Chemical

Bonding
Types of Chemical Bonds
Valence Electron
Octet Rule
Lewis Dot Structure
 Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons
Electronegativity Difference ΔEN
Difference between the two electronegativity values of atoms.

We can use ΔEN to predict the type of bond!

 Electronegativity Difference ΔEN
Types of bond based on the ΔEN

Type of Bond Electronegativity Difference ΔEN

Ionic ≥1.8

Polar covalent 0.5 to 1.7

Nonpolar covalent ≤0.4

Ion Formation
Ion Formation
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic Bonding
Why do metals donate their electrons to non-metals?

Metals have lower electronegativity

than non-metals.

Movement of electrons is from

lower (metals) to higher (non-metals)
electronegativity.
Determining the FORMULA UNIT

CRISS-CROSS METHOD
Use the crisscross
method to determine
the formula unit of
ionic compounds. It
must be in simplest
ratio
Determining the FORMULA UNIT

CRISS-CROSS METHOD
Use the crisscross
method to determine
the formula unit of
ionic compounds. It
must be in simplest
ratio
Naming ionic Compound
Polyatomic Ions
Metals Forming more than one Ions
Metals Forming more than one Ions
Naming Ionic Compound (with monoatomic ions)
Naming Ionic Compound (with polyatomic ions)

COMPOUND
Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
NaNO3 sodium nitrate
NH4Cl ammonium chloride

NOTE: Refer to the table of polyatomic ions to know the name of the polyatomic cation/anion.
Naming Ionic Compound
Naming Ionic Compound
Naming Ionic Compound

1. LiCl

1. BeF2

1. MgS

1. AgNO3
COVALENT
BONDS
Covalent Bonding

What is covalent bond?

How will we know if it is covalent bond? (What type of

elements participate in a covalent bond?)

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar

covalent bond?
Covalent Bonding
 How to Draw Lewis Diagram for
Covalent Bonds
Ex. H2O

STEP 1: Determine the total number of valence

electrons

STEP 2: Choose a central atom (least

electronegative atom)
•EXCEPT HYDROGEN (it is always a terminal
atom, not central)

STEP 3: Draw a skeletal structure by drawing

straight lines that connect the valence
electrons. Remember the OCTET RULE
•Determine the number of bonding and
nonbonding electrons
Formative Activity:
 How to Draw Lewis Diagram for
Covalent Bonds
Ex. NH3

STEP 1: Determine the total number of valence

electrons

STEP 2: Choose a central atom (least

electronegative atom)
•EXCEPT HYDROGEN (it is always a terminal
atom, not central)

STEP 3: Draw a skeletal structure by drawing

straight lines that connect the valence
electrons. Remember the OCTET RULE
•Determine the number of bonding and
nonbonding electrons
 How to Draw Lewis Diagram for
Covalent Bonds
Ex. C2H4

STEP 1: Determine the total number of valence

electrons

STEP 2: Choose a central atom (least

electronegative atom)
•EXCEPT HYDROGEN (it is always a terminal
atom, not central)

STEP 3: Draw a skeletal structure by drawing

straight lines that connect the valence
electrons. Remember the OCTET RULE
•Determine the number of bonding and
nonbonding electrons
 How to Draw Lewis Diagram for
Covalent Bonds
Ex. HCN

STEP 1: Determine the total number of valence

electrons

STEP 2: Choose a central atom (least

electronegative atom)
•EXCEPT HYDROGEN (it is always a terminal
atom, not central)

STEP 3: Draw a skeletal structure by drawing

straight lines that connect the valence
electrons. Remember the OCTET RULE
•Determine the number of bonding and
nonbonding electrons
POLAR VS NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS
POLAR VS NONPOLAR COVALENT
BONDS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE
NONPOLAR VS POLAR
POLAR COVALENT BONDS

Unequal sharing of electrons, leading to partial charges

NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS

Equal sharing of electrons

 ACTIVITY
Determine the polarity of the following molecules:

1. SF6

2. C6H6

3. PCl5
 NAMING OF
COVALENT BONDS
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
STEP BY STEP: PROBLEM:
Name the compound NH3 which is widely used in in
1. Name the first element using wastewater treatment, leather, rubber, paper, food and
its full name. beverage industries.

2. Name the second element

using its full name, but change
the suffix to "-ide.”

3. Use prefixes to indicate the Number of Prefix Number of Prefix

number of atoms of each Atoms Atoms
element if there is more than
1 Mono- 6 Hexa-
one
2 Di- 7 Hepta-
NOTES:
3 Tri- 8 Octa-
• For the first element, omit
"mono-" if there's only one 4 Tetra- 9 Nona-
• If adding a prefix results to 2
5 Penta- 10 Deca-
vowels, drop one.
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
STEP BY STEP: PROBLEM:
Name the compound CO which is a colorless gas, usually
1. Name the first element using produced by incomplete burning of fuels.
its full name.

2. Name the second element

using its full name, but change
the suffix to "-ide.”

3. Use prefixes to indicate the Number of Prefix Number of Prefix

number of atoms of each Atoms Atoms
element if there is more than
1 Mono- 6 Hexa-
one
2 Di- 7 Hepta-
NOTES:
3 Tri- 8 Octa-
• For the first element, omit
"mono-" if there's only one 4 Tetra- 9 Nona-
• If adding a prefix results to 2
5 Penta- 10 Deca-
vowels, drop one.
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
STEP BY STEP: PROBLEM:
Name the compound N2O, commonly known as "laughing
1. Name the first element using gas," which is used as an anesthetic in dentistry and surgery
its full name. to induce a state of relaxation and euphoria in patients.

2. Name the second element

using its full name, but change
the suffix to "-ide.”

3. Use prefixes to indicate the Number of Prefix Number of Prefix

number of atoms of each Atoms Atoms
element if there is more than
1 Mono- 6 Hexa-
one
2 Di- 7 Hepta-
NOTES:
3 Tri- 8 Octa-
• For the first element, omit
"mono-" if there's only one 4 Tetra- 9 Nona-
• If adding a prefix results to 2
5 Penta- 10 Deca-
vowels, drop one.