Lab 3-Heat Exchanger

10-16-2023
Contents
1. Introduction:...........................................................................................................................3
2. Heat and Temperature:.......................................................................................................... 3
3. Specific Heat:.......................................................................................................................... 3
4. Equipment’s:.......................................................................................................................... 3
5. Procedure:.............................................................................................................................. 4
6. Observation and results:........................................................................................................ 4
7. Sample calculations:...............................................................................................................8
8. Pre-lab Questions:.................................................................................................................. 9
9. References:...........................................................................................................................10
1. Introduction:

The technique of supplying energy to water using an electric heater is the main topic of this
experiment. It is essential to comprehend how electrical energy is converted into thermal
energy in water for a variety of practical uses, including heating and cooking. This investigation
looks at the fundamentals of heat transfer, the procedures utilized in the experiment, and the
implications of the findings for practical uses. We learn more about energy efficiency and its
broader consequences by looking at this process.

2. Heat and Temperature:

Energy in the form of heat moves from an area with a higher temperature to one with a lower
temperature. It is the sensation of warmth or cold that we experience. The average kinetic
energy (energy of motion) of the particles within a substance is measured by temperature, on
the other hand. In other words, it provides us with information on the average speed of the
particles.
When heat is applied to a substance, the particles absorb the energy and begin to travel more
quickly. The temperature rises as a result of this increase in kinetic energy. A substance loses
energy and slows down as heat is removed from it, which causes the temperature to drop.

3. Specific Heat:

A characteristic that describes how a certain substance reacts to temperature variations is

called specific heat. It calculates the amount of heat energy (measured in joules) needed to
increase a substance's temperature by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin) in one gram. The
molecular or atomic structure of the substance affects the specific heat values, which differ
from one substance to another.
In comparison to materials with low specific heat, high specific heat materials require more
heat energy to change their temperature. For instance, water can absorb a lot of heat energy
without significantly changing its temperature because it has a relatively high specific heat.
Phase changes refer to a substance changing from one of its states to another, such as melting
from a solid to a liquid, evaporating from a liquid to a gas, or the opposite processes (freezing
and condensing). Despite the addition or removal of heat energy during these phase
transitions, the substance's temperature remains constant. This is such that the additional heat
energy does not change the temperature but rather breaks or forms intermolecular
connections between the particles.
For instance, even if you keep adding heat, when water reaches its boiling point, it stays there
until all of it has converted to steam. In order to change water molecules from a liquid to a gas,
additional heat energy is necessary to dissolve the hydrogen bonds between them.

4. Equipment’s:

The following equipment’s used in this experiment:

  Water
 Beaker
 Thermocouple
 Power supply
 Stopwatch
 Connecting wires
 Electric heater

5. Procedure:

 By measuring the tank's internal dimensions and water depth, as well as by weighing it
on a scale, you may determine how much water is within.
 At no more than ¾ of the maximum, turn on the main power.
 Using a thermocouple, note the water's temperature at the start of the timer.
 Measure the current flowing through the wire using the amp clamp, and the voltage
between the red and black terminals at the front of the power supply using the
voltmeter.
 Keep track of the temperatures and energy consumption for a total of 20 minutes with
two power settings.

6. Observation and results:

The observations of the following data is given below,

Power=155 W
Temperature Time Enthalpy Heat out Efficiency
22.9 0 96.0457 5629.624 -
24.2 1 101.4836 7361.816 79.15931
25.9 2 108.5938 7794.864 83.81574
27.7 3 116.1214 7794.864 83.81574
29.5 4 123.649 6928.768 74.50288
31.1 5 130.338 8227.912 88.47217
33 6 138.28 7361.816 79.15931
34.7 7 145.386 7794.864 83.81574
36.5 8 152.907 7361.816 79.15931
38.2 9 160.0096 7361.816 79.15931
39.9 10 167.1122 6062.672 65.19002
41.3 11 172.9666 8660.96 93.1286
43.3 12 181.3306 6495.72 69.84645
44.8 13 187.6036 8660.96 93.1286
46.8 14 195.964 5196.576 55.87716
48 15 200.98 - -
 Temperature + energy vs time
60 10000
9000
50
8000
7000
40
temperature (C)

6000

energy (J)
30 5000 Temp (℃)
energy
4000
20
3000
2000
10
1000
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
time (min)

Figure 1 Variation of the temp and energy with respect to time

Enthalpy + energy vs time

250 10000
9000
200 8000
7000
temperature (C)

150 6000
energy (J)

Enthalpy
5000
energy
100 4000
3000
50 2000
1000
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
time (min)

Figure 2 Variation of the Enthalpy and energy with respect to time

 Efficiency Vs Time
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Figure 3 Variation of the Efficiency respect to time

Similarly for the second observation,

Power=62.4 W
Temperature Time Enthalpy Heat out Efficiency
24.5 0 102.7385 2949.408 -
25.2 1 105.6664 2528.064 67.52308
25.8 2 108.1756 3370.752 90.03077
26.6 3 111.5212 2528.064 67.52308
27.2 4 114.0304 3370.752 90.03077
28 5 117.376 2949.408 78.77692
28.7 6 120.3034 2949.408 78.77692
29.4 7 123.2308 2949.408 78.77692
30.1 8 126.158 2949.408 78.77692
30.8 9 129.084 2949.408 78.77692
31.5 10 132.01 2528.064 67.52308
32.1 11 134.518 2949.408 78.77692
32.8 12 137.444 2949.408 78.77692
33.5 13 140.37 3792.096 101.2846
34.4 14 144.132 43398.43 -
44.7 15 187.1854 - -
Here are few graphs,
 Temperature + energy vs time
50 4000
45 3500
40
3000
35
temperature (C)

30 2500

energy (J)
25 2000 T
Energy
20 1500
15
1000
10
5 500

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
time (min)

Figure 4 Variation of the temp and energy with respect to time

Enthalpy + energy vs time

200 4000
180 3500
160
3000
140
temperature (C)

120 2500
energy (J)

100 2000 Enthalpy

Energy
80 1500
60
1000
40
20 500

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
time (min)

Figure 5Variation of the Enthalpy and energy with respect to time

 Efficiency vs Time
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Figure 6 Variation of the Efficiency with respect to times

7. Sample calculations:

For the specific temperature, we use the formula for the interpolations mostly because there is
no value exactly on the table,
The formula for the interpolation is as follow,
X 2 −X 1
Y =Y 1+ ×(X −X 1 )
Y 2 −Y 1
So for the enthalpy we can calculate for the one,s
The temp is 22.9 which is between 20 and 25, so can do interpolation in order to get enthalpy
on that specific temperature.
104.83−83.915
h=83.915+ × ( 22.9−20 )
25−20
kj
h=96.0457
kg
so, for the energy we know that,
Energy=P× t
So
E=155× 60=9300 J
In the similar way we put values in formula of specific heat,
Q=m×Cp × ∆ T
Q=1036 × 4.18 ×(24.2−22.9)

Q=5633 j
So, efficiency,
 W out
μ= ×100
W¿

5633
μ= ×100=79.1 %
9300
Error:
 If the experimental setup is poorly insulated, heat may escape from the system.
 Temperature changes inside the liquid can be caused by incomplete or irregular
churning of the water.
 Assuming a constant heat capacity could result in inaccuracies since the heat capacity of
water can vary with temperature.

8. Pre-lab Questions:

Question no. 1:

At 20C,
From the steam tables,
h=83.915
and at 73C,
313.99−293.04
h=293.04+ × ( 73−70 )
75−70

kj
h=305.61
kg
in the similar way in BTU/lb.
At, 20C.
BTU
h=36.0858
lb

BTU
h=131.404 by interpolation
lb

Question no. 2:
Conversion factor of the KWhr to kj.
As we know,
joules
Watt=
sec
So in order to convert into KWhr to KJ.
 joules ( 60× 60 ) hr
1 kWhr= ×
sec hr
1 kWhr=3600 Kj

So the conversion factor is 3600.

Question no. 3:
Look up heater efficiency and report a value along with the source of this value. This could be
from a book or web.
With the water heater the efficiency range varies, let’s consider the water heat heater initial
and final temperature as in question 1. And initial power counts as 5watt. From this data it will
be 74% efficient.
Remember that this efficiency refers to the heater's performance under these specific
circumstances and can change depending on things like insulation, heating element design, and
heating time.

9. References:

Darcy, M. "Water Heating Calculator". Available at:

https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/water-heating. Accessed: 17 October 2023.