LESSONS: EVOLUTION OF MEDIA & INFORMATION LITERACY

TRADITIONAL MEDIA
- any form of mass communication available before the advent of digital media. This includes television,
radio, newspapers, books, and magazines.
NEW MEDIA
- are forms of media that are native to computers and technologies such as the Internet.

1. PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (before 1700)

• Main medium of communication was through oral language
• People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone,
bronze, copper and iron

Forms of Media:
A. CAVE PAINTINGS
-The cave paintings and shell beads are the first works of art dated to the time of Neanderthals, and they
include the oldest cave art ever found.

B. CLAY TABLETS IN MESOPOTAMIA

-used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into
the Iron Age.

C. CODEX in the MAYAN REGION

-The codices were used to set dates for rituals, often by linking them to astronomical events.
D. PRINTING PRESS USING WOOD BLOCKS
-Woodblock printing is a relief print technique in which images, designs, or words are carved in reverse
onto a block of wood using wood carving tools.

D. ACTA DIURNA IN ROME

-The Acta Diurna (also called Acta populi, or Acta publica), said to date from before 59 BCE, recorded
official business and matters of public interest.

E. PAPYRUS IN EGYPT
-The ancient Egyptians used the stem of the papyrus plant to make sails, cloth, mats, cords, and, above all,
paper.

2. INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700's to 1930's)

• Marked the use of iron and steel commonly used for industrial purposes.
• During this age, new energy sources were used including fuel and motive power like coal, the steam
engine, electricity, petroleum and combustion engine.

Forms of Media:
A. NEWSPAPER
The London Gazette (1740)
– the most important and one of the official journals of record of the British government and United
Kingdom.

B. TELEGRAPH (1830s)
– developed by Samuel Morse, it worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between
stations. It used a code that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and
allowed simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines.

C. TELEPHONE (1876)
– by Alexander Graham Bell, a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a
conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly.

D. KINETOSCOPE (1893)
– Edison and Dickson
-is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed for films to be viewed by
one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device.

E. PRINTING PRESS for mass production (1900)

- Invented by Johannes Gutenberg.
The industrial printing press was one of the most influential inventions of the Age of Revolution. It
allowed thousands of copies of all types of written texts and images to be printed quickly and cheaply.

3. ELECTRONIC AGE (1930s – 1980s)

• A transistor was invented. It is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power.
• People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the
early computers.
• In this age, long distance communication became more efficient.
Forms of Media:
A. TELEVISION (1941)
- Is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome or in color.

B. TRANSISTOR RADIO (1954)

– small portable radio receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry.

C. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
– are used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing such as census,
industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing.

4. NEW/INFORMATION AGE 1980s – Now

• The Internet paved the way for faster communication.
• Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (1990s)
• People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile
devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.
Forms of Media:
A. PORTABLE COMPUTERS
- Portable computer is a computer that comes with a keyboard and display and one which can be easily
relocated or transported, although less convenient compared to a notebook.
• laptops (1980)
• netbooks (2008)
• tablets (1993)

B. SMART PHONES (1992)

C. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
D. WEB BROWSERS
Mosaic is the first ever Browser in 1993

Internet Explorer

SOCIAL MICRO VIDEO SEARCH

BLOGS VIDEO CHAT
NETWORKS BLOGS STREAMING ENGINES

Blogspot Friendster Youtube

Twitter (2006) Skype (2003) Google (1996)
(1999) (2002) (2005)

Wordpress Multiply Bing(2009 –

Tumblr (2007)
(2003) (2003) Microsoft)

Facebook
Yahoo (1995)
(2004)

Instagram Ask.com
(2010) (1995)

Yandex (1997)

II. INFORMATION LITERACY

Information Literacy - is being able to use information appropriately, ethically, and efficiently to develop
oneself, others, and society.
1. SCHOLARLY INFORMATION
Scholarly information is information drawn from the research of field experts.
• An expert is someone whose credentials are recognized by practitioners of a particular field. (Expert:
a person who has a comprehensive an authoritative knowledge of or skill in a particular area)
• The Central Connecticut State Universities advise that when learning about a topic, one must rely
most on scholarly sources because they are created by experts whose works have been peer-reviewed
before being made public. (Peer review is a process where one’s findings/research is evaluated by
fellow experts.)

The University of Melbourne defines 'Scholarly Information' as having Four Dimensions:

A. Published information and collections used by our scholars to inform their learning, teaching and
research
The term ‘scholarly information’ also refers to other primary sources typically collected by a library,
museum or archive:
Examples: letters, financial documents, mementos and other contents of personal and business archives.
B. Materials created for learning and teaching purposes.
These could include: course notes, presentation slides, customized ‘packs’ of selected readings for a
particular subject, audio and video versions of lectures, and a range of digital objects that can be stored in
a learning management system and reused in different ways and at different times.
C. Information created in the course of research activities - numerical data collected from scientific
instrumentation and laboratory work; information collected from surveys, interviews and other social
studies; records of meetings and conversations between collaboration partners; models, plans or images
created in the course of design, architectural or ethnographic research.
D. Research Outputs- Such as papers, chapters, monographs, articles, letters, presentations,
demonstrations and speeches, processed research data and visualizations of large datasets can be
considered under this category.
2. ENTERTAINMENT/POPULAR INFORMATION
• Information meant for the general population. A journalist, staff writer, or content producer may use
some entertaining hooks in order to catch attention or to be easily understood.
• It may be derived from a discussion of other people’s work.

3. PROFESSIONAL/TRADE INFORMATION
• Typically discuss topics or practical application related to a certain field or profession
• Contains jargons/uses language familiar to the profession
• Professional/trade journals do not have to be peer-reviewed to be published but they are exposed to a
higher level of scrutiny from people with knowledge in that field.

4. OPINION
• A viewpoint, judgement, or statement that is not conclusive. Opinions on a specific matter vary from
person to person.
• An intelligent opinion is an argument for a conclusion based on an analysis of verifiable facts and
reliable information.
PROVIDERS OF INFORMATION
1. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS
- schools, colleges, and universities that confer academic degrees.
- They are dedicated to education and research. Students and faculty members of academic
institutions continually seek knowledge for themselves and for their community
- Private academic institutions are funded primarily through tuition fees and private donations.
State universities are public academic institutions largely supported by the government.
2. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
- Organizations under the government which are responsible for the administration of a specific
function.
- PAGASA, informs us about the weather; PHIVOLCS, monitors volcanoes and earthquake faults;
and PIA or Philippine Information Agency, keeps Filipinos informed about the government.
3. PRIVATE SECTORS
 - Includes business, organizations, and other players in the economy that are not owned or operated
by the government. They provide goods and services for profit. Competition for the consumers’
support pushes them to continually improve the products and information that they provide.
4. PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS
- Those who do not represent another person, corporation, or group. A private individual must be
motivated to tell the truth, to help, and to do the right thing when giving information.
5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION LITERACY
Identify, Find, Evaluate, Apply, and Acknowledge
1. The information literate student can identify the nature and extent of information needed.
2. The information literate student can find needed information effectively and efficiently.
3. The information literate student can evaluate information and its sources critically.
4. The information literate student can apply information effectively to accomplish a specific
purpose.
5. The information literate student can acknowledge sources of information and the ethical, legal,
and sociolect-economic issues surrounding information.
Prepared by: Bryan T. Montaño, LPT