)

(
 -
:
.
.
:
- - - - :

QR :
/ :
:

- - - -
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ‪۱۲ .............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‪۱۳ ......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ )ﺩﻳﺒﺎﭼﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ(‪۱۷ ............................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۱۷ ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪۲۰ ......................................................................................:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪۲۱ ...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‪۲۲ .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ‪۲۳ ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ (‪۲۳ .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪۲۴ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪۲۶ .............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪۲۶ .........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪۲۷ ..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻮﻥ‪۲۷ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ )ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ ‪۲۷ ..........................................................................(Acid-fast‬‬
‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎﻫﺎ )‪۲۸ ........................................................................................................................(Chlamydia‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ) ‪۲۸ ...........................................................................................................(Mycoplasma‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ )‪۲۸ ........................................................................................................................(Rickettsiae‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻮﻧﻼﻫﺎ )‪۲۹ ..........................................................................................................................(Bartonella‬‬
‫ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪۲۹ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮ ﻓﺎﮊ )‪۳۰ ...............................................................................................................(Bacteriophage‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ‪۳۰ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﻏﺸﺎء ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ (‪۳۱ ....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ‪۳۱ ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‪۳۱ ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻡ‪۳۲ ........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ‪۳۲ ......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ‪۳۲ .......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ‪۳۳ .........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪۳۳ ...............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﻪ‪۳۴ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ )ﺗﺎﮊﻙ ﻫﺎ(‪۳۴ .......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ )‪۳۵ ..........................................................................................................................................(Spore‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥﻫﺎ‪۳۵ .....................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪۳۶ ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪۳۷ ......................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ‪۳۹ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪۴۰ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‪۴۰ ........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪۴۰ ........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪۴۱ .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺋﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ )‪۴۱ .....................................................................................(Microaerophilic‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ )‪۴۱ ..........................................................................................................(Anaerobe‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎ‪۴۲ ................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪۴۲ ..............................................................................................................................................................pH‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪۴۲ .............................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮﻳﺘﻲ )‪۴۲ ...........................................................................................................(aw‬‬
‫ﺯﻭﻧﻮﺯ)‪۴۳ ....................................................................................................................................(Zoonosis‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۳‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﮓ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ )‪۴۳ ..............................................................................(Biological warfare‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚﻫﺎ ) ‪۴۴ ..............................................................................................................(Antibiotics‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ‪۴۵ .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ‪۴۶ ..................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ‪۴۶ ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‪۴۶ ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۴۶ ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ(‪۴۹ .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪۴۹ ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻭﺭﺋﻮﺱ‪۴۹ ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱﭘﺎﻳﻮﮊﻧﺰ )ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺁ (‪۵۱ .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﺎ )ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺏ(‪۵۳ .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻓﻜﺎﻟﻴﺲ ) ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩ (‪۵۳ ................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻳﻨﺎ )ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ‪ -‬ﭘﻨﻮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻙ (‪۵۴ .............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﻳﺮﻳﺪﺍﻧﺲ )ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺘﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻧﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺳﺎﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﺰ (‪۵۶ ..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪۵۷ ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺘﻴﺪﻳﺲ )ﻣﻨﻨﮕﻮﻛﻮﻙ (‪۵۷ ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺮﻳﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻮﺭﻳﺎ )ﮔﻮﻧﻮﻛﻮﻙ (‪۵۸ ......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪۶۰ .......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺲ‪۶۰ .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻼﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪۶۱ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ‪۶۲ ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﺮﻓﺮﻧﮋﻧﺲ‪۶۳ ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺴﻴ ﻞ‪۶۵ ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﻳﻔﺘﺮﻱ‪۶۵ .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﮊﻧﺲ‪۶۷ ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۴‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ‪۶۷ .............................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺮﺷﻴﺎﻛﻠﻲ‪۶۷ ...................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺗﻴﻔﻲ‪۶۹ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪﻳﺲ‪۷۰ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﮕﻼ )ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﮕﻼ ﺩﻳﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﮕﻼ ﺳﻮﻧﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺵ‪.‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻨﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺵ‪.‬ﺑﻮﻳﺪﻱ(‪۷۲ ...................................‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻛﻠﺮﺍ‪۷۳ ..................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻴﺠﻮﻧﻲ‪۷۴ ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻫﻠﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﻠﻮﺭﻱ‪۷۵ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺒﺴﻴﻼ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴ ﺎ‪۷۶ .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ ﻭﻟﮕﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺑﻴﻠﻴﺲ (‪۷۶ .........................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﮊﻳﻨﻮﺯﺍ‪۷۸ ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺱ ﻓﺮﺍﮊﻳﻠﻴﺲ‪۷۹ .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪۸۰ ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‪۸۰ .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﮋﻳﻮﻧﻼ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻓﻴ ﻼ‪۸۱ ............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩﺗﻼ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺳﻴﺲ‪۸۱ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﺯﻭﻧﻮﺳﻴﺲ(‪۸۲ .........................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼ )ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼ ﺍﺑﻮﺭﺗﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪.‬ﺳﻮﺍﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪.‬ﻣﻠﻴﺘﻨﺴﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪.‬ﻛﺎﻧﻴﺲ (‪۸۲ ................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺴﻼ ﺗﻮﻻﺭﻧﺴﻴﺲ‪۸۳ ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍ‪۸۴ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﭘﺴﺘﻴﺲ‪۸۵ .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‪۸۶ ....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺳﻴﺲ‪۸۶ ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﭙﺮﻩ‪۸۷ ........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺰ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ‪۸۸ .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺯ‪۸۹ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‪۹۰ ...............................................................................................................................................‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۵‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴ ﺎ‪۹۰ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺖﻫﺎ‪۹۱ ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻳﭙﻮﻧﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻭﻡ‪۹۱ ............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺭﮔﺪﻭﺭﻓﺮﻱ‪۹۲ .......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﭙﺘﻮﺳﭙﻴﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﺭﻭﮔﺎﻧﺲ‪۹۳ .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪۹۴ ...................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ‪۹۴ ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﭘﺴﻴﺘﺎﺳﻲ‪۹۶ ........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪۹۷ .....................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﻭﺍﺯﻛﻲ‪۹۷ .......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻴﻼ ﺑﻮﺭﻧﺘﻲ‪۹۷ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ(‪۹۹ ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪۹۹ ..........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺲ‪۹۹ .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪۱۰۰ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ‪۱۰۱ ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﺮﻓﺮﻧﮋﻧﺲ‪۱۰۲ ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﺍﻱ‪۱۰۴ .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﻧﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪۱۰۵ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ‪۱۰۶ ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻮﮊﻧﺰ‪۱۰۷ ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﮊﻥ‪۱۰۸ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻭﺭﺋﻮﺱ‪۱۰۹ .........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﻪ‪۱۱۱ .......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼ‪۱۱۲ .......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ‪۱۱۳ ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺷﺮﺷﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻲ‪۱۱۵ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۶‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ‪۱۱۶ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﺎﻟﺌﻲ‪۱۱۷ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﺎﻟﺌﻲ‪۱۱۸ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻭﻳﺲ‪۱۱۹ .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ‪۱۲۰ ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺋﻴﺪﺱ‪۱۲۱ ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﻪ‪۱۲۲ ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ (‪۱۲۴ ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪۱۲۴ .........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪۱۲۷ .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴ ﻼ‪۱۳۲ ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ‪۱۳۴ ...............................................................................Motile Aeromonads‬‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻣﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‪۱۳۵ ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪۱۳۸ .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺲ‪۱۳۸ ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﭙﺘﻴﻜﺎ‪۱۴۰ ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭﺍﻓﻴﺲ‪۱۴۰ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ )ﺷﻮﺍﻧﻼ(‪۱۴۰ .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﺰﻳﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺷﻴﮕﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﺯ‪۱۴۱ ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﻨﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪۱۴۱ ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻫﺎ‪۱۴۲ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺯﻳﻼ ﺗﺎﺭﺩ‪۱۴۲ .........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺭﻭﻛﺮﻱ‪۱۴۳ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪۱۴۵ ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ‪۱۴۵ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻼ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ )ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ (‪۱۴۶ ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﺭﺩﻟﻲ‪۱۵۰ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۷‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‪۱۵۱ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﻟﻨﻴﻔﻴﻜﻮﺱ‪۱۵۱ .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﺳﭙﻠﻨﺪﻳﺪﻭﺱ‪۱۵۲ ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺳﻮﺱ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﺩﺍﻧﻴﺲ‪۱۵۲ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻱ‪۱۵۳ ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ‪۱۵۵ .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺁﻟﮋﻳﻨﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ‪۱۵۶ ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﻣﺴﻼ ﺯﻳﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ )ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ(‪۱۵۶ .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪۱۵۷ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭ‪۱۵۸ ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼ‪۱۵۹ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﻜﻴﻮﻓﻴ ﻼ‪۱۶۱ ............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻼﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻧﺎ‪۱۶۲ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﻳﺘﻴﻤﻮﺱ‪۱۶۲ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ‪۱۶۳ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺴﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪۱۶۳ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺭ‪۱۶۴ ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ‪۱۶۶ ................................................................Shell Disease Bacteria‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ )ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﮔﺎﺭﻭﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﺎﺭﺍُﻭﺑﺮﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮔﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻭﻡ (‪۱۶۷ .........................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﺭﻣﻴﺲ‪۱۶۹ .......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺭﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻭﻡ‪۱۷۰ ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎ‪۱۷۱ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻜﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮔﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪۱۷۱ ......................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻭﺭﺗﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺲ‪۱۷۲ ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ )ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ‪۱۷۲ .............................................................................................................(E‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪۱۷۳ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۸‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ‪۱۷۴ ..............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻮﺭﺗﻮﻳﺘﻮﻡ‪۱۷۷ ..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭼﻠﻮﻧﻲ‪۱۷۸ ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﺁﺳﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺱ‪۱۷۸ ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﺎﻛﻲ‪۱۷۹ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﻴﺴﺲ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‪۱۸۰ .........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ ‪۱۸۱ ...........................................................................................................................Chlamydia‬‬
‫ﺍﭘﻴﺘﻠﻴﻮﺳﻴﺘﻴﺲ ‪۱۸۱ ............................................................................................................Epitheliocytis‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ‪۱۸۱ .......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺴﻲ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺲ‪۱۸۳ .........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪۱۸۴ .............................................................................................NHP-Bacterium‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‪۱۸۵ .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‪۱۸۷ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‪۱۹۵ ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪۱۹۵ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪۲۰۰ .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪۲۰۰ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪۲۰۳ .....................................................................................................:‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪۲۰۴ ......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ‪۲۰۵ ........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ‪۲۰۶ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﺗﻮﻭﺭﺍ )ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺗﻮﻭﺭﻭﻡ( ‪۲۱۰ ...........................................:E.carotovora‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ‪۲۱۰ ..........................................................................Coryneform‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺭﺗﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ‪۲۱۱ ....................................................................................Arthrobacter‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻼﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪۲۱۱ .....................................................................................Clavibacter‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﺭﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ‪۲۱۱ .......................................................................Curtobacterium‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ‪۲۱۱ ..............................................................................Rhodococcus‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۹‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪۲۱۱ ................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪۲۱۲ .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﻠﻼ ﻓﺴﺪﻳﺪﻳﻮﺳﺎ‪۲۱۴ ..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪۲۱۴ ...................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ‪۲۱۶ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‪۲۱۷ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۰‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۱‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۲‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ )ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ( ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷـﻜﻲ( ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺤـﺚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺃﺕ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﮕـﺎﺭﺵ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻫـﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻜﺠﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻏﻴـﺐ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺠﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻴﺘﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻣـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺍﺛﺮﻱ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻮﺍﻗﺼﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻚ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻴﺼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺑﺒﺨﺸـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬

‫‪۱۳۹۰‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۳‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﺑﺸـﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﺘﺶ ﻭﻗـﺖ ﺻـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻫﻜﺪﻩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻏﺪﻏـﻪ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺳـﻔﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺮﻳﺦ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻣﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚﺑﺎ ﭼﻨـﺎﻥ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺳـﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺭﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺴﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﺩﻋـﺎ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤـﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻧﺠـﻮﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻨﻮﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺴـﺮﻳﻊ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻛﻠﻴـﺪ ﻣـﺎﻭﺱ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻔﺮﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻳﺦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯ ﺷـﺎﻫﺪﻳﻢ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﻱ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺳـﻤﺎً ﻭ ﻋﻤـﻼً ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪۱۵۷۶‬‬
‫ﻣـﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـﺎ ‪ ۱۰۵۵‬ﻫﺠـﺮﻱ ﺷﻤﺴـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﺘـﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻴـﻮﻥ ﻫـﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﻟــﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳــﺪ ﺑﺘــﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻋﻠــﻢ ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﺎﻓــﺖ ﻭ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﺧﺘــﺮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔـﺖ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﻭ ﺯﺣﻤـﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﺦ‪ ،‬ﮊﻧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺗﻮﺱ ﺩﻭﻣﺎﮒ‪ ،‬ﻣﭽﻨﻴﻜﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﻴﻨـﮓ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﻟﻚ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘـﺎﻥ ﺩﻳـﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺯﻛﺮﻳﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺯﻱ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﺸـﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴـﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺳـﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒـﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺁﺑﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺞ ﺍﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺳـﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻔﺘـﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺰﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻴـﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳـﻲ ﺗﻀـﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺸـﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺮﻭ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺗﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻃﻴﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻏﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺸﻴﺶ ﮔﺮﮔـﻮﺭ ﻣﻨـﺪﻝ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﺗﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻛـﻪ ﺟﺮﻗـﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺗﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸـﻒ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪ RNA‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴـﺘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ -‬ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻟﻲ ﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻨﻴـﻚ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺍﻧـﺶ ﺑﺸـﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﺮﺻـﻪ ﻧـﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۴‬‬

‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻮﺍﺗﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻠـﻮﻥ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻧـﺎﻧﻮﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳـﻚ ﺷـﮕﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺴـﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﺸـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻛـﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﺟـﺎﻟﺒﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧـﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜــﻞﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴــﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺟﻬــﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻄــﺮﺡ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻳــﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺑــﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺳــﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴــﺰﺍﺕ ﭘﻴﺸــﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺘﺮﻋـﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ ﺭﻳﺎﺿـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻄـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺗـﻲ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ‪GC ،‬‬
‫‪ HPLC ،‬ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧــﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗــﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺳــﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴــﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧــﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺑﺸــﻲ‪ PCR ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺻـﺮﻓﻪ ﺟـﻮﻳﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺧـﻮﺩﺵ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻗـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺒﺨﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺋﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺸـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻫﻤـﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺧﺴـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﺠﻬـﺖ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺗﻜﻠﻴـﻒ ﻭ ﻧـﻪ ﺑﻤﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻋﻠـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍ ﺗﺎ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠـﻪ ﻛﻮﻫﻬـﺎ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻕ ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳـﻬﺎ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭﺳـﻴﻊ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺨﺸـﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺸـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠــﻢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷــﻜﻲ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﺍﺧﺘﺼــﺎﺹ ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑــﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳــﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻛــﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﻋﻠــﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷـﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟـﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﻏــﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟــﻮﮊﻱ ﺻــﻨﻌﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟــﻮﮊﻱ ﺧــﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟــﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄــﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻛﻮﻟــﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑــﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪-‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺿـﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۵‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺗﻨﮕﺎﺗﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟـﻮﮊﻱ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺴــﺘﻲ ﺑــﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬــﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــﻲ ﻫﻤﭽــﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺮﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺗﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴـﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺴـﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴـﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧـﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟـﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ – ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻥ ﺗـﻼﺵ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭﺍﺟـﺪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺣﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‪ -‬ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﻱ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﺍﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻑ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﺋﺰﻱ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﻗﻄـﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﻬﻜﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﺭﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﻴـﺪﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺟﻮﻳﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﺩﻝ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩﻝ ﻫﺮ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴــﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‪) .‬ﺷﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ (‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺻﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﻮﺋﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﻤﻨﺪ ﻗـﺮﻥ ﻧـﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ ﻧﻤـﺎﺋﻴﻢ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۶‬‬

‫‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪ ﻧﻪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﺑﻴﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺳﻒﺑﺎﺭ ‪ -‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻠﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ‪ -‬ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺄﺱ ﻭ ﻧﺎ ﺍﻣﻴـﺪﻱ ﺑﻜﺸـﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣـﺶ ﺣـﺎﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪ‪" :‬ﻣﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻳـﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﺁﻣﻮﺯﻱ ﭼﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻡ؟" ﺳﭙﺲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪ‪" :‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭﻡ ﭼـﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩﺍﻡ؟" ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺷﺎﺩﻱﺑﺨﺶ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻼﻱ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﺩﺍﺷﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻣﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺪﺍﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫»ﻣﻦ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻡ«‬
‫‪Louis Pasteur : 1822-1895‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻥ ﻛﻼﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺤﺪ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻡ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺯﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻴﻔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫"  ﺐ ﻋ ﻢ و دا ﺶ و  ﻪ  زن و  د ﺴ ﻤﺎن ا ﺖ " ﺮت ﻤﺪ )ص(‪.‬‬

‫" ز  ﻮاره  ﻮر دا ﺶ ﻮی" ﺮت ﻋ ﯽ )ع(‪.‬‬

‫''' ﺍﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﷲ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺷﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪''' .‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۷‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺩﻳﺒﺎﭼﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺗﻲ ﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻛﺦ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﻋﻤـﻼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺧـﺮ ﻗـﺮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺁﻧﺘـﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻴـﻮﻥ ﻫـﻮﻙ ﺭﺳـﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧـﺶ ﺑﺸـﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺫﻳﻼً ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۵۴۶‬ﻡ ‪ Fracastoro :‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳـﺖ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۵۹۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪ .۱۶۰۸‬ﻡ ‪ Jansen :‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ . ۱۶۷۶‬ﻡ ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻮﻙ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﻚ‬
‫"‪ "Animalcules‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Bonaveri : ۱۷۱۸‬ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۷۶۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ .۱۷۷۶‬ﻡ ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺎﻡ ‪ Spallanzani‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﻪ ﺧﻠـﻖ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻋﻪ )ﺧﻠـﻖ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻥ( ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۷۸۶‬ﻡ ‪ Muller :‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۷۹۸‬ﻡ ‪ :‬ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻨﺮ ‪ E.Jenner‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﻠـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳـﻲ ﻣﻮﻟـﺪ ﺁﺑﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪۱۸۳۸‬ﺗﺎ‪ .۱۸۳۹‬ﻡ ‪ :‬ﺷﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻠﻴﺪﻥ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۸۴۷‬ﺗﺎ‪ . ۱۸۵۰‬ﻡ‪ Semmelweis :‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﭘﺰﺷـﻚ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۸‬‬

‫‪ .۱۸۵۷‬ﻡ ‪ :‬ﻟﻮﺋﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ L.Pasteur‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻻﻛﺘﻴﻜـﻲ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ . ۱۸۵۸‬ﻡ ‪ Virchow :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻠـﻲ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۸۷۶‬ﺗﺎ ‪ .۱۸۷۷‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﻛﺦ ‪ R.Koch‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـﻴﺎﻩ ﺯﺧـﻢ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻠﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺲ )‪ (B.Anthracis‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۸۸۱‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﻛﺦ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﮊﻻﺗﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﺋﻲ ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺯﺧﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۸۸۲‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﻛﺦ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۸۸۴‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﻛﺦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ "‪ "Koch's postulates‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﭽﻨﻴﻜﻮﻑ ‪ Metchnikov‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺎﮔﺴـﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺗﻮﻛﻼﻭ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۸۸۵‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻫﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ‪ Escherich‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ E.coli‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۸۸۶‬ﻡ‪ Frankel :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬ﻡ ﺭﻳﭽﺎﺭﺩ ﭘﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﭘﺘـﺮﻱ ﺩﻳـﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺑـﺪﺍﻉ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫‪: ۱۸۸۷‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۱۸۸۷‬ﺗﺎ ‪ . ۱۸۹۰‬ﻡ‪ Winogradsky :‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ . ۱۸۸۹‬ﻡ‪ Beijerinck :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻫﻜﻬﺎ )ﻏﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ( ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۸۹۱‬ﻡ‪ Sanarelli :‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻮﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﻓﻮﺳﻜﻮﺱ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۸۹۳‬ﻡ ‪ Canestrini :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۸۹۴‬ﻡ ‪ Kitasato :‬ﻭ ‪ Yersin‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ )‪ (Y. pestis‬ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۸۹۴‬ﻡ ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ Emmerich‬ﻭ ‪ Weibel‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۹‬‬

‫‪ .۱۸۹۵‬ﻡ ‪ Bordet :‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﺸـﻒ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻠﻤـﺎﻥ ﺷـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۸۹۶‬ﻡ‪ Van Ermengem :‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻏـﺬﺍﻱ )ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻢ(‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ . ۱۸۹۷‬ﻡ‪ Buchner :‬ﻋﺼﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﻤﺮ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺼﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۰۰‬ﻡ ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ Reed‬ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺐ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺸﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۹۰۳‬ﻡ‪ Wright :‬ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۰۶‬ﻡ‪ Wassermann :‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻓﻴﻜﺴﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺑـﺪﺍﻉ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺁﺯﻣـﻮﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۱۰‬ﻡ‪ Ehrlich :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻔﻠﻴﺲ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ . ۱۹۱۷- ۱۹۱۵‬ﻡ‪ D'Herella :‬ﻭ ‪ Tworet‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓﺎﮊ( ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۲۳‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﺋﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﭼﺎﭖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۲۸‬ﻡ‪ Griffith :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻱ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۲۹‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﻤﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﭘﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۳۱‬ﻡ‪Van Niel :‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺘﻴﻚ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺣﻴـﺎء ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۳۳‬ﻡ ‪ Ruska :‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (TEM‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۳۵‬ﻡ ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﻣﺎﮒ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻱ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۴۴‬ﻡ‪ Waksman :‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۴۶‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺗﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻟﺪﺭﺑﺮﮒ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺠﻮ ﮔﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۹۵۳‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﺝ‪.‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻭﺍﺗﺴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻑ‪.‬ﻑ‪.‬ﻛﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ‪ DNA‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۶۲‬ﻡ‪ Porter :‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻦ ‪ G‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۹۶۳‬ﻡ ‪ Conroy :‬ﻭ ‪ Valdez‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳـﺎﺋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.۱۹۶۸‬ﻡ ‪ Kariya :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۰‬‬

‫‪ .۱۹۷۰‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﺎﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺛﺮ‬

‫‪.۱۹۷۳‬ﻡ ‪ Meyer :‬ﻭ‪ Bullock‬ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺯﻳﻼ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۷۵‬ﻡ‪ Kohler :‬ﻭ ‪ Milstein‬ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻮ ﻛﻠﻮﻧﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۷۹‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ‪ DNA‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻼً ﺁﺑﻠﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۱۹۹۵‬ﻡ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﺗﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﻧﻔﻮﻻﻧﺰﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻛﻠﺮﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸـﻒ ﻭﻳـﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻴـﺖ‬
‫‪ .E‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﻛﻠـﻮﻥ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺟـﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺘـﺮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺭﻭﺑﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۱‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺡ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨـﺶ ])‪ [(Bacteria Plural) (Bacterium Single‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨـﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ )‪ (Logy‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﭘـﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺰ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ‪ ۰/۲‬ﺍﻟـﻲ‬
‫‪ ۱۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺷـﮕﺮﻓﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺯﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺳـﻔﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺟـﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺡ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺗﻲ "ﻫـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑـﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ" ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ( ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﺨـﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧــﺎﺕ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫــﺎﻥ ﺁﺳــﻴﺐ ﻣــﻲﺭﺳــﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻟــﺬﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧــﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬــﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴــﺖ ﺯﻳــﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺑـﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬـﺎ ﺍﺛـﺮﺍﺕ ﺳـﻮء ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﮔﺎﻡ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺻـﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻓـﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻛﺰﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻔﺘـﺮﻱ ﺳـﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺟﺎﻥ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻧﻬـﺎ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻴـﻮﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ ﺁﻓـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﻲ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻦ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻞ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺑﺘﺮﻱ )ﻏﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﻩ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻙ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺖﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻃﺎﻗـﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﺮ ﻭ ﺷﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳــﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻤــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴــﺘﻲ ﺑﻌﻬــﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ﭼﺮﺧــﺔ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻــﺮ ﻣﻬــﻢ ﻭ ﺣﻴــﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺜــﻞ‬
‫‪ O,P,S,N,C‬ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۲‬‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﺒﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳـﻲ ﺑﻌﻬـﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻫﻀـﻢ ﻭ ﺣـﺬﻑ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﻳـﺰ ﻭ ﺯﺍﺋـﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣـﺬﻑ ﻟﻜـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﻔﺘـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺭﻓـﺘﻦ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻴﻬـﺎﻱ ﻧﻔﺘـﻲ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﻏﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛـﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ ﺗـﺮ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠـﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻤـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻣﻬﻤـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﻣــﻲ ﺩﻫﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠــﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺍﻋﻈــﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻤــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠــﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟــﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫)ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﻧـﺶ ﺑﺸـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺋﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻳـﻚ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﺩﻭ ﻻﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﺭ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﻭﺁﻫﺎ ) ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﻣﻴﺐ ﻫﺎ( ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺑـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺗـﺮ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻜﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺭﺑﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎً‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ "ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ" ﻣـﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺩﺯﻭﻛﺴـﻲ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴـﻚ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۳‬‬

‫)‪ (DNA‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺗـﻚ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛــﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣــﺎ ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺮﻓــﻲ ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛــﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺿــﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﭘـﺮ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬـﺎﻱ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛـﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻛــﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛــﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻴــﺪﻩ ﺗــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛــﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳــﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴـﺘﻚ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻜﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻋــﻼﻭﻩ ﺑــﺮ ﻫﺴــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺴــﺘﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺟــﺪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨــﺪﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴــﺰﻭﺯﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻠــﮋﻱ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﻚ ﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺒـﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﮔﻔﺘـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺭﻳﺒـﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛـﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫)‪ (۸۰S‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ )‪ (۷۰S‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ(‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺰ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ۰/۲‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﻧﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ۰/۰۵‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۰/۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ ۵۰۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛـﺮﻭﻱ )ﻛﻮﻛﺴـﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻠﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ )ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ )ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﺍﻝ(‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﻛـﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﺘﻚ ﻭ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻝ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۴‬‬

‫ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻨـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛـﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻋﻤـﺪﺗﺎً ﺩﻭ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ‪ ۲-۳ × ۱۰ ۹‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎً ‪ ۱۰۰۰‬ﮊﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻼﻑ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﻛﻤـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺷـﻐﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻃﻮﻟﺶ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۱‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻫـﺰﺍﺭ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤـﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛـﻪ ﮔﻔﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻫﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ )ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝ ‪ (DNA‬ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺭﻟﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺭ ﮔﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﺮﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻴـﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗـﻨﻔﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ‪ ، mRNA‬ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻫﻤﮕـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻢ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﭼﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬـﺎﻱ ﻓﺴـﻔﻮﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻬﺪﻩ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺣﻴـﺎﺗﻲ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﻩ ﺗـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﻫـﻢ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣـﺎﻳﻜﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻴﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻫﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻟﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۵‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﺑﺤـﺎﻝ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ )ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺰ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕﺭﻭﺯﻣﺮﻩ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﻣﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﺿـﺨﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﭙﻨﻴـﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﻠـﻲ ﺳـﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻱ )ﻗﻨـﺪﻱ( ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋـﺮﺽ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﭘﻠﻲ ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻱ )ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ( ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﭘﭙﺘﻴـﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺗﻴﻜﻮﺋﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻧﺎﺯﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﭙﻨﻴﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺗﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﻳﻚ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻓﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﻓﻀـﺎﻱ ﭘـﺮﻱ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳــﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔــﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬــﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴـﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﻟﻴﭙــﻮﭘﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ )‪ (LPS‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺧـﻮﻧﮕﺮﻡ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﻭ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ "ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﻲ" ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫"ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ"ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺒﺰ ﺁﺑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﻛﺌـﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘـﺎﻧﻮﮊﻥ )ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻣﺘـﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﺴـﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻼﻣﻴـﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﺟﻬـﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺤـﻮﻩ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۶‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮔـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺳـﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ )ﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﺷـﻜﻞ( ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻓﻨﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨـﺎﺭ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑﻨﻮﺑـﻪ ﺧـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼً ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎً‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻭﺗـﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺗـﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﺸـﺖ ﺗـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻮﻛـﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘـﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺭﺳـﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻡ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻨﻔﺶ )ﺭﻧﮓ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﻮﻟﻪ( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ( ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ( ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛـﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻛـﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺋﺮﻭﻛـﻮﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﭙﺘﻮﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﭘﭙﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳــﻴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﮔــﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒــﺖ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨــﻪ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﭘﻴــﻮﻧﻲ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﺗﻴــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺴــﺘﺮﻳﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﻳﺰﻳﭙﻠــــﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺑﺎﺳــــﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﺑﺎﺳــــﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳــــﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻮﺳــــﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴــــﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻔﻴﺪﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۷‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻡ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ )ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﻧﻴﻦ( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﻛﻮﻛﺴـﻲ( ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ( ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺴﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻧﻬﺎﻣﻼ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﻨﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻨﮕﻼ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻛﺴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻠﻮﻧﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ :‬ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳـﻪ ﻫـﺎ )ﺟﻨﺴـﻬﺎﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﺮﺷـﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺳـﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻴﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷــﻴﮕﻼ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌــﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﻭﻳﺪﻧﺸــﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﮔــﺎﻧﻼ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺒﺴــﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﻓﻨﻴــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺍﺷــﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺯﻳــﻼ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳــﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﺰﻳﻮﻣﻮﻧــﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧــﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠــﺪﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳــﺘﻮﺭﻻ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻮﺭﺩﺗﻼ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﺳـﻼ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠـﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻠﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴـﺪﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﺯﻭﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﭘﻨﻮﺳـﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﮔــﺎﺭﺩﻧﺮﻻ‪ ،‬ﻟﮋﻳـﻮﻧﻼ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴــﻴﻼ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﻟﻴﺸﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻜﺎﻟﻴﮋﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻜﻴﻨﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻳﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ ﻛﺖ ﺍﺳﻜﺮﭺ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﺋﻴﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺠﻬـﺖ ﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷـﺮﺡ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ :‬ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺘﻬﺎ )ﺟﻨﺴـﻬﺎﻱ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻳﭙﻮﻧﻤـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﭙﺘﻮﺳـﭙﻴﺮﺍ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺭﻟﻴــﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬــﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺭﻩ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ )ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ ‪(Acid-fast‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺤـﻮﻩ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺑـﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜـﻞ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻧﻤـﻲﺩﻫﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴـﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬـﺎ )‪ (Mycobactrium‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ Nocardia‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻓﺴـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻳـﻞ‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﻠﺴﻦ )‪ (Ziehl Neldsen‬ﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻣﻴﻦ )‪ (Auramine‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻳـﻞﻧﻠﺴـﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۸‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺸﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻳﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺳﻞ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎﻫﺎ)‪(Chlamydia‬‬
‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳـﺞ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﮔﻨﺠﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ) ‪(Mycoplasma‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ )‪ PPLO (Pleuro pneumonia like organisms‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۰/۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺧـﻼﻑ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼــــﻚ ﺍﺳــــﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳــــﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺟــــﻨﺲ ﻣﻬــــﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳــــﻤﺎﻫﺎ ‪ Ureaplasma‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ Mycoplasma‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ ) ‪(Rickettsiae‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕـﻞ ﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﻛﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻼ )‪ (Coxiella‬ﻭ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳـﺎ )‪ (Rickettsia‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ Rochalimaea‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺟﺰء ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺟـﺰء ‪ Bartonella‬ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Coxiella‬ﻛـﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬــﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﻭ ﻟﺒﻨﻴــﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﻩ ﻧﺸــﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﻣــﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ )ﺣﺸﺮﻩ( ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﭙﺶ‪ ،‬ﻛﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻪ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﺎﻳـﺖ ‪Mite‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻴﻔـﻮﺱ ﻭ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۹‬‬

‫ﺗﺐﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺗﺐ ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺐ ﻛﻴﻮ ‪ Q‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫـﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻮﻧﻼﻫﺎ )‪(Bartonella‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺟﺰء ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻭﻛﺎﻟﻴﻤﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﻧﻼ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻣﻴﺲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗـﺐ ﺍﻭ‪-‬ﺭﻭﻳـﺎ ‪ Oroya‬ﻭ ﺑـﺎﺭﺗﻮﻧﻼ ﻫﺴـﻨﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻳـﺪﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻮﻧﻼ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺘﺎﻧﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺐ ﺧﻨﺪﻕ )ﺗﺐ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﻪ( ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺟﻨـﮓ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻬﻦ( ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﻲ‪-‬ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻫـﺎ( ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ rRNA‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﭙﻴـﺪﻱ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻣﻴﻚ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻴﺸـﺎﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﮔﻠﻴﺴـﺮﻭﻝ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﻧـﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺗــﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺸــﺎء ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣــﺎﻟﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻫــﺎ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﮔﻠﻴﺴــﺮﻭﻝ ﺑــﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﻧــﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻛﻮﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔــﺎﻭﺕ ﮔــﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠــﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮔــﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨــﻮﻋﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤــﻴﻂﻫــﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻢ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺸﺪﺕ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﻜﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺸـﻤﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺑﮕﺮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻮ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺋﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛـﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ )ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻴﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛـﺮﻩ ﺯﻣـﻴﻦ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۳۰‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮ ﻓﺎﮊ ) ‪(Bacteriophage‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓﺎﮊ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓﺎﮊﻫـﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺘﻴـﻚ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺰﻭﮊﻧﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺘﻼﺷـﻲ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﺎﮊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻓﺎﮊﻫـﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺰﻭﮊﻧﻴـﻚ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﺍﻧﺜـﻲ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﮊﻧـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺩﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎً ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ‬
‫ﻣﻬــﻢﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑــﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺔ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ ﻣــﻲﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ ﺍﻧــﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻧـﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ ﻣـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﺳﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ۱۰۰۰‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ‪ ۰/۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨــﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﻓﺎﺻــﻠﻪ ‪ ۰/۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘــﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫــﻢ ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧــﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭘﻬﺎ ﻣﺜــﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ ﻓﺎﺯﻛﻨﺘﺮﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨــﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳــﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳــﺎﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧــﻲ ﺭﻭﺑﺸــﻲ )‪ ،(SEM‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧــﻲ ﮔــﺬﺍﺭﻩ )‪ ،(TEM‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ ﻧﮕــﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﻴــﺰﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻧﻔﻮﻛﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴـﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺗﻤـﻲ )‪ (AFM‬ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺰﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻫﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺻﺪ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨـﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺳـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﻡ ﺭﻳـﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﻡ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۳۱‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ )ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ( ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﻏﺸﺎء ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ(‬

‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺣﺎﻃـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺍﻫﻤﻴــﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻏﺸـﺎء ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻻﻳــﻪ ﻟﻴﭙﻴـﺪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛــﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕﻧﺎﻣﺮﺗﺐ )ﻣﻮﺯﺍﺋﻴﻜﻲ( ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻜﺴﻮﻱ ﻏﺸﺎء )ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳـﺮﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺴـﻔﻮﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻏﺸـﺎء ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨـﻮﻉ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‪ :‬ﺣﻔـﻆ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﻭ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘـﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ )ﺗـﻨﻔﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻲ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣـﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴـﺪ )ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘـﻲ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %۷۰‬ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺁﺏ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﺎ ﭼﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻫـﺮ ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌـﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻢ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﻠـﻲ ﻓﺴـﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮﻓﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﮊﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۳۲‬‬

‫ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻭ‬
‫‪RNA‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ ﺭﻳﺒـﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻢ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ ۷۰ S‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ‪۳۰S‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ۵۰S‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ )‪S‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﺳـﻮﺩﺑﺮﮒ ﺍﺳـﺖ(‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺒـﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ ۲۷۰۰۰۰۰‬ﻭ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ ۲۰×۱۵×۱۴‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺻـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﻧﺴـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺴـﻞ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺯﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ )‪ (DNA‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣـﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﻛـﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻝ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧـﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬـﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻠﻘـﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫‪ DNA‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺭﺙ ﻣـﻲ ﺭﺳـﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻨـﺪﻳﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﭙﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪ ﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ )ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ‪ (R‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳـﺐ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺑـﺮﺩ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﻻﻧﺲ ﻭ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘـﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳـﺮﻭﻻﻧﺲ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗــﻮﺕ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺨﺸـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘــﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨــﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑــﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۳۳‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺗﺎﻳﻲ )ﺭﻭﺵ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ( ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻲ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘـﻲ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻃﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻧـﺪﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘـﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﮋﻭﮔﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ )ﻫﻢ ﻳﻮﻏﻲ(‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﭘﻴﻠـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺋﺪﻩ ﻣﻮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ )‪ (DNA‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳـــﻴﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﻣـــﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑـــﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـــﺎﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺍﺯ ﻳـــﻚ ﺑـــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـــﻪ ﺑـــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـــﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﻛﺸﻦ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﻛﺸﻦ ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ )ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻝ ‪ (DNA‬ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﮊ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ )ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺒﺤـﺚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓـﺎﮊ ﺭﺟـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻏﺸﺎء ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳـﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺁﺭﻛﺌـﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﻭ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۸۰‬ﻧـﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﭘﭙﺘﻴـﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۳۴‬‬

‫)ﻣﻮﺭﻳﻦ( ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻏﺸﺎء ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﭙﺘﻴـﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ ۲‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۷‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﻭ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﻳﭙﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻱ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻨـﺪ )ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ( ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻲ ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪ )ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ( ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﭙﺘﻴـﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻴﻜﻮﺋﻴـﻚ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﭙﻮ ﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ )‪ (LPS‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺗﺐ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻤﻴـﺰ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯﻱ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺯﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﻴﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﺎ )ﺟﻤﻊ= ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﻪ( ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻚ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﺶ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ )ﻫﻢ ﻧﻮﻉ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﻢ ﻳﻮﻏﻲ )‪ (Conjugation‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﮊﻩ ﻫﺎ )ﺗﺎﮊﻙ ﻫﺎ(‬

‫ﺗﺎﮊﻙ ﻫﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﻣﻮﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴـﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﺎﺯﻙ ﻫـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻼﻗﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﮊﻙ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻳـﺶ ﺗـﺎﮊﻙ ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۳۵‬‬

‫‪ -۱‬ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﺱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﮊﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -۲‬ﺁﻣﻔﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﺱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﮊﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﻟﻮﻓﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﺱ‪:‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﺎﮊﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۴‬ﭘﺮﻱ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﮊﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ) ‪(Spore‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺘـﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﻐـﺬﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ )ﺧﻔﺘﻪ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﻃـﻼﻕ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭﺯﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻛﻠﻮﺳـﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ‪ Clostridium‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻠﻮﺱ ‪ Bacillus‬ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻌﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺯﺍ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ )ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﻛـﺮﻭﻱ( ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭﺯﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘـﻲ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ )ﺣﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺿـﻤﻨﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔـﺮﺩ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻴﻀـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻥ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑـﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻣﻜﻮﻟﻬـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﺤﺮﻳـﻚ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﮊﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻴﭙﻮﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻧـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ‪ O‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ‪ H‬ﻳﺎ ﻓﻼﮊﻝ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ‪ K‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ( ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﮊﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﭘﻴـﺪﻳﻤﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼـﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﮊﻥ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳـﻚ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۳۶‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﻴـﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻭ ﻛـﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻔﺴـﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺖ ﺫﺍﺗـﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺧﺼﻠﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎً )‪ (Binary fission‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣــﺪﺕ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ (GT) Generation Time‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧــﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎًﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻨـﺪﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜـﺎﻻ ﺍﮔـﺮ ‪ ۲۰۰‬ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻭ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ ﻭ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﻪ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ )‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻭ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻭ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪X= N × 2 r‬‬
‫‪ =X‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ = N ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ = r ،‬ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪X= ۲۰۰× ۲۴=۲۰۰× ۱۶=۳۲۰۰‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ‪ ۳۲۰۰‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ .(۱‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺖ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻭﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺗـﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻋﻤﻼﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺨـﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۳۷‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۱‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ :۱‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ lag phase‬؛ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪log phase :۲‬‬
‫؛ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ stationary phase :۳‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ :۴‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ decline‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ )ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪ (۱‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ ۳،۲،۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۴‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ ‪ ۱‬ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫـﺎ ﺳـﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣـﻲ ﺳـﺎﺯﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ‪ ،۲‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣـﻲ ﺭﺳـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎً ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻂ ﺻﺎﻑ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷـﺖ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴـﺎﺝ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﺒــﻊ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧــﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻧــﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻴـﺎﺝ ﺑــﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (C,O,H,N,S and P‬ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ )ﻣﺜﻞ‪ (Na,K,Ca,Mg :‬ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻤﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺁﺏ )ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ( ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻬـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﻬﻔﺘـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺁﻟـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۳۸‬‬

‫‪ o‬ﺍﺗﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺩﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﻓﺘﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺷﻴﻤﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻴﺸـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﺫﻳـﻞ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫)ﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻓﻬـﺎ( ﺍﻳـﻦ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺁﻟـﻲ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (۱‬ﻛﻴﻤﻮﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻮﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻲ)ﻋﻤـﺪﺗﺎً‬
‫ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ( ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۲‬ﻛﻴﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﺗﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺁﻟـﻲ ﺗـﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۳‬ﻛﻴﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻮﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻑ )ﻣﻴﻜﺴﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ(‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺁﻟـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۴‬ﻓﺘﻮﺍﺭﮔــﺎﻧﻮﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﻛــﺮﺑﻦ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷــﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒــﺎﺕ ﺁﻟــﻲ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۵‬ﻓﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﺗﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﺷﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۶‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟـﻲ ﺑﺸـﺪﺕ ﻭﺍﺑﺴـﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۳۹‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﻱ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻲ )ﻗﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻣـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻭ ﮊﻻﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﮔـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻘﻴـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻴـﺰ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﻳـﺎ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺧﺼـﻠﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﻫـﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣـﺜﻼ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻮﻥ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻏﻨﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳـﺎ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻏﻠﺒـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۴۰‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺩﺷـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃـﺮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ ﮔﻠـﻮﻛﺰ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴـﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺰﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣـﻲ ﺳـﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (۱‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺰ ) ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻤﺒﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺮﻫﻮﻑ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۲‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﭘﻨﺘﻮﺯﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۳‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻨﺮﺩﻭﺩﺭﻭﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۴‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻪ )‪.(TCA Cycle‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺋﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ -۵‬ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ )ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ )‪ (strict aerobe‬ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻫـﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛـﺮﺍﺕ ﺳـﻮء‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺳﻮﭘﺮﺍﻛﺴﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺴﻤﻮﺗﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۴۱‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻲ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ )‪ (Facultaive anaerobe‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥﻧﻴﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺲ )ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ( ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻴﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺋﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ )‪(Microaerophilic‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻤﺴـﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺋﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺋﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ )‪(Anaerobe‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺻـﺮﻓﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑـﻲ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﺧـﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ )ﺗﻨﻔﺲ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ )‪(Extremely oxygen sensitive‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ )‪(Strictly anaerobe‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺯﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۴۲‬‬

‫‪ -۳‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ )‪(Aerotolerant anaerobe‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧـﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ )ﺳﺎﻛﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ(‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﻭﻓﻴﻞ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۴۵‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟـﺐ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﻧﮕﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ )ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻓﻴﻞ(‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪pH‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ pH‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﻪ ‪pH‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۵/۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۸/۰‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻨﺜـﻲ ﺩﻭﺳـﺖ )ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻓﻴـﻞ( ﻣـﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ‪ pH‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪۵/۵‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ )ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻭﻓﻴﻞ( ﻣـﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﻪ ‪ pH‬ﺑـﻴﻦ ‪ ۸/۰‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۱۱/۵‬ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻠﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺳﺖ )ﺁﻟﻜﺎﻟﻮﻓﻴﻞ( ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺗﺮ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻮﻳﺘﻲ )‪(a w‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﻮﺯﻱ )ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﻲ ﺁﺏ( ﺭﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﻤﻮﺗﻮﻟﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۴۳‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﻓﻴﻠﻬﺎ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻜﺪﻭﺳﺖ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ ۰/۲‬ﻣﻮﻻﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺯﻭﻧﻮﺯ)‪(Zoonosis‬‬
‫ﺯﻭﻧﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺮﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺒﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺸﻢ ﺭﻳﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻼﺧﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﮕﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻖ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺩﻭﻳﺴـﺖ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﻙ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤـﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﮓ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ )‪(Biological warfare‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑـﻲ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻼﺡ ﺟﻨﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺒـﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻛـﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻀﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻭﻫـﻲ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺳﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻼﺡ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺳـﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠـﻢ ﺍﻧﺒـﻮﻩ ﻣﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺖ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳـﺮﺑﺎﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻨـﺎﺡ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺣﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻧﻈـﺎﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﺳـﻼﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺨﺎﺻﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻼﺡ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۴۴‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﺳﻴﻢ ‪ Bioterrorism‬ﻣﺼﻠﺢ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛـﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻼﺡ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺿـﺮﺭ ﻫﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻓـﺮﺩ ﻳـﺎ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﭘﻴـﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻢ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺠـﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻨـﮓ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨـﮓ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ Clostridium botulinum‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﻢ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺸـﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۷۲‬ﻗـﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍ ﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻼﺣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ‪ ۱۴۰‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠـﻞ ﻋﻀـﻮ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚﻫﺎ ) ‪(Antibiotics‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﺠﻬـﺖ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﺿـﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑـﻲ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ )ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ )‪(Bactericidal‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻬـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﺠـﺪﺩﺍً ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ ﺩﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧــﻪ ﺁﻧﺘــﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻــﻄﻼﺣﺎً ‪ Bacteriostatic‬ﻣــﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌــﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘــﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴــﻚﻫــﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻢ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷـﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۴۵‬‬

‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳـﻌﺖ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﺸـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺗﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬـﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺳـﻮء ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺍﻻﺛﺮ )‪ (Narrow spectrum‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﻃﻴـﻒ ﻭﺳـﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﻮء ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ )‪ (Broad spectrum‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺗﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﺫﻳـﻞ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜـﻞ ﭘﻨـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺘﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻮﺳﭙﻮﺭﻳﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻜﻮﻣﻴﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﺳﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻤﻲﭘﻨﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﻮء ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻲﺍﻥﻫﺎ )ﻧﻴﺴﺘﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻔﻮﺗﺮﻳﺴﻴﻦ –ﺏ( ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻴﭙﺮﺍﺯﻭﻝﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﻴﻨـﻮﮔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺯﻳﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻨﺪﺍﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻴـﻮ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺯﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۴‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﻭﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴـﻚ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﺋﻴﻨﻮﻟﻮﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺮﻳﻤﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﻔﺎﻣﭙﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻳﻤﺘﻮﭘﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﻧﺒﺨﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ‬
‫)ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ( ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻼً ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ )‪ :(Antaginist‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺛـﺮﺍﺕ ﺿـﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮊﻱ )‪ :(Synergism‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﻭ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺳﻴﻨﺮﮊﻱ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺳـﻞ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۴۶‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﻛﻨﻨـﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﻣـﺮ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻥ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﺭﻭﺷﻲﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﻳـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺘـﺪﺍﻭﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻗﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻗﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬـﺎﺭ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﻗﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﻬـﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﺓ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ) ‪Minimal Inhibitory‬‬
‫‪ (Concentration‬ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﺸﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ‪(Minimal‬‬
‫)‪ Bactericidal Concentration‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺴـﻴﺪﺍﻝ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﻠـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﻣﻠﻤـﻮﺱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۴۷‬‬

‫ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﺗﺨـﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺣﺸﺮﻩ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨـﺪﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﺔ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﭼﺸـﻤﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠــﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨــﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﭘﺎﻳــﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻛــﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼــﻮﺹ ﻧﺤــﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮﺩ ﺑــﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑــﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧـﻪ ﺳـﺎﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧـﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻕ ﻛﻪ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻼﺷـﻲ ﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﻴﺪﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻏﺸـﺎءﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨـﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳـﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺪﻳﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ( ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍء‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻡ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﻫﻮﻣـﻮﺭﺍﻝ‬
‫)‪ (Humoral lmmunity‬ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺴـﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﻀـﻮﺭ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺭﺍ )‪ (Cell mediate Immunity‬ﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﮔﻠـﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻨﺞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ IgG, IgE, IgD, IgA‬ﻭ ‪ IgM‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬.‫ﺱ‬.‫ﻡ‬
۴۸

:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬

Brooks, G., K.C. Carroll, J. Butel, and S. Morse. 2007. Medical

Microbiology, 24th edition (Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical
Microbiology), 24th ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 832 pages.

Davis, B.D., R. Dulbecco, H.N. Eisen and H.S. Ginsberg., 1990.

Microbiology. 4th ed. J. B. Lippincott Co, USA.

Murray, P.R., K.S. Rosenthal, and A. Pfaller, 2008. Medical Microbiology.

6th ed. Mosby.

Willey, J., L. Sherwood, C. Woolverton., 2010. Prescott's Microbiology.

 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۴۹‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬

‫‪Gram – Positive Cocci‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻭﺭﺋﻮﺱ‬
‫‪Staphylococcus aureus‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ : Diseases‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﭼـﺮﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻛﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﺑﺴـﻪ ‪ Abscess‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀـﺎء ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺮﻡ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻔﮕﻴﺮﻙ ‪ Furuncle‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔـﻮﺍﺭﺵ ‪ Gastroenteritis‬ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ‪ Food Poisoning‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺴـﻮﺏ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺳـﻨﺪﺭﻡ‬
‫ﺷــﻮﻙ ﺳــﻤﻲ ‪ .Toxic Shock Syndrome‬ﻧــﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻏﺸــﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻠــﻲ ﻗﻠــﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﭽــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ Endocarditis‬ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ‪ : Characteristics‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺷـﻪﺍﻱ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪Cluster‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺁﮔﻮﻻﺯ ﻭﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱-۱‬ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮ ﻛﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻻﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۵۰‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ : Habitat and Transmission‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ : Pathogenesis‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺁﮔﻮﻻﺯ ‪ Coagulase‬ﻭ ﺳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ‪ . Enterotoxin‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ﻛﻮﺁﮔـﻮﻻﺯ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻠﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﺧﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻧﺼﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻘﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻣﭙﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻡ ﺷﻮﻙ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ : Laboratory Diagnosis‬ﺭﻧــﮓﺁﻣﻴــﺰﻱ ﮔــﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸــﺖ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ ‪ Blood Agar‬ﮔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺻﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻧـﮓ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﺎ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻃﻼﺋﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻭﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﻮﺁﮔـﻮﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﺭﻣﻴﺲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﻮﺁﮔﻮﻻﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻭﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ : Treatment‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﺑﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﻭ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴـﻮﺗﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺟـﻲ ‪ Penicillin G‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣﺎﺯ ‪ B - Lactamase‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻓﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ ‪ Nafcillin‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻫـﻢ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻜﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ‪ Vancomycin‬ﺗﺠـﻮﻳﺰ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %۸۵‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﻨـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺟـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺷﻜﺴـﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ : Prevention‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮﻱ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﺍﺻـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺸﺪﺕ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻧﺪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﭙﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﮋﻭﻛﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۵۱‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼـﻲ ‪ : Diagnosis Key‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴـﻲ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛـﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﻘﻄـﺮ ‪ ۱‬ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﻥ( ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺷﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﺁﮔـﻮﻻﺯ ﻭ ﻣـﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﻝ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ ﻭ ﻣـﺪﻭﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـﺖ ‪ ،Blood Agar‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱﭘﺎﻳﻮﮊﻧﺰ )ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺁ(‬

‫)‪Streptococcus Pyogenes (Group A‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﻛـﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﭼﺮﻛـﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ (۱ :‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﻛﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻠـﻮﺩﺭﺩ ‪ ،Pharyngitis‬ﺯﺭﺩ ﺯﺧـﻢ‪ ، Impetigo‬ﺑـﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ (۲‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﭼﺮﻛـﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺥ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺴﻴﺲ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﺑﻨـﺎﻡ ‪ Cellulitis‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺗـﺐ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴـﻤﻲ ‪ Rheumatic Fever‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ ﺣـﺎﺩ ﮔﻠﻮﻣﺮﻭﻟﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴـﻮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ‪.Acute‬‬
‫‪glomerulonephritis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ‪ Chain‬ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫـﻢ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻠﻮ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬـﺎﻱ ﺭﻳـﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺳــﻤﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻌـﺪﻱ ﻣــﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺷـﺪﺕ )ﺣــﺪﺕ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ (۱ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﻛـﻲ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫)‪(Spreading Factor‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔـــﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳـــﺖ ﻣـــﺜﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـــﻠﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧـــﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﻴﺎﻟﻮﺭﻭﻧﻴـــﺪﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ Hyaluronidase‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺗـﺐ ﻣﺨﻤﻠﻜـﻲ ‪(Scarlet‬‬
‫)‪ ، Fever‬ﺳﻢ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﮊﻧﻴﻚ ‪ Erythrogenic Toxin‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺟﻮﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ Rash‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ‪ M‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (۲‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﭼﺮﻛﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺐ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻧﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺷـﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻗﻠـﺐ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﻣـﻲﺭﺳـﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﻠﻮﻣﺮﻭﻟـﻮﻧﻔﺮﻳﺘﻴﺲ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﺮﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ Immuune Complex‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۵۲‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۲-۱‬ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮔﺮﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ‪ ۰/۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤـﻮﻟﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻫﻤـﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻟﻴﺰﻳﻦ ‪ O‬ﻭ ‪ S‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻴﮕـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺑﻴـﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﺘﺮﺍﺳـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﻗـﻮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘـﺎﻳﻮﮊﻧﺰ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖ ‪(L- PYR‬‬
‫)‪ Pyrrolidonyl-2-naphthylamide‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺳـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﭘﻠﻲﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ ‪ C‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﻛﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺗﺴـﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺐ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ‪ASO‬‬
‫)ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻟﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﺍُ( ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺳـﻨﺠﺶ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦﺟﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺩ ﮔﻠﻮﺩﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۵۳‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﺎ )ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺏ(‬

‫)‪Streptococcus Agalactiae (Group B‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳـﺖ ﻧـﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ ‪ Neonatal Meningitis‬ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ ‪Sepsis‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰﺑﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺒـﻞ ‪ Vagina‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﺯﺍﻳﻤـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺯﺍﺩ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰﺑﺘﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻴﭙـﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺴـﺖ ‪ CAMP‬ﺁﻥ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺿﺪ ﭘﻠﻲﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﭙﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺁﻣﭙـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺍﻳﻤـﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻓﻜﺎﻟﻴﺲ ) ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩ(‬

‫) ‪Streptococcus Faecalis( Enterococcus , Group D‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺑﺴﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﺪﻭﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ )ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ( ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺸـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻠـﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﻩ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻢﻫﺎ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ( ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻗﺴـﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ )ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺘﻴﺲ( ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۵۴‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ‪ %۶/۵‬ﻧﻤﻚ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳــــﻜﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀــــﻮﺭ ‪ %۴۰‬ﺻــــﻔﺮﺍ ﻫﻴــــﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﺰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳــــﺪ‪ . .‬ﺗﺴــــﺖ ‪(L-Pyrrolidonyl-2- PYR‬‬
‫)‪ naphthylamide‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻳـﻚ ﺁﻣﻴﻨـﻮﮔﻠﻲﻛﻮﺯﻳـﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺟﻨﺘﺎﻣﺎﻳﺴـﻴﻦ ‪ Gentamicin‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺟـﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﮔﻠﻲﻛﻮﺯﻳـﺪ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨــﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺼــﺮﻑ ﭘﻨــﻲﺳــﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﺳﺴــﺖ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺩﻳــﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺟــﺎﺯﻩ ﻣــﻲﺩﻫــﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﮔﻠﻲﻛﻮﺯﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺟﻨﺘﺎﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺴـﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻳﻨﺎ )ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ‪ -‬ﭘﻨﻮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻙ(‬

‫)‪Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳـﻪ ‪ Pneumonia‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺴـﺎﻻﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﮔـﻮﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ Otitis Media‬ﻭ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺯﻳﺖ ‪ Sinusitis‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻮﻛﻮﻙ )ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺗـﺎﻳﻲ( ﻳـﺎ ﺯﻧﺠﻴـﺮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺗـﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻧﻴﺸﺘﺮ )ﺷـﻌﻠﻪ ﺷـﻤﻊ( ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﻣﺘﺼـﻠﻨﺪ ‪ .Lancet - Shape‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﻤـﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺁﻟﻔـﺎ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗـﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ‪ ۵‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۴۰‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬـﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺴـﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻـﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﮋﻛﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳـﻪ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۵۵‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻛﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۳-۱‬ـ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﻮﻛﻮﻙ )ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴــﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻨــﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤــﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻭﭘﺘﻮﭼﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺮﺍ )ﻳـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ‪ (%۲‬ﺣﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﻲ ‪ Quellung‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﮊﻥ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﺨـﺎﻋﻲ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻜﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺼـﻞ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﻨـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻘـﺎﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﻠﻲﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﻲ ‪ ۲۳‬ﺳﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۵۶‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﻳﺮﻳﺪﺍﻧﺲ )ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺘﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺳﺎﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﺰ(‬
‫)‪Viridans Group Streptococci (eg, S.mitis, S. mutans, S. sanguis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ )ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺘﻴﺲ( ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍ‪.‬ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺣﻠﻖ ‪ Oropharynx‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻟﺜﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﭽـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻗﻠـﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻘـﺺ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ( ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐﺩﻳـﺪﮔﻲ ﻗﻠﺒـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﻫﺎ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫـﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺩﻛﺴـﺘﺮﺍﻥ ‪ Dextran‬ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺷﺪﻧﺶ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻛـﻮﻙ )ﭘﻨﻮﻣﻮﻛـﻮﻙ( ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫـﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻭﭘﺘﻮﭼﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻔﺮﺍ ﺣـﻞ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ )ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﻳﺮﻳﺪﺍﻧﺲ( ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦﺟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﮔﻠﻲﻛﻮﺯﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸـﻴﺪﻥ ﺩﻧـﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﭙﺰﺷـﻜﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۵۷‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬

‫‪Gram - Negative Cocci‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺴﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺘﻴﺪﻳﺲ )ﻣﻨﻨﮕﻮﻛﻮﻙ (‬

‫)‪Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳـﺖ ‪ Meningitis‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﻨﮕﻮﻛﻮﻛﻤﻴـﺎ‪Meningococcemia‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﻣﺘﺼـﻞﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫‪ .(Kidney - bean‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﭘﻠﻲﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳــﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴــﻪ ﻓﻮﻗــﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴــﻲ ﺩﻳــﺪﻩ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬــﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴــﻲ‬
‫‪ Respiratory droplets‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﻗـﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﺳـﺎﻛﻦ ﺷـﺪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ‪ Meninges‬ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ‪ Endotoxin‬ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺷﻮﻙ ‪ Septic Shock‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﻨﮕﻮﻛﻮﻛﻤﻴـﺎﻳﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ‪ Exotoxin‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌـﺎﺯ ﺁﻱ ﺟـﻲ ﺁ ‪Ig A Protease‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ‪ Ig A‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺑﺒـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳـﻴﺘﻮﺯ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻧﺶ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪) CSF‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻐـﺰﻱ ﻧﺨـﺎﻋﻲ – ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮ( ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﻛﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺷﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ )ﺟـﺎﺭ ﺷـﻤﻊ ﺩﺍﺭ( ﮔﺮﻣﺨﺎﻧـﻪ ﮔـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ‪ Chocolate Agar‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻣــﺎﻟﺘﻮﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺻــﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻮﻛــﻮﻙ ﻗــﺎﺩﺭ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻛــﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺴــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺴــﺖﻫــﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﺗﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۵۸‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺟﻲ )ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﭼﻨـﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﭘﻨـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ(‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺑﺨـﺎﻃﺮ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸـﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻨﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﻠـﻲﺳـﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ‪W - 135 ،Y ،C ،A‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺭﻳﻔﺎﻣﭙﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻠﻖﺷﺎﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻴﺴﺮﻳﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻮﺭﻳﺎ )ﮔﻮﻧﻮﻛﻮﻙ(‬

‫)‪Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻙ )ﮔﻮﻧﻮﺭﻱ( ‪Gonorrhea‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻮﻛـﻮﻙﻫـﺎ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻟﻮﺑﻴـﺎﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﻣﺘﺼـﻞﺍﻧـﺪ(‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻇﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺰﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻲ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳـﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌـﺎﺯ ﺁﻱ ﺟـﻲ ﺁ ‪ Ig A Protease‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ‪ Pili‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻭﻛﺸـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻓﻴـﻞﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺘﺮﻳﻜﺴﻮﻥ ‪ Ceftriaxone‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﭙﻜﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ‪ Spectinomycin‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻛﻼﻣﻴـﺪﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺨـﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ﭘﻨـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺷﺎﻳﻌﺘﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺨـﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۵۹‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۴-۱‬ـ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﻮﻛﻮﻙ )ﻧﻴﺴﺮﻳﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻮﺭﻩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻧـﺪﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻳـﺎ ﻗﻄـﻊ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺟﻨﺴـﻲ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺟﻠــﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠــﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻔــﻮﻧﻲ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﭼﺸــﻢ ﻧــﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ )ﺁﻣــﺎﺱ ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻤــﻪ‬
‫‪ ( Conjunctivitis‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤـﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴـﻴﻦ ﻳـﺎ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻘـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۶۰‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬

‫‪Gram Positive Rods‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Bacillus Anthracis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺯﺧﻢ )ﺁﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﺲ( ‪Anthrax‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ Bacilli‬ﻭ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﻮﺗﺎﻣﻴـﻚ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ‪ D - Glutamic acid‬ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺸﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺳـﻢ ﺁﻧﺘـﺮﺍﻛﺲ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻪ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﻣﻬـﺎﻱ‪(۱ :‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﺩﻡ ‪ Edema factor‬ﻛـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﺁﺩﻧـﻴﻼﺕ ﺳـﻴﻜﻼﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ (۲ .‬ﻓـﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺸـﻨﺪﻩ ‪ Lethal factor‬ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ (۳ .‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ﺣﻔـﺎﻇﺘﻲ‪ Protective Antigen‬ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﺠﻴﮕﺮ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۵-۱‬ـ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺩﺭﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۶۱‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮ ﺧـﻼﻑ ﺑﻘﻴـﻪ ﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻠﻮﺱﻫـﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﭘـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺩﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺑـﺘﻼء‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻓﻦ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻚ ﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﻻﺷﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻼﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪Clostridium tetani‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﺰﺍﺯ ‪Tetanus‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺯﺧـﻢﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۶-۱‬ـ ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۶۲‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﺧﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑـﻲﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺯﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳـﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻫـﺎ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ) ﮔﻠﻲﺳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻣﺎﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﺑﻮﺗﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ‪ GABA‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،(.‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪﻫـﺎ ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻘﺒـﺎﺽ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻨﺞ ﺑﺴﺮ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺿﺶ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﺸـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨـﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﺗﺴﺖ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﭙﺮﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﭘﻨـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪-‬ﺟـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﺳﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ )‪ (Toxoid‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺳـﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﻔﺘـﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﺛـﻼﺙ ‪) DPT‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﺩﻳﻔﺘـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺰﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ( ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﺠﺮﻭﺡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﻛـﺰﺍﺯ ﻧـﺰﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺰﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻴﭙﺮﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﺧﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Clostridium botulinum‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ‪) Botulism‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺳـﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺧـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﻴﻞ ﻛـﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﻋﺼـﺐ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺳﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ )ﻓﻠﺞ ﺷـﻞ ‪ ( Flaccid Paralysis‬ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻛﻨﺴﺮﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﺑﻤﺎﻧـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻗﻮﻃﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺳﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۶۳‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۷-۱‬ـ ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺳـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻏـﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺗﺴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺵ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻢ ﺗﻴﭗ ‪ B ،A‬ﻭ ‪ E‬ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﺐ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺯﺧﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﭼﻨـﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠـﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺴـﺮﻭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘـﻪ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﻃﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﺮﻓﺮﻧﮋﻧﺲ‬
‫‪Clostridium Perfringens‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬــﺎ‪ -۱ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻘﺎﺭﻳــﺎﻱ ﮔــﺎﺯﻱ ‪ Gas gangrene‬ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺁﻥ ‪ Myonecrosis‬ﻧﻴــﺰ ﻣــﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨــﺪ‪-۲ .‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻳﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ‪. Food Poisoning‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۶۴‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺯﺧـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﻠﻊ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۸-۱‬ـ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺯﺧـﻢ ﺭﺥ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ Cytotoxic Factors‬ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺁﻟﻔـﺎ ‪alfa -‬‬
‫‪ Toxin‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺯ‪ Lecithinase‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳـﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ‪ Enterotoxin‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔـﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﻲﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﭼـﺮﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻃﻮﻓـﺎﻧﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ Stormy Fermentaion‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﺷـﻴﺮ ‪ Milk Media‬ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﺭﺩﻩ ﺗﺨﻢﻣﺮﻍ ‪ Egg Yolk Agar‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠـﺎﻭﺭ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﺿـﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺿـﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۶۵‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭼﺮﻙ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺧﻢ ﻭ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﭘﻨﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﻳﻔﻴﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫‪Clostridium difficile‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻏﺸﺎء ﻛـﺎﺫﺏ ‪) Pseudomembranous colitis‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ(‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﻟـﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻪ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻫـﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺳﻢ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻣـﺮﮒ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻮء ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﻳـﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺁﺑﺴﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺟـﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ )ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ( ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﻳﻔﺘﺮﻱ‬

‫‪Corynebacterium diphtheriae‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺩﻳﻔﺘﺮﻱ ‪Diphtheria‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﭼﻤﺎﻕ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ‪ V‬ﻳﺎ ‪ L‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺁﺭﺍﻳـﺶ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴـﻚ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪﻩ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ )ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﮔﻠﻮ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۶۶‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ‪ ADP - Ribose‬ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ‪ EF - 2‬ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺟﺰء ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺟـﺰء ‪ A‬ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻳﻠـﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ‪ ADP‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ‪ B‬ﻛﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪﺍﺵ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘـﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﻠـﻮ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻨـﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮﺭﻳﺖ ‪ Tellurite‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ‬
‫)ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﻚ( ‪ Precipitin Test‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺷﻴﻚ ‪ Schick Test‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﺴﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻨـﺪﺭﺕ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻧﺸـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫‪ PCR‬ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۹-۱‬ـ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﻳﻔﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻟﻮﻓﻠﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺿﺪ ﺳﻢ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻨﺜﻲﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳـﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺠـﻮﻳﺰ‬
‫ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦﺟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﻲﺍﺛﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻛﺰﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻩﺳﺮﻓﻪ )‪ (DPT‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۶۷‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﮊﻧﺲ‬
‫‪Listeria monocytogenes‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺴﺎﻻﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺿـﻌﻴﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺯﺋﻮﻧﻮﺯ )ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﺳﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻤﻬـﺎ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﻼﺳﻨﺘﺎ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﻩ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﭘﻨﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﺑـﺎ ﻫﻤـﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﺘـﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪.(Tumbling Motility‬ﺗﺴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ‬

‫‪Gram Negative Rods Associated Primarily With The Enteric Tract‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺮﺷﻴﺎﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Escherichia coli‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ )‪ ، Urinary Tract Infection (UTI‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳـﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﻲ ‪. Traveler's diarrhea‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۶۸‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠـﻪﺍﻱ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺑـﻲﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯﺍﺳـﺖ )‪ ۵‬ﻧـﮋﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ EIEC, EHEC, ETEC, EPEC‬ﻭ ‪ EAEC‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺒﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺭﺍﻩ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﺰﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﻧـﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻣـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﻮﺩﻙ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺯﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ )ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ ‪ (LPS‬ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺷـﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ (۱ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺑـﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ‪Heat - labile‬‬
‫)‪ toxin (LT‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺁﺩﻧﻴﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻜﻼﺯ ‪ Adenylate Cyclase‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪ ADP‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ‪ cAMP‬ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ (۲ .‬ﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ Heat - stable toxin (ST‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺷـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﮔـﻮﺍﻧﻴﻼﺕ ﺳـﻴﻜﻼﺯ ‪ Guanylate Cyclase‬ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﻠـﻲ ‪ Pili‬ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖﻫـﺎ ﻣﺨـﺎﻃﻲ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺴـﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ ﺯﺩﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺳـﻮﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺭﮔـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺑـﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ ﻣﻬﺒـﻞ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﺷﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻻﻛﺘـﻮﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺋﻮﺯﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﻠﻮ )‪ (EMB‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻼﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻚﻛـﺎﻧﻜﻲﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ‪MacConkey's‬‬
‫‪ Agar‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ TSI Agar‬ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻓـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﮔﺎﺯ ) ‪ ( A/A-G‬ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺗﺴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۶۹‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻳﻤﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﮊﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ‪ O‬ﻭ ‪ H‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻲﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (Ampicillin‬ﻳــــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣــــــﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑــــــﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣــــــﺎﻥ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــــــﺖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﭙــــــﻲﺳــــــﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳـــﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ )‪ (Sulfonamides‬ﻭ ﺑـــﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣـــﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳـــﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـــﺖ ﺧـــﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻮﺳـــﭙﻮﺭﻳﻦﻫـــﺎ‬
‫‪ Cephalosporins‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺟﺒـﺮﺍﻥ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺗـﺮﻱﻣﺘــﻮﭘﺮﻳﻢ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻛﺴـﺎﺯﻭﻝ ‪ Trimethoprim - Sulfamthoxazole‬ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ‪.Aminoglycoside - Modifying :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺯﺩﻥ ﻣﺠـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﺁﻧﮋﻭﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﻬﺎﻝ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺮﺗﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﭘﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺩﻭﻛﺴـﻲ ﺳـﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻳـﺎ ﭘﭙﺘﻮﺑﻴﺴـﻤﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺗﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺗﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫‪Salmonella typhi‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺣﺼﺒﻪ )ﺗﺐ ﺗﻴﻔﻮﺋﻴﺪ‪-‬ﺗﺐ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ( ‪Typhoid Fever‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﻛﺘـﻮﺯ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ‪ H2S‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻫـﺎﻧﻲ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔـﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Reticuloendothelial‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑــﻪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬــﺎﻱ ﺳــﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ ﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺍﻧــﺪﻭﺗﻠﻴﺎﻝ ‪System‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ )ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ( ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺗـﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ‪ Vi‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨـﺪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺣـﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۷۰‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﺟﺰﺋـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼﺋﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧــﮓﺁﻣﻴــﺰﻱ ﮔــﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸــﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤــﻴﻂ ﺍﺋــﻮﺯﻳﻦ ﻣﺘــﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﻠــﻮ‪EMB‬‬
‫ﻣﻚﻛﺎﻧﻜﻲﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ TSI‬ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ‪/‬ﺁﻟﻜﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪-‬ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺑـﺎ ﻛﻤـﻲ ‪ (A/K-NG-H2S ) H2S‬ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺳﺮﻡ ‪ Antisera‬ﺿﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻥ ‪ O ،H‬ﻳﺎ ‪ Vi‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻭﻳﺪﺍﻝ ‪ Widal Test‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ‪ O‬ﻭ ‪ H‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣـﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻣﭙﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻱﻣﺘﻮﭘﺮﻳﻢ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻛﺴﺎﺯﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺁﻣﭙﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻓـﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﭘﺴـﺎﺏ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﺸـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺯﻧﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷـﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴـﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻭ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻏﺬﻳﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎً ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫‪Salmonella enteritidis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﻫـﺎ )‪ ، (Enterocolitis‬ﮔﺎﻫـﺎ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ )ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺑـﺎ ﺿـﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ( ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺑﺴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻻﻛﺘـﻮﺯ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ‪H2S‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻴﮕﻼ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۵۰۰‬ﺳﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۷۱‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﻍ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻫﻠـﻲ ﺯﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪ ۱۰۵‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻴﮕﻼ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲﺍﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺳـﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ Exotoxin‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺪﻩ ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺴـﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛـﻢﺧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺳـﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ Osteomyelitis‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻨـﻲﻫـﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ EMB‬ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﻚﻛـﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ )ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ( ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ TSI‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ‪/‬ﺁﻟﻜﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪-‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﺎﺯ‪-‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ) ‪ ( A/K-G-H2S‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﺭﻭﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺳﺮﻡ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧـﺪﺭﺗﺎً‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻭﻳﺪﺍﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ‪ O‬ﻭ ‪ H‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﭙـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜـﻞ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺗـﺮﻱﻣﺘـﻮﭘﺮﻳﻢ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻛﺴـﺎﺯﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬـﺎ ﺑﺴـﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺑﻴـﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺪﺍﻡ ﻳـﻚ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬــﺎﻱ ﻓــﻮﻕ ﺟــﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﻫــﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑــﺮ ﺁﻣﭙــﻲﺳــﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜــﻞ ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻠــﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﺁﻧــﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺗﺼـﻔﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﺿـﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺯﻧـﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷـﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۷۲‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﮕﻼ )ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﮕﻼ ﺩﻳﺴﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﮕﻼ ﺳﻮﻧﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺵ‪.‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻨﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺵ‪.‬ﺑﻮﻳﺪﻱ (‬

‫) ‪Shigella species (S.dysenteriae , S.sonnei, S.boydii & S.flexneri‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬـــﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـــﺖ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﻫـــﺎ ‪ ، Enterocolitis‬ﺍﻳـــﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼـــﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳـــﻬﺎﻝ ﺧـــﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫)‪ (Dysentery‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﮕﻼﻫﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺷـﻴﮕﻼ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻧﺌﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ )ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻻﻛﺘـﻮﺯ( ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺗﺤـﺮﻙ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ )ﺑـﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺳـﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻴﮕﻼ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﻣﺨـﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻮﻟـﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ)‪ (Ileum‬ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺳـﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱۰‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻛـﻢ ﺍﺳـﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻬـﺪﻛﻮﺩﻙﻫـﺎ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﭼـﺮﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫‪ EMB‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻚﻛﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ TSI‬ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ‪/‬ﺁﻟﻜﺎﻟﻴﻦ ‪(A/K-‬‬
‫)‪ NG-H2S‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ‪ H2S‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﺴـﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ )ﺁﻧﺘــﻲﺑــﺎﺩﻱ ﺿــﺪ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﮊﻥ ‪ ( O‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﻛــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴــﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳــﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺒـﻮﺩ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌـﺪﻧﻲ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻣﭙﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻱﻣﺘﻮﭘﺮﻳﻢ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻛﺴﺎﺯﻭﻝ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳـﻲ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑـﺮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﻣﭙـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻧـﺖ ﭘﺘـﺮﻭﺁﺕ ﺳـﻨﺘﺘﺎﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۷۳‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺼـﻔﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﺿـﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺯﻧـﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷـﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﺣﺸـﺮﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﻼﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺭﻋﺎﻳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮﻱ ﺩﺳﺖﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻓـﺮﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﭘﻴـﺎﺩﻩ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﭘﺮ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺩﮔﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻨﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻛﻠﺮﺍ‬
‫‪Vibrio cholerae‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺑﺎ ‪Cholera‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ‪ ، Comma - Shaped Rod‬ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻪ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻫـﺎﻧﻲ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﻬﺎﻝ ﺁﺑﻜـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺳـﻢ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪ ADP - Ribose‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ )ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻭﻝ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ( ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺩﻧﻴﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻜﻼﺯ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ‪ cAMP‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ cAMP‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﮔﺸـﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻳـﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﺮﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪B‬‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ‪ A‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺻـﻴﺖ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻳﻼﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ‪ ADP‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ‪ B‬ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺳـﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻨﺎﺯ ‪ Mucinase‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺑﺨﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ )ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ( ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ‪ ۱۰۲‬ﺗـﺎ ‪۱۰۱۰‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻠﻌﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻗﻼﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﻙﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۷۴‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱۰-۱‬ـ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻛﻠﺮﺍ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻻﻡ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺳـﻬﺎﻝ ﺁﺑﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ )ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲﻫﺎ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ(‪ .‬ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺻﺤﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻼﺡ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳـﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﻧـﺎﻗﻼﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸـﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳــﺖ ﻧﻜـﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺗﺼــﻔﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﺿـﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺯﻧــﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷـﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸــﺖ ﻣــﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸـﻮﻱ ﺩﺳـﺖﻫـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻨﻲ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸـﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﭙﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻴﺠﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪Campylobacter jejuni‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎ )ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﺲ(‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﺎﻳـﺎ ‪ S‬ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺋﺮﻭﻓﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ‪ ۴۲‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۷۵‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻣﺨﺼـﻮﺹ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫‪ Skirrow's Agar‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۴۲‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴـﻔﺮ ﺑـﺎ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻻﻱ ‪ CO2‬ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﻛـﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺧﻴﻢ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺯﻧﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷـﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﻫﺎ ﻭ‪ ، ...‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻠﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﻠﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Helicobacter pylori‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻩ )ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺖ( ‪ Gastritis‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ )ﺯﺧﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻩ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻭﺭﻩﺁﺯ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﻙ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﻌﺪﻩ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ‪ ۳‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺪﺍﺯﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺴـﻤﻮﺕ ﺳـﺎﺏ ﺳﺎﻟﺴـﻴﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۷۶‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺒﺴﻴﻼ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪Klebsiella pneumoniae‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ ‪ ، Pneumonia‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ) ‪ ، ( UTI‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ‪.Sepsis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﭘﻠﻲﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺷﺶﻫﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗـﺐ ﻭ ﺷـﻮﻙ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺑﺰﺭﮔـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ )ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻲ( ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﻻﻛﺘـﻮﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ )ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ( ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻣـﻚﻛـﺎﻧﻜﻲﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺮﺍﺷﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻮﺳﭙﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪ ﻛـﺪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻛﺎﺗﺘﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﺭﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎً ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ ﻭﻟﮕﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺑﻴﻠﻴﺲ (‬

‫)‪Proteus species (eg, P.vulgaris, P.mirabilis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺭﻩﺁﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ‪ OX‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ ﻭﻟﮕـﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﮊﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻌﻲ ‪ Cross - react‬ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۷۷‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ )ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧـﺎﻙ( ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻫﺴـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﻢ )ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ( ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﺐ ﻭ ﺷﻮﻙ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺍﮔﺰﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ( ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺍﻭﺭﻩﺁﺯ ‪ Urease‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﻣـﻲﺁﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺍﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ pH‬ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺳـﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻓـﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲﺯﺍﻳـﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺒـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺗﻨﮕـﻲ ﻣﺠـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺯﻭﺍﺋـﺪ ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧــﮓﺁﻣﻴــﺰﻱ ﮔــﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸــﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻨــﻲ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺣﺎﻟــﺖ ﺳــﻮﺍﺭﻣﻴﻨﮓ )ﻣــﻮﺍﺝ(‬
‫‪ Swarming‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎً ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﻳـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻧﻤـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ EMB‬ﻭ ﻣـﻚﻛـﺎﻧﻜﻲﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﻻﻛﺘـﻮﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ TSI‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺁﻟﻜﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﺟـﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻭﺭﻩﺁﺯ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻭﺭﻩﺁﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌـﻮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ TSI‬ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ‪/‬ﺁﻟﻜﺎﻟﻴﻦ )‪ (A/K-H2S‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺍﻭﺭﻩﺁﺯ ﺳـﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺗﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺭﻩﺁﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﭙﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣﺎﺯ ﻛﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺘﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻫـﺮ ﭼـﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﺗـﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۷۸‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﮊﻳﻨﻮﺯﺍ‬
‫‪Pseudomonas aeruginosa‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺯﺧـﻢ ‪ ، Wound infection‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪Cystic‬‬
‫‪ fibrosis‬ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻧﻤـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧـﻪ ﺳـﺒﺰ ‪ -‬ﺁﺑـﻲ‬
‫)ﭘﻴﻮﺳﻴﺎﻧﻴﻦ( ‪ Pyocyanin‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ‪ %۱۰‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﺐ ﻭ ﺷـﻮﻙ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺍﮔﺰﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ‪ A‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﻢ ﺩﻳﻔﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺷـﺪﻥ ‪EF - 2‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺭﻭﺷـﻦ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﻠـﻲ ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ ﻛـﻪ ﭘﻴﻠـﻲ ) ‪ ( Pili‬ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﺷﺪﻧﺶ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻧﻤـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ EMB‬ﻭ ﻣﻚﻛﺎﻧﻜﻲﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ TSI‬ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﻟﻜـﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪/‬ﺁﻟﻜـﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫)‪ (K/K‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ ﭼـﺮﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﻗﻨـﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﭼـﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿـﺪ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻮﻳـﻪ ﻣﻄﺒـﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺧﻨـﻚ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﺏ ﻛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﺗﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺭﮔﻲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۷۹‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺱ ﻓﺮﺍﮊﻳﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Bacteroides fragilis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺻﻔﺎﻕ ‪ ، Peritonitis‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﺑﺴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺁﺩﻣﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﭙﻮﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐﻫـﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻲ ‪ Trauma‬ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑـﻲﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ .‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣـــﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺘـــﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬـــﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴـــﺪﺍﺯﻭﻝ ‪ ، Metronidazole‬ﻛﻠﻴﻨﺪﺍﻣﺎﻳﺴـــﻴﻦ‪Clindamycin‬‬
‫ﺳﻔﻮﻛﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ ‪ Cefoxitin‬ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﭘﻨـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻮﺳﭙﻮﺭﻳﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﮔﻠﻲﻛﻮﺯﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﭘﻨـﻲﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺑﺘﺎﻻﻛﺘﺎﻣﺎﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﺑﺴﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﺳﻔﻮﻛﺴـﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۸۰‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬

‫‪Gram Negative Rods Associated Primarily With The Respiratory Tract‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﻧﻔﻠﻮﺍﻧﺰﺍ‬
‫‪Haemophilus influenzae‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ Otitis Media‬ﻭ ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺎﻳﻌﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺯﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﺏ ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻤﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ‪ ، Coccobacillary‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺗﻴـﭗ‬
‫‪ B‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﭘﻠﻲﺭﻳﺒﻴﺘﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻴـﺎﺝ ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ‪ (Hemin) X‬ﻭ ﻓـﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ (NAD) V‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ‪ %۹۵‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺗﻴﭗ ‪ B‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌـﺎﺯ ﺁﻱﺟـﻲﺁ ‪ IgA Protease‬ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ IgA‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺩﻛـﺎﻥ ﺯﻳـﺮ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳـﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺷـﻮﻛﻮﻻﺗﻲ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ X‬ﻭ ‪ . V‬ﺳﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺳـﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼـﻮﺹ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺳﻴﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻻﺗﻜﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻡ ﻳـﺎ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻐـﺰﻱ ﻧﺨـﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺳﻔﺘﺮﻳﻜﺴﻮﻥ ‪ Ceftriaxone‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﻔـﺎﻣﭙﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴــﻨﻲ ﺣــﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﻠــﻲﺳــﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﻛﭙﺴــﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻴــﭗ ‪ B‬ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴــﻦ ﺑــﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴــﻦ ﺩﻳﻔﺘــﺮﻱ‬
‫)ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﻔﺘﺮﻱ( ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ‪ ۲‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱۸‬ﻣﺎﻫﮕﻲ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۸۱‬‬

‫ﻟﮋﻳﻮﻧﻼ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻓﻴﻼ‬
‫‪Legionella pneumophila‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﮋﻳﻮﻧﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ )ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ( ‪Legionnaires' disease‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺧـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺌﻴﻦ‪ Cysteine‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻮﻟﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺪ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ( ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ ۵۵‬ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﮕﺎﺭ ﻛﺸـﻴﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻛﺴـﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﻧـﺪ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺱﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﻧﻘـﺮﻩ ﻳـﺎ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ Charcoal yeast extract agar‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺁﻫـﻦ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺌﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺗﺴـﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩﺗﻼ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Bordetella pertussis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ )‪Whooping Cough (Pertussis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻮﺋﻴـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۸۲‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻢ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺳـﻴﺲ ‪ Pertussis Toxin‬ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺁﺩﻧﻴﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻜﻼﺯ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺿـﺎﻓﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ‪ ADP - Ribose‬ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺑﻨـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪Inhibitory Coupling Protein‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺳﻢ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺟـﺰء ‪ A‬ﻭ ‪ B‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺟـﺰء ‪A‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻳﻠﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ‪ ADP‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺟـﺰء ‪ B‬ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺳـﻢ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺁﺩﻧﻴﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﻜﻼﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻴﻤﺒﺮﻳـﻪ ‪Fimbria‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﮋﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ )ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﭘﻴﺘﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ( ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺑـﺮﺩﺕ ﺟﻨﮕﻮﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ‪Bordet -‬‬
‫‪ . gengou Agar‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺳﺮﻡ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺗﻜﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ PCR .‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻲ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻ ﺑـﻪ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﺛــﻼﺕ )ﺩﻳﻔﺘـﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛــﺰﺍﺯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩﺳﺮﻓﻪ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﺯﻭﻧﻮﺳﻴﺲ(‬

‫‪Gram Negative Rods Causing Zoonoses‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼ )ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼ ﺍﺑﻮﺭﺗﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪.‬ﺳﻮﺍﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪.‬ﻣﻠﻴﺘﻨﺴﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪.‬ﻛﺎﻧﻴﺲ(‬

‫)‪Brucella species (B. abortus, B.suis, B.melitensis, B.canis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﺳـﻠﻮﺯ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗـﺐ ﻣـﻮﺍﺝ ﻳـﺎ ﺗـﺐ ﻣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣـﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨـﺪ ‪Brucellosis‬‬
‫)‪ .(Undulant Fever‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺯﺋﻮﻧﻮﺯ )ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﮕـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۸۳‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﻨﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻠﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻓﺎﮊﻫـﺎ ﺟـﺎﻱ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﺎﻃﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧــﻞ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﺣﻴــﺎﺕ ﺧــﻮﺩﺵ ﺍﺩﺍﻣــﻪ ﻣــﻲﺩﻫــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺶ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻋـﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮﻭﺳـﻼ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺷـﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺳﺮﻡ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻣﭙﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﮕـﻞ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﺗﺠـﻮﻳﺰ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ‪ ۲‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۶‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﮔﺎﻭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻟﺒﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺴﻼ ﺗﻮﻻﺭﻧﺴﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Francisella tularensis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻻﺭﻣﻲ ‪Tularemia‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺸـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺧﺮﮔـﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﮔـﻮﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻮﻧـﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺶ ﻛﻨﻪﻫـﺎ )ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻛﻨـﻪ ‪ ، ( Dermacentor‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸـﺎﻕ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻠـﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺗﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻠﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻓﺎﮊﻫـﺎ ﺟـﺎﻱ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۸۴‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺣﺘﻴـﺎﺝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ‪ Streptomycin‬ﻳﺎ ﺟﻨﺘﺎﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﻤﺪﺕ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺭﻭﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻲ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺿـﻌﻴﻒ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻـﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌـﺮﺽ ﺍﺑـﺘﻼء ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﻪﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻫﻴـﺰ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺰﻳـﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫‪Pasteurella multocida‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺯﺧﻢ ‪ Wound infection‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﺲ )ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ( ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺯﺋﻮﻧﻮﺯ )ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ( ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺮﮔﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻙ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ )ﻛﻮﻛﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻬـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳـﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻜﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﮔـﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﻥ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﮔﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﺁﻣﭙـﻲ ﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۸۵‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﭘﺴﺘﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Yersinia pestis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ‪. Plague‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ )ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻨﺠﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﮔﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﺵ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﮕﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻟﮕﺮﺩ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺶ ﻛﻚ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ‪ V‬ﻭ ‪ ، W‬ﺁﻧﺘـﻲﮊﻥ ﭘﻮﺷﺸـﻲ ﺿـﺪ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳـﻴﺘﻮﺯ‬
‫)‪ (Envelope Antigen‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ‪ Wayson's‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺳـﻨﺠﺎﻕ ﻗﻔﻠـﻲ )ﺩﻭﻗﻄﺒـﻲ( ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺧﻄﺮﻧـﺎﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﺷـﻴﻮﻉ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱۱-۱‬ـ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻴﭙﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ )ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﭘﺴﺘﻴﺲ( ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺪﻩ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴـﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣـﺪﺕ‬
‫‪ ۷۲‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺎ ‪ %۵۰‬ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۸۶‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺣﺸـﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Mycobacteria & Actinomycetes‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Mycobacterium tuberculosis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﻞ ‪.Tuberculosis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻓﺴﺖ ‪ Acid Fast‬ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲﺍﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﭙﻴـﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴـﻚ ‪ ، Mycolic Acids‬ﻣـﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ Wax D‬ﻭ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﻴﺪﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺰﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳـﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑــﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻤﻨــﻲ ﺳــﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑــﺪﻥ ﺑــﺮ ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﺍﻳﺠــﺎﺩ ﺗــﻮﺩﻩﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻬــﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫)‪ Granuloma‬ﻭ ‪ (Caseation‬ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺖ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺭﻓـﺘﻦ ﺑﺨﺸـﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﺩ ﻓـﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ‪ Cord Factor‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜـﻮﻻﺕ ﺗـﺮﻱ ﻫـﺎﻟﻮﺯ‬
‫‪ Trehalose Mycolate‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳـﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﺪﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﻛﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻓﺴـﺖ )ﺑـﺮﻭﺵ ﺯﻳـﻞ ﻧﻠﺴـﻦ ‪ Ziehl – Neelsen‬ﻳـﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ (Kinyoun‬ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻠﻂ( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺩﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺪﻱ )‪ ۳‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۶‬ﻫﻔﺘـﻪ( ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻧﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻧﺴﻮﻥ ‪ Lwenstein - Jensen Medium‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻴﺪﻟﺒﺮﻭﻙ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻓـﻮﻕ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۸۷‬‬

‫ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ‪ PPD Skin Test‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛـﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺸـﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻼ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ ﺗﺰﺭﻳـﻖ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۴۸‬ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪۱۰‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺷﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺣﺘﻤﺎً ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻃـﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ )‪ ۶‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۹‬ﻣـﺎﻩ(‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﻣﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎﺯﻳـﺪ ‪ Isoniazid‬ﻭ ﺭﻳﻔـﺎﻣﭙﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ Rifampin‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﻔـﺎﻣﭙﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺎﻣﺒﻮﺗـﻞ ‪Ethambutol‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻭﺧـﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺧﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎﺯﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎﺯﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ۱‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺏ ﺙ ﮊ ‪ BCG‬ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺍﺭﻭﭘـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﭙﺮﻩ‬
‫‪Mycobacterium leprae‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ‪.Leprosy‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺼـﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳۷‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺰﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻃـﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻋﺼـﺎﺑﺶ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۸۸‬‬

‫ﺣﺲ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﮔﺮﻣـﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﮕﺸـﺘﺎﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌـﺮﺽ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺩﻳـﺪﮔﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺟـﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻟﭙﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺱ ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ﻟﭙﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻓﺴـﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴـﺖ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ‪Lepromin‬‬
‫‪ Skin Test‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ﻟﭙﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﭘﺴﻮﻥ ‪ . Dapsone‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺍﭘﺴـﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﭘﺴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻳﻔـﺎﻣﭙﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﭘﺴـﻮﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﻳﻔـﺎﻣﭙﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻮﻓـﺎﺯﻳﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﭘﺴﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺗﺠـﻮﻳﺰ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺏ‪.‬ﺙ‪.‬ﮊ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﻴﻚ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺰ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Actinomyces israelii‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﻜﻮﺳﻴﺰ )ﺁﺑﺴﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﭼﺮﻛﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺍﻧﺪ( ‪Actinomycosis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۸۹‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱۲-۱‬ـ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (A‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﭼﺮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (B‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (C‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﺭﺩ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ‪ Sulfur granules‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺁﺑﺴـﻪﻫـﺎ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲﺟﻬﺖﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭼﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺴﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺯ‬
‫‪Nocardia asteroids‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺳﻴﺰ )ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﺑﺴﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻐﺰ( ‪.Nocardiosis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪﻱ ﺧﺎﺻـﻴﺖ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺳـﺮﻛﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭﻛﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺯﻳـﻞ ﻧﻠﺴـﻦ ‪Modified‬‬
‫‪ Ziehl - Neelsen Stain‬ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺸـﻜﻮﻙ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧـﺪﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۹۰‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻳﻤﺘﻮﭘﺮﻳﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻛﺴﺎﺯﻭﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻣﻴﻜﺎﺳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Mycoplasmas‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪Mycoplasma pneumonia‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪Atypical Pneumonia‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲﺍﺵ ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻤﻲ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ‪ H2O2‬ﻭ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺿﺪﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ‪ Cytolytic Enzymes‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱۳-۱‬ـ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ )ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ( ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻍ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ; ﻭ ﻇﺮﻑ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۴‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ "ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ" ﺑﺸﺪﺕ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۹۱‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻲﺑـﺮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻛﻨـﺪ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜـﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﻓﻴﻜﺴـﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﺩﻗﻴـﻖﺗـﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Spirochetes‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻳﭙﻮﻧﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻭﻡ‬
‫‪Treponema pallidum‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﻔﻠﻴﺲ )ﻛﻮﻓﺖ( ‪.Syphilis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺖ( ﻭ ﻇﺮﻳـﻒ ﺑـﻪ ﻗﻄـﺮ ‪ ۰/۲‬ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ‪ ۵‬ﺗـﺎ ‪۱۵‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺟﻨﺴـﻲ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻙ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱۴-۱‬ـ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﻮﻧﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۹۲‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺳــﻴﻔﻠﻴﺲ ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋــﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻭﻟﻴــﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳــﻪ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻲ ‪(Primary and‬‬
‫)‪ Secondary lesions‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺛﺎﻟﺜـﻪ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ‪Tertiary lesions‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺁﺋﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳـﻚ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭖ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺖ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻـﻲ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ‪ VDRL‬ﻳـﺎ ‪ RPR‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ FTA - ABS‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎً ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﻨﺰﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ‪ Benzathine Penicillin‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻔﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻨﺰﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﺮﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺭﮔﺪﻭﺭﻓﺮﻱ‬
‫‪Borrelia burgdorferi‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻻﻳﻢ )ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﺐ ﺭﺍﺟﻌﻪ( ‪Lyme disease‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺖ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﺵ ﻭ ﮔـﻮﺯﻥ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍء ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻨـﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻨـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻳﮕﺰﻭﺩﻳﺪ ‪ Ixodid‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺶ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛﻨـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺳﻴﻜﺎﻧﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﺮﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۹۳‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱۵-۱‬ـ ﺑﻮﺭﻟﻴﺎ‪) ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ :‬ﻻﻡ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍء ﺑـﻪ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﻫﺠـﻮﻡ ﻣـﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﭘﺨـﺶ‬
‫ﻣــﻲﮔــﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻀــﺎﻳﻲ ﭼــﻮﻥ ﻗﻠــﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﺻــﻞ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﺼــﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﻛــﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮔﻴــﺮ ﻣــﻲﻛﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻡ ﻣﻔﺎﺻــﻞ‬
‫‪ Arthritis‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻ ﺑـﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﻪ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ )ﻣﺜـﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻴـﺰﺍ‪ IFA ،‬ﻭ ‪ (EIA‬ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑـﺎﺩﻱ ‪ IgM‬ﺭﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺿـﺪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﺮﺷـﺢ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ BSKII‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪ PCR‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻣﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﭙﺘﻮﺳﭙﻴﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﺭﻭﮔﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫‪Leptospira interrogans‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻟﭙﺘﻮﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﺰ ‪Leptospirosis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺖ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻣﺼـﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺰء ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﺋﻮﻧﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۹۴‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻠـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺳـﮓ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭘﺎﻳـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺮﮔـﻮﺵ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺁﺏ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﻳـﺎ ﻏـﺬﺍﻱ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺏﻳﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ )ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﻠﭽﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﺍﺭﺕ( ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦﺟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ‪ Doxycycline‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﻛﻤـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌـﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭘﺎﻳـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺩﺳـﺖﺁﻣـﻮﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﺮﮔﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Chlamydiae‬‬

‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Chlamydia trachomatis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﺖ ﻏﻴــﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻮﻛــﻮﻛﻲ ﻣﻴــﺰﺭﺍﻩ ‪ ، Nongonococcal Urethritis‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﺖ ﺩﻫﺎﻧــﻪ ﺭﺣــﻢ‬
‫‪ ، Cervicitis‬ﺁﻣﺎﺱ ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻤﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ‪ ، Inclusion Conjuctivitis‬ﺗـﺮﺍﺧﻢ ‪ ، Trachoma‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﻏـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔــﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴــﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳــﻠﻲ ‪ Lymphogranuloma Venereum‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻧــﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺠــﺎﺩ ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻟﺮﻳــﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۹۵‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺰﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻨﺴـﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﺯﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱۶-۱‬ـ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ‪.‬‬

‫) ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ ، A: Reticulated body‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪: B: Condensing form of‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ B‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ Elementary body‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪ ، C: Outer membrane :‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪D: Inner-‬‬
‫‪ ،membrane‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪.( E: Membrane Blebs‬‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ‪ Elementary body‬ﻳﻚ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﺰﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ‪ ۳۰۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪۴۰۰‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ‪ Reticulated body‬ﻳﻚ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۸۰۰‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ( ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻲ ‪ Cytoplasmic inclusions‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻧﮓ ﮔﻴﻤﺴﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺖ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﭘـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻲﻛﻮﮊﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨـﻢﻣـﺮﻍ ﺟﻨـﻴﻦﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻓﻴﻜﺴـﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻠﻤـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺲ‪ Microimmuno fluorescence test‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺯﻣـﻮﻥ ‪ PCR‬ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۹۶‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﺣﺸـﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﮔـﺰﻭﺩﺍﻱ ﭼﺸـﻢ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﭘﺴﻴﺘﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Chlamydia psittaci‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﭘﺴﻴﺘﺎﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ‪Psittacosis‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀـﻠﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﮔﻴﻤﺴـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻠـﻂ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﺎﺭ ﺑﻨـﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻓﻴﻜﺴـﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻠﻤـﺎﻥ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ PCR‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺧـﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۹۷‬‬

‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Rickettsiae‬‬

‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﻭﺍﺯﻛﻲ‬
‫‪Rickettsia prowazekii‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺗﻴﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪-‬ﺯﻳﻨﺴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﺭﻧـﮓﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺑﺨـﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺷﭙﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﻳﺮﮔﻬﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﻋـﺮﻭﻕ ﺧـﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻴﻼ ﺑﻮﺭﻧﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Coxiella burnetii‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺗﺐ ﻛﻴﻮ ‪Q Fever‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻫﻠﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺗـﻨﻔﺲ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻠـﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺁﻣﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻼﺳﻨﺘﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺷـﻴﺮ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۹۸‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﺴـﺖﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴـﺖ ﻭﻳـﻞﻓﻠـﻴﻜﺲ ‪ Weil - Felix Test‬ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ PCR‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﺸـﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪Brooks, G., K.C. Carroll, J. Butel, and S. Morse. 2007. Medical‬‬

‫‪Microbiology, 24th edition (Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical‬‬
‫‪Microbiology), 24th ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. 832 pages.‬‬

‫‪Murray, P.R., K.S. Rosenthal, and A. Pfaller, 2008. Medical Microbiology.‬‬

‫‪6th ed. Mosby.‬‬

‫‪Willey, J., L. Sherwood, C. Woolverton., 2010. Prescott's Microbiology.‬‬

 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۹۹‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻡ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﭼﻨـﺎﻥ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷـﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﺍﻫـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻫﻠﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﻳـﺎ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﭘﻴـﺪﻣﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺠﻬﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛـﺎﻣﻠﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ )ﺍﻫﻠـﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺸﻲ( ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠـﻮﻳﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﭘﺰﺷـﻚ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻚ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﻭﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﻩ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻃـﻼﻉ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ )ﻓﺎﺭﻣﺎﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ( ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Bacillus anthracis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺯﺧﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺎﺭﺑﻦ )‪(Anthrax‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﺳﮓ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺮﻣﺮﻍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﻲ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺷـﻴﺮ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺩﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺳـﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺑﻘـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﮓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺑﺎﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘـﻲ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۰۰‬‬

‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺍﮔﺰﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ( ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪-۱‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪Protective Factor‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺸﻨﺪﻩ ‪Lethal Factor‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ)ﺍﺩﻡ( ‪Edema Factor‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺸﻨﺪﻩ )‪ (Lethal Factor‬ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺭﻳﻮﻱ‪،‬ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺗـﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲ ﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄـﻊ ﻧﺸـﺨﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﻬﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‪ Ascoil‬ﻣﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﭘـﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﻻﺷﻪ )ﭘﺸﻢ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ( ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺧﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻠـﻒ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ‪۹۰‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﭘﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻻﺷﻪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﺷـﻪ ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺪﺕ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ )ﻋﻤﻖ‪ ۲‬ﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻫـﻚ( ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﺧـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺩﻓﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺒـﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﻣـﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪Clostridium tetani‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﺰﺍﺯ )‪(Tetanus‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۰۱‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺩ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎً ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺍﺳـﺒﻲ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺳﻢ ﻋﺼـﺒﻲ )ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ( ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﭘـﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺳـﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺎﻧﻮﺍﺳﭙﺎﺳـﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺷـﺢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻓـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﺎﭘﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ‪ GABA‬ﻭ ﮔﻠﻴﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻗﻠﺒـﻲ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻣـﺮﮒ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﻓﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳـﻚ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺗﺸﻨﺞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺴـﺎﻉ ﻣﺮﺩﻣـﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺴـﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﺨـﺮﺟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﮔـﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺩﻡ ﺑـﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﺒـﺎﺽ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺒﺲ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺒﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺗـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Clostridium botolinum‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ )‪(Botulism‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ )ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﻃﻴﻮﺭ(‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺯﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺗـﻊ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﺳﻢ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺍﮔﺰﻭﺗﻮﺳـﻴﻦ(‪ ،‬ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻢ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻴﭗ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ‪ G ، F، E ، D ، C2 ، C۱ ، B ، A :‬ﻭ ‪ .H‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻤـﺪﺗﺎًٌ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺗﻴـﭗ ‪ D‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۰۲‬‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻨﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣـﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻀـﻼﺕ ﺷـﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻠـﺞ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣـﺮﮒ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺩﺭﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻤـﻲ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺰﻳﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻮ ﺗﻠﻮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﺑـﺰﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﻨﺎﻍ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﺑﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳـﻤﺖ ﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻳﺴﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﻴﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ‪ Limberneck‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺳـﺮ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻠﺠﻲ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺳﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺿـﺪ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺤـﺮﻙ ﻋﺼـﺒﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻼً ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻻﺷﻪ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻨﺪﺧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ )ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺟﻴﺮﻩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗـﻮﺭﻡ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﺮﻓﺮﻧﮋﻧﺲ‬
‫)‪Clostridium perfringens (Cl. Welchii‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻲ )‪(Enterotoxaemia‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺯﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۰۳‬‬

‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨـﺪﮔﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻊ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻗﺮﻳـﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺨﻮﺍﺭﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺧـﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺧﻮﺭﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ‪ pH‬ﻣﻌﺪﻩ ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪:‬ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ ﺑﺘـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺳـﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺴـﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﺮﻓﺮﻧـﮋﻧﺲ ﺑـﻪ ﭘـﻨﺞ ﺗﻴـﭗ )‪ (A,B,C,D,E‬ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺸﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪:A‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﭗ ﺍﺯ ﻙ‪.‬ﭘﺮﻓﺮﻧﮋﻧﺲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺗﻮﻛﺴﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ Yellow lamb disease‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪ :B‬ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ )‪ ،(Lamb dysentery‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺰ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪ :C‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻍ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳـﻔﻨﺪ )‪(Struck‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪ :D‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻤﻲ‪ -‬ﻗﻠﻮﻩ ﻧﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪ :E‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻩ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻮﺗﻠﻮ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﻫـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﻬﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺰ ﺧﻤﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔـﺦ ﺷـﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣـﻴﻦ ﮔﻴـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻤـﺎ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒـﺪ ﮔﺸـﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺭﻳـﺰﻱ ﺩﺭﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﻫـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺭﻡ ﻏـﺪﺩ ﻟﻨﻔـﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﭘﺮﻳﻜـﺎﺭﺩ ﻗﻠـﺐ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧـﺪﻭﻛﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﻡ ﺭﻳـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﻜﻤﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۰۴‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯﻣﺴﻬﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺠـﻮﻳﺰ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺧﻮﺭﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﭼﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻤﻲ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﺍﻱ‬
‫)‪Clostridium chauoei (Cl. feseri‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺷﺎﺭﺑﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ )‪.(Sympthomatic anthrax or Black leg disease‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻭ ﻣﻴﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎً ﺧﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺰﺩﻳـﻚ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻠـﻒ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺸـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺷﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻊ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻨﮕﻴﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲ ﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺐ‪ ،‬ﻋـﺪﻡ ﻧﺸـﺨﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧـﺒﺾ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻙ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺁﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋـﺮﺽ ‪۴۸ -۳۶‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻬﻠﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻔﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺧﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ )ﻣﻨﺨـﺮﺟﻴﻦ( ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺁﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﻱ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻻﺷﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻼﻱ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺁﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۰۵‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻛﭽﻪ ﻫﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﭘﻨـﻲ ﺳـﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻻﺷﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﺠـﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨـﻪ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﻧﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪Clostridium novyi‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳــﻴﺎﻩ ﻣــﺮﺽ ‪ Black diseas‬ﻳــﺎ ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻴــﺖ ﻋﻔــﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﻜــﺮﻭﺯﺍﻥ ) ‪Infectious Necrotic‬‬
‫‪.(Hepatitis‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺧﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻄـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻠﻮﻓـﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺒﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﻓﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻻﻫﭙﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۴‬ﺳـﺮﻭ ﺗﺎﻳـﭗ ‪ D, C, B, A‬ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪ :A‬ﺗﻴﭗ ‪ A‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﻧﻮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ‪،‬ﮔﺎﻣـﺎ ﻭ ﺍﭘﺴـﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪ :B‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺘﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻴﺖ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﻴﺎﻩ ﻣـﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۰۶‬‬

‫ﺗﻴﭗ‪ :C‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﭗ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻮﻣﻴﻠﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻭﻣﻴﺶ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺷﻮﻙ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺎﻭ ﺳـﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋـﺪﻡ ﻧﺸـﺨﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺷـﻜﻢ ﺩﺭﺩ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻛﻒ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺯﻣﻨﺨـﺮﺟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﻡ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺴـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻻﺷﻪﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺒﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺑـﺘﻼﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺮﻡ ﻛﭙﻠـﻚ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻠـﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻻﺷﻪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻻﺷﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺒﺪ ﻣﻘـﺪﻭﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺻﻔﺎﻕ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﺪﻱ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛـﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭﮔـﺎﻭ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﺠﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠـﻲ ﻛﭙﻠـﻚ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﺳﺎﺳـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑـﺘﻼء ﻭ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻟـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﻠـﺰﻭﻥ ﻛـﺶ ﺑﻤﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻛﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ )ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻥ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻲ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ‬

‫)‪Corynebacterium pseudotuberclosis (C. ovis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻟﻨﻔﺎﺩﻧﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺯﺋﻮﺯ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﭘﻨﻴﺮﻱ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ )‪.(Caseous Lymphadenitis‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﻘـﺪﻩ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔـﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺴـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻼﻭﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۰۷‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻋﻘﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧـﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺎﻉ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﺧﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻳـﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﺑﺴﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﻮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻋﻘﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﭼﺮﻙ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺸﻢ ﭼﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻥ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﻑ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻮﮊﻧﺰ‬
‫‪Actinomyces pyogenes‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺯ )‪(Actinomycosis‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻑ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔـﺎﻭ ﻭﮔﻮﺳـﻔﻨﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺵ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻛﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﻓﺮﺻـﺖ‬
‫ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۰۸‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻭ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻧـﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﭼﺮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﭼﺮﻛﻲ ﺭﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﻴﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻭ ﺁﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﻙ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﻼﺩﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﺩﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﻛﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺷـﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﮊﻥ‬
‫‪Listeria monocyogenes‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯ )‪(Listeriosis‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺳﮓ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺭﻭﺑﺎﻩ( ﻭ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣـﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻏـﺬﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۰۹‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ‪،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺸـﺎء ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮔﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺳـﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺮﺍﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨـﺎﻃﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﻋﺼـﺒﻲ ﺑـﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺳـﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻘﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻨﮕﻮﺁﻧﺴـﻔﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﺣﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺒﺪ ﻭ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻐـﺰ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﺟﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺮﺳـﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳـﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻـﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻘـﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣـﺪﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﻠﻮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﻴﺮﻩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﺎً ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻭﺭﺋﻮﺱ‬
‫‪Staphylococcus aureus‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻙ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۱۰‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴـﻲ ﺧﻮﺷـﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺗﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺵ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﻛـﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﮔـﺎﻭ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻣﺎﺷـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻢ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻢ ﺑﺘـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻢ ﮔﺎﻣـﺎ ﻭ ﺳـﻢ ﺩﻟﺘـﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻮﻛﻮﺳﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳـﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﺷـﻮﻙ ﺳـﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﻢ ﺍﻛﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ )‪ .(Exfoliative Toxin‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬـﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴـﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺁﮔﻮﻻﺯ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺎﻟﻮﺭﻭﻧﻴﺪﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨﻮﻟﻴﺰﻳﻦ )ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﺎﺯ ﻭ ﭘﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻨﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﺧﻢ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﻳـﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭼﺮﻛﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛـﻨﺶ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺩﻧـﺎﻙ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻟﺨﺘـﻪ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺴـﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺿـﻌﻒ ﻭ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻘﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑـﺮ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﻴﺮﮔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﻛـﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻟﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺖ‪ CMT‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺷـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣـﺪﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺷـﻲ ﻫـﺎ ﻛﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۱۱‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﻪ‬
‫‪Streptococcus agalactiae‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ )ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ( ﻭ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺮ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺎﻭﻫـﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺷـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﮔـﺎﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺣﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺮﻡ ﺣـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﻭ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍً ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺩﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﭼﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻟﺨﺘـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﺨﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺐ ﻭ ﺳﻔﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﺴـﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﺷـﻴﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﻌﺎً ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺷـﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻤﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻮﻟـﻪ‪ .‬ﺿـﺪ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﮔـﺎﻭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷـﻴﻦ ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺷـﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ ﺍﺻـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۱۲‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼ‬

‫‪Brucella spp.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻠﻮﺯ )ﺗﺐ ﻣﺎﻟﺖ(‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﭺ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻳﻚ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗـﺎﻩ )ﻛﻮﻛﻮﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻞ(‪ ،‬ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼ ﺍﺑﻮﺭﺗﻮﺱ )‪ (Brucella abortus‬ﻋﻤـﺪﺗﺎً ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺎﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺰ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺳـﻔﻨﺪ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺳـﻼ ﻣﻠـﻲ ﺗﻨﺴـﻴﺲ ‪Brucella‬‬
‫)‪ (melitensis‬ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺑﺰ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺳـﻔﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺑـﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﻙ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼﺍﻭﻭﻳﺲ )‪ (Brucella ovis‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻣﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻭﺳـﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﺩﻭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺣﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳـﻘﻂ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺷـﻴﺮ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻔﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺫﻱ )ﻣﻮﺵ( ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻼ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ )ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺍﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺨـﺎﻁ( ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻨﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﺍﻧﮕـﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳـﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻳﺘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﮔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﺑﺰ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺳﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻭ ﺁﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﺮﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗـﻮﺭﻡ ﺑﻴﻀـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﻪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۱۳‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻳﻪ ﺟﻨـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺟﻔـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺣﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺋﺮﻭﻓﻴـﻞ )‪%۱۰‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻴﻚ( ﺍﻧﻜﻮﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺍﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﻬـﺰ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻄﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻢ ﺧﻄﺮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ )‪ ،(Wrigh test‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﺑﻨﮕﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺭﻭﻧـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺣﻠﻘـﻮﻱ ﺷـﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺛﺒـﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﻼﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺰﺭﻳـﻖ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﺳﻠﻴﻦ )‪ (Brucellin‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻛﺸـﺘﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﻔﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺣﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ‬

‫‪Pasteurella sp.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪:‬ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ )‪(Pasteurellosis‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪( P.haemolytica & P.multocida) :‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ )ﻣﺎﻛﻴﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺩﻙ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻗﻠﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳـﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺐ ﺣﻤـﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﻞ )‪ (Shipping fever‬ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ )ﻭﺑﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻏﺎﻥ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۱۴‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﻮﻣـﻮﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﺰﻭﺋﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳـﻔﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﻓﻌـﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻂ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪:‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳـﻚ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺐ ﺣﻤـﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﻞ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ ﭘﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎﻥ )ﻭﺑـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻏـﺎﻥ( ﭘﻨﻮﻣـﻮﻧﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﻮﻣـﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺰﻭﺋﻮﺗﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳـﻚ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺷـﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﺐ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮﺯﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ ﺭﻳﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﺎﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺐ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱۵‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﺋﻤـﻲ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﮕﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻍ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﮊﻭﻟﻴـﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻓﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻃـﻮﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﮕﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺩﻗﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺸـﻜﻮﻙ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺁﻣﭙﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜـﻞ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻬـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻧﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻛﻴﺪﺍً ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۱۵‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺭﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺭﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻏﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻮﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻏـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﺸـﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜـﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺮﺷﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Escherichia coli‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﮓ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻃﻴﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ‪،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀـﺎً‬
‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﺎً ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪ H ،K ،O‬ﻭ ‪ F‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺟﺰء ﻓﻠـﻮﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔـﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﻣﻬـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔـﻮﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨـﺪ ﻧـﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨـﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻨـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻴﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺧـﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺩﺭﮔﻮﺳـﺎﻟﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪ ﻓـﺮﻡ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺣـﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺎﺩ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻘـﺪﺍﻥ ﺻـﻔﺮﺍ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻢ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻭﺯ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻭﺭﻡ ﻣﻔﺎﺻـﻞ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳـﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻠـﻒ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﻡ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﭘﻴﺘﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۱۶‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣـﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺩ ﺧﻔﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻟﻤﺲ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ‪ vero‬ﺁﺯﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﻤﺎﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﺍﺳـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫‪ ELISA‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻨﺘﺎﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﻭﻓﻠﻮﻛﺴﺎﺳﻴﻦ ﻳـﺎ ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﮔﻮﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﻏﻮﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺎﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ‬

‫‪Salmonella sp.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻠﻮﺯ )ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺩﺍﺑﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺁﺑﻮﺭﺗﻮﺱ ﺍﻭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺁﺑﻮﺭﺗﻮﺱ ﺍﻛﻮﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻍ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﮊﻥ ﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ Vi(K), H‬ﻭ‪ O‬ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻻﺷﻪ ﻭ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺑﺢ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻍ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۱۷‬‬

‫ﭘﻮﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻮﻧـﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﭘﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ ﮔﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﻔﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺐ‪ ،‬ﺿـﻌﻒ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻼﺋﻤـﻲ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﺷﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺐ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ )ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ( ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ ELISA‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ :‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻴﺘﻮﻳﻜﻬـﺎﻱ ﻭﺳـﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴـﻒ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻛﻠـﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺘﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﻭﻓﻠﻮﻛﺴﺎﺳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤـﺎً ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺁﺯﻣـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﮔـﺎﻭﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳـﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﻮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﻭﺳـﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴـﻒ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﺑـﺘﻼء ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﺎﻟﺌﻲ‬
‫‪Pseudomonas mallei‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﻤﺸﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﻚ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻍ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻃﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺤﺴـﻮﺏ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺯﺧﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻣﻨﺘﺸـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۱۸‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪:‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳـﻪ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺭﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺧـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﻤﺸﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻓـﺮﻡ ﺣـﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺣـﺎﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﻤﺸﻤﻪ )‪ (Glanders‬ﻭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ ﺳـﺮﺍﺟﻪ )‪(Farcina‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﻤﺸﻤﻪ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ‪،‬ﭘﺮﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺑﻴﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﺯﻋﻔﺮﺍﻧـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺯﺧﻢ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺭﻳﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﮔﻠﻮ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓـﺮﻡ ﺣـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﻍ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻣﺸﻤﺸـﻤﻪ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺯﺧﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻡ ﻋﻘﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﻴـﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴـﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻲ )ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﺌﻴﻦ( ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺗﺎً ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﻤﺸــﻤﻪ ﺍﻗـﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺠــﺎﻡ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎً ﻓــﺮﻡ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣــﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘــﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﺎﻟﺌﻲ‬
‫‪Pseudomonas pseudomallei‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺸﻤﺸﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺟﻮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﮓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺯﺧﻢ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺶ ﺣﺸـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۱۹‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﻘﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺒـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻩ ﻳﺎ ﭼﺮﻙ ﭘﻨﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺐ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺟﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺖ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﻮﭘﺮﻳﻢ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﻣﺘﻮﻛﺴﺎﺯﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻭﺑﻴﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﻭﻳﺲ‬

‫‪Mycobacterium bovis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﻞ )ﺳﻞ ﮔﺎﻭﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎً ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎً ﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﮓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻓﺴﺖ )ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺯﻳﻞ ﻧﻠﺴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻞ ﮔﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻄﺒﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺧـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺳـﻴﺮ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﻏـﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻭ ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﺒﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻞ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎً ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺑﻴﻀﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺳـﻮﺩ ﺟﺴـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۲۰‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎﺯﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺍﻣﻴﻨﻮﺳﺎﻟﺴﻴﻠﺴـﻚ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﻔﺎﻣﭙﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻴﺎﺳﺘﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻭﻧـﻮﺯ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤـﺎً‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻋﺰﺍﻡ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ‪ BCG‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﺎء ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ‬

‫‪Mycobacterium paratuberculosis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻳﻮﻥ )ﺷﺒﻪ ﺳﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸـﺨﻮﺍﺭﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺸـﻲ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻓﺴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎً‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻓﺎﮊﻱ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻊ‪،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﮔﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳـﻬﺎﻝ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﻏﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻲ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻﻏـﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴـﻒ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺳـﻔﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺰ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﻏـﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﭘﺸﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜـﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﺒـﺪ ﮔﺸـﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺴـﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻤﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﺮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۲۱‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺍﺳﻬﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ،ELISA‬ﺛﺒـﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﭘﺮﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ‪،‬ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﺩﻳﻔﻴﻮﮊﻥ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻨﻲ ﺳﻞ ﮔﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﭼـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﻊ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺋﻴﺪﺱ‬
‫‪Mycoplasma mycoides‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﮔﻴﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺐ ﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻪ ﮔﺎﻭ )ﭘﻠﻮﺭﻭﭘﻨﻮﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﮔﻴﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﮔﺎﻭﺍﻥ(‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻭ ﻣﻴﺶ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ) ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺣـﺎﺩ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ ﭘـﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺐ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺣﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺮﺥ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۹۰‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﺎً ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ )ﭼﻨﺪ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻩ( ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍً ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻮﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻧـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻄــﻮﺭ ﻗﻄــﻊ ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣــﻲ ﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺷــﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻧــﮓ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑــﻪ ﻛﻤــﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻳـﺎ ﻓﺎﺯﻛﻨﺘﺮﺍﺳـﺖ ﻳـﺎ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺖ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻼً ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۲۲‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳـﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜـﻞ ﺗﺠـﻮﻳﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻧـﺎﻗﻼﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﺪﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﻪ‬
‫‪Mycoplasma agalactiae‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪:‬ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﮔﻮﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻑ )ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺷـﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪:‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻤﻲ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﭼـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﻟـﺰﺝ ﻭ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﭼﺸـﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻧـﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺩﻧﺎﻛﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻘـﺪﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻣﻔﻨﻴﻜـﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
۱۲۳

‫ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻬـﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﻭ‬،‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻠـﻪ‬:‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬.‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﺖ‬

:‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬

Carter, G.R., Darla, J.W., 2004. Essential of veterinary bacteriology and

mycology.

Hirsh, D. C., N. J. MacLachlan, and R. L. Walker., 2004. Veterinary

Microbiology. 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific publication.

Songer, J. G., K. W. Post., 2004. Veterinary Microbiology: Bacterial and

Fungal Agents of Animal Disease, 1st ed. Elsevier.
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۲۴‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻱ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻴﻮﻩ ﻧـﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺩﻫـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺍﺑﺪﺍء ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ )ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻲ( ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۲۰۰۱‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۳۷/۹‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ %۴۱‬ﺍﺯ ﻛـﻞ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۵‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۶‬ﻛﻴﻠـﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ‪ %۴۱‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﻔﻨﺞ ﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻻﻙ ﭘﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ ﺟﻬـﺎﻥ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛﺘـﺎﺏ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷــﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻃﻠـﺲ )ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺻــﻴﻞ(‬
‫)‪mykiss‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(Salmo salar‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ )‪ ، (Oncorhynchus spp.‬ﻗـﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕـﻴﻦ ﻛﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ ،(Oncorhynchus‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑــﻮﺕ )‪ ،(Scophthalmus maximus‬ﻣــﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﻏــﻦ )ﻛــﺎﺩ( ‪(Gadus‬‬
‫)‪ ،morhua‬ﻣــﺎﻫﻲ ﺳـﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﻳــﺎﻳﻲ )‪ ،(Dicentrarchus labrax‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺳــﻮﻑ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ‪(Sparus‬‬
‫)‪ ،aurata‬ﮔـﺮﮒ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍﻩ )‪ ،(Morone saxatilis‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﮊﺍﭘﻨـﻲ )‪،(Anguilla japonica‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ )‪ ،(Anguilla anguilla‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ )‪ ،(Seriola quinqueradiata‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﻳـﻮ‬
‫)‪ ،(Plecoglossus altivelis‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻼﻧﺪﺭ)‪.(Paralichthys olivaceus‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮﻱ ﺑﺒـﺮﻱ ﺳـﻴﺎﻩ )ﻣﻴﮕـﻮﻱ ﻏـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺒــﺮﻱ – ﻣﻴﮕــﻮﻱ ﺑﺒــﺮﻱ ﺳــﻴﺎﻩ ‪ ،(Penaeus monodon -‬ﻣﻴﮕــﻮﻱ ﺳــﻔﻴﺪ ﻏﺮﺑــﻲ ) ‪Litopenaeus‬‬
‫‪ ،(vannamei‬ﻣﻴﮕــﻮﻱ ﺁﺑــﻲ ﻏﺮﺑــﻲ – ﻣﻴﮕــﻮﻱ ﺁﺑــﻲ ﺍﻗﻴــﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ )‪،(Litopenaeus stylirostris‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﭼﻴﻨﻲ )‪ ،(Fenneropenaeus chinensis‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻨـﺪﻱ ) ‪Fenneropenaeus‬‬
‫‪ ،(indicus‬ﻣﻴﮕــﻮﻱ ﮊﺍﭘﻨــﻲ‪ -‬ﻣﻴﮕــﻮﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻭﻣــﺎ )‪ ،(Marsupenaeus japonicus‬ﻣﻴﮕــﻮﻱ ﻣــﻮﺯﻱ‬
‫)‪ ،(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﺑﺒـﺮﻱ ﻗﻬـﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ )‪ ،(Penaeus esculentus‬ﻣﻴﮕـﻮﻱ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۲۵‬‬

‫ﺑﺒﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ )‪ ،(Penaeus semisulcatus‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻃﻠـﺲ)‪ .(Litopenaeus setiferus‬ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ‬

‫ﺁﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺻﺪﻓﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ )ﻣـﺎﻛﺮﻭﺑﺮﺍﻛﻴﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺒﺮﮔـﻲ( ﻭ‬
‫ﻻﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺿـﻌﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺿـﺮﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻣﺴـﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯﻧﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺠﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺍﻃـﻼﻉ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ )ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ( ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ )ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ )‪ (BKD‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬـﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜـﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﭙﺮﻱ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ )ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻦ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺎﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ )ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒـﺎﻃﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ )ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ( ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ )ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒـﺪ ﺷـﻜﺎﻓﻲ( ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ .‬ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺴـﻲ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳـﻮﺯ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺖ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺳـﺎﻟﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬــﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﻛــﻪ ﺗﻠﻔــﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻛﻤﺘــﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻣﺜــﻞ ﻓﻠﻜﺴــﻲ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻨﺪﺭﻡ ﻗﺮﺣــﻪ ﺯﻣﺴــﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺯﺧـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ )ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺰﻭﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿـﻪ ﺁﻧـﺮﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ )ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﻳﻲ( ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧـﺪﺭﺗﺎً ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﭼﺮﺍﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺯﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ )ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺳـﻴﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻠﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺑـﺮ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺧﺎﻣـﺖ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﻛـﻼً ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۲۶‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺳـﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﻭ ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﭘﺴﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ )ﺍﻫﻠﻲ( ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺜﻼً ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺖ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺪﻧﺶ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻓﺴـﺎﺩ ﻻﺷـﻪ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ ﺣﻀـﻮﺭ ﻻﺷـﺔ ﻓﺎﺳـﺪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻬﻴﺎﺗﺮ ﻣـﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻓﺎﺿـﻼﺏ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺐﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻓـﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻓﻠـﻮﺭﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﺔ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻓﻠـﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑـﻲ ﺁﺑـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﻔـﺎ ﻧﻨﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺻـﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤـﻪ ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸـﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻳﻤﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑـﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﺟـﺰء‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎﻱ ﮔــﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒــﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔــﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔــﻲ ﻭ ﻳــﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬــﺎ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴــﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫــﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺖ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺟﻬـﺖ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﻤﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺘﻲ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧـﺔ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺭﺳـﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲﺗﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺷــﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺎﻟﺒــﺪ ﺷــﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺳــﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤــﻚ ﻣــﻲﻛﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺑــﺎ ﻛﻤــﻚ ﺭﻭﺷــﻬﺎﻱ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۲۷‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺷـﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﺴـﺖ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺨﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻋـﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﺰء ﻓﻠـﻮﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺫﻋﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻋـﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻣـﺜﻼً ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍء ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺳـﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺟﻠـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻛﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳـﺐ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺯﺧـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻴﺘﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻭﺍﻛـﻨﺶﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺗـﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻧﺸـﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿـﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﺑﺴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻀـﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻬﺎ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤـﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮء ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ‪ ،C‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻲ ﻭ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ )ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ( ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨﻒ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﺗﺨـﻢﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﮊﻧﻴﺰﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺸﺖ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮ ﻳـﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺭﻫﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑ ﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺼـﻮﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﻭ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺍﻳﻨﻄـﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻃﻴـﻒ ﻭﺳـﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﺳـﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۲۸‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ )ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ( ﻭ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ )ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ( ﻣﺴـﻠﻤﺎً‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺟﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬــﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣــﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻴــﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺷــﻮﺍﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧــﺎﺹ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘــﻪ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﺁﻧﻜــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼــﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣـﺜﻼً ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻢ ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﭘﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ "ﻭﺭﺷﻜﺴـﺘﮕﻲ"‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻛﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺷﻬﺮﺕ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺷﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗـﻼﺵ ﺑـﻲﺷـﺎﺋﺒﻪﺗـﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺘــﻲ ﺳــﺨﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺑﻌﻤــﻞ ﻣــﻲﺁﻳــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻧﻲ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳــﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻋـﻢ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺟـﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎ ﺳـﻠﻴﺲ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﻫﻮﺷـﻤﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧـﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻤﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺩﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﻭ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﭘـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑـﺮﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺸــﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﺎﺭﺿــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﺣــﺎﺩ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣــﺎ ﻭﻗﺘــﻲ ﺳــﺨﻦ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻭﻻ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﺪﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎﺯﮔﻮ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺻﺪﺍ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺑﺸـﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮ ﺯﻳﺴـﺖ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻭ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻛـﺪﻭﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮔﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛـﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﻠـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻲ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻴﻨﻲ ﻏـﺬﺍﺩﻫﻲ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺷـﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۲۹‬‬

‫ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻬﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺳﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺮﻩ ﺯﻣـﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫـﺎ ﻓـﺮﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻨـﻮﻉ ﻭ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺍﻓـﺰﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﻮﺭ ﺯﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺋﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻮﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺷﻮﺭ )ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺼﺒﻲ( ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨـﻮﻉ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺮﺍﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺟـﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘـﺎً ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫـﺎ ﺳـﺮﺍﺯﻳﺮ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻳـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘـﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔـﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎً ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻻﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑـﻲ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ )ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺳـﻬﺎ(‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۳۵‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ )‪ (PPT‬ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺷـﻮﺭﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼـﺮﺍ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻚ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷـﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﺳـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎ ﻫـﺎ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺬﺭ ﻭ ﻣـﺪ ﺧـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫـﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﺑﻴﻬـﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﭘﺮ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻢ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺱﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺁﺏ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺑـﻪ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻏﺎﻟـﺐ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺁﺑـﻲ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔـﻆ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺷـﻨﺎﻭﺭ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۳۰‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺷـﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﺑـﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻪ ﻧﺸـﻴﻦ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷـﻲ ﺁﺑـﺮﻱ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸـﺶ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﻛـﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻭﺳـﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻫﻤـﻪ ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠـﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻫﻤـﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻫﻤﮕـﻦ ﻭ ﺳـﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺴـﺮ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺮﻧـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺳـﺎﻟﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﻣـﻲﺑﺨﺸـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺣـﺎﻛﻢ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑـﻲ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫـﺎ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧـﺪﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻳــﺎﻥ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷــﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ‬
‫)ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻨﺠﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟـﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﻤﻼً ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻈـﺎﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﺘـﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷـﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍء‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺣﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﮔﻬـﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻧﺒـﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻬـﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺖ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕـﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺻـﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈـﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ )ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻡ( ﻣﻴﺴـﺮ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﻧـﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱۰۰۰۰۰‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۳۱‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩﺗـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳـﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺎ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﭼﻴـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻭﻻً ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺍﺻـﻼً ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨـﻒ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨﻒ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺳﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺠﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻣﺲ ﺑﺠـﺎﻱ ﺁﻫـﻦ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨـﻒ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻨـﺎﻡ "ﻫﻤﻮﺳـﻴﺖ" ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨـﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻲﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﮊﻟﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫـﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً‬
‫ﻛﻒ ﺯﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺠﻦ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺑـﻪ ﺟﺴـﺘﺠﻮﻱ ﻏـﺬﺍ ﻣـﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻗـﺪﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﻩ ﺩﭼـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳــﺮﺩﺭﮔﻤﻲ ﻧﺸــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣــﺜﻼً ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳــﻮ ﺁﻧﮕــﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﻗــﺒﻼً ﺑــﺎ ﻧــﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳــﻮ ﺍﻳﻜﺘﻴــﻮﺩﺭﻣﻴﺲ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸــﻴﻦﺗــﺮ ﺑــﺎ ﻧــﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻜﺘﻴﻮﺩﺭﻣﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗـﺒﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺠـﺰﺍ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺗﻔــﺎﻭﺕ ﺑــﻪ ﻛﻤــﻚ ﺗﺴــﺖ ﺳــﺎﺩﺓ ‪ OF-test‬ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓــﻲ ﻣﻴــﺰﺍﻥ ‪ G+C‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎ ‪ ۵۵‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۶۴‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ ‪۳۸‬ﺍﻟﻲ‪ ۵۱‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ؟ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ؟ ﻭ ﻛـﻼ ﭼـﺮﺍ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ ﮔﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ؟ ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﻫﻤﮕـﻲ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼـﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻒ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻫﻤـﻪ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﺍﻋـﻢ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ( ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻳـﺎﺩ ﺁﻭﺭ ﺷـﺪ‪(۱ :‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻ ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻲ ﻗـﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣـﺪﺭﻥ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ‪(۲ .‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ (۳ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑـﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻛـﻢ ﺗـﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۳۲‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻏﺒﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣـﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺎﻟﻪ ﻛـﻼﻡ ﻣـﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣـﺪ ﺩﺧﺎﻟـﺖ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓـﻊ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﺷـﻴﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﻮﺯﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﻛﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻐﺮﻧﺞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺭﻏﺒـﺖ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺳـﻌﻲ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﺻـﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺻـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺒﻼ ﮔﻔﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻤـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻳﺒﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﺴﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﮕـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻢﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻨﺠﺎ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻦ ﺷﻴﻼﺕ ﺑـﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘـﺮﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻭﻗﺘـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘـﺐ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻭ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ ﻣـﺮﻍ ﻧـﻮﺭﻭﺯﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﺩﻭ‪-‬ﮔﺎﻭﻳﻮﺗﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﻳﻜﺴـﺎﻥ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ‬
‫‪Aeromonas hydrophila‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲِ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﻓﻮﺳـﻜﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﺋﻴﻔﺎﺳـﻴﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﺎﺗﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﺎﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﺎﺗﺎ‪) .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻗـﺒﻼً‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺴـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺩﻙ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻗﺰﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺎ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۳۳‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕـﻮﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺩﻙ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮ ﺁﺏ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﻧﺴﺮﺩ )ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺴـﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠـﺰﻭﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺟـﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﮕﺮﻡ )ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻠﻲ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ( ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺼـﻮﺹ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺑﻔﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻣﻴﺸـﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﺔ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۰/۸ × ۱- ۳ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ‪ :‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧـﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻬـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ‪ ، O۱۲۹‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ‪ O‬ﻭ ‪.H‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﮊﻻﺗﻴﻨـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺯﺋﻴﻨـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﭙـﺎﺯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺧﻤﻬـﺎﻱ ﺟﻠـﺪﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻐﺬﻱ‪ TSA ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺭﻳﻤﻠﺮﺷـﺎﺗﺲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ "ﺁﮔﺎﺭﻋﺼـﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﻮﺷـﺖ‬
‫ﭘﭙﺘﻮﻥ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﮊﻥ" ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻤـﺪﺕ ‪ ۲۴‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۴۸‬ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﺎﺩﺗﻦ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺎﻥ )ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑـﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺖ( ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴـﺰﺍ ﻭ ﭘـﺮﻭﺏ ‪ DNA‬ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺗﻔﻜﻴـﻚ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺳﻄﺤﻲﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪:‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺸـﺮ ﻭ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻦﻫـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣﺒـﺘﻼء ﺗﻴـﺮﻩ ﺭﻧـﮓ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﻌﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﭘﺮﺧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺸﺎء ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۳۴‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ "ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﺋﻴﻔﺎﺳﻴﻨﺲ" ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﭘﻮﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺳـﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿـﻌﻲ ﻋﻀـﻼﺕ ﻗﻠـﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﻏﺪﺩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺩﻙ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨـﺎﺭﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻀـﺮﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺭﻳـﺶ ﺭﻳـﺶ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻀـﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻚ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍً ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺯﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﺸـﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺿﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟـﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍﻛـﻪ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬـﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺁﺏ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﻴﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺲ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﻤﺪﺕ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺰﻣﺎﻻﺷـﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴـﺖ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺒﺰ ﻣﺎﻻﺷـﻴﺖ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺿﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ‪Motile Aeromonads‬‬

‫)‪(A . Caviae & A. veronii biovar sobria‬‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﻭﻳـﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﻭﺭﻭﻧـﻲ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۳۵‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﺑﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌـﻪ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭼﻮﺑﺮﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺯﺧﻤﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻣﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫‪Aeromonas salmonicida‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﻭﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻓﻮﺭﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟـــﻮﺯﻳﺲ ‪ ،Furunculosis‬ﻓﻮﺭﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟـــﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﻛـــﻮﺭﻙ( ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻣﺎﻫﻴـــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻟﺴـــﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﺩﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺘﻴﺲ ﻛﭙﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺰﻝﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕـﻴﻦ ﻛﻤـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙـﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺩﻙ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺒﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺍﻃﻠﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺟﻮﻳﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼـﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻨـﻮ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺰﻝﺁﻻﻱ ﻗﻬـﻮﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫)ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺧﺎﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ (‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺣـﻮﺽ )ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﻠـﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺸـﻚ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔـﺮﮒ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑـﻮﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺒﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻮﺭ )ﺩﺭﻳـﺎ( ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺷـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺿـﻼﺏ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۱/۸ ×۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﻑ ‪ S‬ﻭ ﺧﺸﻦ ‪ R‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﻑ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ )ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﺎ ﻗﻬـﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ(‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺯﺍﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ‪ ۶/۴ -۸ pH‬ﺭﺷـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻛﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ )‪ ، (+‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۳۷‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺁﻥ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۳۶‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻـﻲ ‪Coomassie brilliant blue‬‬
‫)‪ (CBB‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ‪ PCR‬ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۸۰‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ‪ Roberts & McCarthy‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻫﻤـﻪﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪-۱‬ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮ ﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﺯﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫـﺎ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﺗﻴﭙﻴـﻚ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-۲‬ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴـﻴﺪﺍ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺁﻛﺮﻭﻣـﻮﮊﻧﺰ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺯﻭﺳـﻴﺪﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺴـﺌﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﺴـﺮ )ﺯﺧـﻢ( ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﺯﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﻮﻭﺍ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻏﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻴﭙﻴﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ ﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻢ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻟﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻬﺪﺍﻡ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻼﻭﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ )ﺳﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ( ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻬﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﻤﺒﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﺣﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜـﻲ ﻛﻔﺎﻳـﺖ ﻧﻤـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ( ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ )ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺁﮔـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻗﻠﺐ‪-‬ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻐﺬﻱ ﻭ ‪ TSA‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻤـﺪﺕ ‪ ۳‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۴‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻻﺗﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﻮﺁﮔﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Mini-Passi Agglutination‬ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﻨﺪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎً ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻً ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ )ﻟﻮﻛﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ( ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۳۷‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻮﺭﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺣـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺁﻣـﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺒـﺘﻼء‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻛﻬـﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻮﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻠﻮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻛﻮﺳﻴﺖﻫﺎ )ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ( ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺯﺧﻢ )ﻟﻜﻪ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺭﻧﮓ( ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟﻮﺯﭘﺲ )ﻛﻮﺭﻙ( ﺍﺭﺩﻙ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺸـﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻠﺲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺭﻓﺘـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺗﻴـﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ ۱۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﺤﻠـﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﻀـﻮﺭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺿـﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۲/۵‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳـﺖ ﻣﻘـﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨـﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎً‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﺛﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻋﺮﺿـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﻃﻪ ﻭﺭﻱ )ﺣﻤﺎﻣﻲ( ﻳﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻘﻲ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ )ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ( ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۳۸‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺁﻥ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻭﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺁﺏ ﮊﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻣﻨﮕﻨﺎﺕ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺨﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﻟـﺔ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Pseudomonads‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳـﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣــﺎﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨــﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻛﻠــﺮﻭﺭﺍﻓﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﮕــﻮﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﺳــﭙﺘﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳــﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻮﺗﻴــﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻠﻴﻜﻮﮔﻠﻮﺳﻴﺴــﻴﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﺎﺗــﺎ ﺍﻣــﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑــﺎ ﻧــﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺲ‬
‫‪Pseudomonas fluorescens‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﮊﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭﺁﻳﻨﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭﭼﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳـﻮﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺴـﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۳۹‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻏـﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۲/۳ – ۲/۸ ×۰/۵-۰/۸ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼـﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ‪ ، G+C = ۵۸-۷۰ % ،‬ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ )‪ ، (OF-test‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ‪ ،F‬ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻐﺬﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔـﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻤـﺪﺕ ‪۲۴‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۴۸‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳـﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻘـﺶ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺷﺎﻳﻌﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﻲ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺣﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺗـﻮﺭﻡ ﺻـﻔﺎﻕ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺒﺴـﻂ ﻭ ﺧﻴﺰﺷـﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻻﻳـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺯﻳـﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﮔﻴـﺮ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ )ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪-‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺗﺠـﻮﻳﺰ ﺗﺰﺭﻳـﻖ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﻼء ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۴۰‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﭙﺘﻴﻜﺎ‬

‫‪Pseudomonas anguilliseptica‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﻝ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ( ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪) ،‬ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺳﻴﻢ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﮊﺍﭘﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝﺍﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﮊﺍﭘﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑـﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۰/۴×۲ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺧـﺎﻝ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻫـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳـﺮﭘﻮﺵ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺗـﺮﺍﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺰﺝ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺍﺣﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ )ﻛﺒـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻥ( ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ۰/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔـﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺪﺕ ‪ ۷۲‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ‪ PCR‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺑـﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭﺍﻓﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Pseudomonas chlororaphis‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﺳـﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺑﻌـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ )ﺷﻮﺍﻧﻼ(‬
‫‪Alteromonas‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭ )ﺩﺭﻳﺎ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻮﺗﺮﻳﻔﺎﺳﻴﻨﺲ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺷـﻮﺍﻧﻼ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﮔﻨﺪﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓـﻼﻭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۴۱‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺪ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻠﺰﻳﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺷﻴﮕﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﺯ‬
‫‪Plesiomonas shigelloides‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ ﺷﻴﮕﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﻻﻏﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻣـﺰﻱ ﻣﺨـﺮﺝ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻛﺴـﻮﺩﺍﻱ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺭﻧـﮓ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﭘﺸـﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۴۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺒـﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ TSA‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۳۷‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺳﻴﻨﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫‪Acinetobacter‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺒﻨـﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۴۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪Enterobacteriacea‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺰﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪،‬ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴـﻚ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟـﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ Yersinia‬ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ Edwardsiella‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﮕـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠـﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗـﺎﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ‪،‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﻤـﺔ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ‪ G+C‬ﺩﺭ ‪ DNA‬ﺍﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ۴۹‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۵۹‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺯﻳﻼ ﺗﺎﺭﺩ‬
‫‪Edwardsiella tarda‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ‪.Cutaneous lesions‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺒﻠﻪ )ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۴۳‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻻﻳـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻋﻀـﻼﻧﻲ ﺯﻳـﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺮ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺗـﻮﺭﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺒﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﺜﺮﺍً ﺣﺒﺎﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔـﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺒـﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻗـﻮﺍﻡ ﺧـﺮﺩ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷـﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺭﻭﻛﺮﻱ‬
‫‪Yersinia ruckeri‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪:‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎﻳﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻫـﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻫﮕﺮﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﺳـﻴﻨﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻭﻳﺎﺭﻱ )ﺗﺎﺱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻨﻈـﺮ ﻣـﻲﺭﺳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﺍﻧﮕـﻞ ﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺯﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺨـﺰﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘـﺎء ﻃـﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﮔﻔﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻞ ﺁﻟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻟﺠﻨﻲ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۲‬ﻣﺎﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۰/۷-۱ × ۲-۳‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻛﭙﺴـﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻬـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ۲ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎﻳـﭗ ﻭ ‪۶‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺁﻥ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۴۴‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻭﺵ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻓـﺎﮊﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ،TSA‬ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ﻗﻠـﺐ‪-‬ﻣﻐـﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۵-۲۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ‪ ۴۸‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۷۲‬ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﺳﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻼﺕ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﺖ ﺣﺪﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﭙﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﮊﻻﺗﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﻩ ﺁﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻌـﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﺒﻮﺯ ﻣﻮﻳﺮﮔﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻃﻠﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۷۰‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗـﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻜـﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺳﺮ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻘـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣـﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻓـﻚ ﭘـﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﻪﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺨﺎﻁ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﻛﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ )ﺳﻮء ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷـﻲ ﻣﺒﻨـﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺗﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺵ ﺁﺑـﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﺣﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۴۵‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﻨـﺎﺕ ﺳـﺮﭼﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﺵ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻍ ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﻬﺮﮔـﺎﻥ ﺁﺑـﻲ )ﺧﺮﭼﻨـﮓ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ( ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛ ﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫‪Other pathogenic enterobacteriacea‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺛﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺜﻼً ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ Salmonella‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻﻙ ﭘﺸﺖ ﻭ ﻧـﺮﻡﺗﻨـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺱ‪.‬ﺗﻴﻔﻴﻤﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺟﻠـﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﺮﺩﺵ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻏﺸـﺎء ﻛـﺎﺫﺏ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﻫﺎﻭﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Vibrionaceae‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺷـﻜﻠﻲ ﺧﻤﻴـﺪﻩ ) ﻛﺎﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ( ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۶۵‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ‪ Veron‬ﭘﻴﺸـﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﺰﻳﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻓﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻠﺰﻳﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳـﻪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌـﻮﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺑـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻧـﺰﺩ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﺍﻋﻀـﺎء ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳـﻪ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴــﺮ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺗـﺎﮊﻙ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺟــﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺷـﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻣـﻴﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳـﻪﻫـﺎ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۴۶‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻬـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻤﻮﺍﺭﮔـﺎ ﻧـﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺣﻴـﺎء ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﺍﺕ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ‪ O129‬ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﻣﺘـﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺑـﻲ )ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ( ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻬـﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺑـﻲﻣﻬـﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺟﺰء ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ‪ G+C‬ﺩﺭ ‪ DNA‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫‪ ۳۸‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۵۱‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳۶‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ‪ ۱۲‬ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪V.anguillarum , V.vulnificus , V.harveyi , V.alginolyticus, V.splendidus,‬‬
‫‪V.damsela , V.ordalii , V.parahaemolyticus, V.salmonicida, V.wodanis ,‬‬
‫‪V.charchariae , V.viscosus, V.fluvialis.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟـﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴـﻞ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺭﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻠــﺰﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻـﺪﻑ‪،‬ﻻﺑﺴـﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺧﺮﭼﻨــﮓ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫــﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭ‪.‬ﺁﻧﮕــﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪.‬ﺍﺭﺩﻟــﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴــﻴﺪﺍ ﺟــﺪﻱﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎً ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭ‪.‬ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻭ‪.‬ﺁﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻣﺤﺴـﻮﺏ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷـﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺑـﺎ ﻭ‪.‬ﺁﻟﮋﻳﻨﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜـﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪.‬ﭘـﺎﺭﺍﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﭙﻠﻨﺪﻳﺪﻭﺱ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻠﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷـﺪﻧﺪ ﻫـﻢ ﺍﻛﻨـﻮﻥ ﻋﻀـﻮ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻗﻠﻴـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻛﻠﺮﺍ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻣﻴﻤﻴﻜﻮﺱ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ‪ ۲‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۳‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻼ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ )ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ(‬

‫)‪Listonella anguillarum (Vibrio anguillarum‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻜﺘﻴﻮﺩﺭﻣﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﻳﻜﺘﻴﻮﺩﺭﻣﻴﺲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۴۷‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ )ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺣﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻣﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ )ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻙ ﺳـﺮﺥ(‪ ،‬ﺯﺧـﻢ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ‪ ،‬ﺟـﻮﺵ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﺴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﺋﻲ )ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺍﻃﻠـﺲ )ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺻـﻴﻞ ‪،(Atlantic Salmon‬‬
‫‪ ، ،( Pacific‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﮊﺍﭘﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﭘـﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮﺱ ﺁﺭﺍﻡ )‪salmon‬‬

‫ﭘﻬﻦ )ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺸﻚ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﮒ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ )ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺩ ‪ (Cod‬ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﺐ ﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻔﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪۵۰‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺗﻴﻼﭘﻴـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﭙﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺷﮓ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻮﻳﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺩﻙ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭ )ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﻫﺎ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۰/۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻤـﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻒ ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۰/۵×۱-۲‬ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻗــﺪ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧــﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣــﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﻠــﻮﺏ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷــﺪ ﺁﻥ ‪ ۱۸‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﺭﺟــﻪ ﺳــﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎﻳــﭗ ﻫــﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ D,C,B,A‬ﻭ ‪ E‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺁﺭﮊﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ O۱۲۹‬ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺑﺤـﺎﻝ ‪ ۲۳‬ﺳـﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗ )‪ (O1-O23‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻭﺗﻴﭙﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ،O2 ،O1‬ﻭ ‪ O3‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗ‬
‫‪ O3‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﻳﻮ )‪ (Ayu‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻻﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ‪ ELISA‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻼ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﺭﻭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﻴـﺮﺍً ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ PCR‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑﻌـﻼﻭﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﺎﺯﻫـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪ :‬ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﻛﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺧﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ)ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻮﭘﺎﻧﻜﺮﺍﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺎﺑﻪ )ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨﻒ( ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۴۸‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻘـﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ TSA ،TCBS‬ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ۰/۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۲/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺒـﺘﻼء ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ،TSA‬ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻐﺬﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ۰/۵‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۳/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﻧﻤـﻚ ﻃﻌـﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ‪ TCBS‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۱۵‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۷‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﮔﺮﻣﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸـﺎﻥ )‪ -FAT‬ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺖ( ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍ ‪ ELISA‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺴـﺘﻮﻧﻼ ﺁﻧﮕـﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺩﻙ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺩﻙ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟـﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕـﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺴـﺘﻮﻧﻼ ﺁﻧﮕـﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟـﺰﺍء ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻓﻠــﻮﺭ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷــﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ ﺳــﺎﻟﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷ ـﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ )ﻭﺣﺸــﻲ( ﺑﺸــﻤﺎﺭ ﻣــﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤــﺎﻻ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳــﻖ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺒﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۵۰‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﻣـﻲﺭﺳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻲﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻧﺎﮔﻬـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮔﺎﻫـﺎً ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿـﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻢ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺣـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺭﻡ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪﺍً ﺯﺧـﻢ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﺰﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺁﺳﻴﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛـﻢ ﻭ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺮﺣﻪﻫﺎ )ﺯﺧﻢﻫﺎ( ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ ﭘﺘﺸـﻲ )ﻟﻜـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ( ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺍﺣﺸـﺎء ﻭ ﺑﻴـﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺯ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛـﻢ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۴۹‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺣﻔـﺮﻩ ﺷـﻜﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﭼﺸـﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻮﭘـﺎﺗﻲ ﻗﻠـﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻤﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻔـﻆ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﺮ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺿـﺪ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺼﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۷۵‬ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺧـﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻝ‪.‬ﺁﻧﮕـﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻭ‪.‬ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴـﻴﺪﺍ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻇﻬـﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﻃـﻪ ﻭﺭﻱ )ﺣﻤـﺎﻣﻲ( ﻭ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻘـﻲ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻝ‪.‬ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻲﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺷﻮﺩ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻏـﺬﺍﻱ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺯﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴـﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۵۰‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺣﺸـﺎء ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﺘﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪) ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸـﻨﺎﺱ ﺧﺒـﺮﻩ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺟﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻥ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺨـﻢﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﺨﻢﻫﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺏ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﻒ ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳـﺨﺖ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﺧـﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﺭﺩﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Vibrio ordalii‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﭗ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ‬
‫)ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ( ﻭ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺣﺪﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ‪.‬ﺍﺭﺩﻟـﻲ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﻭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺭﻭﻧـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺧﻠﻔـﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﺭﺩﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺳـﺮﻭﺗﻴﭗ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻨﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۵۱‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫‪Vibrio Salmonicida‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺮﺩ )ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻴﺘﺮﺍ ‪.(Hitra disease‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻃﻠﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ )ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﺩ ‪.(Cod fish‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭ‪.‬ﺁﻧﮕـﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻭ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺩﻟـﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺣـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﻋﻼﻳـﻢ ﻣﺘـﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﺑﺸﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻴـﺮﻭﻥ ﺯﺩﮔـﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻢ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳـﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻛﺒـﺪ‪ -‬ﺻـﻔﺎﻕ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺸـﺎء‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺒﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻴـﺖ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻻﻣـﻲ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺭﻭﺗـﻴﻦ )ﻣﺘـﺪﺍﻭﻝ( ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻜـﺎﺭ ﻣــﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ PCR‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻝ‪.‬ﺁﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻭ‪.‬ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﻟﻨﻴﻔﻴﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫‪Vibrio vulnificus‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺻـﺪﻓﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳـﺨﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﭗ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺭﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ‪Random amplified ،Ribotyping‬‬
‫)‪ ،polymorphic DNA (RAPD‬ﻭ ‪Amplified fragment length polymorphism‬‬
‫)‪ (AFLP‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ PCR‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺑـﺪﺍﻉ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۵۲‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﻧﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻃـﻼﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺸـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﺳﭙﻠﻨﺪﻳﺪﻭﺱ‬
‫‪Vibrio splendidus‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ )ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﺎﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧـﺔ ﻣﺘـﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭ‪.‬ﻫـﺎﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺳﻮﺱ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﺩﺍﻧﻴﺲ‬

‫‪V. Viscosus & V.wodanis‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺳﻮﺱ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﻼ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﺍ ‪ Moritella viscose‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ )ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎً ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ )‪ (Plaice‬ﻭ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮﺍﻳﺘﻮ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺯﺧـﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺳﻮﺱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﺩﺍﻧﻴﺲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﺗـﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﺧﻤﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﻴـﺖ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺿـﺮﺭ ﻭ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۵۳‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺯﺧﻤﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺳﻮﺱ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۴‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻬـﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻴـﺰﻳﻦ)‪ ،(+‬ﺳـﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ)‪ ،(-‬ﻣـﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﻝ)‪ (-‬ﻭ ﺳـﻮﻛﺮﻭﺯ)‪ (-‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮ ﺁﻧﮕـﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻭ‪.‬ﺳﺎﻟﻮﻧﻴﺴـﻴﺪﺍ ﺗﻔﻜﻴـﻚ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍً ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺳﻮﺱ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺭﻭﻏﻨﻲ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫‪Vibrio harveyi‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳــﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻣﻴﮕــﻮ ) ﺳــﻨﺪﺭﻡ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺎﻭﻳﻮﺗــﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﺎﺭﺿــﺔ ﻣــﺮﻍ ﻧــﻮﺭﻭﺯﻱ ﺩﺭﻳــﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﻨﻪﺍﻳﺪﻩ )ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‪ :‬ﭘﻨـﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﻮﻧـﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺳـﻮﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﮊﺍﭘﻮﻧﻴﻜـﻮﺱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﻣﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎً ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮ ﺟـﺰء ﻓﻠـﻮﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺐﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻤﻴﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ‪ O129‬ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳــﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳــﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸــﺖ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺎﺑــﻪ )ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨــﻒ( ﻳــﺎ ﺑﺎﻓــﺖ ﻛﺒــﺪ‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ)ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻮﭘﺎﻧﻜﺮﺍﺱ( ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ TSA ،TCBS‬ﻛـﻪ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ ۰/۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۲/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺑـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ) ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ( ﻣﻘـﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ PCR‬ﺗﺎﻳﻴـﺪ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﺘـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۵۴‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺑـﺮ ﺷـﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻼء ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺗﻨﮕﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻭ ﻛﻨـﺎﺭﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﮔﻴﺞ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﺮﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﺷـﻨﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﺳﺴـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺷـﺎﻫﺪ ﺷـﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﭼﺮﺍﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻛـﻢ ﻋﻤـﻖ ﻭ ﻟﺒـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮ ﻳﺎﻓـﺖ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫـﺎ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﺸـﺮﻩﺍﻱ )ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜـﻮﻻﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ )ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳـﻚ( ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ )ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺑﺸﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﺿـﻤﺎﺋﻢ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﻣـﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫)ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯﻩ( ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺿـﻤﺎﺋﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺘـﻲ ﺟﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻲﺁﻳﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻬـﺎﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭ )ﻣﻼﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ( ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺗﻴـﺮﻩ ﻳـﺎ ﻗﻬـﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺮﻡ ﺩﻫـﺎﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ )ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳﻚ( ﻣﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ‪ H&E‬ﭘﻼﻛﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑـﺎﺯﻭ ﻓﻴﻠﻴـﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻤﻴﻚ ﺑـﻪ "ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﺔ ﻣـﺮﻍ ﻧـﻮﺭﻭﺯﻱ" ﻣﺸـﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺷـﺎﻳﻊﺗـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﺐ)ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﻭ ﻛﺒـﺪ‪-‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮔﻴـﺮ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺸﺪﺕ ﺑﻲﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻧﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻛـﺪﻭﺭﺕ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﻋﻀـﻼﺕ ﺷـﻜﻤﻲ ﻣﺸـﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﺳﻞ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺯﺋﻮﻧـﻮﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﺋﻮﻧـﻮﺯ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻴﺮﺓ ﻏـﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۵۵‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻏـﺬﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﺯﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻛﻠﺮﺯﺩﺍﺋﻲ ﺁﺏ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻴﻔﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺩﺍﺗﻪ ﻧﺸـﻴﻦ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﻧﻜﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺷـﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻛﻠﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻏﺬﺍ ﺩﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍﺩﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ )ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣـﺪ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺒـﻮﺩ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ‪ ،pH‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺯﺍ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫‪Vibrio parahaemolyticus‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷـﻲ )ﮔﺎﺳـﺘﺮﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻳـﺖ( ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻭ ﺻـﺪﻑ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﺒﺦ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺑـﺪﻗﺖ ﺭﻋﺎﻳـﺖ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﻃﺒﺦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۵۶‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺁﻟﮋﻳﻨﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫‪Vibrio alginolyticus‬‬
‫ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮ ﺁﻟﮋﻳﻨﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜــﻮﺱ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺯﺧﻤﻬــﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻣــﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﺑﺰﻳــﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻴﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﮔـﻮﺵ‬
‫ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ )ﺷﻨﺎﮔﺮﺍﻥ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻗﺎﻳﻘﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺧـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮ ﻡ ﺩﺍﻣﺴﻼ ﺯﻳﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ )ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ(‬

‫)‪Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Pasteurella piscicida‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﺁﺭﺗﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺳــﭙﺘﻲ ﺳــﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳــﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳــﺎﻳﻲ ) ﺳــﭙﺘﻲ ﺳــﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳــﻚ ﭘﺎﺳــﺘﻮﺭﻻﺋﻲ(‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳــﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ )ﺷﺒﻪ ﺳﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳـﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺧـﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﻫﻨـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﮒ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ۰/۵-۰/۷× ۰/۷-۱ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﻠﻮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺒـﺪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻞ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ‪:‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻟﻮﺯ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻞ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻛﻴﺖ ‪ API-20E‬ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻴﺖ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺟﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺪ ‪ ۲۰۰۵۰۰۴‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺗﺎﻳﻴـﺪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﻴﺖ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻻﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ELISA ،EIA‬ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ‪ PCR‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻡ ﺣـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﺳـﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳـﻚ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺮﻡ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۵۷‬‬

‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺳﻠﻲ )ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ( ﺩﺭ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻓـﺮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۸‬ﺗـﺎ ‪۲۰‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺴـﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻦ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Haemophilus piscium‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺣﻪ )ﺯﺧﻢ‪ -‬ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺧﺎﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻛﻮﺭﺍﺩ )ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۰/۵ × ۱-۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﭘﺴﻨﺪ )ﻓﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻮﺱ – ﺳﺨﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ – ﻛﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ( ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻄﺌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻐﺬﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ ATP‬ﻳﺎ ﺩﻱ‪-‬ﻓﺴﻔﻮﺗﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺧﻮﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﭙﺘـﻮﻥِ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺣﻪ )ﺯﺧـﻢ ﺑـﺎﺯ( ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺮﺯ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺳـﺎﺋﻴﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺯﺧـﻢ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻭﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻓﻘـﻲ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺯﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۵۸‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭ‬
‫‪Flavobacterium columnar‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨـﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨـﺪﺭﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﺳـﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻫـﺎﻥ ﭘﻨﺒـﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸـﺶ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙـﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻛﺸـﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺨـﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪۰/۵ × ۱/۵-۱۵ :‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ) ﺳـﺮﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﻩ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻨـﻲﻫـﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ)ﭘﺮﺗﻘـﺎﻟﻲ – ﺯﺭﺩ ﻳـﺎ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ‪ ۰/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۱۰‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۳۳‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﺎﺯ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻻﻡ ﻣﺮﻃـﻮﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴـﻮﺩﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺋﻴـﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴـﻤﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﺮ ﻧﺦ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻤـﻼ ﻳـﻚ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺪﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳـﻄﻮﺡ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟـﻪ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸـﺶ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﭙﺲ ﻟﻜـﻪﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺯﺧﻤﻬـﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳـﻚ ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۵۹‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺍً ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻮﺩﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ -‬ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﺧـﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ )ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ )ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﻛﻲ‪-‬ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﻱ( ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻻﻳـﻪ ﻋﻀـﻼﻧﻲ ﺯﻳـﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺶﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑـﺎﻻﻱ ﺁﺏ )ﺑـﺎﻻﻱ ‪ ۱۸‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔـﺮﺍﺩ( ﻭ ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺏ )‬
‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ pH ،‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ( ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺱ‬
‫ﺯﺍ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻓﻌﻼ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻳـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ )ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺁﻟـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺏ( ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼ‬
‫‪Flavobacterium pshychrophyla‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺳـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ﺩﻣـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻘـﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙـﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺣـﻮﺽ ﻭ ﻣـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۶۰‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻣﺨـﺰﻥ ﺍﺻـﻠﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﻪ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۰/۷۵ × ۳/۵-۶ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼـﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ )ﺳـﺮﺧﻮﺭﻧﺪﻩ(‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺭﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ )ﻗﻠﺐ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ( ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛـﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۱۵‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔـﺮﺍﺩ ﻃـﻲ ‪ ۴۸‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۹۶‬ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﻧﻤـﻚ ﻃﻌـﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﻪ ‪ ۵/۵ pH‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۸/۵‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴـﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻼﺗﻴﻨﮓ ﻭ ‪ PCR‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻼﻭﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨـﺎﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻭ ﻓﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻴـﺮﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺰﻭﻓﺘـﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۵۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ) ‪ ۱۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ( ﺗﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺯﺍ )ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﺏ( ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۶۱‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﻜﻴﻮﻓﻴﻼ‬
‫‪Flavobacterium‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺘﻴﻨﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪:‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ )ﺳـﭙﺘﻲ ﺳـﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳـﻚ ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻟﻴﻔﺮﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﭼﻴﻨﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﮊﺍﭘﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻫﺎ )ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷـﻮﺭ(‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪-۱× ۱-۱۰‬‬
‫‪ ۰/۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗـﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ )‪ (OF-Test‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﻼء ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﭘﻮﺵ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﺧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪،‬ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ )ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴـﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠـﺮﺍﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻪ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺼﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺑـﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻋﺮﺿـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۶۲‬‬

‫ﻓﻼﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻧﺎ‬

‫‪Flavobacter johnsonae‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺣﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﻳﺘﻴﻤﻮﺱ‬

‫‪Flexibacter maritimus‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﺳـﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨـﺎ )‪ ،(Cytophaga marina‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴـﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻣـﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﺱ ‪(Flexibacter‬‬
‫)‪ ،marinus‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﺘﻴﻤﻮﺱ )‪.(Flexibacter maritimus‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨــﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺁﺏ ﺷــﻮﺭ )ﺟﺮﺍﺣــﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴــﻲ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻼﻳﺪﻳﻨﮓ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﻟﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻧﮓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ )ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻭ ﺳﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۰/۵×۱-۱۰‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣـﻲﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﺱ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻲ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﻓﺮﺳـﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺑـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲ ﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻻﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎ ﺑــﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤــﻴﻂ ﻛﺸــﺖ ‪(Anacker & Ordal, Marine Agar, Flexibacter‬‬
‫)‪ maritimus medium, FMM‬ﻭ ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻤــﻚ ﺗﺴــﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷــﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪ PCR‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺸﺘﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۶۳‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱﺯﺍ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ‬

‫‪Cytophaga sp.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻨﺒﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺣﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻼً ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ )ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪﺳـﺮ( ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺠﺮﻭﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﭘﻬـﻦ )ﺗﻮﺭﺑـﻮ( ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻴﺰ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺴﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫‪Myxobacteria Sp.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۶۴‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‪،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗـﺪﻳﻢ ﻧـﺰﺩ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ "ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺁﺑﺸﺶﻫﺎ" ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﻼء ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺟﺰء ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺁﺑﺸـﺶﻫـﺎ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳـﭙﺲ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺦ ﺳﻴﺦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺳـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻓـﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺣـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﻛﺮﻛﻲ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﻛﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫‪Leucothrix mucor‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﻨﻪﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ )ﻓﻨﺮﻭﭘﻨﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﺪﻳﻜﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻑ‪.‬ﻣﺮﮔﻮﺋﻨﺴـﻴﺲ ﻭ ﭘﻨـﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺩﻭﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕـﻞ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺖ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻬـﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺑـﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔـﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻭ ﺣﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺒﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻃـﻮﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺭﻧﮓ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌـﻼﻭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۶۵‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻭﻣﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﻃﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺱ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ۸۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻭ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ )ﺁﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ( ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ﺣـﺎﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺯﺍ )ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺿـﻌﻒ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـﻲ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻭ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﺩﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻻﺭﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺭﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﺑﺸـﺶﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺴـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺘـﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻱﺍﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺟﻠﺒﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀـﻮﻻﺕ ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺁﺑﺸـﺶﻫـﺎ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ) ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺨﻢﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻻﻳﺔ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺿـﺨﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺷﺪﻥ )ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻥ( ﺗﺨﻢﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻴﻬـﺎﻱ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻮﻻﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻠﺒﻚﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﺑﺸﺶﻫﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻼﺡ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻣﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻣﻨﮕﻨﺎﺕ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺲ )ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﻣـﺲ( ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺭﺳـﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﻡ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮ ﻭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺳـﻴﻔﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻌـﻮﻳﺾ ﺁﺏ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺷـﻴﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻏﺬﺍﺩﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺩﺓ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻏﺬﺍﺩﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺳـﻮء ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﺩﻫﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ‪ :‬ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﻟﻮﻛـﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﻛـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﺴـﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺠﻴـﺮﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ )‪ ،(Thiothrix Sp.‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴـﻲ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮ )‪ (Flexibactr Sp.‬ﺳـﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ) ‪Cytophaga‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۶۶‬‬

‫‪ (Sp.‬ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ )‪ ،(Flavobacterium Sp.‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻮﻛﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ‪Shell Disease Bacteria‬‬

‫)ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻟﻜﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ‪(Black or Brown Spot -‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ )ﻓﻨﺮﻭﭘﻨﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﺪﻳﻜﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﮔﻮﺋﻨﻴﺲ ﻭ ﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺩﻭﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺟﻨﺴـﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮ‪ ،‬ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﭙﻴﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺳﻴﺒﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺧﻤﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﻭﻗـﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﻔـﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻜـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭﻟـﻲ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺠـﺰﺍ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﻌـﺎﺕ ﺷـﻜﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺿـﻤﺎﺋﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗـﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻋﻀـﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺑﺨـﻮ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﻣـﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻴﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪:‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۶۷‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﻴﻔﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺧﻢ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻙ )ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﮔﺎﺭﻭﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﺎﺭﺍُﻭﺑﺮﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮔﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻭﻡ(‬
‫‪Streptococcus Spp. (Lactococcus garvieae, Lactococcus piscium,‬‬
‫‪Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus parauberis,‬‬
‫)‪Vagococcus salmoninarum‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﮔﺎﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ Enterococcus seriolicida‬ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﻴـﺎ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ Streptococcus shiloi‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ‪ Streptococcus difficile‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﮔــﺮﻡ ﺁّﺑــﻲ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛــﻮﺱ ﮔﺎﺭﻭﻳــﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﻴــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﻻﻛﺘﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻭﺑﺮﻳﺲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺑـﺎﻻﻱ ‪۱۵‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺳﺮﺩﺁﺑﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴـﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻭﺍﮔﻮﻛﻮﻛـﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺥ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺁّﺑﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺋﻮﻧﻮﺯ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﮔﺎﺭﻭﻳـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﻴـﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘـﺎﺭﺍﻭﺑﺮﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔـﻴﺶ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳـﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﻼﭘﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷـﮓ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺳـﺮﮔﻨﺪﻩ ) ﻣﻨﻬـﺎﺩﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻧـﺪﺭ‬
‫)ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﻚ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﺘﻨـﻮﻉ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺳـﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۶۸‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻻﻧﺴـﻔﻴﻠﺪ ﻣﻌﺘﺒـﺮ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﻠﻤـﺪﺍﺩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺁﻟﻔﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺘﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛـﻮﺱ ﺳﺮﻳﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺎﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻼ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺍﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺷـﻮﺭ)ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺠـﻦ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﻧﮕﺮﻡ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ )ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ‪-‬ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ( ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ‪ ۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺪﺭﺗﺎ ﺗﺨـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻤﻮﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴـﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ‪ G+C‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻠﻜـﻮﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺁﻥ ‪ ۳۳‬ﺗـﺎ ‪۴۶‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ‪ DNA‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤـﺎ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻴﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ ‪ API-32‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ ﻫـﺮ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺴﺖ ﺁﮔﻠﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻻﻣـﻲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﻛﻮﻛﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸـﺎﻥ )ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺖ‪ (FAT -‬ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﺳـﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪TSA‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ۰/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮔﻠﻮﮔﺰ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ BHIA‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۳۰‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﻇـﺮﻑ ‪۲۴‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۴۸‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺍﻋﺼـﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺰﻭﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭼﺮﻛﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻨﮋﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﺎ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۶۹‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺰﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴــﻴﻦ ﻫــﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﺩﺭﻧﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺎﻟﻮﺭﻭﻧﻴــﺪﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻫﻤــﻮﻟﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﺮ ﺣــﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﻨﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺑـﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﭼﺸـﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳـﺮﭘﻮﺵ ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟـﻪ ﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺯﺧﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻴﻮﭘﺎﺗﻲ )ﺁﺯﺭﺩﮔـﻲ ﻋﻀـﻼﺕ( ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ )ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤـﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻏـﺬﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﻨﺒﻌـﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺯﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﺪﻗﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺗﺠــﻮﻳﺰ ﺁﻧﺘــﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴــﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻣــﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﻣــﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ )ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴــﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻛﺴــﻲ ﺳــﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﭙــﻲ ﺳــﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﺘﺎﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﺭﻣﻴﺲ‬
‫‪Staphylococcus epidermidis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪:‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ )ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ(‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺶ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۷۰‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ )ﻛﺮﻭﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ۱ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ BHIA‬ﻳـﺎ ﺁﮔـﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﻧـﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ‪۳۷‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ‪ ۲۴‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۴۸‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺰﻭﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﻭﺭﻳﺪﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧـﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻣـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻛﻮﻙ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻭﻡ‬

‫‪Rnibacterium salmoninarum‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ‪.BKD‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪) :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ(‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺳﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻗﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻧﻘـﺮﻩﺍﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﻳﻨﮓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ )ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ۰/۵ × ۱ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻــﻴﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﻏﻴــﺮ ﻣﺘﺤــﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻫــﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴــﺮ ﺍﺳــﻴﺪ – ﻓﺴــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗــﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴــﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻔــﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪.G+C=55%‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﺩﻳﻔﻴﻮﮊﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺁﮔﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻴـﺰﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﻄﻌـﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ PCR‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳـﺨﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ‪ ۱۸ -۱۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔـﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۵‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻐﺬﻱ ﻣﺜـﻞ‪ KDM-C, KDM-2‬ﻭ ‪ SKDM‬ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﭙﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴـﻞ ﺗﻴـﺮﻩ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﺷﻜﻢ ) ﺁﺳﻴﺖ(‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﺴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﻭﻝ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺰﻭﻓﺘﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺑـﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۷۱‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺮﺝ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺣﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺗﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻨﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺷﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺮﮒ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻮﻣـﺎﺗﻮﺯﻱ ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ‪ -‬ﻛﺮﻣـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ )ﺑـﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ( ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺒــﺪ ﻭ ﻃﺤــﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻠــﺐ )ﺑــﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧ ـﻲ ﻛﻤﺘــﺮ( ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸــﺨﺺ ﺗــﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻳــﻢ ﺑــﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ‪) BKD‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ ﺣﺪﺕ ‪ :‬ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒـﻲ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳـﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺎء ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﺮ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻛﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Coryneforms bacteria‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﻧﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻜﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮔﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪Carnobacterium piscicola, Vagococcus salmoninarum, Lactococcus‬‬
‫‪piscium.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﺴﻜﻴﻮﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻜﻮﻻ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۷۲‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪:‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪) BKD‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ( ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳ ﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ BHIA ،TSA‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ‪۱۵‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۲۴‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻤﺪﺕ ‪ ۷۲‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻓـﺮﻡ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﭘـﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺣﻔﺮﻩ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ )ﺁﺳﻴﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻮﻣﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﻛﻠﻴـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻭﺭﺗﻴﺴﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺲ‬
‫)‪Streptoverticillum salmonis (salmonicida‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ )ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ‪(E‬‬

‫‪Clostridium botulinum‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ "ﻭﺭﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ" ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻗﺮﻥ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺯﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ‪ ۱×۶‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺪﻓﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﻓﺴـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺭﺳـﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻛﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﮒ )ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻃﻠﻘـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪) .‬ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﺿـﻴﻪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۷۳‬‬

‫ﺍﻭﻝ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻠﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔـﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻢ ﻣﻴﻨﻤﺎﻳﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ ﺑـﻲ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻴﻬـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺗـﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻋﺼـﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘـﺎﺛﺮ ﻣـﻲﺳـﺎﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻠﻊ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻻﺷﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻨﺠﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﻠـﺖ ﻓﻠـﺞ ﻋﻀـﻼﻧﻲ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩﻱ ﺷـﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﻏﺮﻕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔـﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴـﺘﺮ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻤـﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻﻳﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﺸـﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮ ﻭ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻛـﻒ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬـﺎ ﺟﻤـﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺁﻫـﻚ ﺿـﺪ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻛﺴﺎﺯﻱ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﺠـﺪﺩﺍ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺁﻫﻚ ﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﻲﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Mycohacterium‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺴـﻮﺏ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۷۴‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﺳـﻞ )ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠـﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ( ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺳﻞ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣـﺎﺩ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍﻳﺠﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. smegmatis, M.‬‬
‫‪abscessus, M. neonarum, M. simiae, M. scrofulaceum, M. poriferae and M.‬‬
‫‪triplex-like.‬‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷـﻲ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳـﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﭼـﺮﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ‬

‫‪Mycohacterium marinum‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻼﺗﻴﭙﻮﺋﻴﺴـﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﺎﺑـﺎﻧﺘﻲ‪) ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻪ ﺍﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺳﻞ )ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ(‪ ،‬ﺳـﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳـﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻞ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑــﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ)ﺳــﺮﺩﺁﺑﻲ‪-‬ﮔــﺮﻡ ﺁﺑــﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳــﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙﻮﺭﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﭙــﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﻚ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ )ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺒﻮﺕ(‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﮒ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﻏـﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺷـﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻳـﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻨﮕـﻲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﭼﻴﻨـﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺭﺑـﻮﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۵۱‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۸۴‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭ ‪ ۳۴‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ )ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻳﻘـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴـﺘﺎﻥ )ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻﻙ ﭘﺸـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ( ﻭ ﺻﺪﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۷۵‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ )ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺷـﻲ ﻧـﺎﮔﺰﺍﻱ – ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ )ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ۰/۲-۰/۶×۲-۶‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺧﻤﻴـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﺯﻳـﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻠﺴﻦ )ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ‪-‬ﺍﻟﻜـﻞ( ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺼـﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۵-۳۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ G+C‬ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ ۷۰-۶۲‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺵ ﮔﺮﻡ ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻴﭙﻴـﺪﻱ ﺑﻨـﺎﻡ ﻓﺘﻴﻜـﻮﻝ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣـﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺪﺕ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺮ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺑـﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ‪-‬ﻓﺴـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻼﻧـﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑـﺮ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼـﻮﺹ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﭘـﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻧﺸـﺘﺎﻳﻦ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻧﺴـﻦ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻴـﺪﻟﺒﺮﻭﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ‪۲۵‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ‪ ۲‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۳‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ PCR‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ )ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺐ ﺷـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺷـﻮﺭ‬
‫)ﺩﺭﻳﺎ( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻻﻏﺮﻭ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﻳـﺎ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﭘﺮﻳـﺪﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺷـﻜﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘـﻮﺭﻡ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﺪﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺯﺧﻢ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺒـﺪ ﮔﺸـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻌﺸﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﻞ ‪ -‬ﻧﻠﺴﻦ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ )ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ( ﻣﺮﺗﺒـﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻻﻡﻫـﺎ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﻨﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻮﻝ ﭘﻴﻜﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﺮﻛـﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻴـﻪ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺗﻴـﻚ ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺎ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﻔـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۷۶‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻼﻧـﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖﻫـﺎ )ﻋﻀـﻠﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﻤﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺸﺶﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ( ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻼﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺁﻣـﺪﮔﻲ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺸﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺋﻮﻧﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻼﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﭘﺴـﻨﺪﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻭ ﭘـﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ۶‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﺰﻣﻦ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫـﺎً ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻭﻟـﺪ ﺑﺨﺼـﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﺤﻤـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﺷﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺿـﺪ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻲ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻬﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺠﻬﻴـﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻦ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻛﺴـﻨﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺸﺪﺍﺭ ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۷۷‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ ) ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣـﺎﺭﻧﻴﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺭﺗﻮﻳﺘـﻮﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﻡ‪.‬ﭼﻠﻮﻧﻲ( ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺳﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﺋﻮﻧﻮﺯ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻱ ﺟﻠـﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧـﺰﺩ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻮﺭﺗﻮﻳﺘـﻮﻡ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻭﺭﻡ ﭘﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﮔـﺎﻭ )ﺳـﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻭﻱ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻮﺭﺗﻮﻳﺘﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Mycobaterium fortuitum‬‬
‫ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳــﺎﻣﻲ ‪:‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺭﺍﻧــﺎ‪) ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳــﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻔﻴﻠﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺘــﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻮﺭﺗﻮﻳﺘﻮﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻡ‪.‬ﭼﻠﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺳﻞ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ) ﻣﺎﻫﻲ – ﻣﻴﮕﻮ(‪ ،‬ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﻨﻪﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺩﻧﻴـﺎ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ۰/۲-۰/۶ × ۲-۶ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﻛﺎﺭﻭﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻴـﺎء ﮔـﺮ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪.(+‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻟﻮﻧﺸـﺘﺎﻳﻦ – ﺟﺎﻧﺴـﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴـﺪﻟﺒﺮﻭﻙ‪،TSA ،‬‬
‫‪ BHIA‬ﻭ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ۱‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۳۷‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺯﺋﻮﻧﻮﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻡ‪.‬ﻣﺎﺭﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۷۸‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭼﻠﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪Mycobaterium chelonae‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺳﻞ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ )ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻡ‪.‬ﻣـﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻡ‪.‬ﻓﻮﺭﺗﻮﻳﺘـﻮﻡ ﺳـﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ )ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻡ‪.‬ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ(‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻭﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻟﻮﻧﺸـﺘﺎﻳﻦ – ﺟﺎﻧﺴـﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴـﺪﻟﺒﺮﻭﻙ‪،TSA ،‬‬
‫‪ BHIA‬ﻭ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻇﺮﻑ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ۱‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻡ‪.‬ﻣﺎﺭﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﺁﺳﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺱ‬
‫‪Nocardia asteroides‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ) ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺭﺍﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺸﻌﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻛﻬﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪ -‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ – ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ )ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻑ( ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ )ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻳﻨﺖ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ( ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺟﺴـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻴﻨـﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧـﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺩﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۴‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘـﺮ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻳـﺎ ﺧﺮﻣـﺎﺋﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ )ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۷۹‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺴـﺘﻮﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ TSA‬ﻳﺎ ‪ BHIA‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۳۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ‪ ۴‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۵‬ﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑـﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻮﻛـﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺳـﻞ )ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ(‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻲﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻﻏﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻢ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﻫـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺯﺋﻮﺯﻱ )ﭘﻨﻴﺮﻱ( ﻭ ﻧـﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﻧـﻪﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻣﻌـﺎء ﻭ ﺍﺣﺸـﺎء ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻛﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻘـﺪﻭﺭ ﻧﻤـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺳـﺮﺍﻳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﻼء ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧـﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺷﻜﺴـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻲ )ﺩﺍﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﻴﻦ( ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﺎﻛﻲ‬
‫‪Nocardia kampachi‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﻗﺪﻳﻢ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ )ﮔﻴﺶ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔـﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﻨﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻭ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۸۰‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ TSA‬ﻳﺎ ‪ BHIA‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻲ ‪۱۰‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﭼـﻮﻥ ﻻﻏـﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻲﺭﻧـﮓ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺁﻣـﺪﮔﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﭘﻨﻴﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻟﻤﻪﺍﻱ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﺯﺧﻤﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﻦﺗﺮ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻡ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻡ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮒ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻴﺴـﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺶ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺯﻭﮔﺰﻳﺰﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﻴﺴﺲ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫‪Streptomyces salmonicida‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﻴﺴﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺁﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺳﺎﻙ ﺁﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻓﺴﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻫﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ ﺗـﻮﺩﻩﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺪﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺰﺭﻳـﻖ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺻـﻔﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ۹۲/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۶۴‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۸۱‬‬

‫ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ ‪Chlamydia‬‬

‫ﺍﭘﻴﺘﻠﻴﻮﺳﻴﺘﻴﺲ ‪Epitheliocytis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ )ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﭼﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻼﻣﻴـﺪﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻡ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺯﻧـﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺿﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﻧﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﺸﺶﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻗﻄـﺮ ‪۰/۸‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﺍﻧﺒﺴـﺎﻁ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ – ﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻠﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺵ ﺧﻴﻢ ﺍﻣﺎ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﺮﺷـﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺳـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ‬
‫‪Ricketsia Sp.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﻪﺍﻳﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑــﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫــﺎﻱ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﭘﻨــﻪﺍﻳــﺪﻩ )ﭘﻨــﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﺎﺭﮊﻳﻨــﺎﺗﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨــﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻴﺮﻭﺳــﺘﺮﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺮﻭﭘﻨــﻪﺍﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮔﻮﺋﻨﺴﻴﺲ(‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﺭﺗﺎً ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻜﺰﻳﻚ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﭘﻨﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﺎﺭﮊﻳﻨﺎﺗﻮﺱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮء ﻇﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳـﺎ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ‪ :‬ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳـﺎ )ﺍﺟﺴـﺎﻡ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳـﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻛﻮﺋﻴـﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪-۱/۶ :‬‬
‫‪ ۰/۲-۰/۷×۰/۸‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻨـﻪﺍﻳـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻋﻀـﺎء ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻫﻨـﻮﺯ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴـﺘﻪﺍﻧـﺪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۸۲‬‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ‪ :‬ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘـﺎﻃﻊ ﺑـﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﻦ ‪ -‬ﺍﺋﻮﺯﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﻤﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﺍﺷـﺘﺎﻳﻨﺮ ﻭ ﻓـﻮﻟﮕﻦ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻳﺎﺧﺘـﻪﺍﻱ ﻳـﺎ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ۴۰۰‬ﻭﺩﺭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﮔﻴﻤﺴـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻨﺠﻴﺪﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕــﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫــﺎﻱ ﭘﻨـﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﺎﺭﮊﻳﻨــﺎﺗﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨـﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻴﺮﻭﺳــﺘﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ ﭘﻨــﻪﺍﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮔﻮﻧﺴﻴﺲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺪﻩ )ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻮﭘـﺎﻧﻜﺮﺍﺱ( ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻲﺣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻛﺒـﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺮﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﺩﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻫﻀﻢ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺩﺭ ﭘﻨـﻪﺍﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﺑﺸـﺶ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ ﺳﺴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧـﻪ ﺧـﻮﺍﺭ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﻫﻤﺒﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻏـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ‪ Y‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﺱ ﺁﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻧـﺪﻭﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠـﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻟﺨﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨـﺪﻩ ﻋـﺮﻭﻕ ﺧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴـﺪﻭﺩ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﮔﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻟﺨﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻏـﺬﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺩﺍﺭ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻛﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻳﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﭘـﻴﺶ ﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺷـﻴﻮﻉ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻟﮕﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻲ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۸۳‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻗﺮﻧﻄﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ )ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺴﻲ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺲ‬

‫‪Piscirickettsia salmonis‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ‪ ،Coho Salmon‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ)ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻛﻮﺋﻴـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕـﻞ ﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮔﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻠﻴﻦ‪-‬ﺍﺋـﻮﺯﻳﻦ ‪ ،H&E‬ﻣﺘـﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﻠـﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﻴﻤﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻛﺮﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳـﻨﺖ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﺷـﻴﻤﻲ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ ELISA‬ﻳـﺎ ‪ PCR‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﺧﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻢ ﺧـﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔـﻲ ﻃﺤـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺪﻭﻝﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻣـﻲ ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻠﺘﻬﺐ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۳۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۹۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﭘﺎ ‪ Isopod‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻛﺴﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻴﻼﭘﻴـﺎ ﻭ ﺳـﻮﻑ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻋـﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۸۴‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪NHP-Bacterium‬‬

‫)‪NHP (An alpha proteobacteria‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ )ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻮﭘـﺎﻧﻜﺮﺍﺱ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ ، NHP‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪) TNHP‬ﺗـﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒـﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﺑـﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺗﮕـﺰﺍﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ‪) TPMS‬ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮ ﺗﻜﺰﺍﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ) PNHP‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﭘﺮﻭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﭘﻨﻪﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ )ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺭﻓﻨﺘﻮﭘﻨـﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﺗﻜـﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨـﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﺳـﺘﻴﻔﺮﻭﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨﻪﺍﻭﺱ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻴﺮﻭﺳﺘﺮﻳﺲ(‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀـﺎء ﺁﻟﻔـﺎ‪ -‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺸـﺪﺕ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ )ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻑ( ﻭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍً ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺗـﺎﮊﻙ )ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ‪ ۰/۳ ×۹‬ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﻥ( ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺗﺎﮊﻛﺪﺍﺭ )ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪۰/۲ × ۲/۶-۲/۹‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺰﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜـﻲ ﺩﺍﻝ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـﺰﻱ ﺍﺷـﺘﺎﻳﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻭﺷـﮕﺮ ﺩﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﻥ – ﺍﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺫﻳـﻞ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ‪ :‬ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧـﺎﻟﻲ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻟﻮﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻏﺪﺍ ‪ ،FCR‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮﻝ )ﺩﻡﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧـﺎﺯﻙ(‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺴﺖ )ﭼﺮﻭﻛﻴﺪﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺒﺴـﺎﻁ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧـﻪﻫـﺎ )ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻓﻮﺭﻫـﺎ( ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻱ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﻪ ﭘﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻭ ﻫﻤﺴﻔﺮﻩ )ﺍﭘﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻨﺴﺎﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻢ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺒﺪ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻳﻜﻤﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۹۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ )ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲۹‬ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۴۰‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ( ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۸۵‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﺩﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﻬـﺶ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜـﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜـﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻇﻬـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠـﻖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺁﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺩ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑـﺪﻻﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺸـﻬﻮﺩ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﺟﻬـﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻼﺷـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻛﺸـﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﻛﺸـﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨـﺘﻠﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﻏﻲ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﻭﻡﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻃﻴﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺮﺃﺕ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﺠﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔـﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﺑـﺰﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﻴـﺮﺍً ﺩﻭ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻲ ‪ Pasteurella skyensis‬ﻭ ‪Streptococcus phocae‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﻮﺳـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﺍﺳﻜﻴﻨﻨﺰﻳﺲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﻟﻮﺯ ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۹۵‬ﻣـﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ‪ %۶‬ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺪ ﺷﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲ ﺩﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻲ ﺍﺷـﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻌـﺪﻩ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺧـﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻃﻴـﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﭘﺘﺸـﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﭘﺮﻳﺘﻮﻧﻴـﻮﻡ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻮﻣـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﺸﺎء ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﻳﺘﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺳـﺘﻮﺭﻻ ﺍﺳـﻜﻴﻨﻨﺰﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺧـﻮﻧﻲ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ۱/۵‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﻧﻤـﻚ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۹۹‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﺷـﻴﻠﻲ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۲۰‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﭼـﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۸۶‬‬

‫ﭼﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺘﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺑـﻲ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺷـﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻳﻜـﺎﺭﺩﻳﺘﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔـﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺒﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﻃﺤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧـﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻓﻮﻛﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۸۷‬‬

‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻱ ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ : ۱‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﻧﻜﻮﻟﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﻛﻮﺭﻙ – ﺯﺧﻢ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ(‬ ‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ )ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﺎﺗـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﺎﺗﺎ(‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ )ﺳـﭙﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ‬
‫ﺳــﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻳــﻚ ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷــﻴﺮﻳﻦ( ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬
‫ﺳــﭙﺘﻲ ﺳــﻤﻲ ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳــﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤــﺮﻙ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﻭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬
‫ﺳــﭙﺘﻲ ﺳــﻤﻲ ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳــﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤــﺮﻙ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻭﺭﻭﺭﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﻮﺭﺑﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﻳﻼﺭﻭﻡ )ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻜﺘﻴـﻮﺩﺭﻣﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﻳﻜﺘﻴﻮﺩﺭﻣﻴﺲ(‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺣﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﺭﺩﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺁﺏ ﺳﺮﺩ )ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻴﺘﺮﺍ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ )ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﻳﺰﻛﻮﺯﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ )ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻭﺩﺍﻧﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﺍﺳﭙﻠﻨﺪﻳﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺳــﻴﻨﻴﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳــﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺭﺍﻛﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﮕـﺮﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻫﮕـﺮﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺧــﻮﻧﻲ ﭼﺸــﻢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳــﭙﺘﻲ ﺳــﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﺳــﻴﻨﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻳﻚ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨـﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭ )ﺑﺎﺳـﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨـﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﻳـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻫـﺎﻥ ﭘﻨﺒـﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻨــــﺪﺭﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨــــﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳــــﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭﻳﺲ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎﻱ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ )ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳــﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑـــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳـــــﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼ ) ﺳـــــﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺳـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼ(‬
‫ﺩﻣــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺟــﻪ ﺣــﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﭘــﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨــﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻛــﺎﺫﺏ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳــﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻧﺎ )ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻧﺎ(‬
‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۸۸‬‬

‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳــﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸــﺶ )ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻟﻴﻔﺮﺍﺗﻴــﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑـــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﻜﻴـــــﻮﻓﻴﻼ )ﻓﻼﻭﺑـــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ(‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺘﻴﻨﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ(‬
‫ﺷﺒﻪ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨﺎﺭﻳﺲ )ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﻨـﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺁﺏ ﺷـﻮﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﻳﺘﻴﻤﻮﺱ )ﺳﻠﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﻣﺮﻳﻨﺎ(‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ) ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﻭﻭﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺗﻴﻠﻴﺲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ )ﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﭙﺘﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺳﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭﺍﻓﻴﻨﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫ﮔﻨﺪﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﻓﺎﺳﻴﻨﺲ )ﺷﻮﺍﻧﻼ(‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴـﻴﺪﺍ )ﻓﻼﻭﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴـﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻣـــــــﺎﻫﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ(‬
‫ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻱ )ﻻﻏﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﻣﺨـﺮﺝ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻛﺴـﻮﺩﺍﻱ ﺯﺭﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﺰﻳﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺷﻴﮕﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﺯ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﭘﺘﺸﻲ(‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﺭﺍﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﻨﺘﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ )ﻧﻴﺴﺮﻳﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﻴﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛــــــﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺍﻳــــــﻦ ﺑﻴﻤــــــﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺸــــــﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺳﺮﻳﻮﻟﻴﺴﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺯﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﺭﻣﻴﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻭﺭﺗﻴﺴﻴﻠﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻛﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ(‬ ‫ﻣــﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻣــﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ )ﻡ‪.‬ﭘﻴﺴــﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪.‬ﭘﻼﺗــﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺋﻴﺴــﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺁﻧﺎﺑــﺎﻧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨــﻪ ﺍﻱ( ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀــﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻡ‪.‬ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺭﭼﻮﻳﺘﻮﻡ )ﻡ‪.‬ﺭﺍﻧﺎ(‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﭼﻠﻮﻧﻲ )ﻡ‪.‬ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻔﻴﻠﻮﻡ(‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛـﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻋﻼﻣﺘـﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒــﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﺁﺳﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺱ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ(‬
‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺶ ﺩﻡ ﺯﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﺎﭼﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ‪) BKD‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻣﺎﻫﻲ(‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۸۹‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮﺑـــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﺴـــﻲ ﻛـــﻮﻻ )ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺑﺎﺳـــﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻜﻮﻻ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﮔﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻨﺎﺭﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﭘﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﻫﺎ )ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ(‬
‫ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺴـــﻢ )ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺭﺷﻜﺴـــﺘﮕﻲ – ﻣﺴـــﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ(‬
‫ﺍﭘﻴﺘﻠﻴﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻴﺲ )ﻣﻮﻛﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺲ(‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﭘﻴﺘﻠﻴﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻴﺲ )ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ(‬
‫ﺳﭙﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺴﻲ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔــﺎﺕ ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻤﺮﻳــﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺨــﻢ ﻛﺸــﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﻼ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺰﻝ ﺁﻻ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻮ ﻣﺎﺗﻴﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﺴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۹۰‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ : ۲‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ pH‬ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻳـﺖ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﺁﺑﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﺳﻴﺘﻴﻚ )ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﺯﺍﻧﺘﻴﻦ(‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺳـﻴﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿـﻲ ﻋﻀـﻼﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺪﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻳﺪﻳﻮﭘﺎﺗﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﭙﻮﺭﻳﺪﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻳﺎ ﻏـﺬﺍ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ )ﻣﻼﻧﻴﺰﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ(‬
‫ﺭﺳﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸـﺶ )ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﺭﺿـــﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـــﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎ)ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗـﺎﮊﻙ ﻭ ﻣـﮋﻙ ﺩﺍﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺎﺗﻮﻣـﻪ ﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻛﻲ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻗـﺎﺭﭺ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑــﻪ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺒﺰ ‪-‬‬
‫)ﻛﭙﻜـﻲ ‪-‬ﭘــﺮﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ( ﺑــﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺸــﻬﺎ ﻳــﺎ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺍﻣﻼﺡ ﺁﻫﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺮﻩ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ ﻛـﻪ ﮔﺎﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﻗﻬﻮﻫـﺎﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــــــﺎﻱ ﺭﺷــــــﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫)ﻟﻮﻛــﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﻛــﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ(‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛـــــــﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧـــــــﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻴـــــــــﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧـــــــــﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳـﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻓﻠﻜﺴــﻲ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺳـﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺖ ﻫـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺿــﻤﺎﺋﻢ ﻗﻬــﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻧــﮓ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜــﻮﻝ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﺖ ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬــﺎﻱ ‪----‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺳــــﭙﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـﻮ‬
‫)ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ(‬
‫ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﺰ ‪-‬ﺁﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺰ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺭﻧــﮓ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﮕــﻮ )ﻣﻼﻧﻴـﺰﻩ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﺖ ﺑــﺎ ﻣــﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬــﺎ ﭘﻮﺳـﺖ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻗـﺎﺭﭼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳــﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ )ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ‪(C‬‬ ‫)ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ(‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻛﻮﺗﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑـــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۹۱‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﻫﺴﺘﻪ ‪-‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣــﻞ ﻋﻔــﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣــﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﺴــﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳــﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮء ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺷﻜﻢ )ﻫﻼﻟﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ‪----‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻧـﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻣﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﮔﺮﮔﺎﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻼﻧﻴﺰﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﻪ ﺧﻠﻔـﻲ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺳﻴﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳــﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﺖ ‪----‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪NHP‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ )ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻛـﺮﻡ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ( ﻳـﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣـــﻞ ﻋﻔـــﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـــﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻻﺭﻭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫)ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ(‬
‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۹۲‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪: ۳‬ﻋﻮﺍ ﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻴﮕــــﻮ )ﭘﻨــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳــﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻔـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜــﺎﻱ ﻻﺗــﻴﻦ ﭘﻮﺩﻫـــــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴــــــﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪.‬ﺁﻧﮕﻮﺋﻴﻼﺭﻭﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻨـــــــــــــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ ﻣﺮﻍ ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺯﻱ ﺩﺭﻳـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﻣـــﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏـــﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪.‬ﺁﻟﮋﻳﻨﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﺩﻭ ‪-‬ﮔﺎﻭﻳﻮﺗﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺣﻠــــﺰﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻـــــﺪﻑ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮊﺍﭘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻮﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪.‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺷـﺎﻳﺪ ﻻﺑﺴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮕﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻨﻴﻔﻴﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺑﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪.‬ﺩﺍﻣﺴﻼ‬
‫ﺯﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‪.‬ﻓﻼﻭﻳﺎﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ ﻣﻴﮕـﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﭘﻨـﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﻮﻧــﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺮﻭﭘﻨــــــــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‪.‬ﺍﺳﭙﻠﻨﺪﻳﺪﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮔﻮﺋﻨﺴـــــــــﻴﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻑ‪.‬ﺍﻳﻨﺪﻳﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺳــــﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬ ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﻣﺎﺭﻳﻨﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮ(‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﺳــــﻞ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﻓﻮﺭﺗﻮﻳﺘــﻮﻡ )ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻴﮕﻮ(‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ(‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪) NHP-‬ﺗﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒـﺪ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﻣﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪NHP-‬‬
‫)ﻳــﻚ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻛــﻪ ﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﺗﻴﻜﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺯﺍﻟﻤﻌــﺪﻩ ﻫﻤــﺮﺍﻩ ﺑــﺎ ﻣــﺮﮒ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠـــﻖ ﺑـــﻪ ﺁﻟﻔﺎﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻫـــﺎ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨـــــــــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﺑـــــﺎﻓﺘﻲ – ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺗﺎﻳﺰﻳﻨـــــﮓ‬
‫ﻫﭙﺎﺗﻮﭘﺎﻧﻜﺮﺍﺗـــﺎﻳﺘﻴﺲ(‪ ،‬ﺳـــﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻴﻔﺮﻭﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ(‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨـــــــــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﺍﺳـــﺎﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ ‪،TNHP‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺭﺿـــﻪ ‪ ،TPMS‬ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻴﺮﻭﺳﺘﺮﻳﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺭﻓـــﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﭘﻨـــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ‪PNHP‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﺮﻧﻴﻨﺴﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﺭ )ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﻨـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸـــﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﻩ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻔﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸــﺶ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻫـــﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻛـــﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺸﺸـﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻴــــﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻭﺑــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣــﺰﺍﺣﻢ ﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸــﺶ‬ ‫ﺳـــﺎﻳﺘﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻜﺴـــﻲ ﺑـــﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳــﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۹۳‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳـــﻮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻫـــﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﻨـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ )ﻟﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـــــﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـــــﭙﻴﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳــــﺪﻩ )ﭘﻨــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ(‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧــﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺮﻭﭘﻨــﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﺮﮔﻮﺋﻨﺴــﻴﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻑ‪.‬ﺍﻳﻨﺪﻳﻜﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻳـــﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻫـــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﮕـــﻮ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻫـــﺎﻱ ﺳـــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻨﺪﺭﻭﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻛــﺮﺩ ﻭﻟــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣــﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳــﺘﺮﺱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺒﻨـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﺶ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Red‬‬ ‫ﭘﻨـﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﻮﻧــﻮﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤــــﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﻠــــﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﻓﻴﻜﺎﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘـــــﻮ ﭘﻨـــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ )‪Disease‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻴﺮﻭﺳﺘﺮﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ )ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻨـــــــــــــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳــــﻮﺯﻳﺲ )ﻋﻔﻮﻧــــﺖ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻱ ﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ(‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﮊﻳﻨﺎﺗﻮﺱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ(‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨـــــــــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻠﻴﺮﻭﺳﺘﺮﻳﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺮﻭﭘﻨــــــــــﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮔﻮﺋﻨﺴﻴﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻧﺎﻣﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻨﻪ ﺍﻭﺱ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮕﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺗـﺎ ﺑﺤــﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ‪----‬‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮕـــــــــــﻮ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﻭﻟـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤــــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧـــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـــﺨﺖ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳـــﺘﺎﻥ ﮔـــﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۹۴‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ۱۳۷۶‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸـﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺎﻫﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﺫﺭﻱ ﺗﺎﻛﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺭ‪ ۳۰۴ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .۱۳۸۶ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺷـﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‪۱۷۵.‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺯﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻤﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺡ‪ .۱۳۸۵ .‬ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ۴۴۸ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .۱۳۸۰ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۴۴۴ .۲۵۴۹‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛــﺎﻇﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭ‪ ،.‬ﻣﺠﻠﺴــﻲ‪ ،‬ﭖ‪ ،.‬ﻭ ﺑﻬﻤﻨــﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .۱۳۸۰ ،.‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨــﮓ ﺟــﺎﻣﻊ ﻟﻐــﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺻــﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠــﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺻــﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﻔﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ۳۲۴ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺏ ‪ .۱۳۷۴.‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ‪ .‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬـﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪۴۲۸ .۱۸۶۹‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ ،‬ﺯ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﻴﺮ‪ . ۱۳۸۵ .‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺸـﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻨﻪﺍﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۵۳۶ .۲۸۱۰‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻴﺪﻱ ﻧﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺡ‪ .۱۳۷۷ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺷﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﺭﺑﺨﺶ‪ ۲۰۸.‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Lightner,D.V. 1993.Disease‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫‪cultured‬‬ ‫‪penaeid‬‬ ‫‪shrimp‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬

‫‪aquaculture. CRC press.‬‬

‫‪Toranzo, A.E., Magariños, B. and Romalde, J.L., 2005. A review of‬‬

‫‪the main bacterial fish disease in mariculture systems. Aquaculture. 246,‬‬
‫‪pp:37-61.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۹۵‬‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ(‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺘﺼـﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻨـﻮﻉ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬـﺎ )ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ( ﺷـﺎﻫﺪ ﻃﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻫـﻮﺍﻳﻲ )ﺑـﺮﮒ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻚﺗﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﺪﻫﺎ ﻳـﺎ ﻫـﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﺿـﻴﺢ ﻣﺒﺴـﻮﻁ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺮﻭﺡ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼـﻮﺹ ﺗـﻚﺗـﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺻﻠﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ Xanthomonas‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﺔ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ‪ ۱۲۴‬ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺗـﻚ ﻟﭙـﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ‪ ۲۶۸‬ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻟﭙﻪﺍﻱ )ﻛﻼً‪ ۳۹۲‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ( ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻚﺗﻚ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺤﺜﻲ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﻃﻠﺒﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﻛﺘﻔـﺎ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﻳﭽـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺎﻗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺴـﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻛـﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺘﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺑﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺟـﻨﺲﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻬـﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻣـﺜﻼً‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻳﻚ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۹۶‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ‪ Xanthomonas‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠـﺪﺭﻳﺎ ‪ Burkholderia‬ﻃﺒﻘـﻪﺑﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ Erwinia herbicola‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Enterobacter agglomerans ،Corynebacterium beticola‬ﻭ ‪Erwinia millettiae‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﭘﺎﻧﺘـﻪ ﺁ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ‪ Pantoea agglomerans‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺳـﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﮔﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺧـﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﻫﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ‪Pseudomonas‬‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ )ﻗﺒﻼً ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺳـﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺟـﺰء ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱﻫـﺎ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﺪ(‬
‫‪Xanthomonas‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ )ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺳـﻮﺩ ﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺟـﺰء ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱﻫـﺎ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﺪ(‬
‫‪Burkholderia‬‬
‫‪ -۴‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ )ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ( ‪Erwinia‬‬
‫‪ -۵‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ‪Coryne forms‬‬
‫‪ -۶‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ‪Agrobacterium‬‬
‫‪ -۷‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ )ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻜﺶ( ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ Xylella‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ )ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ( ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺒﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪)Acetobacter‬ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﻗــﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﻧــﺪ(‪،‬‬
‫‪) Acidovorax‬ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﻗــﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﻧــﺪ(‪،‬‬
‫‪) Arthrobacter ، Agrobacterium‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Brenneria ، Bacillus ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴـﺎ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Burkholdoria ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ(‪،‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۹۷‬‬

‫‪) Clavibacter ، Candidatus‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Curtobacterium ، Corynebacterium ، Clostridium ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺭﺗﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Entrobacter ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Erwinia ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨــــﻪ ﺑــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑــــﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻭ ﭘﻜﺘﻮﺑــــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻗــــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــــﺘﻪ ﺍﻧــــﺪ(‪، Gluconobacter ،‬‬
‫‪)Herbaspirillum‬ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﻗــﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﺳــﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﻧــﺪ(‪،‬‬
‫‪) Leifsonia ، Janthinobacterium‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻛﻼﻭﻳﺒـﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ(‪) Pantoea ، Nocardia ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Pectobacterium ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Ralstonia ، Pseudomonas ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﻭﻳﺒﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Rathayibcter ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻼﻭﻳﺒﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ(‪) Rhizobium ، Rhizobacter ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ(‪) Rhizomonas ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Rhodococcus ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Serratia ، Samsonia ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Sphingomonas ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺰﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪) Streptomyces ، Spiroplasma ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺰ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﻧـﺪ(‪) Xylophilus ، Xylella ، Xanthomonas ،‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﺟـﺰء ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺎﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺖ )ﮔﻨـﺪﺭﻭﻱ( ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﻮﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻫـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﺍﺭﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻣـﺜﻼً ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻮﻧـﺔ ‪ Xanthomonas compestris‬ﺣـﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪۲۱‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻭﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫـﺮ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺍﻇﻬـﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺮ ‪ ۱۰۰‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺍﻋـﻢ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﻚ ﻟﭙﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻟﭙﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺣـﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤـﻪ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۱۹۸‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﺩﻧﻴـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻛﺜـﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻲ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﻨﺞ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻋﻤـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ – ۱‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻣﻐﺬﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺗﺮﺷـﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺐ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ )‪ (Soft rot‬ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ۲‬ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ‪ :‬ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﺮﺷﺤﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪– ۳‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ )ﮔﻴﺎﻩ( ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ۴‬ﻓﻴﺘﻮ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ "ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ" ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – ۵‬ﺍﮔﺰﻭﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎ )ﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ(‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ )‪ (Xylem‬ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﮒ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺛﺒــﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﭘﺰﺷــﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻳــﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺰﺷــﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺿــﻴﻪ ﻛــﺦ‬
‫)‪ (Koch's postulates‬ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺗﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺫﻳﻼً ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺍﺛﺒــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﮒ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺧـﺮﺍﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺑـﺮﮒ ﺑﻤﻨﻈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺯﺧـﻢ ﻋﻤﻴـﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ﻳـﺎ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﺧـﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺛـﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۱۹۹‬‬

‫‪ -۲‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﻠﻴﻆ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ )ﺑﺮﮒ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ( ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ )ﻣﺜﻼً ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۴‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﺧﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ )ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫـﺎ( ﻭ ﭘﺎﺷـﻴﺪﻥ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻮﻥ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﻋـﻮﺍﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ )ﻣﺜﻼً ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮﻧﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۵‬ﺁﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۶‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۷‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ )ﻣﺜﻼً ﮔﺮﺩﻭ( ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۸‬ﻓﺮﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻮﺯﻥ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻮﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۸‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻳﺦ ﺯﺩﮔﻲ )ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﺦ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۹‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻼﺕ )ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ( ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۱۰‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻮﻥ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻤﺪﺕ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ )‪ ۵-۱۰‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ( ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -۱۱‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﻫﻚ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪﻥ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪-۱۲‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻼﻫﻚ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻴﻐﻪﻫـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺴﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۰۰‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫‪Pseudomonas‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ‪ :‬ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺩﺍﻟﺰ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺩﺳـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻠﻮﻏﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ۰/۵-۱ ×۱/۵-۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗـﺎﮊﻙ ﻗﻄﺒـﻲ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﻤﻮﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻑ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﮋﻥ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪﺓ ﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﺠـﺎﻧﺲ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ۷۰‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۷۰‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣـﻲﺷـﺪ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﺗﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪﻱ‬
‫‪ rRNA‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ۵‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ )‪ (I-V‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨـﺪﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻀـﺎء ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺗـﺮﻱ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻲ )ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠـﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﻭﮊﻧﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ( ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺜﻼً ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ‪ P.maltophilia‬ﻛـﻪ ﭘﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ‪ Xanthomonas‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪P.cepacia, P.caryophylli, P.gladioli, P.solanacearum, P.syringae,‬‬
‫‪P.viridiflava, P.cichorii, P.pseudoalcaligenes, P.maltophilia(refer to‬‬
‫‪Xanthomonas).‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺑﺸﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪Pseudomonas agarici, Pseudomonas amygdali, Pseudomonas‬‬

‫‪andropogonis (see Burkholderia andropogonis), Pseudomonas asplenii,‬‬
‫‪Pseudomonas avellanae (= Pseudomonas syringae pv.* avellanae),‬‬
‫‪Pseudomonas avenae (see Acidovorax avenae), Pseudomonas avenae‬‬
‫‪subsp. avenae (see Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae), Pseudomonas‬‬
‫‪avenae subsp. citrulli (see Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli), Pseudomonas‬‬
‫‪avenae subsp. konjaci (see Acidovorax konjaci), Pseudomonas betle,‬‬
‫‪Pseudomonas blatchfordae, Pseudomonas cannabina (= Pseudomonas‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
۲۰۱

syringae pv. cannabina), Pseudomonas costantinii, Pseudomonas

caricapapayae, Pseudomonas caryophylli (see Burkholderia caryophylli),
Pseudomonas cattleyae (see Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae),
Pseudomonas cepacia (see Burkholderia cepacia), Pseudomonas cichorii,
Pseudomonas cissicola, Pseudomonas corrugata, Pseudomonas dodoneae,
Pseudomonas ficuserectae, Pseudomonas flectens, Pseudomonas
fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas gingeri, Pseudomonas gladioli (see
Burkholderia gladioli), Pseudomonas gladioli pv. agaricicola (see
Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola), Pseudomonas gladioli pv. alliicola
(see Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola), Pseudomonas gladioli pv. gladioli
(see Burkholderia gladioli pv. gladioli), Pseudomonas glumae (see
Burkholderia glumae), Pseudomonas hibiscicola, Pseudomonas marginalis,
Pseudomonas marginalis pv. alfalfae, Pseudomonas marginalis pv.
marginalis, Pseudomonas marginalis pv. pastinacae, Pseudomonas
mediterranea, Pseudomonas palleroniana, Pseudomonas meliae,
Pseudomonas pallidae, Pseudomonas plantarii (see Burkholderia
plantarii), (see Acetobacter pasteurianus), Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes
subsp. citrulli (see Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli), Pseudomonas
pseudoalcaligenes subsp. konjaci (see Acidovorax konjaci), Pseudomonas
rubrilineans (see Acidovorax avenae subsp. Avenae), Pseudomonas
salomonii, Pseudomonas rubrisubalbicans (see Herbaspirillum
rubrisubalbicans), Pseudomonas savastanoi (= Pseudomonas syringae
subsp. Savastanoi), Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. fraxini (= Pseudomonas
syringae pv. savastanoi = Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi pv.
fraxini), Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (= Pseudomonas syringae
pv. glycinea), Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii (= Pseudomonas syringae
pv. savastanoi = Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi pv. neriii),
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (= Pseudomonas syringae pv.
phaseolicola), Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. retacarpa, Pseudomonas
savastanoi pv. savastanoi (= Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi =
Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi pv. oleae), Pseudomonas
solanacearum (see Ralstonia solanacearum), Pseudomonas syringae (=
Pseudomonas syringae pv. panici), Pseudomonas syringae pv. aceris,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. alisalensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
antirrhini, Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
aptata, Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
atropurpurea, Pseudomonas syringae pv. avellanae, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. avellanae (see Pseudomonas avellanae), Pseudomonas syringae pv.
 ‫ ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬.‫ﺱ‬.‫ﻡ‬
۲۰۲

berberidis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. cannabina (see Pseudomonas

cannabina), Pseudomonas syringae pv. broussonetiae, Pseudomonas
syringae pv. castaneae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. ciccaronei,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
Cerasicola, Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens, Pseudomonas
syringae pv. coriandricola, Pseudomonas syringae pv. coriandricola,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. cunninghamiae, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
daphniphylli, Pseudomonas syringae pv. delphinii, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. dendropanacis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. dysoxyli, Pseudomonas
syringae pv. eriobotryae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, Pseudomonas
syringae pv. glycinea (see Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea),
Pseudomonas syringae pv. helianthi, Pseudomonas syringae pv. hibisci,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica (see Pseudomonas syringae pv.
syringae), Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. lapsa, Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. mellea, Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
morsprunorum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. myricae, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. oryzae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. panici (see Pseudomonas syringae),
Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
passiflorae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. persicae (= Pseudomonas
morsprunorum f.sp. persicae), Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (see
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola), Pseudomonas syringae pv.
philadelphi, Pseudomonas syringae pv. photiniae, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. pisi, Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
primulae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. proteae, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
raphiolepidis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. ribicola, Pseudomonas syringae
pv. ricini, Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi (see Pseudomonas
savastanoi pv. savastanoi), Pseudomonas syringae pv. sesami,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. solidagae, Pseudomonas syringae pv. spinaceae,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. striafaciens, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
(= Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica), Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tremae (see
Pseudomonas tremae), Pseudomonas syringae pv. ulmi, Pseudomonas
syringae pv. viburni, Pseudomonas syringae pv. zizaniae, Pseudomonas
syringae subsp. savastanoi (see Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi),
Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi pv. fraxini (see Pseudomonas
savastanoi pv. fraxini), Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi pv.
myricae, Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi pv. nerii (see
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۰۳‬‬

‫‪Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii), Pseudomonas syringae subsp.‬‬

‫‪savastanoi pv. oleae (see Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. Savastanoi),‬‬
‫‪Pseudomonas syzygii (see Ralstonia syzygii), Pseudomonas tolaasii,‬‬
‫‪Pseudomonas tremae (= Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tremae), Pseudomonas‬‬
‫‪viridiflava, Pseudomonas woodsii (see Burkholderia andropogonis).‬‬

‫‪* (pv=pathovar).‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧ ﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻪﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻳﺨﺒﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﭼـﻮﻥ ﻧﺨـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺑﻴـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎﻱ ﭼﺸﻢﺑﻠﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠـﻮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟـﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻔـﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴـﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔـﻞ ﻛﻠـﻢ‪ ،‬ﮔـﻞ ﺩﺍﻭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﮔـﻞ ﭘﺎﻣﭽـﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﮔﻞ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‪ ،‬ﮔﻞ ﺩﺍﻭﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺳـﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻴـﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻴﻐﺔ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭺﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻫﻮ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﺎً ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﮔﺒﺮﮒﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻟﻜﻪ ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻱ )‪ (Blotch‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗـﺎﺭﭺ ﺧـﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺳﺮﺧﺲ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﭘﺎﭘﺎﻳـﺎ‪ .‬ﺩﻩﻫـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺒﻪ ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﮔﻨﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻴـﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﮔﻞ ﻣﻴﻤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﻓﺲ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﭼﻐﻨﺪﺭ ﻗﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﺎﻳـﺔ ﮔﻠـﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻨـﺪﻡ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻏـﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷــﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻧــﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻨــﺪﻕ ﺩﺭﺷــﺖ)‪ .(Corylus avellana‬ﻟﻜــﻪ ﺑﺮﮔــﻲ ﺯﺭﺷــﻚ‪ .‬ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﺯ ﺷــﺎﻫﺪﺍﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺧﺮﻧﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ halo blight‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﻮ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻏﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﮔـﻞ ﺯﺑـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻔـﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ shot hole‬ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ .Dysoxylum spectabile‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﺯﮔﻴـﻞ ﮊﺍﭘﻨـﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ halo blight‬ﻗﻬﻮﻩ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺁﻓﺘـﺎﺑﮕﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻏـﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴـﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﺩﻣﺠﺎﻧﻴـﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺳـﺎﻗﺔ ﺫﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺸـﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ‪ Peppery leaf‬ﺩﺭ ﮔـﻞ ﻛﻠـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻫﻮ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﻧﮓ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ Wisconsin‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺗﻮﻥ )ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺗﺸـﻚ(‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ ﺗـﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪﺩﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﮔـﺎﻝ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺸـﻌﺎﻥ )‪ .(Myrica rubra‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﻬـﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑـﺮﮒ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻼﻑ ﺳﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺯﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺳﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ Grease-spot‬ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﮔﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﻤﻮﺯ ﻫﻠﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻼﻟﻴﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻟﻜـﻪﺍﻱ )‪ (Halo blight‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﺑﻴـﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ‪mock‬‬
‫‪ .orange‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﭘﺎﻣﭽﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑـﻲﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﺍﻧﮕـﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ‪ .‬ﮔـﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺘـﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺠﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺟﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺗﺸـﻚ ﺣـﺎﺩ )‪ (Wild fire‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺗـﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﺯﮔـﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﺔ ﭼﺎﻱ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜـﺔ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪﺍﻱ ﻧـﺎﺭﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜﺔ ﺳﺎﻗﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﺍﻍ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﺩﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺳـﻮﺭﮔﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻏـﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻓـﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۰۴‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻗﻼ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻏﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﺛﻌﻠـﺐ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ‪Cissus‬‬
‫‪ .japonica‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻐﺰ ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﻧـﻪ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻗﺔ ﺑـﺮﻧﺞ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺸﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﺧﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺸﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﺨﻚ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜـﺔ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﻴـﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‪ .‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﺨﻚ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻝ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ‪ . Melia azedarach‬ﻟﻜـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ‪ .konjac‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺍﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲۵۰‬ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻼﻳﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺒﻖ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻫﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫‪Xanthomonas‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﺣـﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۲۴‬ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺗـﻚ ﻟﭙـﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ‪ ۲۶۸‬ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺩﻭ ﻟﭙـﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪ X.campestris‬ﺑـﺎ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ۱۵۰‬ﭘـﺎﺗﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻃﻠﻘـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺗﻴﻚ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﮒﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻗﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺮﻡ ﻭ ﻟﻬﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺒﺰﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻴـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻔـﻞ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﭘﺎﻳـﺎ ﻭ ﻏﻴـﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻤﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺗـﻮﺕ ﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﭽﻠـﻲ ﺑـﺮﮒ ﻧﻴﺸـﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺳـﭙﻴﺪﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻧﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺠـﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺷـﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺧﺸـﻜﻴﺪﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻜﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭼﻠﻴﭙﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺐ ﺑﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺪﻕ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻛﺪﻭﻳﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺳﻮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻚ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﻧـﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺳـﻮﺭﮔﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺫﺭﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻭ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻟﻜﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﮕﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﺳﺎﻭﺍ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪﺩﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۰۵‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﭼﻚ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﺠﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻏﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻓﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﻤـﻮﺯ ﻧﻴﺸـﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﻜﺎﭖ ﮔﻮﺟـﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻠﻔـﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺎﻫﻮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﮔﻞ ﺁﻫﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫‪Burkholderia‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﺨـﻮﺑﻲ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﻱ ‪ rRNA‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﺷـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﺳـﻴﺪﻭ‪-‬ﻭﺭﺍﻛﺴـﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻧﻮﻓﺎﮔﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺗﺨﻤﻴـﺮﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺰﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻳـﻚ ﺗـﺎﮊﻙ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﮊﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﺜﺒـﺖﺍﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻠﻲ‪ -‬ﺑﺘﺎ‪ -‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻛـﺮﺑﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠـﺪﺭﻳﺎ ﺳﭙﺎﺳـﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﺼـﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺁﻟـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪Burkholderia andropogonis (Pseudomonas andropogonis), B.caryophylli‬‬
‫‪(Ps.caryophylli), B.cepacia (Ps.cepacia), B.gladioli (Ps.gladioli),‬‬
‫‪B.glumae(Ps.glumae), B.plantarii (Ps.plantarii), B.woodsii (Ps.woodsii).‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺟﺰء ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠـﺪﺭﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺭﺧﻠﺪﺭﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ﺑـﺮﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺳـﻮﺭﮔﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻏـﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻓـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻧـﻲ ﭘﻴـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑـﺎﻗﻼ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻼﻳﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﺨﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﻣﻴﺨﻚ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۰۶‬‬

‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫‪Erwinia‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﺷﺮﺷـﻴﺎ ﻛﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷـﻴﮕﻼ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﺔ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴـﺎ ﺁﻣﻴﻠـﻮﻭﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﺗﻮﻭﺭﺍ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎء ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻣـﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻮﻭﺭﻭﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﻨـﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜـﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺎﻳﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ‪ Rot‬ﻣـﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲﺷﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺳـﻪ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ‪Herbicola, Carotovora, :‬‬
‫‪ Amylovora‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ )ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ(‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﻴﻠﻮﮊﻧﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌـﻮﺱ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧـﺎﺱ ﻗﺮﺍﺑـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ Erwin F. Smith .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،۱۹۱۷‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺎﻡ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺪﻳﻦ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺟـﺰء ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﻣﺰﺑـﻮﺭ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻋـﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺨـﺎﻟﻒ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳـﻪ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻴﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﻳـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ Ewing ،۱۹۷۲‬ﭘﻴﺸـﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻛـﺮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﺘـﺎً ﻧـﺎﻡ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ‪ E.herbicola‬ﺑـﻪ‬
‫‪ Enterobacter agglomerans‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﭘﻴــﺪﺍ ﻛﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨــﺪﻱ ﺑﻌــﺪ ﭘﻴﺸــﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﻧــﺎﻡ ﺟــﻨﺲ ‪ ،Pantoea‬ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﻋــﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ‪ Erwinia‬ﻫــﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ‪ Erwinia herbicola‬ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۹۸۴‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ Lelliot‬ﻭ ‪ Dickey‬ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﻤــﻴﻦ ﭼــﺎﭖ ﻛﺘــﺎﺏ‪ Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology :‬ﺭﺳــﻤﺎً ﺗﺄﻳﻴــﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۰۷‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺑﻪ ‪ ۱۵‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻧــﺎﻡ ﺑــﺮﺩﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟــﺎﻱ ﻣــﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺍﻭﺍﺧــﺮ ﺗﻌــﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛــﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ 16SrDNA‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻃـﺐ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﻣـﻲﻛﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧـﺔ ‪ Erwinia herbicola‬ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻛﻨـﻮﻥ ﺟـﺰء ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫‪ Pantoea‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ P.agglomerans‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﮔﻔـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺓ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۲‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۵‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻧﻤـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻋﻀـﺎﻱ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳـﻪ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺗـﺎﮊﻙﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ Peritrichous‬ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ EMB‬ﻭ ‪ MacConkey‬ﻣﺤـﻴﻂﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫‪ Erwinia‬ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟـﻴﻜﻦ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ SS-agar‬ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻛﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺧـﻼﻑ ﺍﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ ‪۲۵ °C‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﮋﺓ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧـﺔ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ۲۲ ° C‬ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠـﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﺩﺭ ‪ ۷۰%‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪Erwinia alni (see Brenneria alni), Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia‬‬

‫‪amylovora pv.* Pyri, Erwinia ananatis (see Pantoea ananatis pv. Ananatis),‬‬
‫‪Erwinia ananatis pv. ananatis (see Pantoea ananatis pv. Ananatis), Erwinia‬‬
‫‪ananas ananas pv. uredovora (see Pantoea ananatis pv. Uredovora),‬‬
‫‪Erwinia cacticida, Erwinia cancerogena (see Enterobacter cancerogenus),‬‬
‫‪Erwinia carnegieana (=Pectobacterium carnegieana) (see Enterobacter‬‬
‫‪cancerogenus), Erwinia carotovora (see Pectobacterium carotovorum),‬‬
‫‪Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (see Pectobacterium carotovorum),‬‬
‫‪Erwinia carotovora pv. atroseptica (see Pectobacterium atrosepticum),‬‬
‫‪Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora (see Pectobacterium carotovorum),‬‬
‫‪Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (see Pectobacterium atrosepticum),‬‬
‫‪Erwinia carotovora subsp. betavasculorum (see Pectobacterium‬‬
‫‪betavasculorum), Erwinia carotovora subsp. odorifera (see Pectobacterium‬‬
‫‪carotovorum subsp. Odoriferum), Erwinia carotovora subsp. wasabiae (see‬‬
 ‫ ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬.‫ﺱ‬.‫ﻡ‬
۲۰۸

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. Wasabiae), Erwinia chrysanthemi (see

Pectobacterium chrysanthemi), Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi
(=Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. Dianthi) (see Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv.
Chrysanthemi), Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. dianthicola (=Erwinia
chrysanthemi pv. Dianthi) (see Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv.
Dianthicola), Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. dieffenbachiae (see Pectobacterium
chrysanthemi pv. Dieffenbachiae), Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca
(see Brenneria paradisiaca), Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. parthenii (see
Pectoacterium chrysanthemi pv. Parthenii), Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae
(see Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. Zeae), Erwinia cypripedii (see
Pectobacterium cypripedii), Erwinia dissolvens (see Enterobacter
dissolvens), Erwinia herbicola (= Corynebacterium beticola = Enterobacter
agglomerans = Erwinia millettiae = Pantoea agglomerans) (see Pantoea
agglomerans), Erwinia herbicola f.sp. gypsophilae (see Erwinia herbicola
pv. Gypsophilae), Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (= Erwinia herbicola
f.sp. gypsophilae) (see Pantoea agglomerans pv. Gypsophilae), Erwinia
herbicola pv. millettiae (= Enterobacter agglomerans pv. millettiae =
Erwinia herbicola pv. millettiae = Erwinia millettiae) (see Pantoea
agglomerans pv. Millettiae), Erwinia mallotivora, Erwinia millettiae (see
Pantoea agglomerans pv. Millettiae), Erwinia nigrifluens (see Brenneria
nigrifluens), Erwinia nimipressuralis (see Enterobacter nimipressuralis),
Erwinia nulandii (see Erwinia persicina), Erwinia papayae, Erwinia
proteamaculans (see Serratia proteamaculans), Erwinia persicinus
(=Erwinia nulandii), Erwinia pirina (see Enterobacter pyrinus), Erwinia
psidii, Erwinia quercina (see Brenneria quercina), Erwinia pyrifoliae,
Erwinia rhapontici (= Pectobacterium rhapontici), Erwinia rubrifaciens
(see Brenneria rubrifaciens), Erwinia salicis (see Brenneria salicis),
Erwinia stewartii (see Pantoea stewartii), Erwinia tracheiphila, Erwinia
uredovora (see Pantoea ananatis pv. Uredovora).

* pv=Pathovar

‫ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬.‫ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬:‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬

:‫ ﺧﻴﻠــﻲ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻬــﻢﺗــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳــﻪ ﻫــﺎ )ﻣﺜــﻞ‬،‫ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻟــﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎﻫــﺎ‬
(Pantoea agglomerans ‫ ﻭ‬E.nimipressuralis, E.dissolvens, E.cancerogenus
،‫ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎﻫـﺎ ﻣﺒـﺘﻼ ﮔﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻔـﻲ‬.‫ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳـﺎﻳﻲ‬E.amylovora ‫ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﺩﺍﺭ‬،‫ﺳﺒﺰﻱﻫﺎ‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۰۹‬‬

‫)‪ (Fire blight‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻬﻢﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺯﻳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠـﻲ‪ ، E.amylovora ،‬ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ ﺟـﻨﺲ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ‪ Erwinia‬ﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ‪ Carotovora‬ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﮔﻨﺪﻳـﺪﮔﻲ ﻧـﺮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺷﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺱﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺏ ﺁﻟـﻮﺩﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺳﻮﭖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻻﺩ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑـﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴـﻞ‪ :‬ﺳـﻴﺐﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻮﻳﺞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺑﭽﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻓﺲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺎﺝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺳﻨﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﺒﻖ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﮔـﻞ ﺩﺍﻭﺩﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ Erwinia‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ E.chrysanthemi‬ﻭ ‪ E.amylovora‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﺸـﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ‪ Erwinia‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺯﻧـﺪﺓ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ‪ Pectinase‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻴﻜﻼﻣﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻢ ﭼﻴﻨﻲ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﻛـﺎﻛﺘﻮﺱ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ ﻭ ﺷـﻜﻮﻓﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺁﻭﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻮﺟـﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ‪ -‬ﻣـﻮﺯ ﻭ ﺧﻴـﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺳـﺎﻗﺔ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ‬
‫‪ Horseradish‬ﮊﺍﭘﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ )‪ .(Eutrema wasabi‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧـﺮﻡ ﻳـﺎ ﻟـﺰﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺳـﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺗﺸــﻚ ﺩﺭﺧﺘــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧــﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫــﺎﻥ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﺭﺯ‪ .‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔــﻲ ﺁﻭﻧــﺪﻱ ﻛــﺪﻭﺋﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﻜــﻪ ﺑﺮﮔــﻲ ﻧــﻮﻋﻲ ﻗﻨﺒﻠﻴﻠــﻪ‬
‫)‪ .(Mangolia oak‬ﺷﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺗﻨﻪ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺗﻴﻚ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﮔـﺮﺩﻭ‪.‬ﺷـﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﺻـﻤﻎ‬
‫ﺯﻳــــــــﺎﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﻧﺪ ﺁﺑﻜﺸﻲ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻭ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻠﻮﻁ )‪ (drippy nut‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﺑﻠـﻮﻁ‪ .‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻲ ﺁﻭﻧـﺪﻱ ﺑﻴـﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧـﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥﻫـﺎﻱ )ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ)ﺳﺎﻕ ﺳﻴﺎﻩ( ﺳﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺮﻡ ﭼﻐﻨﺪﺭ ﻗﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧـﺮﻡ ﺳـﺎﻗﺔ ﺯﻳـﺮ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ‬
‫‪ .E. wasabi‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻟﻜﺔ ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺛﻌﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺗﺎﺝ ﺭﻳﻮﺍﺱ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻧـﻪ ﮔﻨـﺪﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ ﮔـﻞ ﺩﺍﻭﻭﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗـﻮﻟﮕﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﻣﻴﺨﻚ‪-‬ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻞ ﺩﺍﻭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﻡ ﻣﻮﺯ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧـﺮﻡ ﻣﻴـﻮﺓ ﺳـﺒﺰ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺎﻧـﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸـﺔ ﺳـﻴﺐﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ‪ -‬ﻛـﺮﻓﺲ ﻭ ‪ .Parthenium argentatum‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻲ ﻭ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۱۰‬‬

‫ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺫﺭﺕ‪-‬ﻧﻴﺸﻜﺮ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﮔـﻞ ﺷـﻴﭙﻮﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﭽـﻲ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜـﺎﻳﻲ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﻮﺓ ﺁﻧﺎﻧﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﻭﻧـﺪﻱ ﻳـﺎ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﺫﺭﺕ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳـﺖ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ ‪ Uredia‬ﻗـﺎﺭﭺ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺯﻧﮓ )‪ (Puccinia graminis‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻨﺪﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﺗﻮﻭﺭﺍ )ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﺗﻮﻭﺭﻭﻡ(‪:E.carotovora‬‬

‫ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀــﺎء ﺟــﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴــﺎ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﺳــﺒﺐ ‪ Fireblight‬ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﮔﻼﺑــﻲ ﻭ ‪Rosaceous‬‬
‫‪ Crops‬ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻃﻠﻘﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﻭﺳـﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﻮﻳﺞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺐﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺰﻳﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺪﻭ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻓﻠﻔﻞ ﺳﺒﺰ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺪ ﻭﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﺧﺴـﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺳـﺒﺰﻳﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩﺟـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﻧﮕﻬـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ )‪ (Bacterial Soft Rot- BSR‬ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻘـﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﮕـﺮ ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﺧﺮﺍﺷـﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻳـﺎ ﺯﺧـﻢ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻬﻴﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ‪ ۳۰‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﭘﻜﺘﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻻﺯ)ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﺨﺮﻳـﺐ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ(‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﭙـﺎﺯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﻼﻧﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ‪Coryneform‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎ ﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺟـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﻙ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟــﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻧـــﮓ ﺁﻣﻴـــﺰﻱ ﺍﺳـــﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘـــﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺴـــﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـــﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـــﺎﻥ ﺷـــﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺟـــﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺁﺭﺗﺮﻭﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮ ‪ ،Arthrobacter‬ﺟــﻨﺲ ﻛــﻼﻭﻱ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮ ‪ ،Clavibacter‬ﺟــﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﺭﺗﻮﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Curtobacterium‬ﻭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ‪ Rhodococcus‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۱۱‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺭﺗﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ‪Arthrobacter‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﻳﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻼﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪Clavibacter‬‬

‫ﻛﻼﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻮﻣﻮﺭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻤـﻲ ﭼﻤـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣـﻲ ﻳﺎﺑـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Ring Rot‬ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺭﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺩﻣﺠﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻫﺎً ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪﺭ ﻗﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﺭﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ‪Curtobacterium‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺣﻴﺎء ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺍﺳـﻜﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ‪Rhodococcus‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﺳـﭙﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠـﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺷـﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﮔـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﮔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻧﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻤـﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﮒ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻫـﺎﻱ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۱۲‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﻼﻳﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺧـﺎﺱ ﻳـﺎ ﺭﺍﺝ )‪ ،(Ilex apaca‬ﮔﻤـﻮﺯ ﺧﻮﺷـﻪ ﮔﻨـﺪﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﻤﻮﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺯﺭﺩ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻮﻱ ﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻤﻮﺯ ﺧﻮﺷﺔ ﮔﻨﺪﻡ )ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،(Tundu‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺠـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﻟﻜﻪ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ‪ -‬ﺑﻼﻳـﺖ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻲ‬
‫ﺫﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ )ﺭﻳﻨـﮓ ﺭﺍﺕ( ﺳـﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺯﺍﺋﻴـﻚ ﮔﻨـﺪﻡ )ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻼﻳـﻢ ﺁﺑﺴـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺗـﺮﺍﻭﺵﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺻﻤﻐﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﻮﻟﮕﻲ ﻣ‪‬ﺮﻍ )ﺑﻨﺪﻭﺍﺵ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﻮﻟﮕﻲ ﭘﺎﺟﻮﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺸـﻜﺮ)‪ ،(RSD‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﺍﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﭼﻐﻨﺪﺭ)ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘﺮﻩﺍﻱ(‪ ،‬ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﺒﻮﺑـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜـﻪ ﻧـﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﺑﺴـﻮﺧﺘﺔ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻧﻜﺮ ﻓﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺵ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻟﻜـﺔ ﭘﻴـﺎﺯ ﮔـﻞ ﻻﻟـﻪ )ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻘـﺮﻩﺍﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺘـﺎﺑﻲ ﺷـﺪﻥ‬
‫)‪ (Fasciation‬ﻧﺨﻮﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﻌﺪﺍﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﮔﻼﻳﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪Agrobacterium‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮊﻧﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮊﻧﻬﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻣـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻣـﻮﺭ ﻳـﺎ ﻏـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺗـﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﺎﺳـﻴﻨﺲ ‪Agrobacterium‬‬
‫‪tumefaciens‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻗﺒﻼً ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ‪ Polymonas tumefaciens‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺗــﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﺎﺳـﻴﻨﺲ ﻣﻌــﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ‪ Crown-gall‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴــﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻏـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﻋﻔـﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺿـﺎﻳﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﮊﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻـﻼﺡ ﻧـﮋﺍﺩ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻗﻄﻌـﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ‪ DNA‬ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻨـﺎﻡ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪ‪Ti-‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻃــﻲ ﻋﻤــﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﮋﻭﮔﺎﺳــﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣــﻲﺩﻫــﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺟــﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﮊﻧــﺰ‬
‫‪ Agrobacterium rhizogenes‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻼﺳـــﻤﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﻨـــﺎﻡ ‪ Ri‬ﺍﺳـــﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـــﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻣﺸـــﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـــﻦ ﺟـــﻨﺲ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑـــﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺭﻭﺑـــﻲ‬
‫‪ Agrobacterium rubi‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﺠـﺪﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻴﻮﻭﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۱۳‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﺎﺳﻴﻨﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﻭﺍﺭ ﻳﻚ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﮊﻧﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﻭﺍﺭ ﺩﻭ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﺘﻴﺲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻮﻭﺍﺭ ﺳﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻮﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪ ‪ Ti‬ﻳـﺎ ‪ Ri‬ﺭﺍ ﺣﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻮﻭﺍﺭ ﺳﻪ ﻛﻼً ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﮕﻮﺭ )ﻣﻮ( ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﻼﺳـﻤﻴﺪ ‪ Ti‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﺟـﺪﺍ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﻪ ‪ Ri‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ‪ Ti‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ‪ Ti‬ﻳﺎ ‪Ri‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳـﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻥ )ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ( ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨـﺔ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻝ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻛﺘـﺎﭘﻴﻦ ‪ Octopine‬ﻳـﺎ ﻧﻮﭘـﺎﻟﻴﻦ ‪ Nopaline‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮊﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘـﺎً ﺁﻧﻜـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛـﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ )ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ( ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻫﺘـﺮﻭﮊﻥ )ﻧـﺎﻫﻤﮕﻦ( ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧـﺎﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠـﺪﺩﺍً ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺗﺮﻱ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﮊﺭﻳـﺎ ‪ ،Ruegeria‬ﺳـﻮﺩﻭﺭﻭﺩﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ Pseudorhodbacter‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﭘﻴﺎ ‪ Stappia‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴـﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ Rhizobium‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻗﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻳﻴﻦ )‪ (Hairy root‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻧﻲ ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺳـﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﮔﻼﺑـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺸـﻚ ﻭ ﺭﺯ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﮔـﺎﻝ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ‪(Cane‬‬
‫)‪ gall‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻤﺸﻚ ﻭ ﮔﻞ ﺩﺍﻭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۱۴‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﻠﻼ ﻓﺴﺪﻳﺪﻳﻮﺳﺎ‬

‫‪Xylella fastidiosa‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻠـﻪﺍﻱ ﺷـﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺗـﺎﮊﻙ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﻲ ‪ ./۲-./۵×۱-۴‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘـﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻮ‪ ،‬ﻧـﺎﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺩﺍﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﭼﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻜﻤـﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺷﻴﺮﺓ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻣﺒﺮﮒ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻـﻲ ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻـﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻧﺘـﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴـﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺗﻔﻜﻴـﻚ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺣـﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ‪ ۴‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣـﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﻬـﺎ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ ﻣـﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ‪ ELISA‬ﻳﺎ ‪ PCR‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻭﻟـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﻴﺮﺱ ﺍﻧﮕـﻮﺭ )‪ (PD‬ﻭ ﺩﻭﻣـﻲ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻓـﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﻠـﻮ )‪ (PP‬ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ X.Fastidiosa‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﺮﮒ ﺁﻟـﻮ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﺮﮒ ﺑـﺎﺩﺍﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﻮﻟﮕﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﺮﮒﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗـﻮﻟﮕﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻬﻦ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺑﺮﮒﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻮﻓﻪ ﺩﻫـﻲ ﺯﻭﺩﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗـﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﮔـﺮﻩ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺿـﻌﻒ ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Mollicutes‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻼﺱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ )ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ( ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑﻤﺮﺍﺗـﺐ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ )ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﻣـﻮﻝ ‪G+C‬‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟـﻴﻦ ﭼـﺎﭖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ )ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺲ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺗﻨﺮﻳﻜﻮﺗﻬـﺎ )‪(Tenericutes‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۱۵‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ ﺍﻭﻝ )ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ( ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ‪ ۴‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻣﺠـﺰﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﺸـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼـﺎﭖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑـﺮﮔﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻼﺱ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻓﻴﺮﻣﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ )‪ (Firmicutes‬ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪۵‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -۱‬ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﺗﺎﻟﺲ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ(‬
‫‪ -۲‬ﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺗﺎﻟﺲ ) ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺰﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ(‬
‫‪ -۳‬ﺁﻛﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺗﺎﻟﺲ ) ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ‪ :‬ﺁﻛﻮﻟﻪﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ(‬
‫‪ -۴‬ﺍﻧﺌﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺗﺎﻟﺲ ) ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺌﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﺘﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ(‬
‫‪ -۵‬ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻨﭽﻢ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﭘﻠﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﻭ ﻫﻠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ(‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ )ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻫﺎ( ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﭙﺘﻴـﺪﻭﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺰء ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬـﺎ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺱﺍﻧﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﮔﻬـﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﻮﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻦ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ )ﭘﻠﻲﻣﻮﺭﻑ( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ ‪۰/۳‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ‪ ۰/۸‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺭﻱ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺁﮔﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺨـﻢﻣـﺮﻍ ﻧﻴﻤـﺮﻭ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﮊﻧـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ‪ ۵-۱۰×۱۰۸‬ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ G+C‬ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ ۲۳‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۴۱‬ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺎﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺖ )ﮔﻨﺪﺭﻭﻱ( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴـﻢ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨـﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘـﻮﺭﻳﻦﻫـﺎ ﻭﭘﻴﺮﻳﻤﻴـﺪﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧـﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﮊﻧـﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺣـﺎﻭﻱ ﭼﻨـﺪﻳﻦ ﮊﻧـﻮﻡ‬
‫)ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ( ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺣﻠﻘـﻮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻨﭽﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﻡ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ )ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ -‬ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ( ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۱۶‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﺌﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۳‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎ ‪ ۶‬ﺍﻟـﻲ ‪ ۹‬ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﻙ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ۲‬ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻠﻨﻴﻬــﺎ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﻳــﺰ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳــﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣــﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠــﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎ‬
‫)‪ (MLO‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ )ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ( ﺗﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ )ﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬـﺎ( ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻮﻝ ‪ G+C‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫) ‪(Mycoplasama Like Organisms - MLO‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻗـﺒﻼً ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ‪ (Pleuro pneumonia like organism) PPLO‬ﻣـﻲﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼً ﮔﻔﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﻼﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬـﺎ ﺗﻌﻠـﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚﺍﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺁﻣﻴﺒﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸـﻜﻠﻲ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣـﻲﭘـﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺗﺨﻢﻣﺮﻍ ﻧﻤﻴـﺮﻭ‬
‫)ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺎﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎ )‪ (MLO‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺷـﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍً ﺳﻌﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣﻐـﺰﻱ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺑـﺪﺍﻉ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﺣـﺎﻝ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺷـﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻜﺸﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻨـﻮﻉ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻇﻬـﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪۳۰۰‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺭﺩﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﮔﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬـﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۱۷‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔـﻞ ﻣﻴﻤـﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﺸـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﺪﻭ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩﻭ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺎﺏ ﭼﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺭﺩﻱ ﮔﻞ ﻣﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﺟـﻪ ﻓﺮﻧﮕـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﺯﺑـﺎﻥ ﮔﻨﺠﺸـﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔـﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﮔﻴﻼﺱ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ )‪ (Decline‬ﮔﻼﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯﺭﺩ ﺁﻟﻮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻠـﻮﻁ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻜـﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺝ ﻧﺎﺭﮔﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ X‬ﺷﺮﻗﻲ )‪ (CX‬ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ‪ X‬ﻏﺮﺑـﻲ )‪ (WX‬ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﭘﺎﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻠﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﻴﺨﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺠﺪ ﻭ ﻛـﺪﻭﻱ ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﮔﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﻳﺎ ‪ Stolbur‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺩﻣﺠﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺯﺭﺩﻱ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺨـﻚ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺗـﻮﻟﮕﻲ ﺳـﻨﺒﻞ ﻛـﻮﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗـﻮﺕ ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘـﺮﻭﺍﻧﺶ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ )‪ (Flavescence doree-FD‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕـﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺳـﺒﺰ ﻭ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﮔـﻞ ﺍﺩﺭﻳـﺲ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﺶ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﻞ ﺁﺫﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﻨﺪﻝ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺑﺮﮒ ﺟﻨﮕﻠـﻲ ﭼـﻮﻥ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻜﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮﺱ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺭﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﮔﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﻲ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨـﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺟﺴـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳـﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻠـﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫)‪ .(Dot blot immunoassay‬ﺍﻣــﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ PCR‬ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺸــﺨﻴﺺ ﺳــﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﻴﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻤــﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭘﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟـﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻳـﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Spiroplasma‬‬
‫ﺟــﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳــﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠــﻖ ﺑــﻪ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﺗﺎﺳــﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺳــﺘﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳــﻤﺎﺗﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳــﻤﺎ ﻫﻤﭽــﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳــﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠــﻖ ﺑــﻪ ﻛــﻼﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﺗﻬــﺎ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘــﺪﺍ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬــﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻊﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎً ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ‪ ۳۰‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺸـﺮﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠـﻢ ﺑﺮﻭﻛﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺫﺭﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﻋﺴﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻً ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻧﺎﻗـﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻬـﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۱۸‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﻗﻄـﺮ ‪ ۲۰۰‬ﺗـﺎ ‪ ۳۰۰‬ﻧـﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﺭﺷـﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣـﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﺧـﻮﺭﺩﻩﺍﻧــﺪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛــﺮﺩ ﻭ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪﺍﻱ )ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺁﺭﺍﻳــﺶ ﻣـﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ( ﻭ ﺷــﺎﺧﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ G+C‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ۲۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۳۱‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ۱۰۹‬ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻳـﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﺸـﻲ )ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﭘـﻴﭻ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ( ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻣـﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻓﻼﮊﻝ ﻳﺎ ‪ Axial filament‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿـﻲ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ۳۷‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ‬
‫ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ S.kunkelii‬ﻭ ‪. S.citri‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ S.citri‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ )ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﺑﻮﺭﻥ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻮﺗـﻮﻟﮕﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺏ ﻛﻮﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻢ ﭼﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻢ ﻓﻨﺪﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻞ ﺁﻫـﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﻴﻼﺱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻠﻐﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻼﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻞ ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﻫـﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﺎً ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﺯﺭﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﻮﻟﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻜﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺩﻱ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻣﺮﮒ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ S.kunkelii‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﻮﻟﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺫﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺼـﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛـﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ )ﺫﺭﺕ( ﻭ ﻃﻌـﻢ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻋـﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻟﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻟﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺗﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺫﺭﺕ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﮔﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ )ﺑﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺯﻧﺒﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭ ﭘﻠﺌﻮﻣـﻮﺭﻑ )ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺷـﻜﻠﻲ( ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺩﻳـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬـﺎﻱ ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻓﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﺳـﻤﻮﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﻲ ﻫـﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻛﻠﻨـﻲ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺗﺨـﻢ ﻣـﺮﻍ ﻧﻴﻤـﺮﻭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ ﻃﻠﻘـﻲ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺠﺰﻳـﻪ ﺍﻭﺭﻩ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،Arbutin‬ﺍﺳﻜﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﮊﻧﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻭﻟﻲ )ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ( ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺯﺭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑـﺮﮒ‪ ،‬ﮔـﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳـﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﻳـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻣﺮﺩﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻜﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪۲۱۹‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻮﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺼـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﺓ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘـﺎً ﻛﺸـﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺑﻬـﺎﻱ ‪ .DNA‬ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻋﺼـﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻴﻠﺘـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻜﻤﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻓﺎﺯﻛﻨﺘﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭽﻲ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳـﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺭﻭﺷـﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﺼـﻲ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺗﻔﻜﻴـﻚ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ‪ S.citri‬ﺍﺯ ‪ S.kunkelii‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎً ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣــﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ S.citri‬ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻡ‪.‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﮔﻨﺠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪۲۲۰‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﺯﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻥ‪ .۱۳۷۴ .‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪۷۴۱ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻝ‪ .۱۳۸۳ .‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ )ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ﻫﺎ(‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠـﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷـﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ‪ -‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪۶۶۰ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪) .‬ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻝ‪ .۱۳۸۱ .‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻳـﺪ ﺷـﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺑـﺎ ﻫﻤﻜـﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ – ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪۴۰۷ .‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪) .‬ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﺭﻭﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ(‪.‬‬

‫‪http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki‬‬

‫‪http://www.isppweb.org/index.asp‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬