385

MECHANICAL
2 PROPERTIES
OF FLUIDS

ofa solid in a liquid

(D) Apparent weight
A- FLUIDS =True weight weight ofthe
liquid displaced

-
= mg - VP'g = mg 'gmg
liquid and p is the density
POINTS TO REMEMBER where p' is the density ofthe
volume ofthe solid
volume of =

the solid and V"=

of
Auid is a substance that can tlow under the action ofan
liquid displaced.
When the weight w ofa body is
Law of Floatation:
nal force. it deforms continuously. For a fluid shear (E) displaced by the
practicallyazero. Fluid is a state of matter that equal to the weight of the liquid
madulus is floats on it.
immersed part ofthe body,
the bodyjust
includesliquids. gases and plasmas.
thebodysinks in the
fluid is incompressible and non-viscous. Its flow ) Ifw> F, (buoyant force).
An ideal
Its tlow is smooth and steady. liquid.
s irrotational. on the liquid
surface.
of fluid mechanics, we must know the (ii) Ifw< Fp. the body floats
For the study at
the body can remain in equilibrium
F o r

following from the previous classes: (ii) Ifw=Fh,

any depth in the liquid
Mass
unit - kg/m
(A) Density In floatation,
Volume
kg/ms
1 x 10* Volume of the immersed part of the solid
Densiry of water
=

Total volume of the solid

13.6 10* kg/m3 x
Density ofmereury
=

gravity Density of the solid

Specific density, relative density specifie
or
(B)
Density of the liquid
Density of the substance which deals with
Fluids at Rest: The branch of physics
Specific gravity =

Density of pure water at 277 K In

the properties of fluids at rest is called hydrostatics.
and acting
or Specific gravity hydrostatics, we consider the forces pressures
Pascal's law,
Mass of the substance
on a stationary fluid (hydrostatic pressure,
etc.)
Mass of equal volume of water
Pressure: The pressure (P) at a particular point of'a fluid
or Specific gravity at rest is defined as the average
thrust (F) (normal force)
that point.
acting per unit area, surrounding
Weight of solid in air
Loss of weight of the solid in
water
ie. P
There are no units and dimensions for specific
gravity. The normal force exerted by a liquid at rest, on any surtace
in contact with it, is called the thrust ofthe liquid.
(C) Archimedes' Principle: When body is partiallya
drawn to
or fully immersed in a liquid, the buoyant force acting Ifthe force F makes an angle 6, with the normal
to
liquid displaced by the surface then the component F cos , perpendicular
on it is equal to the weight ofthe
t and it acts in the upward direction or the loss of the surface is the effective force.

weight of a body in a liquid =

weight ofthe liquid
displaced V density ofthe liquid g
 Marvel Physics MH1

386 in a
trough
containing

the
mercury

inverte
The heigh
column
in
tube
mercury
level. T he
pressure exertedi was a
P oc
cm at sea
atmosphere
or I torricelli. this ca
A s
manometer is used.
to
"

For this reasol tube

Smaller the area, larger is the force.
Knite has a sharp edge and a needle has a sharp p (2) An open
pressure difference. It consists of a U tu measur
Con
e
The dimensional formula for pressure is low density
liqud like oil or a high densitmly aln
of the tube iso
a
ry One end

[P] [M' LT1

dyne/cm in CGS
like mercury.
system
(vessel) hose Pn to the benectmeasel ius
w h o s e pressure is
ure is to
left open to the
he sI unit of pressure is N/m and other end 1s

system. It is also known as Pascal (Pa).

and the
the between
dilference
almosphere the
iydrostatic Pressure is a scalar. Pressure exerted by
a We measure
(h) in the two arms of the U tube. Then gau liquidl
epres
liquid at rest. is called hydrostatic pressure
(P,)hpg =P-P,
Pressure due to a fluid column (liquid)
P = hpg. It is independent of the size and shape ot the
is given y Effect gravity on fluid pressure : For a
of h dipped in a liquid,
container cylinder) of height the
difference between its lower and upper surlaces is g
i) The other units of pressure are atmosphere. bar and
torr. by P2-Pj=hpg.
if gravity is absent, then P. -P
(1) Ifg-0
or
I bar =10 Nm- or Pa
torr pressure exerted by mercury column of P2-P
1 mm= 133 Pa
i.e. In a liquid, the same pressure will evics
will exist a
I atmosphere = 1.013 x 10° N/m* or Pa points
= 1.013 bar
(2) Because of gravity, we get P2 # P, and thus
different at different points.
760 torr = 760 mm of mercury
(3) In the laboratory. we do not see this effect, he
(11 The total pressure at a depth h below the free surface
g is practically constant. But in the following ou
of a liquid =Atmospheric pressure (P,) + hpg
where g is changed appreciably we can see the
Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted
efi-
by the
atmosphere
we have.
is called atmospheric pressure. At sea-level )Epole Bequator
Hence P= ph(g,)> (PE ph (g =

1 Atmospheric pressure

Pressure exerted by 0.76 m of Hg (ii) On the surface of the moon,

gm
hpg=0.76 13.6 103 x 9.8 then for same p and h,
Fmoon earth
1.013 10 Nm (or Pa) Hydrostatic Paradox : Pascal used a number of ves
Absolute pressure and Gauge
pressure : The total or
of different shapes but of equal base area. He poured w
in them
actual pressure P at a
point is called
absolute pressure. upto the same vertical height and
Gauge pressure is the difference between the pressure exerted by the proved th
pressure (absolute pressure) at a point and the
actual vessel (P Pgh) liquid column on the base
of
pressure. Thus atmospheric and not on the
depends only upon the height of the le-

affect the
shape of the vessel (i.e. the shape do
PP-P, or
PP, Pg +

paradox.
pressure). This is known as hydro
Absolute pressure
Pascal's Law : Pascal's
Atmospheric pressure Gauge +

pressure pressure is stated

law regarding trans1smissi
Instruments used t0 measure as:
pressure 1n a tyre or blood The
pressure
pressure actually measure the
gauge applied at any point to an enci osed n

pressure may be positive or egative. Itpressure. Gauge a liquid at rest is

transmitted undiminished eyu
water tank
containing
is
positive in a directions, to all
water but
negative in à vacuum points of the liquid, and the
container provided
chamber. Absolute pressure can never
be
d
the effect ofgravity is negle
negative. Pascal's law has g
Instruments to measure
pressure: many practical applications Itisus
(1) Mercury barometer: 1The Hydraulic press,
measured by atmospheric pressure is Hydraulie means
Hydraulic Jack, Hydraulic brakese
using a barometer.
the
atmospheric pressure by Torricelli, operated via a liquid)
-

measured While
barometer. He used a using mercury
a
pneumatic machine is operated by useofairl
end. It was filled with long glass tube, closed at one Hydraulic
mercury and was kept is used Press It is an :
al'slar

heavy objects.application
inverted to lift or
 of F Tuids 387
Pyrties

Equation ()gives Newton's formula. In thisequation the

called the coetticient of
cofton constant of proportionality () is
Its value depends upon the nature
VISCOsity ofthe liquid.
liquid. The negative sign shows
and temperature of the
f M that the viscous force opposes the liquid
and
flow. When the

temperature is increased n increases tor gases

deereases for liquids.

dv
I .then n=F
Hydraulic Press IfA dy
is defined as the
The coetBicient ofviscosity of a liquid
Pascal's law on unit area of a liquid
tangential viscous force acting
to
42ing

applied
o n smal piston of area (a) layer per unit velocity gradient.
ure
t r a n s m i t t e to larger piston of area A where In C.GS. system, the unit
of n is a poise.
re

Ipoise=I dyne-sec cm
second/metres (Ns/m-)
or F = PxA = A TheSI unit of n is newton

Poiseuille.
The SI unit of viscosity is
as pascal-second (Pa-s)
It is also expressed
N is in kg m/ss,
N m- is pascal or kg m-s and
so
F>t
4
4.
kgm
press actS as a force multiplier.
hydraulic N = kg m -S
Thus
compressing
cotton bales and extraction of m
for
hs Lsed 10 poise
alby crushing the
oil seeds
| poise = 10 m o r I Ns/m =
Ns
used in ratio of
The hydraulie brakes is stokes. lt is the
unit of dynamie viscosity
brakes :
Hhdraulic The
based on Pascal's
law transmission of
of
uomobiles are vehicles.
ressure in a liquid. They
a r e used tostop the
cars, trucks, etc.
lits used to litt or support
Hvdraulic are Dimensional Formula of n:
Pascal's law.
They are hased
on

VISCOSTTY a(numerically)
dv
resists the
(tluid)
by virtue ofwhich a liquid
'he property
Telativemotion between its
difierent layers
is called
relative
M'TxL ILM'T
foree which opposes the called
ST
Thetangential in a fluid is forces
adjacent layers is cohesive
obon between two
internal
triction.
(1) The cause of vIscosity in liquidsit is due to ditlusion.
force or viscous drag or molecules. In gases,
among the
eScous

Newton showed that for

a laminar much greater than
that of gases.
is
ewton's formula:
viscous force or
backward dragging (2) Viscosity ofliquids
Ofa liquid. the on a layer is given by e.g. Viscosity of water 10 poise
e(F)acting tangentially Viscosity of air
200 x 10
°
poise
(numerically)...( 1)
layers depends upon the
between two
Viscous force
-nAor (3)
of layers in
contact. But the triction
between
area
independent of the areas of the
two solid surfaces is
direction or
to the surtaces in contact.

whereAIS the area ofthe laver parallel likehoney, castor

oil
The viscosity ofthick liquids water,
dv (4)
than that of
mobile liquids like
tow and the velocity gradient is more

herosene, clc.
viscous
the Stokes showed that the retarding
dv laminar
fow. Stokes' Law:
small spherical body of radius (r).
Velocity gradient dy
In a

the hquid
force (F) acting
on a
in a medium
unitorm velocity (v).
ofintinite
layers ofd ith a
(7) is given by
w
tWo mov ing
rence locities betwo
ireetion
viscosity
of coetlicient of
in
Per distance.
in the entent
velocity
it perpendicula low is
called

dicular to the direction ot F Tri

Stokes" law This torce
is a

is kown as
relation
This
d
vsdient velocity dependent force
 Marvel. Physics MHT4,
388
is
defined as
ight or curve
the straid
gives
Terminal velocity: 1t
streamline

A which
at
any point the
attained by is the maximum
mum constant velocity tangent
to
rest.

while falling cthroug

a at
spherical
medium of infinite body flow of
liquid
intersect. n

sreamline
never

extent. can ea
A small Two
streamlines
at a given point
nt s always C
sphere of radius r and the velocity ofa liquid
density pis
unitorm velocity called terminal and direction

velocity (V) ana liquidd

magnitude
both in
ot infiniteextent and of In a rbulent flow,
density o. coefficient of viSC Turbulent
flow:
of the liquid, chanPath
particles

C
Sphere is
moving with terminal velocity In the
condition viscous force Resultant
velocity ofthe
with time,
both
river,
in
magnitude.

when it is
direction. e.ontg.imTheusna
flooded
ward in a
force or dowi of water
6tnrv= mg. In a
turbulent flow,
a large portion of the
energy sse
eddies in the liquid and a small
.6 TnrV=Tr°(p-o)g in producing
forward flow.
ponion
left for
in which
Coetticient of viscosity of the fluid Laminar flow: The steadyflow liquid
is given by in the fornm oflayers IS called laminar flow The ve
at the axis
n= -o)g varies
ofthe layer wall
from maximum
0
the layer at
the of the tube.
and the terminal velocity (v) is number: Critical velocity ofa l
given by Reynold's
velocity at which the flow of the liquid changes t
stream
flow to a turbulent flow.
line

Reynold performed
a number ofexperiments on
I1 it falls in air. then be tubes ofdifferent diametersand
o can neglected as compared to p. ofliquids through
that the critical velocity
V =

kn or k = V pD
Air Bubble: An air bubble formed in aliquid is considered DD
as a sphere of air. From the beginning the bubble iIS The constant k is called Reynolds number (R).
accelerated upwards. Hence the bubble rises up and
acquires the terminal velocity after some time. The R = ePD and R

terminal velocity is in theupward direction. In this case, PD

the density of the fluid (G)> the density ofthe solid (p). where p
density of the fluid and D = diameter of te
Hence v, is negative. Hence air bubbles rise through water
or bubbles of CO, rise in soda water bottles. pipe
It is also denoted by N or Np
Applications of Stoke's law:
It is a pure number and has no units and dimensions. ts
d)Todeterminen. independent ofthe system ofunits. It determines the p
(2) Used in Millikan's oil drop experiment, of measuring of flow of a liquid through a pipe.
electronic charge.
Ye pD
(3) To explain the small velocity ofthe rain drops. When R = Is less than 1000, the flow is lamne

HYDRODYNAMICS or streamline. The flow becomes unsteady when

which deals between 1000 and 2000 and for values of R>200.
Fluids in Motion: The branch of physics flow becomes turbulent. The exact value at whichthe
of fluids in motion is called
with the study of properties becomes turbulent is called critical Reynolds num
We will consider only ideal fluids.
hydrodynamics. oteths
Is determined
Streamline flow and turbulent flow: It is the flow of a experimentally. It is interesting
the flow speed for our household taps is about
passing through
liquid in which each particle ofthe liquid
m
the eritical for a
path and with the speed tap (having D f wal
a point travels along the same same
N-2000) is about 10 to 12 ems. Thus the fiow
the same
velocity as the preceding particle passing through In waler
taps is turbulent and not stream line
point. Source orsink
Equation of continuity: If there is no sour ofthetuid
only when its
streamline motion
the fluid along the length of a pipe, the mass
A liquid possesses
than a certain limiting value, called the Isal
velocity is less crossing any section of the pipe per sc
velocity. When the velocity ofthe liquid becomes
constant.
critical
the critical velocity, the particles follow a
greater than
zig-zag path. Such a disordered or irregular motion is
m aPa,V,P2
called turbulent flow. Where a, and a, are the areas of cross secu:tlow a
V are the speeds of particles in stream li
a, respectively
 Pripertieso fF l u luids 389
.n o
offcont
continuity. For an incompressible multiple choice
Useful information for solving
cyualon

law:
on Torricelli's
,
called
.
l h c n

questions based
P or av Constant
ujund.

iqui
Hence the liquid velocity at any section of
versely proportional to the area of corss - ***.
at that section.
of the pipe (H-h
etion
principle and its applications
R>
the law of conservation
aau's
equalion
applies
of
fluid in motion. It is an imp
(1) The liquid coming out of the hole describes a

e n
tion in hydrodynamics
e r g y

parabolic path.
Principle: When an ideal (incompressible to reach the
t taken by the liquid
ouli's
Rernouus fuid flo
fluid flows in a stream line motion from () The time
viscous)

non
another, then at every point in its path, its
ground is calculated byusing =gt
and to
s
place.
one per unit
volume|1.e. pressure energy + P.E. +
tolalenergy
KE remains constant,

t ,
2(H h)
or(H h) =
gt =

-pv- constant
ie. Ptpgh xt
(i) Its horizontal range = v
OR

= constant = 2gh 2(H-h 2 h(H h)

gh +v
can also be stated as 'In a stream line h- .He . when the hole
oulli's theorem (v) Ris maximum when
an ideal fluid,
the sum of the pressure head,
nu of is at the centre of the wall ofthe vessel.
elocity head and the gravitational head is constant.'
(2) Venturimeter: It is used to measure the rate offlow
of a liquid. It is found that in the venturimeter., the
- +h = constant
entrance and
speed of the liquid is lower at the wide
the narrow neck. This principle is used
in
horizontally, then h, and higher at
If the liquid moves h, =

pitot tube, spray gun and atomisers used for perfumes.

Bernouli's equation becomes

A2
RPvPov
V
constant
R
orP- pv

This shows that if the speed of a fluid element increases

Manometer Tube
a511 travels along a horizontal streamline, the pressure of
the fluid must decrease and vice-versa. 1.e. points of
- Mercury
makimum pressure are points of minimum veloc1ty.

Applications of Bernoulli's Theorem:

Torricelli's Theorem (Speed of Efflux): When ofa
quid flows out through an orifice, the velocity of
enlux (velocity with which the liquid escapes),
the liquid is equal to the velocity which a body would
attain in falling freely from the free surface of the
liquid to the orifice.
or V =
2gh
3) Aerofoil : An aerofoil is a device, which is specially
Venturimeter
The instrument consists of two conical tubes P and
Q connected by a small eylindrical tube R at the
centre. R is known as the throat. A manometer tube
isattached between R and the tube Pas shown in the
figure. The speeds ofthe liquid flowing through the
tube at the wide neck (P) and at the throat R are
caleulated by using Bernoulli's theorem.
shaped, so that when it moves in air. the pressure
below the aerofoil increases and the pressure above
it decreases. The resultant upward force due to this
ditference of pressure is known as the dynamic lit
and it lifts the aerofoil against gravity.
Example of aerofoil are aircraft wings. propellers ete.
 Marvel Phys
be
hysics MHT
390
flow in
artery
can
plained b
nal human
expl

(4) In a storm, the high speed wind blowing over the

Blood
Bernoulli's
theorem.
For a normal
human
forced in arto being wh
roof of a hut. creates a low pressure above the roof. contracts,
the blood is

(120 mm
eries and
heart
But the pressure below the roofis atmospheric. Duc becomes
maximum

of lg.Th
pressure
to this pressure diference. the roof is lifted up and called systolic pressure
then blown away by the wind nders the
blood enters
the t
When the heart
expands,
mm of Ho
g) heart. Thehi
(5) Dynanic Lift: Dynamic lift is a force that actson a
pressure
is
minimum
(80
his Is Cale
body such as airplane wing. spinning ball. ete. when diastolic pressure
it through a fluid artery gets
constri.
moves
sometimes
the
cted i
Spinning Ball: We find that
But
of the
blood cap apillary is
decreassed) merna
walls or due
diameter
on its inner
of plaque

has toantinaimin
(i) When a ball moves through air, without accumulation
level, the heart a n a
normal
flow at
spinning. the air does not exert any upward or the blood
downward force on the ball. It follows the usual speed ofblood
flow. lowersthe inter
This lo
the
and when theexternal
pressure becomes pressath
ery large.
parabolie path heartecannot
break. But the ts increase
(i) But. hen it movesthrough ain. with a spin, it 1s artery may
a certain level and there
is there a pumpin,
deviated from its parabolie path. This deviation activity bcyond
heart attack.
danger
is explained on the hasIs of Bernoullis principle
is true only for a streaml ne low
For a clockwise spinning of the ball. when the Bernoulli's equation
ball moves forward. the surrounding air moves be applied to
the rapid flow of wWat in a five
cannot
flow of water is a turbulent flow
backwards. Hence the velocity of air abOve the Because the rapid
ball relative to it is larger and below it, it is
Smaller. The streamlines get crowded above and
are rarified below. The ditference in velocities
of air produces a pressure ditference between
the upper and lower faces and the ball
experiences a net upward force. This dynamic
ift due to spinning is called 'Magnus effeet".

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

I torr is the hydrostat1c pressure exerted by a mercn

4.
1. Hydrostatic Pressure, Pascal's Law column of height.
(a) 10 cm (b) 76 cm

(c) I mm (d) 1 em
STANDARD LEVEL 5. Which one of the following is not a unit of pressure

(a) Pascal (b) Bar

1. Atmospheric pressure is measured by a (c) Torr or N/m (d) Newton
(b) Barometer
(a) Pyrometer 6. Thehydrostatie pressure exerted by a liqud dos

(C) Spherometer (d) Hygrometer depend upon the

of the following is based on 'Pascal's Law' ?
2. Which one (a) depth of the liquid
(b) Hydraulic lift
(a) Sprayer (b) density of the air
(c) Aneroid Barometer (d) Venturimeter
(c)acceleration due to gravity
The pressure at the bottom of a lank containing a liquid
3. (d) volume of the liquid
does not depend upon the
7. Pascal's law is not applied in
(a) acceleration due to gravity
(a) a hydraulie press
(b) density of the liquid
(b) a hydraulic jack
(c) area of the bottom surface
(c) an atomiser (or sprayer)
column
(d) height ofthe liquid (d) ahydraulie brakes
 PropertiesofFluids
393
wspherica portion of radiu R is removed from 0.01 poise. |I poise
the The coefficient of viscosity of water
=

t t o m of a ylinder of radiu R. The volume of the = 0.1 Ns/m

is Va its mass is M. It
C y n d e r

is suspended (b) 8x 104N

i naa liquid
netlaning
h of density p where it (a) 5x 10-N
ring
stays vertical.
surtace ofthecylinder is at a (d) 5x 10-N
depth of h below (c)12 10N
Theupped surface. Theforce on the bottom of the cylinder
thelugundsurfa of oil2
42. A metal plate ofarea 100 sq. cm, rests on a layer
hyt h el n q u d i s

mm thick. A force of 0.I N applied parallel to the plate

(b) Mg Vpg of I cm/
Mg horizontally keeps it moving with uniform speed
hgp (d) PgV + TR-h) s. What is the coefficient of viscosity of oil
Mg
+

TR
c) (a) 0.5 Ns/m (b) I Ns/m

(c) 1.5 Ns/m (d) 2 Ns/m

Viscosity

HIGHER LEVEL
STANDARD LEVEL
43. The velocity of water in a river is 18 km/h near the upper
Which one of the following has maximum viscosity? surface. The river is 5 m deep. What is the shearing stress
between the horizontal layers of water ? (Coeficient of
()
Water (b) Kerosene
viscosity of water =10 Poise)
(c) Glycerine (d) Mercury
(a) 10- N/m2 b) 10 N/m2
.The relativevelocity of two parallel layers of water is 8
1fthe perpendicular distance between the layers is (c) 10 N/m2 (d) 10 N/m
0.1 cm. then the velocity gradient will be
(a) 60s (b) 50/s 3. Stoke's Law, Reynold's Number
(0) 40's (d) 80/s
The unit of dynamic VIscosity is
(8) Poiuselle (b) watt STANDARD LEVEL
(c) stokes (d) dynelem
38 Ametal plate of area 20 cm, is separated from a large 44. If the Reynold's number for the flow of a liquid in a tube
plateby a layer of glycerine I mm thick. The coefficient is 3800, then the flow of the liquid is
of viscosity of the glycerine is 20 poise. What is the
(a) laminar (b) streamline
horizontal force required to keep the plate moving with a
elocity of 2 em/s ? (c) turbulent (d) unsteady
45. The onset of turbulence in a liquid is determined
poise =10 N-s/m-] by
(a) 0.04 N (b) 0.05 N (a) Pascal's law (b) Stoke's law
(c) 0.06 N (d) 0.08 N (c) Bernoulli's principle (d) Reymold's number
S.Water is flowing 46. The dimensional formula of
steadily in a river. Pand Q are two layers Reynold's number is
water at heights of20 em and 50 cm from the bottom. (a) L' MT? (b) L M T
he velocity of the layer A is 15 cm/sec. What is the
velocity of the layer B ?
c) LM2TH (d) L'MT
47. A copper ball of
a) 15 cm/s b) 22.5 cm/s in a viscous fluid.
radius'r'
travels with a uniform
speed'v
(e) 30 cm.s If the is changed with another copper
ball
(d) 37.5 cm/s ball adius 2r', then the new uniform
speed will be
ASquare plate of 0. I metre side, moves parallel to a second (a) 8v
(b
2v
Paie with a velocity of 0. l m/s both plates being immersed
(c) 4v (d) v
Waler. The viscous force is 0.002 newton and the
EITICIent of viscosity is 0.01 Poise. What is the distance 48. Ifa small
raindrop falls through air, its velocity
Detween the plates?
(a) goes on
increasing
a) 5
10 m (b) 510 m (b) goes on decreasing
(e) 5 104m
(d) 5 10 m (c) remains constant initially for some time and then it
t h e force due to viscosity acting on a layer of starts decreasing
thearea 4 10 m, ifthe relative velocity between
(d) goes on increas1ng for some time and then becomes
yTS of water, separated by 0.4 mm is 5 cm/s Constant
 394
Marvel Physics MHT
49. Water is
flowing through a
cylindrical pipe of diamete (a) Streamline (b) Turbulent AHT4
m . The coefficient
of viscosity of water is 80 Ns/m- (c) Unstable (d) Critical
and the Reynold's number is 1500. What is the maximum
velocity of water. to avoid a turbulent flow ? 56. Eight equal droplets of water each of radi
through air with a terminal velocity of7.5 c r e
(a) 60 ms (b) 80 ms coalesce to form a big drop in air, cm/s
What will bhe
(c) 100 ms (d) 40 m/s velocity of the big drop the ter
S0. A glass tube of uniform cross section is connected to a (a) 15 cm/s (b) 20 cm/s
tap with a rubber tube. The tap is opened slowly. Initially
the flow of water in the tube is
(c) 25 cm/s (d) 30 cm/s
streamline. What should
be the speed of flow of water to convert it into a
turbulent 57. Spherical balls of radius R are falling inin a viscous
a
flow ? viscosity n with a velocity v. The retarding flug
GIven radius of the tube = I cm. n= 1 x 10 Pas and
acting on the spherical ball is iSCOus fo
Reynold's number 2500] (a) directly proportional to both radius R and
(a) 0.15ms (b) 0.2 m/s (b) inversely proportional to
directly Dr velosn
R but

(c) 0.125 ms
to velocity v ropontie
(d) 0.3 m/s
S1.
(c) directly proportional to R but
inversely pron
The terminal velocity
v, of a small steel ball of radius r to velocity v
falling under gravity through a column of a viscous liquid
of coefficient of
vIsCOsity depends on mass of the ball (d) inversely proportional to both radius R and velo
m. acceleration due to
gravity g. coe fticient of viscosity
nand radius r. Which
of the following relations is
dimensionallycorrect?
HIGHER LEVEL
(a) (b)Vr
58. A metal ball ofradius 10m and
density 10 kgm
mg freely under gravity through a distance 'h' and enter
(c) (d) tank of water. It is found that after
T v,o mg nr entering the wate.
52. The
velocity of ball does not change. What is the value or
speed of a ball of radius 2 cm in a viscous liquid is 20 [n for water = 10 Pas. g = 10 m/s* and
cm s Then the speed of ball of radius I cm in the same
liquid is Pwater10°kg/m3]|
(a) 5cm (b) 8 cm/s (a) 10 m (b) 15 m
( c ) 0 cm s (d) 4 cm/s (c) 18 m (d) 20 m
53. A steel ball of radius 2 mm and of relative density 8.2 is 59. Two water drops of the same radius are falling throu"
fall1ng through a liquid of relative density 1.9. Its terminal air with a velocity of5 cm/s. If the two drops coales:
velocity is 0. ms. What is the viscosity ofthe liquid if form one drop. the terminal
velocity of the drop will
the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s-?
(a) 10 cm/s (b) 5/2cm/s
(a) 410-PI (b)8PI
(C) 4 PI
(c) 2.5 cm/s (d) 5 x 4ems
(d)8 10PI 60. 27 1dentical
54 What is the largest average velocity of blood flow in an drops of water are falling down verta
with a terminal
artery of radius 2 10 m. if the flow must remain
air
each
combine to form a single
velocity of 0.15ms
streamline bigger drop. what wi
terminalvelocity
The maximum value of Reynold's number for laminar
(a) 0ms (b) 1.35 ms
(streamlinc) flow is 2000
(C) 0.3 nm/s (d) 0.45 ms
Given Vscosity of blood 2 084 10 Pa-s,
Density of blood I06 10kg m'
61. TwO raindrops reach the earth with dinct term
elocities having the ratio9 4. What istherate
(a) 0.75 m/s (b) 0.82 ms volumes?
(c) 0.98 m/s (d) .2ms 3 9

55. Water is tlowing in a pipe of radius I.5 cm with an average (a)

velocity of 15 cm's. What is the nature of flow
27
Given: Coefticient of viscosity of waler is 10kg'ms (C) (d)
and its density is 10° kg m
 PropertiesofFluids
395
of a small ball of mass M and densityd,
din a container filled with glycerine becomes 68. A liquid flows through a horizontal tube of variable cross
nhenupedina
some
time. density of glycerine is d,. section. The pressure is lowest where the
after
1 on the ball is (a) the velocity is zero
force acting
s
(b) the velocity is maximum

Me(d d)
b) Mg 1- d (c) the diameter is maximum
(d) Both diameter and velocity are maximum
(d) Mg d 69. High speed wind blows over a house. The force on the
roof is
ere ofradinus Rand density p, is dropped in a liquid (a) in the horizontal direction
sahicIsterminal velocity is V. lf another sphere
(b) in the upward direction
density P, is
K and dropped in the same liquid.
firadhus Il be
will (c) in the downward direction
velocity
terminal
Is (d) zero
P
(b) 70. Water flows out of the hole on the side of a bucket and
(8P- follows a parabolic path. Ifthe bucket falls freely under
gravitythen ignoring air resistance, the water flow
(d) -0) (a) follows a straight line path relative to the falling
P bucket
hail stones in the form of spheres with radi in the (b) follows a parabolic path relative to the falling bucket
aial2.fall from a great heightthrough theatmosphere.
(c) decreases but continues to tlow
hat is the ratio of their momenta when they attain their

respective
terminal velocities ? (d) stops
(b) I:4 71. Acylinder ofheight 20 m is completely filled with water.
(8)1:1
The velocity of eflux of water through a small hole on
c)1:32 (d) 1:16
the side wall of the cylinder near its bottom is
ol a sphere of gold (density 19.5
The terminal specd x
(a) 10m/s (b) 25.5m/s
ke
m) in a viscous liquid (density 1.5 x 10' kg
Tis0.2 m/s. What is the terminal speedofa sphereof (c) 20m/s (d) 5ms
siver (density 10.5 10' kg m )ofthesame sizein the 72. There aretwo holes P and Qat depths h and 4h from the
Sameliquid top ofa large vessel, completely filled with water. Pis a
square hole otf side Land Qis a cireular hole ofradius r. If
a) 0Ims (b) 0.2 ms
the same quantityofwater ilows out per second from both
) 0.4 ms (d) 0.133 ms the holes, then the relation between L and r is

Bernoulli's Theorem and lts Applications (a) (b)L =V2r

(c) L 2r (d) L 2
STANDARD LEVEL 73. Water from a tap of eross sectional area l em' starts alling
down vertically, with a speed of l ms. What is the area of
cross section of the stream of water at a distance of 20 em
houl's cquation for a steady streamline flow of a non below the mouth of the tap?
UIhcompressible fluid expresses the principle ot
14) [Assume that (1) the tlow is steady (2) pressure is constant
Conservation of nass throughout the stream of water andg 10 m/s]
COnservation of lincar monentum (a) 3x 10 m2 (b) 4x 10 m
Oser valion of angular momentun () 5x 10 m (d)6x 10 m
T0Conservation of energy
w ld age
74. In a container, filled with water upto a height h, a hole is
reries carrying blood in the human body made in the bottom. The velecity of water flowing out of
hecome e
narrow
lis follows iromresulting blood pressure.
in an incrcase in
the hole is

A Stoke's la (a) proportional to h (b) proportional toh2

(b) Pascal's law (c) proportional to h (d) independent ofh
Archie'sprnciple
mde's (d) Bernoulli's principle
396
Marvel Physics MH.
Water is flowing in a horizontal pipe of.
of nonumife
81. section. The velocities of ter at points
75. A cylindrical vessel is filled with water as shown in tne
Aand B
figure. A hole should be bored so that the water comes
tube, are in the ratio of 4:1, what is
hewhat
out upto maximum distance
diameters of the pipe at A and B? raio s
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2
(c) 2:1 (d) 2:3
A tank of height
9.8 m is completely filledd
of one vertical with wa
.

82.
has an orilice at
the e of
centre

the velocity of discharge (efflux) of waterwal,

orifice? throweh
(a) H4 height from the surface
(a) 4.9 m/s (b) 9.8 m/s
(b) H2height from the surface
(c) 7.5 m/s (d) 19.6 m/s
c) 3H 4 height from the surface
83. The horizontal pipe lines supplying water toa
(d) Hheight from the surface
shown in the figure. Their areas ofcross sectition
and
76. In a streamline flow ifthe gravitational head is h, then the velocities of water in them are also shown in the
kinetic and pressure heads are What is the velocity of water in the pipe R. f
(a) 12g and Pp (b) 1/2 vg and P/pg (

(c) 1/2v and P p (d) 1/2 vand P/pg m

l

2 L.5
ms
Water flows through a tube ofnon-uniform areas of cross- A

section. The cross sections ofthe parts A, B and C are 25, (P)
and 35 cm respectively. Which part hasthe highest
velocity A 2 m()v, -3m/s«
)
A =
1.5 m2
(a) A
(a) 2 m/s (b) 2.5 m/s
(b) B
(c) 3 m/s (d) 4 m/s
(c) C
84. There is a stream line flow of water in a horizontal pipein
(d) all have same veloc1ty
of non-uniform cross-section. The velocities otf wae
78. Water flows through a horizontal pipe whose internal two points. Aand B in the pipe arel m/s and 2 ms
diameter is 2.0 cm, at a speed of 1.0 m/s. What should be pressure at A is 2000 pascal. What is the pressure ald
the diameter of the nozzle, if the water is to emerge at a
(a) 300 Pa (b) 400 Pa
speed of 4.0 m/s?
(c) 500 Pa (d) 600 Pa
(a) cm (b) 2 cm
85. Blood is flowing at the rate of 200cm'sinacap
(C) 0.5 cm (d) 1.5 cm
m. The velocity ot
79 In a test experiment on a model aeroplane in a wind tunnel
ofcross sectional area 0.5
mm s is
the flow speeds on the upper and lower surfaces of the
wings are 70 m/s and 60 m/s respectively What is the (a) 0.1 (b) 0.2
dynamic lift ofthe wing ifits area is 2.4 m? (c) 0.3 (d) 0.4
lt has tner
Density of air = 1.3 kg/m°] 86. A cylinder contains water upto a height t.et sofen

(a) 1014N (b) 2028N Orilices o0,0 Let Vi,V, V bethe specu
of water lrom the three orifices. Then
(c) 2315 N (d) 1645 N

80. The flow speeds of air on the lower and upper surlaces of
the wing ofan aeroplane are v and y2v respcctively. A
is the area of the wing and p is the density of the
surrounding air. What is the lorce of the dynamic lift on

thewing?

(a)pvA (b)pvA
(a) (b)
(C) VV3 (d) vV,
PV
(C) pv A (d)
2A
 PropertiesofFluids
cal tube ofspra
pray
Thecyndrical pump has a
fine cross-section of
the tube has 40
397
flows inside the holes each of area .92. A
iquid the
tube. Ahorizontal
horizontal pipeline
pip carries water in
which the withisa speed streamline flow.
lf a
0
m .

the
thespeed with
minute,
s
At a point along the pipe, where the cross-sectional
f015mtheholesis
uhrought h eh o l e liquid cjected IS T0
cm, the velocity of area
1s 2000
Pa. What
water is I m/s and the
pressure
(b) 0.05 m/s is the pressure water at
8 ) m s

where the of another point

(d) 50 m/s cross-sectional area is 5 cm?
c ) U.m/s

(a) 1000 Pa
(b) 750 Pa
(c) 500 Pa
d) 250 Pa
HIGHER LEVEL 5. The
reading pressure of a
attached to a closed
horizontal pipe was 3.5 10gauge
Pa. When the valve
pipe was opened, the of the
pressure was reduced to
is flowing through
two 3
pipe: having 10° Pa. What
the speed of water flowing out of
atAand B. The manometric levels in the tubes P. Q. R constrictions The pipe ?
was

d5 are as shown in the figure. Then

(a) 2.5 m/s (h) 5 m/s
R (c) 7.5 m/s (d) 10 m/s
94. A tank
of height
5 m is
completely filled with water. There
IS a hole of cross
sectional cm area 1 near its bottom.
What is the initial volume of
water that will
the hole per second.
(Use g
come out
of
=10 m/s*)
- - - .

-
(a) 10 m'/s (b) 2 10 m's
Fig. (1) (c) 3102m/s
Fig.(2) (d) 4 10'm/s
95. A
a both figures are correct gardening pipe having an internal radius R is connected
to water
(b both figures are wrong
a
sprinkler having n holes each of radius r. The
water in the
pipe has a speed v. What is the speed of water
leaving the sprinkler ?
figure I1s correct and figure 2 is wrong
d) figure I is wrong and figure 2 is correct
Rv
Atank is filled with water to a height H. A hole is made in (b) 2
nr
one of the walls at a depth D below the
water surface. The
distance x from the foot
of the wall at which the stream of (c)
nr
waler coming out of the tank strikes
the ground is R2 (d)
O
given
96. A fluid
of density p flows through a horizontal
2 D (H D)]2 different cross-sections of areas A andpipe having
8)
two
2A. The
b) =2 [D
(H - D)2 pressure at the smaller cross-section is P and fluid
at that section is v. What is the velocity
) 22
(g D'2 the larger cross-section ?
and velocity pressure at

d None of thése
Al two
points on
horizontal tube of vary1ng cross-section,
a (a) P+ pv2 (b)PP+Pv
ue radi are
cm and 0.4 cm, velocities
d of the fluid are v V 3
, and the pressure difference (P (c) P+ pv
Pams
P,) between these 8 (d) V, P+pv
is 4.9 of water. Then the value of V2 -Vi
cm
97. Water is flowing
continuously from a tap having an internal
diameter 8 x
10 m. The water velocity it leaves the
a) 49 cm/ sec
as
(b) 98 cm/sec tap is 0.4 m/s. The diameter of the water stream at a
) 9.8 cm/sec distance of 2 x 10' m below the tap is close to
. (d) 60 cm/sec
Water from a (g 10 m/s)
initi tap
lap emerges vertically downwards with an (4IEEE2011)
dSpeed of 1.0 m/s. The croSs-sectional ea the (a) 5.0 10 m (b) 7.5 10 m
m Assume that the pressure is Constant (c) 9.6 10 m
hroughout ne
the stream
s of water and the flow is steady and
(d) 3.6 10 m
aine, then the cr0SS-sectional arca ol the strean,
U5 below the tap will be
a 210 m (b) 3 10 m
e 410 m
(d) 510 m
 398
Marvel Physics Mu
indricalMHL4t
100. A viscous fluid is flowing through a cl:
GRAPHICAL MCQS velocity distribution of the fluid is
best
98. Which one of the
the diagram.
representea
the
change
following
in kinetic graphs correctly represents
energy of a metal sphere falling freely
in a vertical tube filled with
to water, having sufficient height
impart it a terminal (2)
velocity ? (1)

(1)
(2)
(3) (4)
Depth Depth
(a) Figure 2 (b) Figure3
(c) Figure4 (d) Figurel
(3) 101. When a body falls in air, the resistance
(4) of air den
great extent on the shape of the body. 3 differ
Depth Depth are given. Arrange the bodies in the ascending
(a) 2 air resistance. (The cross sectional areas are the
(b) 3 Same
(c) 4
(d) 1 R
99.

W
(1) (2) (3)
Disc Ball Tapered shaped bot
(a) 1,2, 3 (b) 3,21
O3 (c) 3, 1,2 (d) 2, 1,3
102. Water flows through a frictionless pipe with a van
There 3 orifices o, 0 and
are
o, for a cylindrical vessel cross-section as shown in the figure. Pressure
containing water upto a height H. Water flowing out from along the axis is represented by
Pat paus
O1.0, and oq, strikes the ground at different points. Which
is the correct diagram showing the
trajectories of water?

0
(a) O3 (b)
P.
P

(1)
(2)
O2
(c) 03 (d) 0
PT

(3)
4)

(a) Figure 2 (b) Figure 3

(c) Figure 4 (d) Figure
 Properties ofFluids

made ofia material of

density p where
*Pyater Wi with Potl and 399
1and
an water,
Pwater epresenting
of
oil
ctively. The oil and water
the
If the
scible. If
kensities
the above ball is in
oil and water, equilibrium
ANSWERS
of this which of in a
the
re

u r e s
represents ils equilit position ?
following I.b
2.1 3.c 4.c 5. d
6. d
7.c
(AIEEE 201) 11.c
8.c 9. C 10. c
12. a 13. b 14. c 15. a
16.b 17. a 18..b 19. a 20. a
21.b 22. d 23. b
Water 24. b 25. c
(b) 26. b 27.c 28. d 29. b 30. c
Water 31.c 32. b
Oil- 33. d 34. d 35. c
36. d 37. c 38. d 39. d 40. c
41. a 42. d 43. c 44. 45. d
46. b 47. c 48. d 49. b 50.
Water 51.c 52. a 53. d 54. c 55. b
(d) 56. d 57. a 58. d 59. d 60. b
Water
Oil 61.c 62. b 63. d 64. 65. a
66. d 67. d 68. b 69. b 70. d
mall spherical ball is dropped in a viscous liquid. Its
ferent points
0city at differ in its vertical motion 71.c 72.b 73. c 74. b 75. b
is
masured and velocity against distance curves are plotted. 76. b 7.b 78. a 79. 80. b
Which curve will represent the motion of the ball in the
81. b 82. 83. c 84..c 85. d
liquid 86. b 87. a 88. c 89..b 90. b
(a) Curve AA (b) Curve B
91.d 92. c 93. d 94. a 95. b
(C) Curve C (d) Curve D
96. c 97. d 98. b 99. 100. b
Velocity 101. b 102. b 103. c 104. b 105. c

HINTS/SOLUTIONS
B
1. (b)
2. (b)
Distance from the top of liquid 3. (c) The hydrostatic pressure (pressure due to a liquid) is
given by P pgh.
6. Which one of the between
following graphs velocity
ersus time for a body falling in viscous fluid is correct ?
Thus it depends upon p, g and h. But it does not depemd
upon the area of the bottom surface.

4. (c)
5. (d)
a (b) 6. (d) P Pgh
. Pdepends upon p, g and h but t does not depend upon
the volume of the liquid.
Pascal's law is not used in an atomiser. We use
7 (c)
Bernoulli's theorem, in an atomiser.

ditlerence between the lungs and the

8. (c) The pressure
(d) atmosphere
760-750= 10 mm of mercury = I em of mercury

.. h * Pater Pmercury

inC.G.S. system, Pwater gram/ce

400 Marvel Physics MHt
is based upon Paseot
and Pm 15. (a) Hydraulic press
mercury 13.6 gram/ce
und:.
transmitted
undiminished
is
hx1 =1 x 13.6 As the pressure
h 13.6 em
9. (c) The
hydrostatie pressure pgh directions, P= A
A2
In this case, the
is the same.
height of water column in both the vessels
A2
PAPgh=Pp 4

Pressure does not depend upon the size or shape.

But F P A
FBFA Force =weight F2
10. (c) Let h and h' be the
column respectively. heights of mercury and water
16. (b) This is the working of a hydraulic.
Weight of mercury= Weight of base
water Pascal's law, where
Tr-hog=tr-h'p'g F A Ttr
hp=h'p'
hx 13.6 =h' x 1
.
Height of water column =
h' =
13.6 h
= 60 x 100 = 6000 N
13.6h h =29.2
. 14.6h = 29.2 17. (a) Thrust on the base
=
Force =
Pressure x
Area of the base
. h =2 = 2 cm
But Pressure = hpg
14.6
. The
height of mercury column =2 cm. =
8 x 102 x
10 x
10=8x 10 N
11. (c) Thrust on a plate and Area=25 x
10 x 12 x
10=3 10 mx

Hydrostatie pressure Area of the plate

x Thrust=PxA=8 x
10 x 3 x
102=24 N
pgh TR2 18. (b) The total cross-sectional area of the femurs is
A 2x 10 cm = 20 x 104 m2

B and the weight of the upper part of the body acts nom
and vertically downwards on the femurs.
.F=mg
12. (a) 1 atmospheric
pressure for av mg 40 x 10
a
mercury column =2x 10'N-
A 20 x10
x10-4

and for an air column, it is 19. (a) r= 5

hPaig cm, r,= 15 em
h,Pmgh,iPE F Mg= 1350 x 10N
hair hmPm 0.76x 13.6 x 10
Pa 1.3x 10
7.95 10 m 8 km AS the
Thus air column pressure through air is transmitted equauy
an
of height 8 km will
produce one directions.
atmospheric pressure.
13. (b) The manual gives the gauge
pressure P, P =
P210kPa Ttr TTT
and atmospheric pressure (P) = 101 kPa

.. Absolute pressure P= Pa + P,= 101 +210 F 1350x x10 x(11 15

'Absolutepressure =311 kPa 20. (a) Let h be the loodbottlesh
14. (c) Difference in blood pressure (AP) be placed, so
height at which the blood be
that the blood exerts the
hpg 1.8 x 1.06x 103 x 10 the guage pressure. pres>
10' Pa
'. Pressure exerted by the
AP 19.8 =19.8 kPa blood column
hpg Pguare
Mechamical Properties of Fluids
401
gnuge 2000
h
1.06x 10 x98 0.1925 m Preseure Pg
the blond bottle is
kept at a
a 1925
height slightly more than .'. Force - Pressure Area
m or
say 0.2 m. then the blood will
just enter the
vein
PR A 10 9.8 0.5 2
hThe mercury columns in
the two arms are at the same
level and pressure
F-9.8 10' N
25. (c) Barometric height using mercury
h, 0.75mof mercury
Water Spirit 13.6 10' kg/m.
10 em Pmercury
Pigrid34 10'kg/m
Mercury
Pm13.6 x 10 4
Pressure due to water column
PL 3.4 10
Pressure due
=

column
to spirit The barometer measures the atmospheric pressure (P)
h

P h, p.g P-h,Pmg and P h.p,g (with theliquid)

hP 10 cm 1
gram/cc h,PhP,E
12.5 cm h2
h
Pm-4
PL
= 0.8 gram/cc h, =4h, 4 0.75 3m

Specific gravity of spirit 26. (b) For a cylinder at rest, hydrostatic pressure P= pgh
But when it is kept in a lift moving upwards, with an
0.8g/cm 0.8 acceleration 'a'. the effective acceleration becomes
1g/cm gga
22. (d As the pressure is tran smitted - undiminished Hydrostatie pressure becomes
throughout water (Pascal's law)
P phg' ph (g a)
27. (c) When the lift is at rest, the barometer pressure P-
Pgh. But when the lift moves down with an acceleration
a, where ag. the resultant acceleration becomes (g a)
and P ph (g a)

A FR
TR 28. (d) The pressure at a depth 'h' below the sea level
Atmospheric pressure hydrostatic pressure (Pgh)
+

10 But the pressure inside the submarine

10 10 (3)= 90N Atmospheric pressure
Net pressure acting on the window
pgh
3.
(b Pressure due to liquid column pgh P-10 10 2000-2 10 Pa
and Force - Pressure Area and Area ot the window (A)
50 10 50 10 -25 10m
F-pghA
P=9 10 kg m' h -0.4 m -4 10 m Force actingon the window P A

f-9 10- 10 4 1040 210 25 10

44 10 14.4N 510°N
.by The area of any vertical face =21-2 m 29 (b Hydrostatie pressure (P) =pgh
ar tinding the pressure ofthe liquid al a point on a vertucal Force exerted by the liquid on the bottom

h P area
wall, weconsider the average height of the lhqud
Peh (r) . (1)
COumn. A the top of h 0 and at the bottom, h - h
For considering the force exerted on the sides, we consider
h
theaverage height
402 Marvel Physies MHT.
.
Pressure at adepth P
Absolute pressure of air in tyTes is (P)
HTCR
Atmospheric pressure ()+ Gauge
and the torce
exerted by the liquid 100 220 320 kPa pressure (P\
surface on the sides (curvCa
ot the eylinder) Athe mountain, the atmospheric pressur.
10% i.e. it becomes 90 kPa =P essure is reduce
Px Area
2trh Since the absolute pressure of air in the tyrei
2 the tyre iS not
'. From () and (2) then the gauge pressure (P) change
P P 320 90 - 230 kPa
pgh (T) PE 2rh 34. (d) The atmospheric pressure on the top ane
and bottom
the cylinder is equal and opposite.
h
30. (c) At the surtace of the
lake. only thc atmosplherie
pressure (H) acts on the air bubble. F A
While at a
depth h below the water sur face. the
atmospheriepressure hydrostatic pressure pressure
H+h
Using Bovic's law. we get
P.
H (2R H h R The force on the upper surtace of the cylinder
3 - F, = Hydrostatic pressure x Area = hpg x TR?
SH H- h
The force on the lower surface = F,
SH H-H
Thus the
and F F, =

Upthrust= Volume of the remaining cyince

depth of the lake =7H x
density of the liquid x
g
31. (C)
Vp*g
eter
FFtupthrust =hpg *TtR +Vpg
FPg (V + TR-h)
35. (c)

dv in cm/s
36. (d) Velocity gradient= dy in cm
Pacid P gh
1.7 10-10)10 s 0.1
= 80 per see

3.510*Pa 37. (c) The unit of dynamic

Area of the smali door 20cm 20 10 m viscosity is stokes.

orce on the door Area (P P) It is the ratio of

20 10 3.5 10 70 N
Thus to keep the door closed. a force of 70 N must be Coetticient of viscOsity
applied irom the side of water Density of the drop or body
32. (b) torrPressure exerted by Pouselle is the Si unit of viscosity, Watt is a unitoffe
a
iercuiy column of
height mm dyne cn Is a unt ot
presSure.|
hpg 10 1 O)98 Nm
8. (d) orce A (By Newvton's formu
and barlo m dy
Buut A 20
I millibar 10 m c 20 10 m
ad
0poise 20 10 N-s m
torr 133.3 N m 1333millibar dv
cm2 10 m/s
33. (d) The manual gives the gauge pressure. and dy mm I 10 'm
Thusrecommended pressure P,220 KPa
010x 20 10 x 2 x
10
10 0.08 N
 Properties ofFluids
l inar flow, the viscous force, 403
F o rl a m i n a

1 0 poise 10 poiseuille
a(numerically)
nA dv
. F =nA
fE dy dx
V
dv dv
d
.
Shearing stress
d
V=0 and y= 0
hebottom =10x- 10 N/m
but Fis constant 44. (c)
:F
45 (d)
46. (b) Reynold's number is a dimensionless quantity.
lts dimensional formula is [L° M°T°].
V1 47. (c) The ball falls in the viscous fluid with the terminal
1

s* 37.5 cm/s velocity(v) and v o (radius) or vor

Ifthe radius is doubled or ifit is 2r, then the terminal or

uniform velocity will be 4 times or 4v.

av
F 1A(numerically)
dx 48. (d)
remains
a 002 N 2 x 10 N, A = 0.1 x 0.1l = 102, 49. (6) Upto critical velocity (v,) the flow of liquid
turbulent
F streamline. Ifv> v, then the flow becomes
=
0.001 Ns/m2
1=0.01 Poise
Nn
2x 103 andthe critical velocity is given by VeD
1 0 x1o-2 200
where N= Reynold's number = 1500

p Density of water 1000 kg/m

= 200 D= Diameter ofthe pipe = 1.5 m

n= Coefficient of viscosity = 80 Ns/m

0.=0.0005 =5 x 10 m and
200
Ve
1500 x8 =80 m/s
Newton's formula for the force due
to viscosity is 1000x 1.5
4. 1ai
50. (c) Reynold's number =2500, Pwater= 10 kg/m*
dv R D
0.1 x 0.01 =

10 Ns/m2
7-0.01 poise =

dv =5cm/s=5 x 10 m/s, A=4 x 10 m velocity for turbulence and D is

where v, is the critical
10m the diameter of the tube
dy=0.4mm =
0.4 10 m =4 x

nR 1 x 10 x 2.5 x 103
10x 4 x 10 x 5 x 10 Ve
pD 10x 2 x 102
4x 104

=5103 N 0.1250.125 m/s

20
4)A= 100 cm 100 10 m
51. (c) According to Stoke's law,
dy=I cm/s =10 m/s
67Trv,mg
0y2 mm 2 10 m, F=0.1 N
mg
ACording to Newton's formula Vr
6Ttr
F Tad
dy
mg T 6T is dimensionless]

10x 2 x 10 of the ball.

dy 2 Ns/m 52. (a) In a viscous Iliquid, the terminal velocity
Adv 100 x 1 0 x 10 river =0.
(v)o (radius)
bottom of the
C
Velocity of water at the
5
= 5 m/s
l y a t the surface 18 kmh = 18 * 18

.. 4v,
=
20 .
V, =5 cm/s
hus dv
5 m/s, dx= 5 m
 hysics MHT
404 2r (-o)8
53. (d) 9

2
2 (p a)r"g 2r(-08
V h- n 26
2 1.9) 10 x (2 10)
x
x
10
(8.2 x

0.7
2x (10 )*x(10*4 - 10**) 10 x

6.3 9x 10
x 4x 10x10
0.7
810 PI (PI-Poiseuille) 2x 10x 9 x10x10'x 10572
maximum average velocny
9
54. (c) The critical velocity or 2
for laminar streamline flow is given by

.h
20X 20 20 m
nR 2.084x 10x 2000 =

20
pD 1.06 x 10' x 4 x 10 10' 10'x 9]
Note: 10-
=

4.168 Volume oftwo sm

ofthe big drop
=

4.24
= 0.98 m/s 59. (d) Volume
Let R andr be the radii of the big and small .
small tr
55. (b) Diameter D = 3 * 10 m
respectively. Then,
PVD
4
Reynold number NR
3
= 2 x
33
10x 0.15 x 3 x 10
103 R = 23 R =2r3 =
2/3,
But the terminal velocity (V) of a drop in a viscous med
4500 is proportional to (radius).
As Np3000. the flow of turbulent.
[Note : For Ng between 0 and 2000, streamline flow; 41/3
2000 N< 3000, the flow is unstable; Ng > 3000,the
flow is turbulent.]
56. (d The radius of the big drop is calculated by using 4 v,=(5 x 4) cm/s
60. (b) Let R and r be the radii ofthe big and small in
TR 8 R 2r respectively. The volume of the big drop
But the terminal velocity o (radius) according to Stoke's 27 x volume of one small drop
aw 4
3 R 27 x r3
K(2r)
Kr R-27.R= 3r
-4 7.5 =30 cm/s The terminal velocity of a dropvo« (radius
57. (a) Retarding viscous force (F) is given by Stoke's law
F= 67mRv
1 2 r
Thus it is directly proportion al to both radius (R) and
velocity (v) V9x 0.15 1.35m/s
0.15
58. (d) When the ball falls through a vertical height h, it
61. (c)
acquiresthe velocity v 2gh Terminal velocity v cr
vu+ 2gh
and since this velocity does not change, when the ball or
travels through water, it must be its terminal velocity or
critical velocity (v)=
2gh
2 r(p o)g Volume (V1)
It is given by ve Volume (V2) 2
 Marvel P'hysies Mi

( )
404 21

)
21 (
I)10(10 10
(
07 (10 " (10 10)10
910
10 10

N10 ' 1 ' l Poneuille

2 1 0 " 91010 1
9
$4(c) Thecritical veloity or maximum aVerage velocny
f lammat streamune low in pIven by
2020 20 m
2.0N410 200M 20
I06 10 10
10
0'x 9
INote: 10
lo8 Volume of two
098 m/N Volume of he biy drof .

59. d)
4.24
Let R andr
he the radii of
the biy and snalt
$5
(b)Dameter1) 10 m ICspectivcly. Then,

pvD
Revnold number N n 2 Tr
3

10 0.15x3x 10 K2r' 2/'

2r
0 o!
But the terminal vclocity(v)
a drop ina viwus e

4500 Is proportional to (radius).

As N 3000, the flow of turbulent. 2

22/",2
or 2000, strcamline low;
between 0 and V2 4/
N
-

Note:
000 R 3000, the llow is unstable; Na 3000, the VI
low Is turbulent.|
V2
56. (d) The radius of the big drop is caleulated by using
4/ ' v (54')cn/s
60. (h) Let R andr be the radii of the big and small
8T R 2r respectively. The volumc of the big drop

But the terminal vclocity (radius) according to Stoke's 27volumeof one small drop
law 4
TtR 27 nr
K(2r) 4 . R 27r R 3r
K(r)
The terminal
7.5 30 cm/s velocity of a drop v
(radius
57. (a) Retarding VIscous force (F) is given by Stoke's law
V2 (3r)
9
F6TnRv V

Thus it is dircctly proportional to both radius (R) and

velocity (v) V2
0.15 V,90.15 1.35 ms
58. (d) When the ball falls throuph a vertical heipht b, it 61. (c)
acquires the velocity v 2
Terminal velocity v r
Iv 2h
and since this velocity does not change, wlhen the ball
travels through water, il must be its termmal
velocity or
critical velocity ( v ) 2 h
41
I is given by V
2r( )% Nolume
Volume (V,)
-T
C
 Praperties o fFHuids

s p h e r i c
I ball
a l
ball falling in a
liquid with terminal 405
the
For
For a silver
due to gravity
sphere.
t

Hard force
o r c e

V K [10.5 - 1.5] 10 =9 10' K

2 u
(pt
7
hrust
Viscous force
Viscou

0.2
0.1 m/s
3 TRd g .
ViScous force
R'd, (67tnav) : V= 0.2 m/s (given)]
4 66. (d)
iscous force (F) =TtR (d d)g 67. (d)
68. (b)
3 69. (b) According to Bernoulli's principle, when the high
speed wind blows over the roof, the air pressure above

F
e
Mg
1-
the roof becomes less. Hence the higher pressure below
the roof lifts the roof and it may be blown by the wind.
Thus the force on the roof is upwards.
here Mg= TR'd,g 70. (d) Since it is a free fall. g =0. Hence the water head
above the hole will not exert any pressure (P= Pgh). Then
A, (by Stoke's law)
For sphere the pressure on the two sides ofthe hole will be equal and
4 hence the flow will stop.
omRmg 7TR°(Po)
71. (c) The velocity of efflux of water through a small hole
near the bottom at a depth h is given
4 by
r sphere B, 67TmRv, TR (p, -

a) v = 2gh= 2 x 10 x 20 20 m/s
72. (b) From Torricelli's theorem, the velocities of efflux at
the depthsh and 4h are given by
V1 2 g h and v2 = 2 g x 4h = 22gh
4
&( Mass ofa sphere (m)= TR°p But the volume of water flowing out per second
Area Velocity
=

AjV1 A2V2
-
(R,) - L2gh) =ar 2/2gh)
and the terminal velocity o (radius)
73.
:. Li=2rtr L =/2nr
(c) A =I cm= 10* m, V = 1 m/s, h = 0.2 mn

We use the equation of continuity. A V = A^V

- Tocalculate v, we use v=u+2as, u

=
0

Momentum = Mass x Velocity

V2 2gh =2 x 10 x 0.2 2 m/s
. The ratio of their momenta
1 0 x 1=A, x 2

10 10 x10= 5 x
10 m
. A2 2
h and density the top reaches the bottom its
inal speed ofa sphere ofradius
r,
74. (b) When the water at
m is
,moving down in a liquid of density and viscosityn velocity is given by
gven by
v2= u +2gh
v = 2gh v o h
2gh
flowing out of the hole is
Thus the velocity of water

proportional to h
nthis problem, is constant. to the maximum distance. if
75. (b) The water comes out up
the hole is bored at a depth of H2 from the free surface.

to -K(o)
a
gold sphere,
K19 .S 10 18 10K
 MarvelPhysics MHT
Bernoulli's principle Mec
406 As per
80. (b)
85.
76. (b) According to Bernoulli's theorem,

Total energy= K.E. + P.E. + Pressure head =Constant 2

Pv tpgh + P =Constant (P-P2)-pv -vi)

. Dividing by pg. we get = 2v
But vi V and vV2

Pgh P
= Constant - 2 12-v=
Pg Pg
lift
.. Force of dynamic

h+ = Constant = Pressure difference

Surface area
Pg
2

1v Pv xA =Pv A
Thekinetichead 28 the equation of continuity 87.
P 81. (b) According to
and pressure head
PS AV,A
77. (b)

25 em-TE 35 cm
ndavTv2
4 4

cm
For water flowing in a non-uniform tube, we apply the d V1
principle of continuity Av = constant.
82. (b) From Torricelli's Theorem,

(A is minimum for the part B.) Velocity of efflux = y2gh

. Velocity of water is maximum in B. where h is the depth of the orifice below the surtae 88.
78. (a) From the equation ofcontinuity 9.8
In this case, h =
A A2 2

V 2gh =2x9.8 x = 9,8m/s

83. (c) From the

equation of continuity.
d d (0.02) =10 m2 AVAv, +A^V3 89.
. d, = 1 0 m =l cm '2x 31
1.5 + 1.5 V x x

79. (b) Let P and P, be the pressures on the

upper and 6-1.5 =(1.5) v
lower surtaces of the Wing. Apply1ng Bernoulli's
and
theorem, 1.5v 4.5 V 3 m/s
by assuming h h (gravtational head), we get 84. (c) From
Bernoulli's theorem,
P P
itvi =P2 +PV
2
(2-P=u-v where P 2000 Pa, p 1000 kg/m,
V m/s and v,
2
13 (70 60) m/s
P
1.3 650 =845 N/m P lvi - vil
.
Dynamic (Upward lift)
Net upward pressure x
Area 2000+ 1000,
1 4
(P,- P,)
=

*A
F 845 2.4 2028 N
2000 500 3 500 Pascal
 Propertiesof Fluids
407
sics MHT-CET d R a t eo
flow
f n
ofblood
=
Volume of the
blood/sec 90. (b) By Bernoulli's theorem
velocity
Area

200 cm/s 200 cm/s P+ =P2 + pv

0.5 m 0.5 x 10 cm where p is the density of the liquid.
2x 10 cm/s
5
(P-P3)-ol - vi)
x
10 cm
cm/s
=
0.4 mm/s
x 10 V-v2-Pa) .. (1)
0.4
eed of efflux
eflux. V = 2gh i.e. v o h
P
speed of But P (given)... (2)
hThe P, 4.9pg
the
depth of the orifice below the free surface.
depth.
is 4.9
h
where
. 2 pxg 2
VV
1S
Correct.
4.9x 2 x 980 98 9 8
(b)
Option
to use the equation of continuitv
We have V 2 V1 = 9 8 cm/sec
ity 4,1AV
91. (d) From the equation of continuity
.15
10m, v =

60
m/s AV A,V2
A 8
4.(40 x 10-) .(1)
A2
10-2
=8*10x15
x

.
I
= 1 60 x 40 x 107
PA
100 5m/s
20
Figure 1 is correct per principle of because as
the surface lC)

Comtinuity, Av= constant. At the constrictions A or B area

hence the flow of the velocity of the
s very small and
theorem P+ 12
v For the freely falling flow of water
liquid is very large and by Bernoulli's
Hence the
9.8 m/s Constant, and the pressure will be less.
I is correct. In
v2 -V +2gh
manometric level will be low. Thus figure
should be that in R.
less than V2 = Vs + 2gh ..2)
ig (2). the liquid level in S
orifice at a
by The velocity efflux (v) through an
of Using (2) in (1), we get
is given by
OEpth D below the free surface of the liquid
.. (1)
Vf+2gh = AV
2gD A2
moves
the stream of water
r Coming out of the hole, the AV
àparabolic path (as in the case of a
projectile at A2
pont in its path), and
strikes the ground
dnCe x from the bottom of thewall.
at C at a
v+2gh
10
lt covers the vertical distance (H D) in time t.
10x1
2
VI+2 x 10 x 0.15
Using s= utt at, we get (1D) 5x 10 m
. (2) 92. (c) From the equation of continuity
t=
2(H D)/8 -

A,V,A,V
From (1) and
(2)
2m/s
V, =x 1
-

VXt 2gD x
2 (H - D) V
100 kg/m
and density of water
=

2D(H D)
 Marvel Physics
Mechaicat
equation
of continuity
MHT
of continuity, Av A'v 100.( 6
the
From
408 96. (c) .. Av=2Av
where A ' =2A

PO V

2
According to Bernoulli's
theorem.
forthe n

P+p = P"+pv2 The

Points (1) and (2) are at the same height.
ube

Applying Bernoulli's theorem at points 2 and I. weget a l o n

P+ 101.(b)

opp

v and
bo
th
2000 x 1000(14) . P' = P+
)

P, 2000-1500 500Pa 97. (d) 102.(

93. (d) Using Bernoulli's theorem, - i 4 x 10m

P N=P;+P h 0.2 mn
In this case. V, =0, V2=V
103. (
P- P = p V2
2
talls down, its velocity goes on i
V 2(P-P2 When the water nCreasn
as a freely falling body.
P
But as per equation of continuity A,v, A,V, the an
2 x (3.5 3) x 105 = 10 m/s
and hence the diameter of the water stream will decr
103
94. (a) From Torricelli's theorem, the velocity of efilux Thusv =
vi +2gh
104.
through a hole at a depth h below the liquid surface is 2 x
10 x 2 x 101
given by V2 =y0.4)+
2gh 2 x 10 x 5 = 10 m/s
e
=
4 +0.16 2 m/s
and the volume of water flowing/sec According to equation of continuity 105

AVA,V2
= Area
Length
Time = Area x Velocity=AX V.
TtrT V1 Ttr2 V2
V
=1 104x 10 =10-3 m/s (4x 10 x0.4 = r3 *2
t

95. (b) From the equation of continuity, 16 x 10x 4 x 10

2 1.8 x 10
Av A'v, where vand v are the speeds of water in the
pipe while entering and leaving the sprinkler
respectively. d , = 3.6 x 10 m
Area of pipe = A = tR
98. (b) When the ball falls in water,
Area of each hole in the sprinkler = rr- initially ts ve
inereases, but after some
Area of n holes A' = n7tr< a
distance, it starts travellm
constant terminal velocity. This is shown in thgu
where the K.E. first
Av A'v TR x v= n+tr-v increases and then rema
99. (c) is the
correct diagram
R
=

nr? We get the maximum horizontal ra

(Similar to li.R. of
45)
a
projectile ma 1s
 4109

Ax

he laninnI
favincous iequid in a long cylindrical
low

the figure (). The npeed is

maximum
at the walls of the tube
e
4NIN
aNiN an 7ero
A .

Al n c e iN a
r e s I s t aace force and it depends
upon the
ahony

w i n ga r e aN well as the
shape of the body. In the
bodyva
dy () has a streamline
The
TapeTed
shape
dies, minimum air resistance. While the disc shaped
wdY NullCTN o maximum air resINtance. Thus the bodi. n
IMANImUum
in
t h ea c e n i n g
der of air resistance are 3, 2, 1 (3
o r d e
2

A, AV
increased and
n
A is decreased, v is
according to
When
2
theorem,
pemonull's
P,
is constant, P is decreased.

in figure (3).
shown
is
This
Given water

poil will float on water. Hence figures

SincePwai a r e not
possible.

b) and (d)
so the ball will sink in oil. Hence (a)
SrmilartyPhallPol
s not p o s s i b l e .

1 e n c e it will
tlo0at in water. Hence (c) is
RulPaPwater
the
correctdiagram
because
B represents
the motion of the ball becomes
H y
Curve
increases but afterwards it
nitially the velocity of gravitational and
because of the equality
cOnstant further distance
with its
c o v e r s the
VIsCOus
forces and it

terminal velocity.
answer is graph (c).
I6. (0) The correct fluid
in a viscous
of the body falling
Initially the velocity the body
moves with a

Increases but
after s o m e time,
terminal velocity.
velocity known
as
Comstant