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ElementaryEnglishGrammarandComposition 10020604
ElementaryEnglishGrammarandComposition 10020604
E LE ME N TA RY
EN G L I S H G RA MMA R
A
COMPOSI TI ON
DA V ID G I BB S
E
F O RM R LY D VI I S I O N S U P E R IN T E N D E N I O F
‘ ‘
P U B L IC
I N ST R UC T I O N , P H I L I PP I N E I S L A N D S
NE W Y OR K CINC I NN A T I C HIC A G O
A ME R I C A N BOOK C O MP A N Y
PREF ACE
eignl an u
g g a e, as w e l l as w ith a f u l l r ec og nit io n in d e ta il s o f
his own sp ecial diffi cul ties in l earning th at l an u
g g a e . T his
Th e m
eth od is gen eral l y in ductive, b ut often ded uctive .
Th ere is a m in im m
um a oun t of exposition an d work for th e
treatm en t accordin g t o t h e ir m
i p or ta n ce .
tion s an d uses inth e sen ten ce, th eir gen eral in fl ection s, an d th e
m
el e en ts of th e sen ten ce . Sen ten ce structure an d an a l y sis are
m
Co position ,
in a pp l i c a tio n of t h e m ore i m p o rt a nt to p ic s o r of
Th e a uth or h as h ad th e a ssistan ce of a n um m
ber of A erican
teach ers an d F il ipin o teach ers an d stud en ts, an d is especial l y
in debted to Miss Ch a rl otte N eal e of th e Man il a H ighSch ool for
outl in es a n d m an y su gg e st io n s.
CONTENTS
PA G B PA OB
S ta te mnts
e W ords us ed as Verbs and
Questio s n as Ad j ectives
Co mmands and Requests W ords used as Verbs and
Sentences as N ouns 50
K inds of Sentences Rep rod uction, W ater L il y 50
R eprod uction, A F ait hf ul A d verbs 51
D og ” 10 D istinguishing A dj ectives
W riting a m
Co p osition 11 f omA dve bs
r r
Co m position,
“
Corn ” 12 Contract ion
s
Noun
s 12 A d verbs N ut a nd N ever
Prop er Nouns 13 Subj ect a nd Predicate
Co mmonNouns 14 Dates
14 R eprod uction,
“
The F rogs
Co mposition My Home , 17 K in
ask gfor a
”
. 64
N umber of N oun
s 17 Sub ect a n
j d Pred icate of Ques
Syl l ab ication 19 tions
R ep roduction ,
“
T he I nd ians 21 Subj ect nd Predicate of Com
a
j
A d ectives 29 fl ers .
Shep herd B oy Di a ry
m
Co position ,
“
K ind of Horse Prepositions
V erbs Prepositions
U se of A mI
, s, Wa s, H a s, E p an
x sionof A dverbs
PA G E PA G B
m ments
Co pl e 93 Description ,
Study of Poe m 97 Pl ow 1 46
Personifl cation 99 O bj ect Co mpl ements 1 47
Conj unctions . 1 00 Rul es for Punctua tion 148
mposition Mosquitoes
Co , 1 04 B iograp hy,
“
Jose R izal 1 50
C ompound Subj ect . 1 04 Cas es of s an
Noun d Pronoun
s 1 51
Story Tel l in The B ag oi Use of Person al Pron oun s 1 54
g,
W inds ” 1 06 m
Co p oun d Person al Pronoun s 1 55
m
Co pound Pred icate 1 09 R eview 1 59
m
Co pound Co pl e en ts m m 11 1 W ord , Phras e a nd Cl ause
L etter W riting, I nvitation
s 1 14 Mod ifi ers 1 60
Inter ection
j s 115 Ad j ective Cl auses 1 61
L etter to Superinten den t 1 17 R el a tive Pronouns . 1 63
D escrip tion, Min d a nao 117 Rep roduction,
“
E urek a ' ”
1 65
Parts of Speech 1 18 A dverb ial C l auses 16 7
W ords Soundin g A l ike 1 21 A dverbial Conunction
s j 1 69
The W ord There 1 22 Positionof A d verbia l Modi
Descrip tion, Cofi “
ee Raising
”
1 23 fi ers
m
Co position, Raising C a NounCl ause
cao
”
Description B orneo ,
“
m
Nu ber of Pronoun
s Speci al Ad ectives j .
Much A n e, S om m
Co p osition,
A l ittl “
L izards ”
, y , e ,
Ma n y F ew A f ew N on
, ,e , 133 Story , “
The B irds, the
A ttribute Com p em
l ents 1 44 ll
g a
e n
ELE ME NTA RY EN G LI SH G RA MMA R
A ND COMPOSITI ON
ST A T E ME NT S
1 . A heron 5 . My fa ther
2 . My p e ncil 6 . My home
3 . F g
ro s 7 . Ma ng oes
4 . The ba mboo 8 . The cocoan ut
2 . How to m ak e a k ite .
6 E LEMENTA RY ENGLISH
Q U E ST I O N S
4 . Cop y the f n
ol l ow i
g q u es ti on s
1 . How ma ny w in g s ha s a b u tterfl y ?
2 . Is the butterfly a nin sect ?
3 . Ha ve yo u ev er seena ca terp il l ar
4 . D o ca terp ill a rs ch ang e i n to b u tt er flies
3 . e .
6 . I nwhat
p ro vi nce d o y ou l i v e
C O MMA N D S A N D R E Q U E ST S
1 . Pl ease h ow m
s e your ne w p encil .
l etter .
A period h
s oul d be pl aced at the end of a co mmand o r a
request .
8 . Write requ es ts
1 . F or a b oo k 4 . To see a book
2 . F or a d rink of wa ter 5 . To go h om e
SE NT E N C E S
10 Sta tem
. ents, questions, co mmand s a nd requests
a re ten
cal l ed S en ces .
Ph il ipp ines .
th
oughts . The
y are not se ntences .
I nth
e cocoa nut tree F el l into the muddy wa ter
Help in
g is m
h oth
er Onthe to
p f
o the h
ouse
Juanis h el in
p g his m other .
A dove wa s sittin
g nth e to
o
p of the house .
se ntences
1 . B irds a nd bats fl y . 9 . O nthe isl a nd of Pa nay
3 . G iv e me a pen . 11 . Th e g m
a n o is ri e
p .
4 . A re you w el l ? 12 . Whe re is C u o ?
y
5 . W ithhis ba re feet 13 . Mad e of ba mboo
6 . Mother is not at home . . 14 . Pl ease g et a p encil .
sentences Th e nw r i te th
. e sentences .
1 I na ba n
. ca 3 Th e book onth e desk .
2 W ithme to d ay
. 4 Th e Ol d m a nwitha can e.
G RAMMA R AND COMPOSITION 9
13 R ea d th
. ese se ntences i
1 . Mosq uitoes a re insects 5 . . The le mur has no wings .
14 . W rite
1 . F ive decl arativ e ntencesse .
2 . F i ve im p e ra tiv e se nten c es .
C OMP OSITION
15 . ntences in a nsw er to these questions
W ri te se
1 W ha t is the eq uator ?
.
2 I nw h
. at m onthwere you born?
3 Wh.at is a nisl an d?
4 Wh.o is th e g ov ernor of
y o ur p rov in ce ?
5 Wh.ichis th e l ar est cit
g y in C hi na ?
IO ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
1 . Pl ants l iv e nmineral
o food s .
3 . The root -
ha irs a bsorb the mineral s withwater f om r
the soil .
2 . Wh at
you d o at
y our home .
18 R ea d th
. i s story
A F A IT HF UL DOG
showed it to the d og an
un der a ston
d put it e b
y th e sid e
of th e road A fter th ey h
. ad g on e th ree k il om eters h e ,
return .
an d ba rk ed a t it I na sh ort tim e a m
. a n cam e al on g t he
roa d He th
. ou h
g t the re mu st b e s om e a nim al u n d e r th e
G RAMMAR A ND COMPOSITI O N 11
21 . Direction
s for w ritin
g a co mposition
1 . Titl e . W rite the titl e of the co mposition in the
ce nter of the paper a bo ut fi v e centimeters bel o w t he top .
marg in .
6 O nth
. e l eft h an d side w rite th
-
e name of th
,e school ,
the cl ass a n d th e d a te .
23 W rite a sh
. ort com p os i ti on con ta i ni n g f ou r p a ra
g p
r a hs a b ou t C o r n T e l l .
2 . W hena nd h o w it is
p l a nted .
4 . F or what it is useful .
N O UN S
Nouns .
l oa nis
A ' a word used nam e
as a .
—
r .
e
r Th e rubber tree is foun d inth e forests of Min dan ao .
o
c J usi is made of hemp and sil k .
a ppl e .
2 Th
. e heroneats and
3 A boy w en
. t to th e to buy anew
4 He sp en
. t al l his for and
5 V igan an
. d are tw o cities on the
nd my a
PR O PE R N OU N S
2 8 C op y th
. ese na mes
C eb u N eg roes J osé Riz al
Sa nJ ua n America Monday
These nouns are the names of n persons
certa i ,
l oa nis th
A Proper ' e name of a p articul ar perso n pl ace
,
or thing .
C OMM ON N OUN S
30 Rea d th
. ese sentences
1 . Pap er and sil k a re ma de inChina .
cal l ed Co mmonNouns .
or t hing s .
31 W i te th
. re n am es of
1 . F iv e an imal s 4 F iv e th ing s t
.ha t y ou ea t
2 . F iv e thing s m a d e of w ood 5 F i e k in d s of
. bi ds v r
C OMPOSITI ON
32 Titl es . Cop y these ti tl es o f p erso s n
Mister Miss C ap ta in Lieutenant
Mistress Maj or C ol onel S up erintend ent
D octor G nor
ov er Secretary B ishop
Professor Preside nt Re v erend A rch bishop
1 .
g l ow 3 . wherev er 5 . bower 7 . houg h
al t
2 . The am
n es of persons pl aces, ,ntries and peopl es
cou
am
.
of t e h y ear.
5 Th e titl es of person
. s .
G v
o ernor T a ft of the P hil ippine I sl and s .
2 Ch ristoph
. er C ol um bus sa il ed fro Pal os in Sp ain m .
The Mn
a one , of his ships w a s repaired at the C a na ry
,
3 . N ow I l ay m e d ow nto sl eep,
I p y
r a t he L or d my s ou l to tak e .
GRAMMAR A ND COMPOSITION 17
J apa nese men womenand chil d enp ut coal into the ship
,
r .
F m N ag asaki w e
ro sa il ed throug h the bea utiful I nl and
Sea to Y okohama .
mountains ?
II . K ind of house .
—
Made of bamboo ? W ood ?
Stone? Nipa ? G rass ? O n p osts ? On a
sto ne w al l ? .
ng ed ?
ra
V . Wh at
y ou do a t home ea chda
y .
T H E N U MB E R OF N OUN S
p erson p l a ce
, or thing .
43 . C opy th
e se si n
g u l a r nou ns . A dd s to eac hto
f orm the p l u r al nu mber
tail or p es o fea ther turtl e
cent fing er eag l e dov e
needl e desk square c oat
44 . C op y th
e se si ng u l a r nou ns . A dd es to ea c h to
f or m the p l u r a l nu mber .
45 . C op y a nd l ea r nto sp el l these si n
g u l a r a nd p l u r a l
SIN G U L A B PL UR A L G UL A R
SIN PL U nAL SI N GU LA R PL U RA I .
l eaf l ea v es knife kniv es w ife w iv es
cal f cal v es l ife l iv es el f el v es
SIN G U A R PL U R AL
L SI N G ULA R PLU RA L SIN G U LA R PL U R A L
man men tooth teeth l ouse l ice
w om a n w om en foot feet mouse mice
ch il d ch il d ren g oose g eese ox oxe n
48 . Write the p l u r al f orm of eac hof these nou ns .
book ox fly n
p y
o w oman
ra te sound .
P ronou nce th
e se w ord s sl ow l y . Tel l how ma ny syl l a
bl es ea c hw ord ha s .
50 F ind i nth
. i s book tenw ord s that ha ve beend i vided
at the end s of l ines .
the e n
ds of l ines
syl l abl es .
In w ords l ike ca l l ta l l sm a l l f a ll sm
, el l th a t en
, d in , , ,
d oubl e 1 th e PS are n
, ot d iv ided w h en th e w ords a re
sm el l ing f
-
a l l in,g ta l l er-
,
-
.
4 Do n
. ot d iv ide w ords so th a t th e re is a syl l abl e of
a va il a bl e)
- am oun t cd (n
, ot a m oun
-
ted) over take (n ot -
,
-
o vertake
-
) .
d iv ided .
y ou w ou l d a t th e en d s of l i n es
animal hotter
banana g m
ra m ar
broken remaining
yesterda
y l etter
correctl y fi ber
GRA MMAR AND CO MPOSITION
53 Rea d th
. ese ntences
se
TH E I N DIA N S
The Indians w ere the nativ es of the Un ited States .
th e fi re .
Th e w om en d id th e w ork Th ey pl an ted th
. e corn .
t en ts .
an im al s a n
,d th ey w en t to w a r .
on e topic on ly A l l th
. e sen ten ces in th e parag ra ph
54 Wri te d owna n
. d nu mber th e tap i c of ea ch p a r a
l in
e tu E xerci se 5 6 .
W ho they'
are.
Their hom es .
Wha t they do .
57 . R ea d the mp o i tion th t y
co s s a ha ve w ri tten a bou t
ou
T he I nd i a ns nd T he N eg r i tos
a . Wha t w ord s d id you
'
d i v id e at e en
th d s of the l ines
PR O N O U NS
hats w ithLeona nd F ra nk .
4 . Leonan d F ra nk did n ot ta k e th
eir h ats w ithth em .
of a ra
tree .
l essons .
to
3 . And rea has l earned l esson lik es to .
rea d a n d w rite .
4 . D id fin d p en s ? W here w e re
6 . Th e bird h ad tw o egg s in w as
not on nest .
7 . D o y ou k n ow W hendid see
C O MP OSITION
63 . Abbreviation
s . Inw riting , we so metims e use
J n i
as the
. a bbrevia tionof Jan u ary .
P I is th
. e a bbrevia tionOf Ph
. il ippine Isl an
ds .
F eb . A pr . O ct . D ec .
A period h
s oul d be pl aced after ea c habbreviation .
G eo , G . eorg e G en G en era l .
,
Sr Sen ior
.
, P . M .
, Postmaster
Jr J un
.ior , S up t , S upe rintendent
Hon Honorabl e , . Dr . , D octor
R ev Reveren d .
, S ea , Secreta ry
P rqfi , Professor y r. , year
Co , C om
.
p y
a n at
C . ca s hondel iv ery ce nt
Cr .
, c reditor or credit
p er cen t hundred , by the
. Dr .
, d ebtor or debit Is .
, I sl I isl a n d .
, ,
doz .
, d oz en do .
(d itt o) the sa me ,
ea .
, ea c h m meter
.
,
d, received l b , pound
’
rec .
26 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
P rov .
, p rovi nce g .
, g ra m
Mt mount or mountain etc
, .
, a nd h ot ers, and so
St .
, Saint or street forth .
R R . .
, ra il road
p .
, p g
a e ; pp .
, p a
g es
w ere th
W hat e ga es m W here were they pl ayed ?
m
W ithwho did you pl ay ?
W hat g ame
do you l ik e best ? Why do
you l ik e it ?
How is it pl ayed ?
g a m th t y
e a ou l i ke to p l a y . Tel l
11 . How th e g am e is p l ayed .
II I . W hy you l ik e to pl ay it .
68 .
Quotatio s n . R ea d thi s story
SA VE D BY A SPI DER
mouth of the c ve a .
w as hiding .
He nnot
ca be in there, re lied
p the ot erh sol dier .
or w ritten .
THE F R OG A ND TH E Ox
A n or: was feed ing nd in a meadow He nea r a p o .
er .
big as I a m? ”
1 .
“
W a s he as big as this sa id the mother frog .
A re y ou tryin n ox ? ”
2 t b l arg e said
“
.
g o e as as a
4 . Yes, re
pl ied the A rab, you may come in .
72 . I ma gi ne th a t y ou hool a nd tha t
a re co mi ng to sc
y ou mee t a
h
stra n
a skgsey
r o
,uwtohe w a y to the m a r k et .
You tel l h i ma nd h
e thank s you W r i te the con versa tion . .
A D JE C TI V E S
basket ?
In the nd sentence what w ord describes the
seco ,
l am e h orse y el l o w b a na na
A dj ectiv es are g n
e erall
y p l a ced b efore th e na mes of
the persons, pl a ces or thing s th a t th ey de scr ibe .
75 A s i n th
. e l a st exe rcise w r i te fi ve a dj ecti ves tha t,
2 . hoe
s 4 . book 6 .
.
h
ouse 8 face
.
76 Rea d th
. ese se ntences
1 . The ca raba o s w aminthe wa ter .
3 A oor m nw itt in in m l l bo t
.
p a a s S g a s a a .
l arge ch a n es or m od ifi e th e m ean in f th e w o rd
g s , g o ,
th e k in d of boa t .
hair .
o
My new shoes are made of bl ack l eather
m
o .
ig hm
-
o The da rk cl ouds surroun ded th e h ountain .
a ba l l a nd a p a ir of .
7 . V incente Is a . boy .
p al ms g rew near
boys wil l not be
tha t it modifies :
Th
e bird is ol d . Th
e or a n
g e ta stes sour .
Th
e g i rl s are happ y . The boa rd feel s mooth
s .
Cop y th
e se se ntences , w r iti n
g a n adj ecti ve in p l ace
f
o ea c h bl a nk
1 . My fa ther is
2 . J ua ns horse w as
’
3 . Th e ocea nis
4 . Th e fl o w er sm el l s
5 . Th e ston e feel s
6 . My penc il is
7 . Th e m anw a s .
8 . Th e j a rs w ere .
9 Th e bird s w ere
e cl ouds l ook ed
. .
10 . Th
82 Rea d th
. ese se ntences
1 . I a myoung he is ol d
, but .
2 . Y ou a re tal l b ut sh e is sh,ort .
by th e a dj ectiv e short ?
nounea chmodifi es ?
A nAdj ec tive is a word used to modify the meaning of a
nounor a pronoun .
C O MPOSITIO N
83 . Use of a, a nan
d the . R ead th
e se se ntences
1 . Ama nona ca rabao rode across our fi el ds .
a or an Th en rew ri te i t p l a c in
.
g the i n p l a ce o,f ea c h
bl a nk e d ifi eren
Tel l th ce i n th e m ea nin h n
'
.
g f o t e se
ten ces .
3 . wa ter in crater of v ol ca no w as
boil ing hot .
I anor th
, e is used before eachof sev eral ad j ecti ves wh en
85 g a ( or the wi t t e se , ,
ou tl i ne
I . Na me of tree or pl ant , or k ind of l eaf .
1 Th
.e stip ul es Siz e, col or, sh a pe.
—
.
3 . The bl ad e .
—
Siz e, col or, hape
s , si mpl e or co m
p o u nd , edg e s, ap e x, base, surfaces .
G R A MMA R
Use the f ol l ow i n
g w ord s i nsen tences a s p r op er a dj ec
ti v es
F nch re
G erm an
Sp an ish
En g l ish
36 ELEME NTA R Y ENGLISH
a a
p p er nap kin n j ar
a sto e
Write se ntences , u si n
g the s e w or ds botha s n
o uns and
4 . j usi 7 . sto e n 10 . v el v et
A s Pa o s o r ms As A mc r rv
'
ns
Th
i s is a brokenp encil . This p en cil is broken .
Those a re y our
p p a ers . Those g irl s study L a tin .
pl ural number .
W ri te three sentences , u si n
g tha t . R ew r i te, u si n
g thos e
inp l a ce of tha t .
93Th e fol l o in we d
.
g w s are used botha s pronouns
this n
o e any most
these none such much
that oth er both mo e r
Many fo th e
p peo l e in B a l iua
g m a ke h a ts .
f ol l ow ing g r ou p s of dj
a ecti ves of pp
o osi te mea ni n
g .
ol d y oung l ig h t da rk w el l il l
w et d ry sh a rp d ul l
. sw eet sour
ri h
g t l eft ri h
g t wrong happy unhappy
38 ELEMENTA RY E NGLISH
My h at is w hite . My f ather is ol d .
Your h
a t is bl ack . I a my oun g .
C O MP O S IT I O N
beds ch a irs
, and h
a re w ritten to eth
ouses g e r T h ey .
a l l used inth e sa m e w ay .
Wh at m a rk se ara tes th w o d in e h i x
p e r s a c ser es e
q u esti o s n
1 . W ha t a re the most important g rains
2 . W ho a re the imp ortant peopl es l iving in the Phil ip
p ines
4 . I n th e Re v ol utionary W ar F , her
at , who was the
commander inchief - -
ma rk se a ra tes
p these nam es from the other w ords O f
the se ntences ?
Use mma to separate the name of
a co a p ersonaddressed
fromthe rema inder of the sentence .
3 . a g irl 6 . a nuncl e
hool ma tes
sc .
sentence b
y a com m a
G RAMMAR A N D CO MPOSITI ON 41
2 . I s th
e Un ited S ta tes a R ep ubl ic ?
Yes th e ofi icers o
, f the g overn ment el ected by
th
e eo l e
p p .
1 . D oes fl y breath
a e by m ea ns O f l ung s
the d ifi ic u l t w ord s
‘
Use th e i nsen tences
. m .
HA N S , TH E SH E P H E R D B O Y
hunter .
W hat Of h
t at inquired the hunter . They are
Sir, I ca nnot g ,
O My master pays
Ha ns answ ered .
Th“
enw il l you g o to th e v il l ag e and g et som e food
the sh
”
eep .
Oh, sir,
”
cried o e of n the m , we feared that
y ou were
10 8
ThenHans l earned tha t the hunter was a g reat prince .
Stay nd serve me
a .
1 06 . Cop y a p a ra g ra p e n
hconta i ning th ame of a p er
1 07 . W rite th
e story f rom memo y r .
1 08 . Conversation Ta l k
horses Tel l th
. e a dj ec a bou t .
d ow na cc ord i ng to the ou tl i ne i n1 0 9 .
V ERBS
3 . F ishes sw i m . 6 . J ua nl a ug hed at me .
In these se
, w hic h
ntences
w ord t e l l s w h a t dog s
These w ords —
r u n fly
, , swi m , write, read a nd
laughed a re used to tell w h at p ersons or thing s do
or did . The
y a re call ed V erbs .
44 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
wil l be, h
s a ll
pp fbe, naot ex press ea rs, eel s do action ,
but th e
y a re ca l l ed V erbs beca use th e y a re used to
tel l , a sk re uest or com
q,
man d som eth in g .
I . W ha t you d o .
2 . W ha t a bird d oes .
1 13 . Tel l whic h f
o the w ord s i n the se se ntences a re
verbs
sc issors .
tol d 8 . sol d 13 . ht
ca ug 18 . w rote 23 . l earned
ng
si 9 . a te 14 . burned 19 . feel 24 . ca me
find 10 . took 15 . cried 20 . l a ug h 25 . sp el l ed
C O M P O S ITI O N
ea c h bl a nk
1 . A ca rp e nter w ith a sa w , w itha pl ane,
hammer
with a , w i th
n aug er a ,
2 . A hoemak er
s hol es witha na wl w itha ,
3 . A farmer to p l ant an
,d ha rv est the rice .
46 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
6 . A we e to m k e j usi
av r, a .
G R A MMA R
F ha t er h ity to morrow
w il l go to t e c -
.
Cop y the f ol l ow i n
g sentences . D ra w a l ine und er th
e
th e rice fi el ds He w il l h
. el p h is fa th er to d a y -
.
w ere w al k in g th rou h th
g e ba m b oo s T he re I .
He h a d ca ug h t fi v e fi sh es .
b un dl es Th e bun
. dl es w ere p ut in to l a rg e
s tack s.
g l a d to see them .
1 . sing 8 . is 15 . ca np l a
y 2 2 . may fi nd
2 . sa ng 9 . a m 16 . ha v e l earned 23 . a m oin
g g
3 . ride 10 . a re 17 . has eaten 24 . l a ug hed
the v erb
3 . I s the m
a nrid in g on a horse ?
4 . not go to sch
I did ool
y esterda
y .
5 He has n
. ever seenth e n orthsta r .
w ords h
a ve a nd been a re sepa rated by the w ords
you
ever .
G RAMMAR A ND COMPOSITI O N 49
1 24 . R ea d the f ol l ow i n
g ntences
se . Tel l w hich of the
1 . Ha v e you na hornbil l ?
ev er see
3 . Has th e w om a nl ost h er m on ey
6 . IS the b oy pl a yin g in th e w a te r ?
8 . I a mnot g oin g t o sc h ool to d a y .
9 . O nw h at isl a nd d o y ou l iv e ?
10 . D id the m oonsh in e l ast n igh t?
11 . W hat l essons ha v e you studied tod ay ?
a d ectiv es
j
As V E RRS As Ans s c r rv
n
s
e wom
Th a nw et he cl oth t . The cl othis w et .
Sh e ha s brok enthe j ar . Sh
e h
as a brok enj ar .
I a mreadin g my l esso n . Th
is is my reading l esson
.
of the street .
nouns
VE R BS
As A s Nor ms
Th e bird ca nfl y . Th
e fly h as six l eg s .
I work h a rd . I l ike h
ard w ork .
thena s a nou n:
1 . whip 7 . fi re 13 . bark 19 . wo rk
2 . ride 8 .
jar 14 . sail 20 . hip
S
3 . s hot 9 . b reak 15 .
p l ant 21 . fl ood
4 .
p l ow 10 . cut 16 . fal l 22 . run
5 . wal k 11 . tea r 17 .
g nd
rou 23 . j ump
6 . iron 12 . feed 18 . hand 24 . fly
C O MP O SI TI ON
THE W A T E R LI LY
ning many years
O ne ev e , ag o, so me chil d renwere pl ay
in onth e shore of a l ak e Th su nhad set a nd the stars
g . e
I Sh al l sta y h e re onth I sh
”
e w ater al l al w ays b e a sta r
. .
Th e h om es of th e ch il d ren we re on th e sh ore of th e
l ak e I nth
. e m orn in g th ey sa w a bea utif ul w h ite fl o w er
onth e water I t w as w h
. ere th e brig h t sta r h a d fal l en .
Th e flo wer w as sw eet It h ad a h
. ea rt Of
g ol d T O d ay .
-
A DV E RB S
,
tly re , , ,
p f y q
s ect ul l u ietl y,a n d c a r f y
e ul l m odif
y t he m ea n
in g s of th e v erbs b
y tell in g ho w the a ctio ns a re don e .
1 32 . C op y the f ol l ow i n
g a d verbs
ns a re done
a ctio . Notice that nearl y al l these ad
Cop y th
1 33 ese
. ntences D ra w
se . a l in under
e ea c h
a d verb Tel l wha t. verb each a d verb
1 . We w a l k ed sl ow ly .
3 . B irds fl y swiftl y .
4 . C at s w al k noisel essl y .
5 . C l ose th e door g en tl y .
7 . Say th e w ords Sl ow l y .
8 . Sh e w rote th e l essonn ea tl y .
9 . He sp el l ed th e words c orrectl y .
1 34 C op y th
. e se sentences , w r iting a n a d verb i n
of ea ch bl a nk
Luis s h orse ra na w a y
’
1 . .
5 . Y ou sh oul d al w a ys d o rig ht .
I nthese ntences
se , whichw ords a re v erbs ? What
word tel l s w here the W hat w ord tel l s
horse ra n?
wh enw e w ill com e to see you ? Wh enw il l th e girl s
y v erbs b
y te l l in g w h en or w h e re t he
a c tio n is don e Th e
y a re . c a l l ed A dv e rb s M ost .
137 . Tel l w hi ch of th
e w ord s i n these se nten es c a re
2 . I t w il l nbe time to
soo study.
3 . W il l J ua ncome l ate ?
4 . Th ere h e co mes now .
54 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
7 . Sometimes I w al k Sl owl y .
8 . My teacher is nev er l a te .
ing Of j the wa rm
a d ectiv e .
w ord tel l s h
ow ra idl
p y ? T he w o rd too is a na dv erb .
anadjective or anadverb .
W hat k ind of h
at ? The bl ack h
at .
W hichh
at ? The secon d h
at .
56 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
to us He w as a ma n
nd
. . . .
3 The boy s He w as
’
. coa t w as . a .
h door
t e He smil ed when I Spok e
to h im .
ten ces .
C OMP O SI T I ON
1 43 . Con
tractions . Inw riting or spea k ing, w e O ften
Shortenor contract words ; as
I ’
mf or I a m . I snt f or is’
n
ot .
put
inits pla ce ?
Incon tra ction s a nA postroph e is used to Show w h ere
hasnt for h as n
’
ot it s for it is
’
a rent fo r a re n T l l fo r I wil l
’
ot
y ou v e fo
’
r y ou h a ve e er
’
for ever
1 46 . The n
ot an
a dv erbs d nev er a re used to g ive
I ha ve nev er beento H on
g kong .
2 . Th e p eopl e g o to a rk et earl y m .
w ha t y ou w ou l d see and do .
REV I E W
pl a ces .
m
W hat is a co monnoun W rite tencommonnouns .
W rite a nor a before eachof these words : book, horse, isl and,
ora nge, ey e, hen, egg .
W hat is a v erb
W rite tw enty v erbs that express action .
SU B J E CT A ND PRE D I C A T E
THE SU B JE CT OF A SEN TE N CE
1 . B oys l
p ya . 3 . Ma rtinw rites . 5 . The bird sing s .
thin s ok en of ?
g p W h o is S po k en o f in th e th ird
sen tence ? In th e fourth sen ten ce ? Th e fi fth an d
sixth sen ten ces ?
The w in
d bl ow s . My uncl e is a
thanone w ord :
1 Th . e Ol d m a ninth e ca rt is m y g ra nd father .
3 A l a rg e w h
. ite ja r is onth e ta bl e .
4 A fl ock of wh
. ite p arrots fl ew in to th e tree .
l
p ya w ithk ites .
3 .
p ul l s h
t e c a rt . 9 . has four feet .
1 53 R ead th
.ese se ntences
1 . Th e b oys pl ay . 5 An
. a found a pe nny .
3 . My teacher writes . 7 An
. ts h a ve nests .
4 . The fa rmers pl ow . 8 Th
. e oc eanis deep .
cal l ed th e Predicate
j ce t a nd the p re d i ca te of e a ch of th e se sen t en c es .
w ay : Tuesda y N ov mb 12 1 91 1
,
e er , .
F riday, O ct 1 1 , 1 4 9 2 . . J ul y 23 1 9 1 0
, .
l etters ? Wh at m
a rk is pl a ced after the day Of the
1 60 . Wri te the da te o f
1 . Y our birth . 4 . Riz al day .
THE F R O GS A SK F OR A K IN G
a fraid Th ey h id at th
. e bottom of th e pon d Th e l og .
up on it Th ey l a ug h ed a t it Th ey did n ot l ik e K in
.
g .
SU B J E C T A N D PR E DI CA T E OF Q U E ST I O N S
1 64 . R ea d th
e se ntences se
2 . th
e mn
a D id hthe turtl e
ca tc
3 ou oin to th i t W h n
.
y a re
g g e c
y e
4 .
y our hat is Wh ich
5 .
y ou h a ve been W h
,
ere
1 65 . W ri te a sta te ment i na n w
h of the f ol
s er to eac
l ow i ng qu esti ons Th e n sh ow t
.h e s u bj ec t a nd th e p r ed i
ca te of eachsta tem en t by d ra w ing l i nes as i n E xe r ci s e 1 6 4 .
2 O nwh
. ichisl and do you l iv e
3 D o cocoa p al m
. s g row n ea r
y o ur h om e
66 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
SU B J E C T A N D PRE D I C A T E OF C O MMA N D S
A N D RE Q U E ST S
1 67 . R ea d these se ntences
1 . B ring me the l a r
g e book .
2 . A l wa ys d o yo ur b est .
n e al l y om itted W e ma ke co m m and b y ps e a k in
g e r .
g s
call ed a Diagra m .
ea c
of diagra m s we h a v e Show n h
, ow th e sen tences are
1 B e k in
. d to a nim al s .
e Pl ease g et me a g l a ss of w a ter .
9 . B e kind a nd true .
C O MP O SI T I O N
5 . brother 1 0 un
.cl e 15 . sister 20 .
g rand m o th e r
O R A N I , B A T A A N,
PH IL PPI IN E I S L A ND S ,
June 6, 1 9 1 0 .
MI S S F E L I SA G U A ZON ,
D A MA L A G , CA PI z ,
PA NA Y , P I . .
DE A R F E LI SA
We arrived home safel y after a v ery p l ea sant v oyag e.
PI LA R M DA N OE L . .
1 72 . The R eadin
g tel l s w here the w riter l iv es a nd
the date nwhichthe l etter is w ritten
o .
hounSt .
3 . Sep t 3 1 905
. 23 Cal l s San Pedro I n
, . tram uros , ,
Manil a P I , . .
70 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
Mr inaddressing a man
. .
Mrs P a bl o Torres . .
g ov ern m e n t .
G en Col S up t D r P e
.
, . in a dd ressin
, , g p er s ons. t,o .
,
sh oul d be om itted .
. . ra , .
, er a ,
Pampa ng ,
a P I . .
3 . D r Manuel A n
. d ra da U niv ersity of Cal ifornia , ,
B erk el ey, C al .
, U S A . . .
()
1 T he C h
i na Sea is w est of the Philippines .
()
2 W here is Sa nB ernardino Strait ?
()
3 C a n y ou sp eak T ag al og ?
4 M
() y Ol d est b rother is inth e U nite d States .
5 P l ra h
() ea se g e t y o u r
g g p y
eo .
6
( ) I n w h a t c o un tr
y is Lond on?
3 .D escribe the p arts of a l etter W rite th e pa rts of .
4 T el l w h
. ichof th e w ord s in E xercise 2 abov e a re
1
() nouns ; 2
( ) v erbs ; 3
( ) a dj e c ti v es ; nd (4) ad v erbs
a .
inE xercise 1 62 .
T H E SI MPL E SU B J E C T A ND I T S MO DIF IE RS
1 78 Read th
. es e se ntences
1 . B irds Si ng . 2 . The l ittl e yell ow birds sing .
6 . Th ey run . 8 . He rid es . 10 .
She is k ind .
Wh ichof th ese sen ten ces hav e noun s for subj ects ?
W hichhav e pronouns ?
Th e simpl e subj ect of a sen tence usu a l l y is a noun
or a pronoun .
1 80 On a d ia g ra
. we m ma y show the mp l e si sub ect
j
the w ord s that od ify i t m . Cop y these d i ag a m s r
T HE SI MPL E PRE D I C A T E A N D IT S
MO D I F I E RS
1 81 . R ea d thi s se ntence
1 . The banca moved sl owl y a way .
si mp l e p red ic a te a nd the of th e si p l e p r ed i m
ca te i nea chsentence .
2 . ma n sp ok e 3 . brother went
| My there
yesterd ay
4 . boy f el l 5 . l a dy mil ed
s
The p l ea sa ntl y
se ntences
r hip sail ed ra pidl y a way
The S .
s Th e l a rg e d eer w a s S O O II c a u h t
g .
6 My un . cl e w il l s urel y c om e to m orrow -
.
G RAMMAR AN D COMPOSITI O N 75
7 . He w ent aw ay ea rl y yesterd a
y .
d i ag ra m A na l y z e eachsen
. tence .
A N A L Y SI S
h
s ip sa il ed
Ship is the sim l e sub ect Ijt is mod ifi ed by the
p
Th
.
rap id l y
I
e
j
ad ectives The a nd l a rg e .
l a rge a wa y
S a il ed is the mp l e
si p redica te . It is mod ifi ed
by the ad verbs rap idl y a nd away .
C OMP O S I TI O N
1 84 . A ddresses . C u t p a p er th e si z e of a n en vel op e .
g i v enbel ow .
n
e v el ope .
76 ELEMENTA RY ENGLI SH
A dd ress a n en e g overn
v l op e to th or of y ou r p rovi n
e ce .
to him .
II . .
I II . Pl a n tin g H O W t
. he g rou nd is re
p p a red for
p l a nte d
n
.
is mature .
VI . S ug a r making
How the cane is c rushed, and
.
V II . Mol asses Ho w it is ma de
. I ts uses . .
V III . Sug ar C ol or
.
—
Wh a t is d on e w ith th
. e new
sug ar.
1 87 . W ri te a co mp ositionab ou t S ug a r Ca ne, u si n
g the
1 88 . Write on
e of these stories f ro m memo y r
th e Ja r of Ric e .
th th ha ve w ri tten
'
R ea d very ca re u l l yf e stor y a t y ou .
P H RA SE S
g roup of w ords o
f the tree is u sed a s an a dj ectiv e to
th e v erb f el l .
Th ese
g rou s of w ords
p f
o the tree a n d in to the
8 . T o do my be st is my d uty .
I n th ntences phrases
ese se , are used a s sub ects j .
1 90 Cop y th
.e f ol l ow i ng se ntences . D ra w a l ine und er
eac hp hra se
1 Th e fl oor of th
. e roomw a s m ad e of ba m boo .
2 Th e roof of th
. e h ouse w as c ov ered w ithn ipa .
3 Th e l ig h
. t of th e m oonsh on e onth e w a ter .
6 Th e pl a tea u of B en
.
g ue t i s in north ernL uz on .
8 My l essonina rith
. metic is about fractions .
capital l etter .
10 . The Pa mp g
a n a R iv e r fl ows into Ma nil a Bay .
A dj ectiv e Ph ra ses .
j ecti ve p hra se. Tel l w hat nou nea chph ras e m od ifies
2 Th e fl ow ers O f th e il a n il an a re g reen
g
-
.
g .
1 Th
.e bird is the eag l e .
m
.
and co e .
5 . l ady g a v e m
e a bask et .
6 . is th e na rra .
C OMP OSI TI O N
1 97 . modifiers are usual l y pl a ced
A dj ectiv e w ord
before th e n oun th a t the
ysmodify but a dj ectiv e p hrase ,
Cop y the f ol l ow i ng
A D Jnc r Iv E W ORD A DJE Or Iv n PHR A SE
t h
e new f mA meriro ca
the l ea th -
er covere d withironcl asp s
a sm a ll wh
ite o nth
e desk
1 . house 3 .
j ar 5 . bird
2 . fl ow er 4 . horse 6 . hat
1 98 . G o to the ma rket inyou r town . Observ e the d ifl er
’
ent eo
p p l nd thi ng s tha t y ou see Think of th
e a e a dj ec .
thin
g seen Use th i s ou tl i n
‘
s . e
I G oin t t h m a rk et T h e tim w th d
g o e e e a e r roa
—
. .
, , ,
tal k in g d ress b u in a n
, y g
, d s e l l in g .
IV . Som e es ecial l
p y int erestin th
g in g p er so n or i nci ,
d en t seen .
A D V E RB I A L PHRA SE S
8 . He w en t ea rl y t o th e city .
h meaning
t e Of a v erb, it is ca l l ed a n A dv erb i a l
Phra se .
201 . Cop y th
f e n ten
ol l ow ice s ng D r
sea w a l i ne u nd er
.
5 V erd e I sl a n
. d Passag e is betw een B atan g a s a nd
Mindoro .
7 T a al V ol can
. o is ona nisl a n d inT aa l Lak e .
8 Muchsug a r is m
. a de inO c cid en tal N eg ros .
9 Ma n
. il a w as attack ed by Lim ah on g in 1 5 7 4 .
1 0 Stea m
. boa ts w ere broug h t to th e Ph ilippin es i n
1 8 61 .
202 . ntences
C op y these se , w ri tin
g a n a d verl phra se
i n p l a ce of ea ch bl a nk
1 .Th e city O f Ma n il a is
2 My fa th
. er h a s g on e
G RAMMA R AND COMPOSI TION 83
3 . Muchrice is ra ised
My p encil is l ying
5 . C ocoa nut g rov es g row best
6 . C oal is found
7 . Th e C uyo I sl a nds a re
8 . D av a o is
9 . In m de
dig o is a
203 W ri te ea chof th
. e se sen ten ces ona d i ag ra m Then .
is
D IA G RA M
A NAL Y SI S —
This ntence is a statement The whol e subj ect
se . is the
A NA L Y SI S —
This se ntence is a q uestio n. The whol e sub j ect is The
ba mboo . The whol e p red icate is d oes g row best nea r strea m s o f f res h
wa ter .
D oe g row i th
s e Sim p l p d ica t I tsis m od ifi ed b y the d v b be t
e re e. a er s
and by the ad e b ia l p h e na t am
v r The noun t ea m
ras s is m odifi ed
e r s re s. s r
You) Write
DIA G RA M
bl a ckboard .
A merica .
C OMP O SI TI O N
2 . T od ay onl y a few sm al l
g roups remain .
I nthese sentences ,
w hat w ords a nsw er the n questio
nd next sum
ea r a m u d d b to tel l
y er a re se a s a v er s
W r ite ntences
se , u si n
g these w ord s a s a d verbs
b
— tod y a 6 . l ast F y rida 11 .
y esterd aymorning
w y es t erd a
y 7 . next T uesday 1 2 . on ce up ona tim e
O
i
205 . An
y w here,
n
owhere , somewhere , everyw here .
E verywh
eremeans inevery p l a ce .
S om ere m
ewh ea ns insome
p l a ce .
N owh
ere me ns inno p l ace
a .
3 . I ha v e l ost m y p oc k et k nife I h a v e l oo k ed
I think it is inthe house .
2 O nw h
. at d ay w a s the D ecl a rationOf I ndepen dence
d oes it fl ow ?
6 . W here are the Sierra Madre mountains I nwhat
Ma y 3 . E a rl y in th
ning I went to see A unt
e mo
r
Ram on a Sh e w as e m
. b roiderin g a ha n d k e rc h ie f f o r
Cousin F el ipe Sh e ta u h
g t me h o w t o
. d a rn a s to c k i n g .
ma ta .
Wr ite the d a te f
o ea c hd a y . Use s hort se ntences .
g g s
y .
88 ELEMENTARY E NGLISH
the ta bl e .
Th e preposition n ea r connects l ay a nd ta bl e, a nd
Sho ws another rel a tion between th e m .
tion
a t f or m
.
th
e nd of th
e e l esson th
e h e
th
e bri dg e over th e riv er received f romh im
tion
Th
e ba ll f el l into th
e well . Into what Into th
e wel l .
He g ave th
e ta
p to me . To w ho m m
To e .
21 3 . R ea d a g n
ai the p hra ses i n E xerc ise 21 0 . Tel l
p p
r e osi ti o ns
at beyond
by a cross
on between
Of throug h
for d uring
12 . made cl ay 25 . sat
forhis friends .
w ithh is frien ds .
beside h is f riends .
a roun d th e house .
un der th e h ouse .
a g ainst th e house .
before th e house .
f
o the f n
ol l owi
g sen tences , u si n
g severa l e
p p
r osi ti ons i n
p l a ce of ea chbl a nk
Th th mud
q
3 . e ca rabao ran e .
3 . fo m e r 12 . into it 21 . fromw h om
1 . H e g a ve the b ook to
2 J uanand I are g oing w ith
.
4 Th a ve th ora n es to J uana n d
. e
y g e g
5 Wh
. o sol d th is h a t to
6 TO
. d id you g iv e th e p encil ?
7 W ith
. did you g o to th e m arket ?
8 F ro m
. d id you g et th is pen cil ?
9 Th
. ese p e ns w ere boug h t by
1 0 Y ou may use on
. e Of
1 1 My broth
. er sits beside
1 2 O ur teach
. er g a v e th e book s to
1 3 T Om as m a I l
p y w it h
.
y , a
C OMP O SI TI O N
He a rose earl
y . He arose at a nearl y hour .
G ive me th b x
e o . G ive he box to me
t .
1 He l ooked nowhere
. G iv e Ped ro th. e fan .
:
a He w al k ed h astil y Sh ow I d a th
. e fa n .
Th G et teach er th e book
i
c ey travel ed Sl ow l y . .
f
o the se ntences .
1 . ca l l for on at , ,
I l ive ina h
ouse .
I live at 29 R ea l St .
3 . boug h
t —
for, from, a t, in 1 7 . l ook —
for, a t, l ik e, o ut
5 . sp ea k —
to, for, a bout 18 . h
t ink O f, a bout
6 . kn ock —
O ff , at, o n 19 . ang y
r at, with
7 ta l k to, about 20 send to, for, a wa
y,
— —
. .
9 . l au g h —
a t, with a bout , 21 . stop —
a t, for, up
10 .
f al l —
ou, into ov e r
, , 22 . ca rr
y
—
o n to
, , a wa
y , 05
dow n 23 . stea l —
a wa
y fro
, m
11 . breole Ofl
’
, up, apa rt 24 p a ss
. by, th rou h
g , into
12 .
p ut out, a way, 0 3
—
25 sin g .
—
to, for, w ith
13 . bel ieve ih —
26 . n with by
stick —
to, o , ,
14 . die —
O i, fro m for
, 27 rea ch for to w ith
.
—
, ,
15 .
g et —
to, for, f om r 28 . mke
a up , for, ov e r, to
16 . l ea ve with, O n, u nd er, 29 . rea d from, w ith
for 30 . h
ide —
for, from, W it h
221 .
B usiness Letters . Business l etters s oul d h be
brief a nd refer o nl y to the ma intopic Of the l etter .
G R AMMA R A ND CO MPOSITIO N 93
l
TA R L A O , T A R LA O, P I . .
,
Oct 3, 1 9 06
. .
JO HN SM I TH 8: CO MPA NY ,
MA NI L A ,
PI . .
SIR S : I incl ose a p ost offi ce money order for one dol l ar
and fi fty cen ts for w hich pl ease se nd me one
W ebster s A cademic D ictionary
’
.
Respectful l y yours,
F LO R A TOR R E S .
in g
’
th e p r ic e of y a ea r s s u bscr ip ti on’
a n d ord er th e n ew s
p a p e r to b e s en t to y o u r se l f M en ti on th e d a te a
. t w h ic h
y ou r su b s c rip ti on is to b e g i n .
C O MPLE ME NTS
1 . J uanbroke .
bought? Of is ?
Some v erbs do not require co mpl ements
J uanruns . F ishes swi m .
J uanwa l ks . B irds fly .
Th
e ca t ht wh
ca u
g at ? A mou e s .
2 . He nora ng e
a te a . 12 . The horse p ul l s the ca rt .
4 . I sa w h im . 14 . Th e h orse is Ol d .
5 Th e d og h as m h at 15 Th e driv er is k in d
.
y . . .
ca tes by w ri ti n
g a comp l ement i np l ac e of ea ch bl a nk
1 Th. e m and ra n k 5 I ca nmake .
2 He ate
. 6 F a th er bo ug h t .
. ce
.
Casi l da wa s da ughter
D IA G RA M
j ect,a nd w as th e d a ug h te r of a M oro k i n
g is th e wh ol e p red icate .
riz e .
p
7 The
y.b u rn ed m a ny c ities in the V isayas .
9 The MO I os a re n
. ow frien ds O f the Ch ristianF il ip inos .
C O MP O SI TI ON
229 S tu d y thi s p oe m
T HE W IN D A N D T HE MOO N
Said the W ind to th e Moon , I w ill bl ow you
Y ou sta re
Inthe a ir
SO, deep
Ona h eap
O f cl ouds to sl eep,
D ownl ay the W in d, and sl umbered soon,
Muttering l ow, I
’
ve done for that Moon .
”
W ithmy sl edg e ,
An d my w edge ,
One p uff
More s enough’
T o bl ow h er to snufi
Inthe a ir
N owhere
W as a moonbeambare .
I II town ,
B ut inv ain
W as the pa in
Of h is burstin g b rain;
F or stil l the broa der th e Moonsc ra w -
p g re ,
An d sh one
O nh er th ron e
I nth e sk y al on e ,
Ra di a nt an d l ov el y th e q ueenO f th , e nig ht .
1 00 ELEME NTARY E NG LISH
e story
C O N J U N CT I ONS
1 . Leonw al k s nsa nd ru .
What a re th
b in the first sentence ? W hat
e v er s
the ir sl a tes .
and or but .
GR AMMAR AND COMPO SITI O N 1 01
.
A Con
j unc tionis a word used to connect words, phrases or
se nten
ces .
ca noes .
so —
as Mt Hal gonis not so h
. ig has M Ap o . .
as —
as Ma rta is as ol d as L uisa .
h
eit er —
or You m ay ha ve either a p enor a p encil .
n
either nor L eon h as neither written n or studied his
l esson .
at om
h e .
con
j u nct i ons a nd w ha t w o r d s p hr as es or sentences ea c h ,
con
j u nct i on conn e cts
i .
o B othLeona n
er a rith
d I l ik e to fl y k ites .
.
q
-I a mas t al l as
y ou a re .
o
c B othV ig a na n d B ag uio a re innorthernLuz On .
Of Bag uio .
11 The road w as m
. uddy a nd we h ad to rid e ina cart .
102 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
an d swim Of in troduces th
. e ph ra se o
f the house .
(R ea d E xercises 2 1 0 , 21 1 ,
Th em a n oes a re ri e an d th houl d be i k d
g p e
y s
p c e .
1 04 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
p rev e nted
M a k e a n ou tl ine of a co mp osition a bou t M os q u it oes .
240 .
W ri te a co mp osition a bou t M osq u it oes . Tel l the
co n
j nc t
uions tha t y ou ha ve used .
C O MPO U N D SU B J E C T
241 R ea d th
. ese sentences
1 . W asp s a nd bees a re insects .
a re a n imal s .
GRA MMA R A ND CO MPO SI TION 1 05
are domestic
a nimal s .
g r a m A n a l
.
y z e e a ch sen te nce
D ck ” ,
u A N A L Y S I S
im p orta n t ce n ter of
n
ce ter
tra de T h
. e wh ol e p redi
ca te is is Ma n il a .
p o u n d T
. h e sim p l e su b
jects are city and center .
Center is m od ifi ed by th e ad ectives th
j e an d i p orta n t an m
d by th e ad
The p redicate n h
co sists Of t e verb is a nd the compl ement Ma nil a .
3 T a w i T a wi a n
. d oth e r isl an d s in the S ul u A rchi
el ag o w ere th e hom es O f th e Moro pira tes
p .
1 06 ELEMENTA RY ENGL ISH
5 . The Phil ipp ines, Mexico and the cou ntries O f South
A me ic
r a o nce bel ong ed to Sp ain .
COMP O SITI ON
24 3 . W rite i n one ntence ha vi ng a comp ound
se , sub
p rovi nce
2 . W ho hav e beeng ov ernors Of the Phil ip p ines si nce
1 89 8
3 . W hat a re the most imp o rta nt fi ber p roducing
-
p l a nts
Of the I sl a nds
4 . W hat tool s are used by a carp enter
5 . W ha t are the l a rg est cities of E urop e
244 . Story Tel l ing . R ead this story
T HE BA G OF W IN DS
Many yea g
rs a o O dysseus l i v ed inG reece . He w a s a
g reat m n and
a di d many w onderful deeds . He foug ht
b rav el y in a l ong w a r in a d ista nt ntry W hen the c ou .
E ol us w as th e k in O f th
g e w in ds H e w as v ery k in .d t o
Th is w in d w oul d ta k e th e Sh ip s h om e DO n ot O penth .e
W riten ou tl ine of
a a story tha t y ou ha ve l ea rned .
The n wri te th
e story .
I . Introd uction .
1 W ho O dysseus was
. .
2 Wh.ere he l iv ed a nd wh en .
3 Wh.at he ha d beendoin
g .
4 Wh.at he w as g oin g to d o .
Th
hip stops at K ing B ol us s isl and ’
II . e s .
1 Wh o K in
.
g E ol us was .
2 His t reatm
. en t of O dysseus .
3 Wh at h
. e g av e h im .
4 Wh at h
. e said .
II I T h
.e j ourn ey after l ea v in g th e isl and .
1 O dysseus s ca re O f th e g ift
’
. .
2 Th e fi rst n
. in e d ays a n d n ig hts .
3 Th e ten
. thday .
IV Disobedien ce of O dysseus s m en
’
. .
1 Wh a t on
. e O f th e m ensa id .
2 Wh y. th e m e nwish ed to O penth e ba
g .
3 Th e bag w as op en
. ed .
V Concl usion .
1 Th e win
. ds rush ed out .
2 Wh at th
. e win ds did .
3 En d of th
. e j ourn e
y .
GRAMMA R A ND CO MPO SITI O N 1 09
C O MP O U N D PRE DIC A T E
sold eggs
nects them?
2 . The fa r mer pl ows the l and, sows the seed a nd
g a thers the g ra in.
se tw o or .
Tw o or mo e connected p
r redicates that have the sa me
j
sub ect f orm a Com p ound P redic a te .
ca ug ht I
broug ht the m
1 10 ELEMENTARY ENGLIS H
How many
nd how ma ny predicates ha s
j
sub ects a
p
subj ect a nd a compound p redica te .
crush ed .
C O MP O S I TI ON
249 W ri te a co
. mp ou nd p red ic a te w i th ea c h of the
f ol l ow i n
g su b
j ec ts
1 . The ba k er 4 . Th mith
e bl a ck s
on a d i g a m a r
e n
tered town
friends .
faithan d ch arity .
The m ost im p or ta nt v o l ca n o es in th e P h il i in e
pp
Isl an ds are MayOninA l bay Mt A p o inMin , d an ao .
6 The p eop l e of Pa n
.
g as in a n a re i nd ust rio us p e a ce ful ,
an d fon d of th eir h om es .
7 The B ab uy an
. es a n d B an tan es I sl a nds h av e m an y
mountains and fertil e v al l eys .
8 Most C h
. in ese a n d J a p an ese h a v e bl ack h air d ark , ,
sl an ting ye es an d a
y e l l ow S k in .
C O MPO S ITI O N
1 The moonis .
Ci
.
Tel l w hat nj n c ti
co onu s a r e u sed i ny ou r se ntences a nd
wha t ea chconj u n ct i on c o nn ec ts .
Tel l the p rep osi tions a nd what phra se ea chp rep ositi on
introd uces .
1 14 ELEMENTARY E NGLISH
Jul y 1 6, 1 909 .
MY DE A R A LF RE DO
ha ve you at dinner w ithus on
W e Shal l be pl ea sed to
W ednesday ev ening next a t hal f p ast sev enO cl ock Some
’
- .
PA G IF I OO A R E N E TA .
MR . A LF D O ZA M ORA
RE ,
MA N I LA P I , . .
8 6 UN IO N ST .
, MA NI L A , PI ,
. .
Jul y 1 7, 1 9 09 .
DE A R PA OIF IG O
Yours Sincerel y,
A LF RE DO ZA M OR A.
MR . PA O I F I OO A R E N E TA ,
48 CA LL E RE A L .
86 UN I ON ST .
, MA N IL A , PI
. .
,
Jul y 1 7 , 1 909 .
DE A R PA OI F I OO
Sincerel y yours ,
A L F R E DO ZA M ORA .
MR . PA C I F I co A R E N E TA,
48 CA LL E RE A L .
1 16 ELEMENTAR Y ENGLISH
Cop y the f ol l ow i n
g w ord s that ma y be
Hush' B ehol d
B eware B osh'
G ood Indeed
W el l I dont ca re
’
2
'
8 That is a
g ood j oke .
C OMP O S I TI O N
now studying .
6 Th e n
. um ber Of p upil s in your sc h ool 7 Th e . .
O f teachers 9 Th e n am e O f th e p rin
. cipal a n
. d Of th e
s up ervisor.
I . Position . 1 In wh
. at p art O f the Phil ip pines
isl a nds .
II I . Surface .
—
l . The mount ains , v al l eys . 2 . The
IV . Products . 1 V eg eta bl e
. l um ber, rubber, fruits,
etc . 2 . Animal horses, cattl e, w ool 3 Min eral . .
iron , copper, g ol d , e tc .
V Cities a n
. d Town s .
—
1 . Their l ocation and Siz e.
2 . h is importa nt
Why ea c .
V I Man ufactures a n
.d Com merce .
—
1 . The most im
p o rtant manufa ctures and a rticl es Of trade . 2 . W here
se n t .
1 18 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
V II . The Peopl e .
—
1 . Na mes Of the important p eopl e .
PA R T S O F SPEE CH
u
g ga e m ay be a rra nge d in th ese e ight cl a sse s w h ich
a re ca l l ed the Parts of S peech .
Cop y a nd l ea rnth
e f ol l ow i n
g defini tions o f th
e P a r ts
nounor a pronoun .
A Con
j unc tionis a w ord used o nl y to connect w ords, phrases
or se ten
n ces .
nd is n ot rel ated to th
a e oth er w ords of the sentence .
P l ea se give e a drink .
F or mny
a day s th
e sh
ip was ina cal m .
Cal my ourse lf .
R ea d the f ol l ow in
g se ntences a nd tel l th
e p a rt of sp eec h
A mancan not fly .
A fly ca nfly .
A l w ays do rig h
t .
InG od w e trust .
G RAMMA R AND COMPOSITI O N 12 1
C O MP OSITION
In th
268 e fol l ow in
.
g group s of w ord s, tho se in
eachg roup soun d al ike but h av e differen t ea ning s m .
it correc tl y in a se ntence
p a ne , a sq ua re of
g l ass h
erd of ca ttl e
,
p ai n suff ering
, h
ea rd did h ea r
,
inth
miner one who mines
,
so, is w ay
nd thread
,
sew, w ithneedl e a
die, to cease to liv e
ba l e, a p a ck a g e
dye, to col or
ba il , surety
understood ta il , of a na nimal
1 22 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
T HE W O RD THE R E
269 . The word th
ere is somtime e s used to introduce
a se ntence . The j
sub ect is then l aced
p a fter h
t e
v erb
There is l a rg e p l a inonI/ n
z on
’
a .
sentence
There There
c l ouds l were
isl ands .
ursery . ey ,
meters apart .
E a chyear, th
as e trees g row , they a re p runed so as t o
The fl ow ers are smal l white and very frag rant T hey
, .
tog eth er Th
. e k ern el s a re surroun ded by a soft p ul p .
an d scoured cl ea n in a l a rg e v at un til th ey a re v e ry
white .
um
n ber of s iev es, ha ving hol es of diff erent Siz es The .
27 3 . v ersation D escribe th
Con e
.
ca ca o tree .
mp l ete the
co story :
T HE F A R ME B A ND HIS SON S
The
y w not w ork together
oul d and they w ere not hap p
y .
RE V I E W
3 . I t w as 4 . The g irl w as
5 . I g a ve to 6 F a th
. er bou h
g t
se ntence .
T HE PO SSE SSI V E F O RM O F N O UN S
27 7 R ea d th
. ese se ntences
1 . Leons kite is brok en
’
. 3 The h
. orse
’
s na me is G og o .
nest . brow n .
28 1 . Cop y th
ese nouns . Chan
g e the m so as to sho w
1 . mens hats ’
3 . J uans siste r
’
C O MP O SI TI ON
283 R ea d th
. ese g rou p s f
o word s
1 . my cousins fan ’
3 . my mother s dress ’
Leon the da ug h
’
2 s Sl ippers 4
’
. a . ter s l ov e
the sl ipp ers o f Leona the l ov e of the d a ug hter
phra ses
introduced by th e prepositionof .
Ch an
284g e the se
.
p ossess i v e no u ns i nto p hr a ses a nd
thenuse eachp h ra se i na sen ten ce
Ch
285 an.
g e t he p hra ses i n th e se g rou p s of w or d s i nto
286 Th
. e possessiv e noun ay al so be ch an g ed into m
a phra se introduced b
y bel on i
g gn to or ow ned b y
h er h usban d s house
’
th
e house bel on i
g gn to her husband
F el ix s h e h
th orse own el ix
’
or se ed by F
p hra ses , u si n
g the w or d s b el ong ing to or ow ned by
1 . My g ra nd fa ther s home ’
5 . A nI ndia ns wig w a
’
m
2 . The g ov e rnor s h orse
’
6 . Mag ell a ns ship s
’
The m erch an t s sh Th
’
4 sec reta ry s ca rriag e
’
. op 8 . e
Th
e swor d of the sol dier wa s broken .
Th
e sword bel on in
g g to the sol dier wa s l ost .
2 . Ra mons kite
’
5 . Th e
p p
eo l es ho uses
’
T HE N U MB E R O F PRONOU N S
289 Tel l th
. e p ronou ns i n th ese se ntences . Tel l f or
bal l .
number .
sing u l a r n u m be r i n t h e p l a ce of e a c h bl a nk :
w ithh er .
a mw riti n g T h is is p en . G i v e .
a p en cil .
3 F el ix l ost
. kn ife had a w hite ha ndl e. .
fa th er
g av e t o . . .
4 J uan
. ita h as mother s parasol is no t
’
.
O en
p is .ca rr in it in
y g h and .
29 1Tel l th
.e p ron ou ns i n th ese se ntences . Tel l f or
1 . F ra nk a nd I a re c ousins W e are .
g oi ng to see o u r
ra nd fa the H e i l w k ind to us
g r s a ay
.s .
1 32 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
p l a ce o f ea c hbl a nk . e n
Tel l th umber of ea chp ronou n
coun try .
l esson te acher g a ve th
. e book
to
Luisa nd Cl otil da
a may write l esson
, .
CO MP O SIT I O N
qua ntity or h
ow much .
Ha ve y ou mu h mny ?
c o e N o, I ha vent an y L
’
eo nhas
me
.
P edro h
a s enough to buy a
p a ir o
f sl ipp ers S ix to ha s .
GRAMMA R AN D CO MPOSITI O N 1 33
f or h
is l a bor .
th
enu mber , or tel l how many
Ha ve y ou many b h a ve a h unooks
dred Yes, I . A few
of them ar e new F ew books a re wo rt
.h rea di ng . I woul d
ra th er ha ve a few g ood books tha nm an oo on s
yp r e .
F ew means nly
o a s ml la number . A f ew means
so me .
Non
e mean no one o s r not a ny
Ha ve you a n rice N o, I a ve n
h on hav e not
I
y e .
(
any ) . None f
o th
e u
p p il s wa s a bsent to day -
.
(N ot o ne nt ) w as a bse .
Use ma y f ew a n n
d a f ew i nsen
,
tences .
W ri te tensenten ces u si n
g no ne i nea c h , .
things .
both i np l a ce of ei ther .
takenseparatel y .
th
in s
g ; to ev ery o e n .
boys h
a d flag s .
inp l ac e of ea ch a s i n th
,
e sentences above .
C O L U MB U S A ND THE EG G
k in g a nd qu ee n of Spaing a v e h im sh ip s H e c ro sse d t he .
p l ea su re to th e sto ry of th e v o y g
a e S uch g rea t re
. sp e c t
had nev er beenshow nto a commonma n .
B ut m any m e n w er e j e al ou s o f C ol u m b us O n e d ay .
ou tl i ne .
T HE G E N D E R O F N O U NS
l ine G ender .
nine G ender .
M SC U L I N E
A F E M I N I NE Ma sonnnm F E M IN I N E
J osé J osefa broth er sister
femal es : as,
p arent cousin
, ,
neighbor
p erson tea ch er , ,
W rite sentences , u si n
g these word s
1 .
p a ren t 3 . tea cher
2 . ch il d 4 . cousi n
GRAMMA R AND CO MPO SITI O N
T HE G E N D E R O F PRO N O U N S
S I N G U LA B N U M B E R PL U RA L NU MBE R
Leona g irl s birds
he
S h
t ey they
th eir an d th em ?
U LA R N U M B E R
SI N G PL URA L NU M B E R
Th e pronouns I, y, e, we, ou r,
m m
us , you a nd
you r m ay be used instea d of n oun s in e ith er the
307 R ea d th
. ese senten ces Tel l the p ronou ns
. Tel l for .
2 Th
. e d rag onfl y al so l ays its eg gs onth e wa ter It .
3 Th
. e fi sh erm e n a re carr in th
y g e ir n ets T hey are .
our supper.
C OMP O SI T I ON
308 Cop y th
. ese ntences cha ng in
se g t
,h e g en d e r o f the
a , y .
R ea d this bi og ra p hy
G E O R G E W A S HI N GT ON
G eorg e W ashing to n w a s b orninVir in
g ia nF eb ruary o
22 1 7 32
, His fath er wh
. ose n am e wa s A ug ustin
, e W ash
in t n w n d l l r e fa rm l l d l nt ti n T h
g o o e s
,e v e ra a g s c a e p a a o s e .
En g l a nd .
Th e peo l e in th
p e c ol o m es w e r e n ot w e l l t rea ted b
y
En g l a nd a n
,d in 1 775 t h e R ev ol u t io n a r
y W a r b e g a n .
ch il d ren th re w fl owers in h
. is w ay a n d san g s on g s .
G eorg e W a sh in t on H w on of th e reatest m n
g . e as e g e
in th e h istory of th e w orl d .
1 .
p l anta tion 5 . surv eyor 9 . messag e 13
. treated
2 . d utiful 6 . resp ect 10 . final l y 14 . sa vior
nt
e w ord s .
31 1 Tel l th
. e biog ra p hy o f G eo r g e 77 0 8 75 t 0 ”, u si ng
this ou tl i n
e
I . Birth .
—
D ate . Pl a ce . F ather . Mother . Home .
II . Chil dhood .
—
Stud ies at school . Lov e of g a mes
a nd hunting her s d ea th . F at
’
.
I II . A Survey or A ge La n d to be surveyed
.
—
How . .
l on g a surv eyor W h y h e w as in d a n g er H o w . .
IV . A Messen g er T hQ F re nc h b u il d. for
—
ts i n Pe n n
syl va n ia W ashing ton sent as messeng er
. .
V . A F arm er Pea ce
. Return s to V irg in ia . .
VI . A G en era1 G oes to fi g h
.
—
t th e F ren ch A rm y .
W a r ends .
V irg in ia D ea th Hon
. ored a n d l ov ed by al l .
c iv il iz ed o l es
p p
e .
PE RSO N A L PRO N O U NS
F irst Person .
of the na es of person m
s spokento Th ey a re int h e .
Second Person .
s
p ea ki ng the
, p erso nsp oke nto or th
e p erso nsp okenof .
m
.
o
c W e a re studying a nd w riting our l essons .
-
s W e shal l g iv e our pap ers to our teacher .
He rea d a story to us .
o I t w as a bout a bird .
- T he
q
had brok enits w ing s
bird .
o
o Y our cousinl eft h is b ook inm y house .
10 . Sh e Show ed it to h er b roth er .
Th ey se n t it to their un cl e s h
’
11 . ouse .
She h
as been v ery successful . She sp ea k s a nd w rite s
Eng l is h w el l . We a re sorry to l ose her servi ces .
31 6 Sup p ose th
. at f n
d a of y ourie
rs i s i
g g
o n to M a nil a .
31 7 W ri te a l ette r to a f rie n
. d i nv iti ng h i m or he r t o ,
31 8 . W rite th
e l ette r of
f nd y ou r rie , sta ti ng tha t he or
e is u n
sh a bl e to a ccep t y ou r i nvi ta t ion . G i ve the rea so ns .
3 19 S in
. ce you r f rie n d cou l d n ot co e w r ite m , a l etter to
hi m or her tel l i ng a bou t R i z a l D a y Tel l .
were . 8 Wh at
.
yo u a nd y our frie nds d id 5 H o w y o u . .
A TT RI B UT E C O MPLE ME N T S
8 . Mr J ones is my
. tea cher .
GRA MMAR AN D COMPOSITI ON 1 45
ment i np l a ce of ea chbl a nk
1 Th e w om
. anw as to m e .
2 Sh e is m
.
y .
8 Her n. am e is
4 My p en
. cil is
5 Th e capital of th
. e p rov ince is
6 Th e m
. ost im p ortant p rod uct is
C O MP O SI T I O N
323 . W rite se ntences , u si n
g these w ord s
mp l ement
co s
1 metal
.
2 an.iml a
3 . insect
1 46 ELEME NTA RY E NGLISH
3 . The j
a r sou nd s e mpty . 7 . Th e earthseem s fl at .
325 ntences ha vi n
Wri te g se co mp ound a ttr i bu te cor n
p l ements u si n
g these s u bj ec
,ts
1 . My fi v e sens es a re
2 . The p a rts of a fl ower are
1
() W r ite f or hi ma d escrip tionof a s ma l l p r a u, w i th
d ra w i ng s a nd mea su ements r . D esc ribe
I . The Hul l I ts l e n
.
g
—
th, d ep th, w idth a nd thi c k
ness of sides Ma terial of w hich ade Ho w
. m .
p ut tog e t e r h
nds top a nd Sides . Shape of e , .
II . The Sa il I ts siz e an
. d Shap e Material of w hich .
an dh oistin
g .
t . . .
C O MP OS I TI O N
330 . Some v erbs may be used with or witho ut
ob ect co
j mpl ements .
an
. a l y ze thes e ntenc es se
1 Th e b o s ra na race a ro un
.
y d the sc hoo l house .
8 I w rote a l etter to m
.
y m oth er l a st ni g ht .
4 Th e j ustice of th
. e p ea ce w rote to th e g ov ern or .
a
p p er a nd i nk sufi i ci ent f y
or ou r cl a ss f or thi s y ea r Tel l .
the am ou nt a nd k in d of ea c hdesired .
Rul es f or Punctuation
, .
r oug hth
We rode th e city over th e bridg e a nd , a lo n
g the
river .
(Review E xercise
2 . B efore a n
d after a w ord or p hra se used inexpl a
nation .
nil a th
Il I a e ca ita l o
p f
, the P hil ipp ines i s the l a rg est city ,
3 To separate th
. e nam e of a person addressed from
Mother ed m studies
ha ve fi nish I
, y .
(R eview E xercise
4 . To sep arate the w ords of a quotation fro m the te
“
G ntl emen sa id Col umbus
e ,
”
wh
at ,
“
is easier th
an to
mens '
.
to -
’
oay , s ig ht s eein
g
-
.
339 .
Quota tionli a r/cs are used to incl ose the exact w or d s
hel l fi sh
cal l ed S .
2 . Pabl o O f w h a t use a re S h
, el l fi sh?
Th is foun d i n th
”
5 e p ea rl oyster said C l otil d a
“ “
.
, e ,
P I . .
morning .
Th e boys a re A n da a n d J ua n .
Th ey a re h e and sh e .
I amh e .
Y ou are sh e .
9 . Th e b oys a re they .
10 . I t is you .
11 . I t is a red bird .
14 . The l a g est a n
r im al inth e w o l d is th e wh al e r .
345 . W ri te se ntences , u si n
g the se w ord s i nthe nomi na
ti ve ca se
1 . man
2 . w ind
3 . nut
POSS E SS I VE C A S E
1 . J uans horse ’
5 . the bird
’
s nest 9 .
y our book
2 . his horse 6 . itsnest 10 .
y our fa n
Marta s dol l boys h 11 rl s d resse s
’
i
’
3 7
’
. . ats .
g
4 . her d ol l 8 . their hats 12 . their d resse s
iv e Ca se .
1 . his 3 . J ose s
2 . her 4 . th eir
p l u r a l
O B JE C T I V E C A S E
7 . He sat near me . 10 . We l
p ya ed w ithhi m.
W ha t th
a re e
ph ra ses in th ese sen tences ? W h a t
noun or ron u n is th e O bj ect O f ea ch re ositio n?
p o p p
These nouns and p nou n s a re inth e O
ro b j ec tiv e C a s e .
Obj ective, y ou y ou
PR O N O U N S OF TH E T H I R D PE R S ON
MA SC UL I N E FM IN I N E
E N E U TE R MA SO U L I N E ,
G E ND E R GE N DE R GE NDE R F E M I N IN E A N D N E UT E R
N am . he she it th ey
350 . Tel l th
e ca se o f hnou n a nd
ea c p r o nou ni n thes e
sentences
D id yo u bring a l ett er for me ?
My father sent it to you .
The bo
y a te his mang o .
I g a v e i t to him .
The bo s wil l
y not forg et us .
1 56 ELEMENTARY ENGL ISH
1 . I sa w him .
6 . W e l ike to pl ay best by
7 . W hy a re you tal king to
8 . He l ov es better tha nan
y n
o e el se .
C O MP O S I T I ON
354 . What
p ersonal
pronouns may be used
O bj ect co mpl ements ?
W r ite sentences , u si n
g ea c hof these p r o nou ns .
Who is it ? It is L eon a .
Who wa s it 9 It wa s th
. e bo s
y .
1 . W ho did it ? I t wa s I wh o di d i t .
6 . W ho is knocking ? 11 W ho is stamping .
7 . W ho is w hisp e ring ? 1 2 W ho w a s l a te ? .
tences .
Chan
g e the f n ol l ow i
g sentences introd ucin
g , eac hw ith
ther e , and then w i th i t
e room m m
/
boy .
)
boy th e room
a t is inth E m h i b
It is a .
( p a s z es oy .
)
1 . A l arg e fl a g is fl oatin g o v er the school house .
3 . Cl otil d e s
’
nthe fl oor
scissors a re o .
5 . A ch il d w as pl ay in g i n th e w a ter .
7 . The ch il d renwere m ak in g fl g
a s .
35 7 . W rite th
e p ossessi ve f or m of ea c hof the p er so na l
p ro o u n ns .
1 58 ELEMENTA R Y EN GLISH
W hat a re the p n
roou ns i n th e se sen ten ces ? These
Write se ntences , us i n
g thes e p r onou ns
1 . my 2 h
. is 3 h
. er 4 yo ur . 5 . their
2 . I ownth is p en c il . 5 . This is y p en c il m .
ere
1.Th is is h is h o rse .
s Th ese a re J ua n a s d resses
’
.
r Th ose ch ick en s a re JO Sé s
’
.
W O RD , PH RA S E A N D C LA U SE MO D IF I E RS
1 . A nea rnes t m a nw il l fi n d a w ay .
2 . A m a ninea rn est w il l fi n d a w ay .
3 . A m a nw h o is inea rn es t w il l fi nd a w ay .
an d is cal l ed a Cl a use .
4 . The t ree g re w h e re .
Here is n ad verb ; in th
a is p l ace is an ad v erbia l
p hra se a nd w here we n ow s ta nd is a nA d v erbia l Cl a us e .
p hr a s es a nd whic ha re cl a u ses
8 . A fter we ca m e h om e
9 . A fter th e ca rro m a ta
In to th e b rok enja r
.
10 .
11 . F or b rea kin g t h e j ar
A D J E CT IV E W O RD , PH R A S E A N D C LA U SE
MO D I F I E RS
Ana l yz e ea c hsentence
1 62 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
D I A G RA H
We ad mi e
r boy
3 He wh
. o l a ug h s a t c rooked m en sh oul d w al k v ery
stra ig ht .
is m y m oth er .
onJ un e 1 9 is a h ol ida y
, .
7 Wh . ite a n ts a n d so m e oth er a n im al s th a t a l wa s
y
l iv e inth e da rk h av e n o eyes .
8 Th . e N eg ritos w h o n ow l iv e on
, l y inth e m oun tain s ,
9 Th . e
g a l l eo ns w hich sa il ed , b e t wee n M a nil a a n d
Mexico carried richca rg oes O f sil ks a nd spices
, .
13 Th e boy to w h
. o m he g a v e the p osition was neat
and ca reful .
1 64 E LEMENTA RY ENGLISH
C OMP O SITI O N
366 .mnp osition ha vi ng the titl e
Wr ite a short c , W ha t
I W ul d L i k t D
o I m g ine th t y ou m y h
e o o, a a a a ve al l
the mony y u w i h a nd m y go a n
e oy w h n d sd a e re a o a ny
thing y ou l i k e
number a nd g end er of
.
ca se.
2 . 6 .
3 . F ro m is it ? 7 . is this ?
4 . W ith is he ? 8 . W ith do y ou s it ?
9 . The b oy fel l into the riv e r w as d rowned .
11 did y ou I d ont k n ow
’
see ou aw .
.
y s
F or w hose book sh a l l I a sk ?
5 . fromw h om 1 0 th rou hw h
g i c h .1 5 . w ithwhose
GRA MMAR AND CO MPO SITIO N 1 65
ta ini n
g a n a dj ec ti ve cl a u se .
E U R EK A 1
There w as o nce a k ing of Syracuse . The cou ntry ov er
which he rul ed was q uite o r this sm al l F . rea son h e
l a rg est c row n in th
.
A l l wh o sa w it sa id I t is th e m
, ost bea utiful c row nin
th e W O I IL
‘
Th e k in g w e ig h e d it I t w e ig h e d e x
. a c tl y
tenp oun ds .
It d oes n ot h a v e th e sa m e richred c ol or th a t th e l um p
O f g ol d h ad
”
re l ie d A rch
p , i m e d es I t i s n o w .a b rill ia n t
y el l ow .T h e g ol d s m it h m a y h a v e t a k e no ut a coup l e of
o un n ”
p d s O f g o l d a d a dd e d b ra ss or sil v e r .
Th e k in g s a id A rch i,m e d e s is th e re an w a
y , y o f fi n d
in g out w h e t h e r th e g o l d s m it h h a s r e a l l y c h ea t e d m e
I kn ow O f n o wa
y
”
an s wered A rch, i m ed e s .
166 ELEMENTA RY E NGL ISH
is h al f m iz e w oul d cause on l h l f m u h t fl w u t
y s y a a s c o o o .
w ater it woul d h
, a v e displ a ced a b ul k O f w a ter eq ual to
its ow nbul k G ol d is h
. ea v ier th an sil ver or brass T en .
p o u nd s O f p u re g o l d w ill n ot be so l ar
g e as t en p o un d s
of brass or sil v er If th
. e cro wnis p ure g ol d it w il l d is ,
p l a ce the sa m e a m o u nt of w a ter as a l um of
p g ol d w h i
.c h
w eig h s tenp oun ds If th .e c row ncon ta in s sil v er o r b rass ,
—
A dap ted fi '
o mB al dwins ’
Thirty More F a mou s S tories .
37 5 himed es s e
Try d xp eri ment by u si ng ba l a n
’
. rc a ce,
The si mpl e j
sub ect of this ntence
se is music . I t ismodifi ed by the
j
ad ectives The a nd sweetest a j nd by the ad ective cl ause that a g ood mother
3 Th e V isa ya n p eo l e p a in d n h
'
.
p te a d ta tt ooed t e i r
bodies w h en Ma el l a n ca m e to th e Ph il i in
g pp es .
Th
7 e p eop l e w h
. o stood upo nthe shore sa w the boat
whenit sa il ed a w ay .
10 . I l earn ed m y p
s el l ing l esso n w hil e I w a l k ed to
sc hool .
f ,
be or e w hen , where, af ,
te r as a s,
are used
1 . I sa w a w h ite p a rrot
2 . I t fl ew a w ay . .
3 . I do not l ik e bats .
C O MP O S I TI O N
379 . W ri te se ntences , u si n
g ea ch of these
Manner 9 . as
Cause or Purpose
12 . beca use 13 . so that 14 . inorder that
Condition 15 . if 16 . u nl ess
2 . is ru nning 4 .
g o 6 . l et 8 . d id S hine
Whenthe v erb h
381 . a s an obj ect and consists O f
I usual l y sp ea k E n
g l i sh . Sh e s ea ks E n
p g l ishcorrectl y .
Wri te sentences , u si n
g these v erbs mod ified by a d verbs
Ih nfi nishth
s a ll soo is com p osition .
Th
a t boy wil l l ea rnhis l essons to night -
.
1 . ha v e l ea rned 3 h a ve g a th
. ered 5 . S hal l w rit e
2 . did see 4 h as b rok en
. 6 . w ill tel l
C O MP O S I T I O N
BORN EO
B orneo is a hwest of the Phil ippines
l a rge isl and s out .
an d j ung l e .
forests a n d on th e pl a in s Th e l a rg est m on k ey is c a l l ed .
th e ora n u t n -
I t l ook s l i k e a m n w h o i o d
g o a g a
. s c v er e
w ith h a ir It h a s l on rm n d h ort l e s I t l i i n
.
g a s a s g v e s .
th e trees I t c om
. es to th e g ro un d wh en it w ish es fo od
an d w a ter .
cal l ed Dyak s .
In n orth ern B orneo, the p e opl e cul tiv a te rice, tob a cco
l ine y ou ha ve ma d e F i nd i t on a ap . m . R ea d the de
l i ve .
0 Tel l a bou t
1 I ts p osition
. a nd siz e. 2 . I ts mountains , p l ains,
C O MP A R I SO N O F A D J E C T IV E S
39 1 . R ea d these ntences se
39 2 Th
. e Positiv e Degree is th e s im pl e form O f
the a dj ective : a s, l a rge, good, carel ess, rou h a n
g d
smooth .
m
to so e certa in qual ity I n th ese co
pa risons the . m
words as as a re used .
2 . I a m
a s busy as a bee .
4 . The m a nis a s sl ow as a ca ra ba o .
6 . The w a ter is as cl ea r as g l a ss .
7 . Y o ur hat is as l ig ht as a feather .
39 3 Th
. e Co parativ e Degree is used in com
m p arin
g
O ne p erson, p
l a ce o r t hing w itha nothe r
p erson, p
l a c e
g eneral ly used .
R ea d these se ntences
1 . Luisa is O l der tha nHel ena .
2 . Sama r is l a r er th
g a nLey te .
R ea d these ntences se
2 . And a Ma rtin an
, d Pabl o a re tal l b ut Ma rtin is ,
th e tal l est .
w orl d .
d egrees o f co mp a rison
PO S ITI V E CO MPA R ATIV E SU P E R L A TI V E PO S I TI V E CO N PA R A T I V E SU PE R L A TI V E
Th m
e Co p ara tive Deg ree is f or med by addi ng or to the
Positive Degree .
Positive Degree .
a m
Jua nis the ost ind ustrious boy inschool .
best O f al l .
far
former
better
more
1 78 ELEME NTA RY ENGLISH
PO SI T IV E CO M P A R A T IV E
nea r nearer
upp er
CO MPO SI TI O N
399 . Write ten se ntences co mp a ring tw o p ersons
u si n
g as as .
He nev er l ooked so ol d a s y ou .
a re u n l ik e .
N A toa d frog
J
a .
A turtl e l iz a rd
O
O a .
Q A deer a
g oat .
N
C A nora ng e a c hico .
Q A sl ip per a shoe .
-A
J
ma ta a ca rt .
mS
ca rro
ug a r ca en cor n.
4 Th
.e egg s S iz e, col or, n u ber, wh
—
enl a id m a nd how
l ong in ha tching .
5 U se a n
. d har of l iz a rd s m .
3 . B amboo . 6 . A fi sh . 9 . A turtl e .
C O MPA R I SO N OF A DV E R B S
co mpari on s .
PO SI T I VE CO M P A R A I V E
T SU P R A T I V E E L
DE G R E E D GR EE E DE G R E E
fast fa ster fastest
Sl ow sl ower sl ow est
l a te l ater l a test
C op y these a d verbs
POS I TI VE CO M PA R A TI VE SU PE R I A T I V E
.
D E G RE E DE G R E E D E G RE E
w isel y more w isel y most w isel y
k indl y more k indl y most kindl y
ra idl l ess ra id l l east rap idl
p y p y y
l oudl y more l oudl y most l oudl y
41 2 . Some adv erbs use difi ere nt w ords to how the
S
p o ny .
3 . I w ent hool
ea rl y to Henry a rriv ed l ate
sc . Ma ria .
ca m e l a ter th an H en r
y H e c o ul d w a l k fa ster
.
C OMP O S IT I ON
41 4 . Wri te se ntences , u si ng these a d verbs w ith the
co njnu
c t ions tha n as ,
a s, s o as
1 . ra
p id l y 4 . l oudl y 7 . l a ter 10 .
q uick l y
2 . sil e ntl y 5 . fast 8 . careful l y 11 . O ften
3 . res
p ec tful l y 6 . soo n 9 . ea rl ier 12 . w isel y
T H E BI R D S , TH E B E A ST A N D TH E BA T
ba ttl e .
friend . He I w ishto fi gh
sa id, t onyour Side .
”
Tel l the a dj n d t h
ecti ve a
e a d verbi a l mod ifie rs tha t y ou
ha ve u sed i nwri ti n
g the stor y .
41 7 . E xa mine you
mp ositi onca ref u l l y for errors in
r co
ti ontha t y ou ha ve used .
T O morro w I sh al l g o to m n h M an
’
3 .
-
y u cl e s ou se y .
ou a l a rg e sweet m an o
y g , .
th e ma rk et He wa s sittin n a m t He w
g
. o a as .
three k il o meters
'
presen t ti m e I t is inth e P r
.esen t Perf ect Te n se .
. ese se , ere
tenses
run?
P ast . I ra n I w as run
. ning I did run D id . .
I run?
I sh al l run I shal l be run
. ning Shal l I .
run?
I run?
P ast p erfect . I h a d run I had beenrun
. ning Had I .
run?
nmg .
w ritten
427 . e ten
Tel l th ses f
o the verbs i n thes e se ntences
1 C ocoa p al ms g ro w nea r m home
.
y .
2 . He w as not . He wa snt
’
. W asnt he ’
3 . It h as not . It hasnt ’
. Hasnt it
’
C O MP O S I T I ON
1 . L ucas l ov es me . 3 . He ea ts ric e .
ca pita l l etter.
4 32 . C op y th
ntences cha n
ese i
g g
se n the d i rec t , qu ot a
I do n ot w an
”
2 Pil ar sa id
.
,
“
t to g o .
3 Marian
. o said I a mh ung,ry .
4 Maria n
. o sa id I do n ot feel wel l tod a
, y .
5 Loren
. z o said I a msl eepy
,
.
2 . Pabl o said th
he w as
at study ing .
fast
4 . My father D O y ou k n
a sk ed , ow y our l esson
me
43 6 . Cop y thes e sentences , ha ng ing
c the ind i rec t to
d i rec t quota ti ons
1 . My mother ask ed me if I ha d fi nished my sew ing .
4 . E ug en ia ask ed m e wh y I w as c r in
y g .
437 . R ea d th
e se se ntences
1 . My father said to me , Come into the house .
When w e ch ang q
e uotat ions tha t a re commands to
the indirect for m we change the v erb said
, to tol d,
re ues ted,
q comma nded ba de o f orbade
,
r .
tio ns to th e in d irect f or m
l Th
. e tea ch er sa id to m e G O to your seat , .
2 My m
. oth er sa id to J ua n O penth e d oor , .
3 . G iv e m e a fa n sa id Luisa to J ul ia
, .
190 ELEMENTA RY E NGLISH
2 My m . o th er requested m e to g o to th e m a rket a n d
b uy a fi sh .
44 1 . W r ite a co mp
na bou t M a k ing Ja r s Tel l
osi tio .
1 O f wh
. a t j a rs a re m a de 2 Wh ere th e cl ay is fo un d
. . .
3 How th
. e cl ay is p repa red 4 How th e cl ay is m a de . .
PE RSO N A N D N U MB E R O F V E RBS
I w al k . We see. They l ea rn .
Th e manw ork s . He is . It w a s .
F UT U R E PB B l l Ol
' '‘
TE NSE
wal k ed .
Th
ird p erson . He, She or it w il l The
y wil l ha ve
hav e wal ked . w al ked .
b e i na l l the tenses
PRE SE NT TE N SE
(P erso n
)
1 . We are
2 . Y ou are
PA ST TE N SE
2 . Y ou were . 2 . Y ou
3 . He, She or it was 3 . They were
F UT U RE TE N SE
1 . I shal l be 1 . W e Shal l be
2 . You wil l be 2 . You w ill be
3 . He, she or it wil l be 3 . They wil l be
PRE S E NT PE R F E CT TE N SE
PA ST PE RF E CT TE N SE
He sh e or it h
, ad bee n 3 Th ey h ad been .
F U TU RE PE RF E C T TE N SE
been
C OMP O S ITI O N
A mI happ y ? A re you h
a
pp y ?
of the v erb
I a mwriting . The
y w il l be l ooki ng .
A mI writin g a l ette r ?
A re you wri tin com osition?
g a
p
1 94 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
450Use th
. e w ord g oi ng i n p l ac e of h bl a nk in
ea c
45 1 . Chan
g e thentences you ha ve w ritteni nE xercise
se
RE G U LA R A N D I RRE G U L A R V E RB S
45 2 . Cop y the f ol l ow i ng verbs . Use ea c hverb ina se n
tence
PR E SE N T TE N SE PA ST TE N SE PE R F E CT TE N S E S
l
p ya l
p ya ed hav e pl ayed
l ov e l oved had l oved
cry cried hav e cried
tal k tal ked hav e ta l ked
l earn l ea rned had l earned
The forms of the v erb used in the presen t ten se,
Principal Parts .
see n .
196 ELEMENTARY E NGLISH
W hat is wron
g ? To tel l a l ie is an infinitiv e
phra se used a s th e subj ect W hat . is the infinitiv e
hra se inthe th ird Sente n e ?
p c
In
finitives .
3 . to ca tc hfi sh 9 . to fi nd my hat
4 . to pl ay bal l 10 . to ride ina cart
PA RT I C IPL E S
3 . W e saw many womenca rry ing bask ets onth eir hea d s .
fl oor ca rryin
, g baskets etc f or m a king th
,
e ta bl e.a nd
,
or h e in m e, a re cal l ed Participial Ph
f lp g rases .
G RAMMAR AND CO MPOSITI O N 1 97
458 Tel l th
. e p a rtic ip i a l p hras es i nthese sentences . Tel l
wha t eac hp h ra se od ifies m
1 . Those bO s l
y p y ga in in th e ro a d are y cousins m .
2 . That O l d a ns m
ok in g m
a cig ar is a fi sher an m .
3 . We sa w three
c a ra ba os sw i mming inthe water .
5 . by work in g h a rd e ver
y d a
y
C O MP O S I T I O N
460 . Letter of A ppl ication . Cop y this l etter f
o ap
p l ica tion:
ZA M B O A N G A , MI N D A N A O , PI
. .
,
Jul y 1 3, 1 9 1 0 .
MR SI M ON RO CO,
'
B O B O L,
B O B O L, P I
. .
DE A R SI R
Th e Sup erin ten dent of Sch ool s of th is city h as
the position .
I a m
sixteeny ea rs ha v e compl eted the w ork
of a
g e . I
inth e p rim a ry sc h ool s of th is city a nd the fi rst year of the
RI C A R DO SA N T O S .
1 98 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
m
A Si pl e Sentence is nn
a se te ce that tai n
n
co s on
l y one
cl ause .
1 . cofi ee 2 . sug a r ca ne
466 . W ri te co mfl ex se ntences
1 . F i ve se ntences , ea chcontaining a nadj ectiv e cl ause .
46 7 . R ea d these se ntences
1 . The manw as t al l a nd the wo manwas Short .
E a ch of these ntences h
se as two or m ore cl auses .
1 . The bo
y ca me to sc hool , but he l eft his books at
home .
el eph an t is th e l a rg est an im al 0 11 th e l an d .
COMP OS I T I O N
469 . Conv ersati on .
Tel l o f the l ife o f F ern
ando
w ashe born
II . Serv ice in th e E a st I n dies T o wh om th e E a st .
from E urop e Wh y ? W hy
. M a g el l a n d i d n o t
l ike th e w ork th ere T o wh at coun try h e w en
. t .
IV . Th e v oya e
g Sa il ed S e
.
p te m be r 2 0 1 5 1 9 , w it h fi v e , ,
Am erica Th e m utin
.
y of th e c a p ta i n s P a ss e d .
Pacifi c Stopped at th
. e La dron e I sl a n ds Reach ed .
4 71 . Tel l the si mp l e
nd co mp ou nd sentences , co mp l ex a
4 72 Tel l th
. e k in d p erson number a nd ten se of ten, ,
verbs th a t y ou h a ve u sed .
473 . G i ve the co mp a ra ti ve a nd th
e su p er l a ti ve d eg rees
of ten a dj ec ti ves a nd of the a d verbs tha t y ou ha ve used .
p l ura l f
o tennou ns that
you ha ve u sed .
204 I NDE'
j
.
m
. .
G a es , 66 g en d er of , 3033 05
Hm m
. .
o e, 40 nu ber of , 42 -48
f m
. .
H orses, 1 08 p os se ss iv e o r o f ,
D
.
ates , use of , 1 58 1 60 —
. used a s ad ec tiv es , 89 .
D
.
iary , 207 of v e rb s 44 2 -
4 44
O m m
. .
,
O
.
O
.
j
.
E verywh ere, use of , 205 Outl in es, see Co p osi tion sub ects j
x m
.
,
E cl a ationpoin t , defi n itionan d use for .
f
o , 25 8 -
260, 336 . Pa rag ra h, 1 8 , 2 1 , 53 .
H yp h e n u se o f 3 38 Persono f v e r b s 44 2 -
444
m
. .
, , ,
. .
m
.
Preposition 2 1 0 2 7
- 1 Th d an d th e Moon , 229
f m
.
j
,
conun ction
.
i g uish Th e B a g of W in
gg
dr ed ro s, d s , 244
a m
.
Col u b us an d the E gg ,
j irds , the B eas ts , an
ob ec t of ,
m qf d th
212 .
e B at ,
Presen t per ect tenf se , 425,
mpl etions 276
.
Prin direction
,
cip a l pa rts of v erb s, 452 or 244
f m es for see Com
. .
,
Prog ressiv e or of v erb , 448 . outl in positions sub
oun
,
Pron
,
s, cases of , 343 -35 1
m j eeta for
Sub ect com
.
n
.
itiona n
,
d efi n
.
en d er o f , 306
g .
in
.
,
terrog a ti ve , 31 4 of q uestion s 1 64
m sim l e a n
.
nu ber of , 9 29 4
.
,
28 -
. d wh ol e 1 78
n
,
p e r s o a l , 3 1 3 . Sn er a ti v e d eg ree , 395 ,
rel a tiv e, 364 Sy l ab ica tion 4 9 -5 1
m
.
j
.
,
Prop er n o un s, 28 . Th an , use o f , 40 1 .
m x
. .
j
,
Req uests , 7 . z5
Re v iew , 1 48 , 1 77 , 276 , 360 an d n oun s, w ord s used as,
j
.
co p l e , 464 d efi n itionof , 1 1 1
m
. .
k in d s of, 13 .
p e r s o n a n d nu b e r o f , 442 -444 .
p r ed ic a t e o f 1 53 -1 5
7 p r a c t ic e in us in g, 1 1 3 - 1 24
m
. .
,
si l e , 462 p r in c ip a l p a rt s o f 4 5 2
f m
. .
,