Respiration

release energy
takes Place with all
also called cellular respiration
the commonest substvat used in respiration

aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration

requires oxygen
⼀ does not
require oxygen

respiration cellular

gas exchange by diffusion 不要混淆

breathing in but breathing muscles

both are oxidative process

glucose
了
CQ ⼗ Hot energy
oxygen

Respiration ⼀
energy is used to synthesize ATP or released a

heat
a series of enzyme_controlled reactions
release energy gradually
 y
Burning _energy is released as heat and light
uncontrolled reaction

releases
energy rapidly

What is ATP
small water soluble molecule
easily translated water

photo_phosphorylation

small manageable amounts of energy released from the

hydrolysis can be used for
active transport root hair cell
epithelial cell in small intestine
anabolic reaction protein Synthesis ribosome
cell division
transmission of nerve impulses
movement

phosphorylation of glucose in the first stage of respiration

Where do the reactions of respiration occur

anaerobic respiration initial stage of aerobic respiration
 桃 place in cell cytoplasm

remaining stageofaerobic respiration

take place in mitochondria

t
rod shaped organelle

surrounded
by a double membrane
outer membrane _difkrentidly permeable
control the movement of molecules in and out
inner membrane _highly tlded.hn ing a large number of finger like
projections

provides a large surhe area for he attchment ofenzymes

and carriers involved in aerobic respiration

matrix _fluid filled space and contains enzymes that catalyse he

reactions of aerobic respiration

Intermembrane space _narrow molecules to move quickly between the cell

cytoplasm and the mitochondrialmatrix

liver cell Glucose glycogen

deamination of amm.no acid

Stages of aerobic respiration

1 glycolysis
2 link reaction
3 Krebs cycle

4oxidative phosphorylation

1 Glycolysis cytoplasm

the process of breaking down glucose

glucose 6 C

2pyruvate 3 C

does not
require oxygen
aerobic U anaerobic
involves a series of enzymecontrolled reactions

occurs in two phases

glucose 164

t
2Hriosephosphate
3C
Breakdown of glucose to tiose phosphate

10

o
 AEGADP

8
Oxidation of tiose phosphate to pyruvate

NAǛNADH
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2 link reaction mitochondria

acetyl CoA
conversion of pyruvate to a 2Compound called acetyl coerymeA
恐恐答品ym
pyruvate acetyl CoA 6A 川
by product
 catalysed by enzymes in 比 mitochondrial matrix

Ǘ
acetylgroup NADTYADH acetyl CoA

t
acts as a carrier to tanderthe acetylgroup

totheKrebs cycle

3 Krebs cycle
a cyclic series of enzyme.controlled reactions

tke place in the mitochondrial matrix

Combination of acetyl CoA with 4 Compound
acetyl CoA coenzymeA reuse in thelinkreaction

4 C 6C

6C
È 4C
FAD

hydrogen atoms are lost

acetyl CoA

ui Krebs
cycle

ifml
products produced in the Rrebcyck for each acetyl group
 I
2 molecules
of carbon dioxide

3NADH
used laterin oxidative phosphorylation
1 FADH
1AP

During glycolysis
link reaction X2
l glucose 72pyruvate 7 Krebs cycle x2

4 Oxidative phosphorylation氧化 磷酸化

uses theenergy released bythe oxidation of NADH and FADH to phosphorylate
ADPto ATP reducing power provide Hlé
water is formed

takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

involves 3 stages

regeneration of NADand FAD

electron tansport of ATPformation

在mention of water
 版 ⼼⼼ 咖 咧咧 咧
NADP NADPH
t.it
iospid

iii
oxidation

Aioti ǎiiǐii
kren.ae
again

location

reaction name

_CQ
ATP

reducingpower NADH FADH

Summary of aerobic respiration

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fromfood inhaled exhaled

a test limewater
carbonate
hydrogen solution

remove CO2 in incoming

to showtheCO2has been removed

to showthe Ozmust beproduced
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AO control to showthat the change in

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mouse heatfrom respiration

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living seeds

Anaerobic respiration

only takeplace in cytoplasm

cytoplasm

glycolysis

Pyruvate
Thctiǜeid
ethanol ⼗ CO2
2C
X
mitochondria

Normal aerobic respiration

During strenuous exercise

carryout anaerobic respiration at the sametime

provide muscles with additional energy to keep working hard
lactic acid fermentation 發酵

ānntnnf
 regenerate NAD so that glycolysis can continue I
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at Me same time
lactic acid fermentation

get extra ATP

glycolysis

抑 意 reduced to
so y
2NAD ZNADH 2NADHTINAD
⼋

glucose
g
zpyrwatete 2lacticacid

overall equation

glucose enzymes
energy 的 仍 2lactic acid
T T
only partly brokendown muchenergy is still locked
up
simple reaction
Ch34 remove lactic acid oxygen debt

lactic acid
t blood circulation

liver cell

t
pyruvate
L
79化09en
Ca Ho the
Application

在the production of somedairy products and fermented ugetbles

by bacteria

eg yogurt cheese kimchi

give its sour flavour

When oxygen is sufficient

yeast carries out aerobic respiration
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yeast can respireanaevobicdly
anaerobic respiration in yeast is called alcoholic fermentation

glycolysis

8 ò
 鬯
CO zgfcoz
2NAD NADH ZNADHTTǏNAD I
do ⼋

glucose zpyrwatte 2ethanol

reuse NAD for continuous glycolysis

Organisms that can carryout alcoholic trmentlion

1 yeast
2 some bacteria

3 someplants that grow in oxygen_poor environment

waterlogged anaerobic condition in soil

IN cycle dating bacteria

activetransport
aerobic anaerobic

c ondition
anaerobic
Application

I Beerbrewing and wine making

yeast to ferment thesugars in barely into ethanol and a
wild yeast present on the skin of grapes trments the sugars

2 Bread making

yeast converts the sugars to ethanol and a

3 Production of biohek
yasthments sugar fan Crops to ethanol

Similarities between aerobic and anaerobic

Both release energy from the oxidative breakdown of organic

food substances

Some of the energyreleased is used to form ATP while one

is lost as heat
Enzyme_controlled reactions are involved

Glycolysis is the first stage in both pathways

Difkrences
 i

link
reaction
urn on
fermentation
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