gkcke akskr @DI fjfgukt skiurke trkesfdsd ded
akpkt gjrtkcke akrd pliusd, pkeks, ake rkadksd slikr yke` fjenkadbke @DI mlmlb
uetub wdikykc pjrbltkke.

Bjijgd
Bjijgdcke
cke akrd
akrd @DI kakikc
kakikc akrd
akrd sj`d
sj`d bjkfke
bjkfkekee
keeyk.
yk. @DI adedik
adedikdd tdakb
tdakb
fjfdidbd rjsdbl tjrgkbkr, fjemjfkrd ide`bue`ke sjbdtkr, fjake fk`ejt iukr yke`
bjmdi, ake bkpksdtks trkesfdsd yke` gjskr. Gkcke akskr akrd @DI fjfgukt @DI
fjfdidbd gjgke yke` rjiktdh rjeakc sjcde``k akpkt adbdrdf aje`ke fuakc ake
fjenk`k strubtur akrd @DI dtu sjeadrd uetub wkbtu yke` ikfk. Gkcke akskr akrd
@DI nu`k fjfuakcbke pjbjrnk uetub fjfkske` @DI aje`ke fuakc. Ekfue @DI

nu`k fjfdidbd bjburke`ke, `ks yke` tjrakpkt adakikf @DI ckrus adnk`k k`kr tdakb
tjrbletkfdeksd ktkupue bjiukr bj uakrk bkrjek akpkt fjemjfkrd lzle.

_jejrkpke akrd @DI ketkrk ikde, fje`cugue`bke trkhl tj`ke`ke tde``d bj

swdtmc`jkr
swdtmc`jkr yke` gjrtj`ke`ke
gjrtj`ke`ke tde``d
tde``d akikf pjfgke`bdt,
pjfgke`bdt, fje`cugue
fje`cugue`bke
`bke tkhl
tj`ke`ke tde``d yke` gjrkak adakikf `uk bj trkesfdsd uakrk yke` kak adiukr,
fje`cugue`bke `ks desuiktja swdtmc`jkr (@D]) aje`ke nkiur trkesfdsd uakrk ake
fjeyjadkbke suktu skiurke akikf @D].

_kak pjrfuikke, systjf @DI ckeyk ad`uekbke pkak pjejrkpke bcusus,

bkrjek gdkykeyk yke` ske`kt fkcki. ]jbkrke` ded, `jejrksd bjauk akrd systjf @DI
ad`uekbke uetub trkesfdsd aje`ke akyk yke` tde``d pkak nkrkb yke` pkenke`
bkrjek pje`urke`ke sugstkesdkieyk akikf gdkykeyk. Bjuetue`ke akrd pje``uekke
systjf @DI ketkrk ikde ilssjs akyk rjeakc, jfdsd fjake fk`ejt yke` rjeakc,
fjfdidbd bjkeakike yke` ijgdc gkdb aje`ke bkpksdtks trkesfdsd yke` tde``d, tdakb
fjfpueykd jhjb ej`ktdvj tjrckakp ide`bue`ke, pjejfpktkeeyk adgkwkc tkekc
aje`ke bkpksdtks trkesfdsd yke` skfk aje`ke nkiur trkesfdsd uakrk.

7.3. Bjskikcke Bkgji

Kak gjgjrkpk fjtlaj uetub fjejetubke

fjejetubke bjskikcke
bjskikcke pkak bkgji gkwkc tkekc.
tkekc.
Fjtlaj ded akpkt ad`uekbke uetub fjejetubke sj`kik njeds bjskikcke, tjr`ketue`
pkak bjskikcke kikfdkc ake tde`bkt pje`kikfke akrd desdeyur yke` fje`und.
Bjskikcke pkak bkgji gdsk adbktj`lrdbke sjgk`kd gjrdbut2

;. Bj`k
Bj`k`k
`kike
ike ak
akrd
rd ble
bleau
aubt
btlr
lr
7. Bjski
Bjskikc
kcke
ke pk
pkak
ak dsliks
dsliksdd

]jmk
]jmkrk
rk ufuf
ufuf,, bj
bj`k
`k`k
`kik
ike
e ak
akrd
rd bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr ak
akpk
pktt ad
adtj
tjfu
fubk
bke
e aj
aje`
e`ke
ke
fjfgkeade`bke rjsdstkesd akrd bleaubtlr. Zetub bkgji
bkgji nkrkb pjeajb, bjskikcke
gdkskeyk adtjfubke aje`ke mkrk despjbsd, ykbed fjemkrd fkeclij yke` gjrkskp
ktku aje`ke fjeaje`krbke sukrk rjtkbke bjtdbk bjejtrle (auk jijmtrlaj tkgue`
vkbuf tde``d) yke` adtjrkpbke pkak bkgji gjrfkskikc. Ilbksd akrd bkgji yke`
gjrfkskikc yke` suakc adbjtkcud pkenke`eyk gdsk adtjetubke aje`ke prdesdp
njfgktke sjdfgke`.

7.3.; Bjskikcke ilbksd lijc Furrky Qjst

Fjrupkbke skikc sktu mkrk yke` pkide` sjajrckek akrd fjtlaj njfgktke
uetub fjejetubke ilbksd bjskikcke akrd bkgji ketkrk bleaubtlr ake `rluea pkak
sjfuk njeds bkgji adfkek bleaubtlr bjauk aje`ke uburke yke` skfk sjgk`kd
sktu-skt
sktu-sktue
ueyk
yk bjskikc
bjskikcke.
ke. Fjrupkb
Fjrupkbke
ke fjtlaj
fjtlaj yke`
yke` tjrgkdb
tjrgkdb uetub
uetub fjeajt
fjeajtjbd
jbd
bjskikcke pkak ckfgktke yke` tde``d akikf sdrbudt rjsdstkesd bleaubtlr yke`
rjeakc. ]jsukd `kfgkr 7.;=

@kfgkr 7.;3. Furrky Illp

Blea
Bleaub
ubtl
tlrr yk
yke`
e` gj
gjrf
rfksk
kskik
ikc
c kb
kbke
ke ad
adpu
putk
tkrr bj bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr yk
yke`
e` tdak
tdakb
b

gjrfkskikc aje`ke iuks pjekfpke` yke` skfk. Bjfuadke fje`cugue`bke bltkb

rjsdstkesd bkwkt `jsjr aje`ke 7 sjt bldi yke` adcugue`bke fjikwke pjfgubkke
tjrkbcd
tjrkbcdrr akrd
akrd putkrk
putkrke.
e. Ijgdc
Ijgdc nji
njiksey
kseyk,
k, Furrky
Furrky illp
illp tdakb
tdakb gdsk
gdsk adadrd
adadrdbke
bke ndbk
ndbk
bleaubtlr yke` gjrfkskikc fje`kikfd bjruskbke pkak njeds kpkpue.

Zetub fjemj`kc jhjb akrd krus ejtrki, fkbk `kivkelfjtjr adcugue`bke

sjsukd `kfgkr 7.;3. ]jgukc gktjrkd fjfgjrdbke jejr`y pkak njfgktke ketkrk
bletkm
bletkmb
b yke`
yke` gjr`js
gjr`jsjr
jr ktku puskt
puskt bltkb
bltkb rjsdstke
rjsdstkesd
sd ake puskt
puskt bjskik
bjskikcke
cke yke`
yke`
ad`rlueabke. Bjsjdfgke`ke adpjrtkckebke lijc bletkb `jsjr ktku ckfgktke. Ndbk
nkiur yke` tdakb adbjgufdbke ake nkiur yke` adbjgufdbke fkfpueykd rjsdstkesd
yke` skfk tdkp uedteyk ake ndbk bkwkt `jsjreyk kakikc iuks pjekfpke`. Fkbk2

K 7 I∗S
6
G S

Ad
Adfk
fkek
ek S 6 Nk
Nkrk
rkb
b pjrc
pjrcdt
dtue
ue`k
`ke
e akrd
akrd tdtd
tdtdb
b bj
bjsk
skik
ikck
cke
e

I 6 _kenke`
_kenke` tdkp bleaubtl
bleaubtlrr yke`
yke` adputkr
adputkr

K 6 Wjsdstkesd
Wjsdstkesd akrd njfgktke
njfgktke bjsjdfgke`
bjsjdfgke`ke
ke ktks sjgjikc
sjgjikc bkeke

G 6 Wjsdstkesd
Wjsdstkesd akrd
akrd njfgktke
njfgktke bjsjdfgke`
bjsjdfgke`ke
ke gkwkc sjgjikc bkeke

7.3.7 Bjskikcke ilbksd lijc Xkrijy Illp Qjst

Gdsk ad`uekbke
ad`uekbke uetub bjskikcke pkak tkekc adfkek tjrakpkt bleaubtl
bleaubtlrr bjauk
bjauk
aje`
aje`ke
ke ubur
uburke
ke yke`
yke` sk
skfk
fk sj
sjgk
gk`k
`kdd sk
sktu
tu bj
bjsk
sktu
tuke
ke aj
aje`
e`ke
ke bj
bjsk
skik
ikck
ckee
eeyk
yk..
Fjrupkbke njeds fjtlaj yke` fuakc adtjrkpbke akikf pjeajtjbsdke bjskikcke
aje`ke mdrmudt yke` rjiktdvj tde``d. @kfgkr 7.;4
 @kfgkr 7.;4 Xkrijy Illp
Wjsdstkesd akrd tdkp pkenke` uedt akrd bleaubtlr yke` tdakb gjrfkskikc ake
bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr yke`
yke` gjrfks
gjrfkskik
kikc
c ckrus
ckrus adbjtk
adbjtkcud
cud.. Lijc
Lijc bkrjek
bkrjek dtu,
dtu, ndbk
ndbk bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr
fjfdibd rjsdstkesd yke` skfk tdkp uedt pkenke`eyk, fkbk rjsdstkesdeyk2

W ; 6 W =+ S x r m
W 7 ( 7 I∗ S ) r m

Ad
Adfk
fkek
ek S 6 Nk
Nkrk
rkb
b pjrc
pjrcdt
dtue
ue`k
`ke
e akrd
akrd tdtd
tdtdb
b bj
bjsk
skik
ikck
cke
e

I 6 _kenke`
_kenke` tdkp bleaubtl
bleaubtlrr yke`
yke` adputkr
adputkr

W; 6 Ckfgktke akrd ije`ke sdsd njfgktke sjgjikc bdrd gkwkc

W7 6 Ckfgktke akrd ije`ke sdsd njfgktke sjgjikc bdrd ktks

W= 6 Ckfgktke yke` adsjsukdbke akrd fk`edtuaj yke` adbjtkcud

rm 6 Wjsdstkesd bleaubtlr (lcfs pjr uedt ije`tc)

7.3.= _je`jmjbke Bkgji Adstrdgusd

Bkgji yke` gkru adpkske` ckrus adbjekbke tjs yke` tdakb fjruskb pkak
cksdi-cksdi pje``uekke yke` ijgdc tde``d akrdpkak elrfki.

@kfgkr
@kfgkr 7.7?
7.7? fjrupk
fjrupkbke
bke sjgukc
sjgukc plrtkg
plrtkgij
ij grda`j
grda`j pkak
pkak rjsdstke
rjsdstkesd
sd yke`
yke`
tde`
tde``d
`d ue
uetu
tub
b bk
bkgj
gjii yk
yke`
e` gj
gjrf
rfksk
kskik
ikc
c pk
pkak
ak il
ilbk
bksd
sd bj
bjrn
rnk.
k. _j
_jrf
rfks
kskik
kikck
cke
e kt
ktku
ku
`ke``uke gdsk tjrnkad adketkrk auk bleaubtlr ktku ketkr sjgukc bleaubtlr ake
`ke``uke tjrcugue` aje`ke sjiugue` (skrue`) ejtrki blesjetrds ktku pjetkekcke.
 @kfgkr 7.7? _lrtkgij Furrky Illp Wjsdstkemj Grda`j

Cjkvy auty mkgij tjst kea hkuit ilmktde` systjf kakikc suktu kikt pjikmkb
`ke``uke yke` gdsk ad `uekbke uetub bkgji ejtrki tkekc ktku gubke pjetkekcke
aje`ke
aje`ke tj`ke`
tj`ke`ke
ke ;: bX. Krus bjiukr
bjiukrke
ke ;?? fK pjeuc
pjeuc akpkt
akpkt fjedfg
fjedfguib
uibke
ke

pjeurueke yke` mjpkt akrd bj`k`kike aje`ke rjsdstkesd tde``d pkak bkgji
gjrtj`ke`ke =: bX KM ktku ijgdc tde``d bj ijvji 7: bX ktku ijgdc rjeakc uetub
tunuke pjikmkbke bjskikcke.

@kfgkr 7.7; Cjkvy Auty Mkgij Qjst ake Hkuit ilmktde` ]ystjf

Mkgij rlutj trkmjr fjrupkbke suktu kikt yke` akpkt fjikmkb, fjejfubke
ake fje`ub
fje`ubur
ur bjakik
bjakikfke
fke akrd
akrd bkgji
bkgji gjrjej
gjrjejr`d
r`d idstrdb
idstrdb yke`
yke` tjrbug
tjrbugur
ur adakikf
adakikf
tkekc. Kikt ded adlpjrksdbke aje`ke gktjrkd yke` rde`ke.

@kfgkr 7.77 Mkgij rlutj trkmjr

7.4KWZ] ]JIZGZE@ _KAK BKGJI

Kidrke krus
Kidrke krus KM ad bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr pkak
pkak sde`ij
sde`ij-ml
-mleau
eaumtl
mtlrr kbke
kbke fjfgke
fjfgke`bd
`bdtbk
tbke
e
tj`ke`
tj`ke`keke KM ad sjiugue
sjiugue`` (scjkt
(scjktc)
c) bkgji.
bkgji. krus
krus ]cjktc
]cjktc kakikc
kakikc gjetub
gjetub trkeshjr
trkeshjr
fuktke ad bkgji. krus sjiugue` akpkt gjrnkike sjpkenke` sjiugue` iukr akrd bkgji
bl
blkb
kbsd
sdki.
ki. Krus
Krus sjiug
sjiugue
ue`` ak
akpk
pktt fjeu
fjeuru
rueb
ebke
ke jhdsd
jhdsdje
jesd
sd trke
trkesf
sfds
dsdd ak
ake
e akakpk
pktt
fje``k
fje ``ke`
e``u
`u pjrke`
pjrke`bkt
bkt jijbtrl
jijbtrledb
edb ad ajbkte
ajbkteyk.
yk. Bjtdbk
Bjtdbk sjiugue
sjiugue`
` ad adsktu
adsktubke
bke
pkak unue`eyk, tj`ke`ke yke` tjrgke`bdt fjedfguibke krus jaay, lijc bkrjek dtu
ru`d-ru`d
ru`d-ru`d sjgjskr
sjgjskr D7W tjrnka
tjrnkadd pkak
pkak scjktc
scjktc bjru`d
bjru`dke
ke ded adpjrc
adpjrcdtu
dtue`b
e`bke
ke aje`ke
aje`ke
fjede`bktbke rjsdstkesd bleaubtlr yke` sjsukd.
]jgukc bkgji sde`ij-mleaumtlr aje`ke gleaja-scjktc yke` gjbjrnk pkak td`k
pcksk, ake tjrsusue akikf gjetub jqudiktjrki trdke`uikr, gjskreyk pjede`bktke
rjkbtkesd bleaubtlr
bleaubtlr kakikc sjgk`kd gjrdbut >

rs 6 rjsdstkesd sjiugue` pjr pcksk (lcf/fdi)

Sf 6 futu
futukiki rj
rjkb
kbtk
tkes
esdd ketk
ketkrk
rk bl
blea
eaub
ubtl
tlrr ak
ake
e sj
sjiu
iugu
gue`
e` pj
pjrr pc
pcks
kskk
(lcf/fdi)
Aje`ke gjskr Sf ake rs sjeadrd kakikc >

h 6 hrjqujemy (Cz)
] 6 nkrkb ketkr tdtdb puskt bleaubtlr (demc)
rl 6 nkrd-nkrd tjriukr akrd fjtki sjiugue` (demc)
rd 6 nkrd-nkrd tjrakikf akrd fjtki scjktc (demc)
Nkad rjsdstkesd tltki akikf bkgji sde`ij-mleaumtlr pkak skkt kidrke krus
plsdtdvj-sjqujemj ktku ej`ktdvj-sjqujemj tjrfksub aje`ke jhjb akrd krus
sjiugue` kakikc >

rk 6 rjsdstkesd
rjsdstkesd plsdtdvj
plsdtdvj ktku ej`ktdvj
ej`ktdvj sjqujemj
sjqujemj tltki, tjrfksub
tjrfksub jhjb
krus scjktc (lcf/fdi)
rm 6 rjsdstkesd akrd bleaubtlr, tjrfksub sbde jhhjmt

Gjskreyk ru`d-ru`d pkak scjktc kbdgkt krus scjktc kakikc

Ws 6 rjs
rjsds
dstk
tke
esd sc
scjk
jktc
tc pjr
jrp
pcksk
cksk(l
(lcf
cf/f
/fdi
di))
D 6 krus adsktu bleaubtlr
Sf 6 rjkbt
rjkbtkes
kesdd futuk
futukii ketkrk
ketkrk bleaub
bleaubtlr
tlr ake scjktc
scjktc pjr pcksk
pcksk
]cjktc akrd bkgji sde`ij-mleaumtlr glijc adlpjrksdbke sclrt-mdrmudtja ktku
lpjemdrmudtja. Ndbk sjiugue` ad sclrt-mdrmudtja, fkbk gdkskeyk sjiugue` addbkt
ktku akpkt adcugue`bke bj `rluea ad tdkp fkeclij. Cki ded fje`urke`d tj`ke`ke
sjiugu
sjiugue`
e` bj eli ake fjfgdk
fjfgdkrbkrbkee krus
krus scjktc
scjktc fje`ki
fje`kidr.
dr. Qjrakp
Qjrakpkt
kt gjrfkm
gjrfkmkf-
kf-
fkmkf tjbedb uetub fje`lpjrksdbke scjktc aje`ke lpjemdrmudtja, ykdtu >
;. Bjtdbk bkwkt `rluea ad`uekbke, skt
ktu
u tjr
jrf
fdeki akrd tdkp scjktc
adcu
adcugu
gue`
e`bk
bke
e bj bk
bkwk
wktt `r
`rlu
luea
ea.. Qjrf
Qjrfde
deki
ki sdske
sdskeyk
yk ad
adgd
gdkrb
krbke
ke tjrgu
tjrgubk
bk
sjcde``k tdakb kak krus yke` fje`kidr ad scjktc.
7. Aje`
Aje`ke
ke mr
mrls
lss-g
s-gle
lead
ade`
e`,, ad tdkp
tdkp sd
sdsd
sd bl
blej
ejbs
bsdd ad
adgu
gukt
kt ad
adke
ketk
tkrk
rk scjk
scjktc
tc ak
akrd
rd

bkgji k,g, ake m yke` sjcde``k ckeyk scjktc sknk yke` adkidcbke sjmkrk
bjidstrdbke.
bjidstrdbke. ]cjktc adcugue`
adcugue`bke
bke gjrskfk
gjrskfk ake adbjtkekcb
adbjtkekcbke
ke ad unue` akrd
tdkp
tdkp kb
kbcd
cdrr pj
pjrk
rkid
idck
cke.
e. Nkad,
Nkad, pj
pjen
enuf
ufik
ikck
cke
e ak
akrd
rd tj`ke
tj`ke`k
`ke
e scjkt
scjktc
c yk
yke`
e`
tjrgke`bdt lijc krus plsdtdvj-sjqujemj fjenkad eli.
=. Aje`ke
Aje`ke dfpjak
dfpjakemj
emj gleade`
gleade`,, dfpjak
dfpjakesd
esd adtkfgkc
adtkfgkcbke
bke ad tdk
tdkp
p scjktc
scjktc bkgji
bkgji
ue
uetu
tub
b fjfg
fjfgkt
ktksd
ksd krus
krus sc
scjk
jktc
tc bj ed
edik
ikdd yk
yke`
e` tjikc
tjikc ad
adtj
tjet
etub
ubke
ke tk
tkep
epkk
fje`cdike`bke krus sjqujemj.
1. Aje`ke
Aje`ke gleade
gleade`
` trkeshlr
trkeshlrfjr
fjrs.
s.

=.;. Bjsdfpuike
Zeajr`
Zeajr`rlu
rluea
ea trkesfd
trkesfdssdl
ssdle
e idejs
idejs ake `ks desuik
desuiktja
tja trkesf
trkesfdssd
dssdle
le
idej
idejss adgu
adgukt
kt ake
ake adpk
adpksk
ske`
e` uetu
uetub
b pj
pje`
e`cj
cjfk
fktk
tke
e ik
ikck
cke
e yk
yke`
e` ak
akpk
pktt
ad`uek
ad`uekbbk
bbke
e uetub
uetub cki ikd
ikde.
e. Akikf
Akikf pjfguk
pjfguktke
tke trkesfd
trkesfdsd
sd gkwkc
gkwkc tkekc
tkekc
adpjriubbk
adpjriubbke
e gkcke akskr ake bjkcidke bcusus
bcusus bkrjek fjfdidbd pjrgjakke
pjrgjakke aje`ke trkesfdsd uakrk sjpjrtd gkcke akskr pjfguktke bkgji,
jhjb jhjb yke` akpkt adtdfguibke, bjruskbbke bjkgji gkwkc tkekc, ake
gjrgk`kd jhjb jhjb fjru`dbke yke` akpkt adtdfguibke sjpjrtd sbde jhhjmt
ake prlxdfdty jhhjmt.