Network

Devices and Cables

  Introduction To Network Devices

 Types of Network Devices

 MAC Address on Network Devices

Network Devices
 IP Address on Network Devices

 Range of IPv4 Address

 Network Packet on Network Devices

Network Devices

Introduction To Network Devices

Network Devices are hardware or software components that enable communication and data exchange
between computers, devices, and networks. These devices play a crucial role in building and maintaining
computer networks. They facilitate the transmission, routing, and management of data packets across
networks, ensuring that information flows efficiently and securely.
Here are some commonly used network devices:

 Router  Hub  Wi-Fi Extender (Repeater)

 Wi-Fi Router  Modem  Wireless Access Point (AP)
 Switch  Firewall  Network Interface Card (NIC)

These are just a few examples of network devices. There are many other devices and technologies involved in
networking, depending on the scale and complexity of the network infrastructure.
Network Devices

Type of Network Devices

 Router Device
Router is a physical or logical(virtual) internetworking device that is designed to receive, analyze, and forward
data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions between networks
and on the global Internet. A router inspects a given data packet's destination Internet Protocol address (IP).
Some of the common functions of a router include:

 Routing  DHCP Server

 Firewall  Port Forwarding
 Network Address Translation (NAT)  Router On a Stick
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)  Guest Network
 Quality of Service (QoS)  Bandwidth Monitoring
Network Devices

Types of Network Devices

 Wi-Fi Router Device
A Wi-Fi router is a network device that combines the functions of a router and a wireless access point. It allows
devices to connect to a local area network (LAN) and access the internet wirelessly using Wi-Fi technology.
Here's how a Wi-Fi router works:

 Routing Function
 Wireless Access Point
 Ethernet Ports (LAN)
 Security Features (WPA 1,2,3)
 Configuration and Management
Network Devices

Types of Network Devices

 Switch Device
In the context of computing and networking, a switch is networking hardware that connects multiple devices
on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data frame to the destination device.
In a local area network (LAN) using Ethernet, a network switch determines where to send each incoming
message frame by looking at the media access control (MAC) address at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI
model. Some of the common functions of a router include:

 Enable and disable ports

 Quality of service configuration and monitoring
 VLAN and Link Aggregation Group (LAG) configuration ports
 MAC address and Port mirroring for monitoring traffic and troubleshooting
Network Devices

Types of Network Devices

 Hub Device
 A hub is basically a multiport repeater.
 Hubs concentrate on connections.
 In other words, they take a group of hosts and allow the
network to see them as a single unit. This is done passively,
without any other effect on the data transmission.
 they do not have intelligence to find out best path for data
packets
 Active hubs concentrate hosts and also regenerate signals.
Network Devices

Types of Network Devices

 Modem Device
A modem, short for "modulator-demodulator," is a device that enables communication between a computer or
other devices and an Internet Service Provider (ISP). It is responsible for modulating digital data from the
device into a format suitable for transmission over a communication network, as well as demodulating
incoming analog signals from the network back into digital data that the device can understand.
Here are key points to understand about modems:

 Data Transmission
 Connection Types
 ISP Connection
 Integrated Modems (Router or Gateway Device)
Network Devices

Types of Network Devices

 Firewall Device
In computing, a firewall is a network Device or Software for monitors and controls incoming and outgoing
network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a
trusted network and an untrusted network, such as the Internet.
Firewall rules can be base one: IP address, Domain Name, Protocols, Programs, Ports, Keywords and more…
Network Devices

Types of Network Devices

 Wi-Fi Extender Device
A Wi-Fi extender, also known as a range extender or a wireless repeater, is a device used to improve and
extend the coverage of an existing Wi-Fi network. It is designed to amplify the wireless signal from a router or
access point and rebroadcast it to areas with weak or no Wi-Fi signal.
Here are key points to understand about Wi-Fi extenders:

 Signal Amplification
 Rebroadcast Domain
 More Wi-Fi coverage
 Improves Wi-Fi speed
 Alternatives To Transitional Wi-Fi
Network Devices

Types of Network Devices

 Wireless Access Point (AP)
A Wireless Access Point is a network device that allows Wi-Fi-enabled devices to connect to a wired network,
such as a local area network (LAN) or the Internet. It serves as a central hub for wireless communication,
enabling wireless devices to access the network and communicate with other devices or resources.
Here are key points to understand about wireless access points:

 Wireless Network Connectivity (WLAN)

 Network Integration (LAN->WLAN)
 Network Security (WPA2 or WPA3)
 Wi-Fi Standards (802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax)
 Coverage and Range (Broadcast area)
Network Devices

Types of Network Devices

 Network Interface Card (NIC)
A Network Interface Card (NIC), also known as a network adapter or network interface controller, is a hardware
component that allows a computer or other device to connect to a network. It provides the necessary interface
between the device and the network, enabling data transmission and communication over the network.
Here are key points to understand about Network Interface Cards (NICs):

 Network Connection  MAC Address

 Ethernet Standards  Driver Software
 Wired and Wireless  Network Functionality
 PCI or PCIE Interface
Wire NIC Wireless NIC
Network Devices

MAC Address on Network Devices

A Media Access Control (MAC) Address is a unique identifier assigned to Network Interface Cards (NICs) by the
manufacturer. It is a Hardware Address or Physical Address that provides a way to identify devices on a local
network. Every device that connects to a network, such as computers, smartphones, routers, and network
switches, has a MAC address.
Example: MAC address on Computer Window OS

Wireless LAN Network Adapter Wi-Fi Ethernet Adapter Ethernet

Network Devices

MAC Address on Network Devices

 Here are some key points about MAC addresses:
 Uniqueness: Each MAC address is globally unique. It is a 48-bit value (often displayed as a series of six
hexadecimal numbers separated by colons or hyphens), which means there are 2^48 (or about 281 trillion)
possible MAC addresses, such as 00:0a:95:9d:67:16.
 Structure: A MAC address consists of two parts. The first half of the address represents the organizationally
unique identifier (OUI), which is assigned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to the
manufacturer of the network interface. The second half is a unique value assigned by the manufacturer.
 Generate By: It is provided by the device's vendor at the time of manufacturing and embedded in its NIC,
which is ideally cannot be changed. It also works on the Data Link Layer of the OSI model.
Network Devices

MAC Address on Network Devices

 Format of MAC address
Network Devices

MAC Address on Network Devices

 Types of MAC Addresses have been classified, based on communication with each other:
 Unicast MAC Address
Communication can be one to one
 Multicast MAC address
Communication can be one to many
 Broadcast MAC address
Communication can be one to all
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

An IP Address or Internet Protocol Address, is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device
connected to a computer network. IP addresses are essential for identifying and communicating with devices
on the internet or local networks. Typically assigned by an internet service provider (ISP), an IP address is an
online device address used for communicating across the internet.

 There are two Versions of IP addresses that are commonly used on the internet:
 IPv4: Internet Protocol Version 4
 IPv6: Internet Protocol Version 6

 There are two Main Types of IP address that are commonly used on Local and Global Network:
 Public IP address: Global IP Address
 Private IP address: Local IP address
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

 IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
 Address Format: IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers represented in a set of four dotted decimal numbers,
where each octet is separated by a period, such as 192.168.0.1 Each number represents an 8-bit value,
ranging from 0 to 255, called an octet. This format allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.
 Address Allocation: IPv4 addresses are assigned hierarchically, with various classes (A, B, C, D, and E) and
network and host portions. Address allocation is typically done by regional internet registries (RIRs) and
internet service providers (ISPs).
 Network Address Translation (NAT): Due to the limited number of available IPv4 addresses, NAT is widely
used to share a single public IP address among multiple devices within a private network. NAT helps
mitigate the address shortage but can introduce complications for certain network applications.
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

 IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
 Address Format: IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers represented in a hexadecimal format, such as
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. This format allows for an astronomically large number of
unique addresses—approximately 340 undecillionth (3.4×10^38) addresses.
 Address Space: The significantly larger address space of IPv6 ensures that address exhaustion is not a
concern for the foreseeable future. It allows for the allocation of unique addresses to a vast number of
devices, including Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other emerging technologies.
 Stateless Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC): IPv6 includes a feature called SLAAC, which allows devices to
automatically configure their IPv6 addresses without the need for manual configuration or DHCP servers.
SLAAC simplifies the process of setting up and connecting devices to IPv6 networks.
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

 Summary IPv4 vs IPv6
The following is a list of differences between IPv4 and IPv6:
 IPv4 is 32-bit, whereas IPv6 is 128-bit.
 IPv4 binary bits are separated by a dot (.); IPv6 separates binary bits by a colon (:).
 IPv4 follows the numeric addressing method and IPv6 is alphanumeric.
 IPv4 supports DHCP or Manual configuration whereas IPv6 supports Autoconfiguration.
 IPv4 supports broadcast address, which is a type of special address that transmits data packets to every
node on the network. IPv6 doesn't support broadcast, but instead uses a multicast address, which is a
logical identifier for a collection of hosts on a network.
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

 Public IP Address
A Public IP Address is a globally unique address assigned to a device connected directly to the internet. It
serves as the public identifier for the device, allowing it to communicate with other devices over the internet.
Public IP addresses are assigned by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or other entities responsible for managing
the allocation of IP addresses.

Key features of Public IP addresses include:

 Global Accessibility: Public IP addresses are accessible from anywhere on the internet. They enable
communication between devices on different networks or across the internet.
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

 Public IP Address
 Internet Routing: Public IP addresses are used in routing traffic over the internet. Routers and network
devices use public IP addresses to direct data packets to their intended destinations.
 Unique Identification: Public IP addresses are unique worldwide. No two devices can have the same public
IP address at the same time.
 Externally Visible: Public IP addresses are visible to other devices on the internet. They can be used to
initiate communication with a device or access services hosted on that device.
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

 Private IP Address
A Private IP Address, as the name suggests, is used within a private network and is not directly accessible from
the internet. Private IP addresses are used for internal network communication, allowing devices within a
network to communicate with each other.

Key features of Private IP addresses include:

 Local Network Use: Private IP addresses are used within local networks, such as home or office networks.
They facilitate communication between devices within the same network, enabling file sharing, printing,
and other local network services.
 Non-Unique: Private IP addresses are not globally unique. Multiple devices on different private networks
can have the same private IP address, as long as they do not connect to the same network simultaneously.
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

 Private IP Address
 Network Address Translation (NAT) for IPv4: To connect private networks to the internet, Network Address
Translation (NAT) is used. NAT translates private IP addresses to a single public IP address for internet
communication. This allows multiple devices within a private network to share a single public IP address.
 Address Ranges for IPv4: Private IP addresses are defined within specific address ranges reserved for
private use. The most commonly used private IP address ranges are:
Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

Network Devices

IP Address on Network Devices

 Find Your Private and Public IPv4 address

Private IP Address on Your Network Public IP Address on Your Network

Network Devices

Ranges of IPv4 address

 Summary IPv4
The Format of IPv4 address:
 There are 4 Octets, for example: 192.168.0.1
 The Octet represented in a set of Dotted Decimal Notation
 where each octet is separated by a period, ranging from 0 to 255
 Each Dotted Decimal Notation number represents an 8-bit value (Total is 32-bit)
Address Allocation:
 IPv4 addresses are assigned hierarchically, with various classes (A, B, C, D, and E)
 Primarily, class A, B, and C are used by the majority of devices on the Internet. Class D and class E are for
special uses.
Network Devices

Ranges of IPv4 address

 Class A Public & Private IP Address Range
Class A addresses are for networks with large number of total hosts.
• Public IP Range: 1.0.0.0 to 127.0.0.0
+ First octet value range from 1 to 127
• Private IP Range: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, Range of Subnet Mask: (/8 to /15)
• Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 (8 bits)
• Number of Hosts per Network: 16,777,214
Network Devices

Ranges of IPv4 address

 Class B Public & Private IP Address Range
Class B addresses are for medium to large sized networks.
• Public IP Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
+ First octet value range from 128 to 191
• Private IP Range: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, Range of Subnet Mask: (/16 to /23)
• Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (16 bits)
• Number of Hosts per Network: 65,534
Network Devices

Ranges of IPv4 address

 Class C Public & Private IP Address Range
Class C addresses are used in small local area networks (LANs).
• Public IP Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0
+ First octet value range from 192 to 223
• Private IP Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255, Range of Subnet Mask: (/24 to /32)
• Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
• Number of Hosts per Network: 254
Network Devices

Ranges of IPv4 address

 Class D Public & Private IP Address Range
Class D IP addresses are not allocated to hosts and are used for multicasting. Multicasting allows a single host
to send a single stream of data to thousands of hosts across the Internet at the same time. It is often used for
audio and video streaming, such as IP-based cable TV networks. Another example is the delivery of real-time
stock market data from one source to many brokerage companies.
• Public IP Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
+First octet value range from 224 to 239
• Private IP Range does not include any addresses from Class D, which is reserved for multicast group
communication.
• Number of Hosts per Network: Multicasting
Network Devices

Ranges of IPv4 address

 Class E Public & Private IP Address Range
Class E IP addresses are not allocated to hosts and are not available for general use. These are reserved for
research purposes.
• Public IP Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
+ First octet value range from 240 to 255
• Private IP Range, Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes and are not intended for general
use. Instead, they remain reserved for future use and potential experimental needs. As such, Class E
addresses should not be utilized for any production networks or devices.
• Number of Hosts per Network: Research/Reserved/Experimental
Network Devices

Network Packet on Network Devices

A Network Packet is a unit of data that is transmitted over a computer network. It is the basic building block of
network communication and carries both the data being transmitted and the necessary control information to
ensure proper delivery to its destination.
A network packet typically consists of three main components:
 Packet Header
 Data Payload
 Packet Trailer

Network Packet Structure

Network Devices

Network Packet on Network Devices

Packet Header: The header is the beginning part of the packet and contains control information and metadata
about the packet. It includes details such as the source and destination addresses, protocol information, packet
size, and other necessary information for routing and handling the packet as it travels through the network.
Data Payload: The data payload is the actual information being transmitted in the packet. It can include various
types of data, such as a part of a file, an email message, a web page, or any other application-specific data. The
payload's size can vary, and it can range from a few bytes to several kilobytes, depending on the data being
sent.
Packet Trailer: in a network packet is an optional field that may Contain Additional Control Information, such
as error-checking codes (e.g., CRC, checksum) for data integrity verification. Its purpose is to ensure the
accuracy of data transmission and detect any errors that may have occurred during packet delivery.
Network Devices

Network Packet on Network Devices

  Introduction of Network Cables

 Types of Network Cables

Network Cables
 How to Connect Network Cables

 Network Cables Testing Tools

Network Devices

Introduction To Network Cables

Network Cable is a type of cable used to establish a wired connection between network devices. It is
specifically designed to transmit data between devices, such as computers, routers, switches, and other
network equipment. There are several types of network cables used for different networking applications.
Here are some commonly used Network Cables:

 Coaxial Cable
 Twisted-Pair Cables
 Fiber-Optic Cable
Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 Coaxial Cable
This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the braiding, braiding covers
the insulation, and the insulation covers the conductor. Coaxial cables are used as transmission lines for radio
frequency, video and data signals. They have traditionally been used as feed lines to connect radio transmitters
and receivers with internet connections, digital audio and cable television signals.
Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 Coaxial Cable
Sheath: this is the outer layer of the coaxial cable. It protects the cable from physical damage.
Braided-shield: this shield protects signals from external interference and noise. This shield is built from the
same metal that is used to build the core.
Insulation protects the core. It also keeps the core separate from the braided-shield
Conductor: the conductor carries electromagnetic signals. Single-core coaxial cable and multi-core coaxial
cable. A single-core coaxial cable uses a single central metal (usually copper) conductor, while a multi-core
coaxial cable uses multiple thin strands of metal wires.

Single Core Coaxial Cable Multi-Core Coaxial Cable

Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 Twisted-Pair Cables
There are four pairs. Each pair has one solid color and one stripped color wire. Solid colors are blue, brown,
green and orange. In stripped color, the solid color is mixed with the white color.
There are two types of twisted-pair cable UTP and STP:

 In the UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) cable, all pairs are wrapped

in a single plastic sheath. Example: Category 5e (Cat5e), (Cat6)
 In the STP (Shielded Twisted-Pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with
an additional metal shield, then all pairs are wrapped in a single
outer plastic sheath. Example: Category 6a (Cat 6a), (Cat7), (Cat8)
Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 Twisted-Pair Cables
Twisted-pair cabling is often used in data networks for short and medium-length connections because of its
relatively lower costs compared to optical fiber and coaxial cable.

Types of Ethernet Cable:

Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 Twisted-Pair Cables
Cat 5e: Maximum length of 100 meters (328 feet) for 10/100/1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet) or 2.5 Gbps over
shorter distances.
Cat 6: Maximum length of 55 meters (180 feet) for 10 Gbps (10 Gigabit Ethernet) or 10/100/1000 Mbps
(Gigabit Ethernet).
Cat 6a: Maximum length of 100 meters (328 feet) for 10 Gbps (10 Gigabit Ethernet) or 10/100/1000 Mbps
(Gigabit Ethernet).
Cat 7: Maximum length of 100 meters (328 feet) for 10 Gbps (10 Gigabit Ethernet), 10/100/1000 Mbps (Gigabit
Ethernet), or higher speeds.
Cat 8: Maximum length of 30 meters (98 feet) for 25 Gbps (25 Gigabit Ethernet), 40 Gbps (40 Gigabit Ethernet),
or 100 Gbps (100 Gigabit Ethernet) over shorter distances.
Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 Fiber-Optic Cable
A Fiber-Optic Cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers inside an insulated casing. They're
designed for long-distance, high-performance data networking, and telecommunications. Compared to wired
cables, fiber optic cables provide higher bandwidth and transmit data over longer distances.
Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 Fiber-Optic Cable
There are two types of fiber optical cable SMF and MMF:
 SMF (Single-mode fiber) optical cable This cable carries
only a single beam of light. This is more reliable and
supports much higher bandwidth and longer distances
than the MMF cable.
 MMF (multi-mode fiber) optical cable This cable carries
multiple beams of light. Because of multiple beams, this
cable carries much more data than the SMF cable. This
cable is used in shorter distances.
Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 Fiber-Optic Cable
Network Devices

How To Connect Network Cables

 Straight Through and Crossover Cable
Ethernet cables can be wired as straight through or crossover.
Network Devices

How To Connect Network Cables

 Straight Through and Crossover Cable
Network Devices

Types of Network Cables

 RJ-45 Connector
The RJ45 connector, also known as an 8P8C (8-position, 8-contact) connector, is a standardized connector
commonly used for Ethernet network connections. It is the most prevalent connector type for terminating
twisted-pair network cables, such as Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat6a cables.
Network Devices

Network Cables Testing Tools

 Cable Certifier
This device thoroughly tests a network cable and certifies
that the cable installation meets a special wiring standard.
This device can check and test total segment length,
crosstalk, noise, wiremap, resistance and the capability to
transfer data at the maximum frequency rated for the
cable.
Network Devices

Network Cables Testing Tools

 Time Domain Reflectometer
Measure the length of a network cable as well as the
breaks in the cable. This device transmits a signal on one
end and measures the time the signal takes to reach the
end of the cable. You can also use this device to find breaks
in the cable. For example, this device can tell you
approximately how far the break is located in the cable.
Network Devices

Network Cables Testing Tools

 Basic Cable Tester
If you can't afford a network cable certifier, you can buy
and use this device to manage your network cables. It can
test cable cross talk, and breaks in the cable. It can also
check whether the connectors on both ends of a network
cable are properly attached or not.
Network Devices

Network Cables Testing Tools

 Tone Generator and The Probe
Used to trace the unlabeled network cables. This device
comes in two pieces: the tone generator and the probe.
The tone generator generates tones or signals and places
them on the network cable. The probe detects these
signals on the other end of the cable.
 The End
Remember -> Practice -> Makes Perfect