MODULE 3: SOLID MENSURATION

UNIT 10: PLANE FIGURES

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning outcome:
1. Solve problems involving area of plane figures.

SOLID MENSURATION

The Great Pyramids near Cairo, Egypt is an example of a type of solids that we will discuss in this
module.

Figure 1http://world-placez.blogspot.com/2013/02/Great-Pyramid-Giza-Egypt.html

Other solid shapes are illustrated in architectural designs of buildings. Our world as three
dimensional is composed of solids and space figures which can be characterized by contrasting
measures of length, width, and depth.

Solid Mensuration (also known as Solid Geometry) is the study of three-dimensional shapes. It is the
study of the measure of volume, area, height, length, and other geometric parts. This subject is
widely used in the practice of engineering. The knowledge that is to be acquired from this subject is
necessary for any project construction such as road and bridge construction, chemical and physical
analyses, and in a large variety of commercial and engineering projects.

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 In solving problems in Solid Mensuration, it is suggested that you draw an appropriate figure
showing all given dimensions. Next is to write the formulas that are necessary to be used in solving
for the unknown quantities. Identify the quantities and variables that can be substituted in the
formula.
Before we can proceed to the study of surface areas and volumes of solids, it is important that we
consider first Plane Geometry which is the study of geometric figures that can be drawn on a plane,
which is a two-dimensional surface.

Area of Plane Figures

A plane is an infinite two-dimensional figures. A closed or bounded portion of the plane is called a
region. When a region is measured, this is called the area of the plane region and the unit used to
measure area is called a square unit as it is a square with each side of length one. The measure of
the area of region is the number of non-overlapping square units that can be placed adjacent to
each other in the region.

The following is a list of formulas relating to plane figures.

Square
���� = (����)2
� = �2
Rectangle
���� = ���� × ��������
� = ��
Right Triangle
1
���� = 2 ���� × ��������
1
� = 2 ��
Pythagorean Theorem
(����������)2
= ��� �� �ℎ� ������� �� �ℎ� ��� ����
�2 = �2 + �2
Oblique Triangle
1
���� = 2 ���� × ��������
1
� = 2���� × ��������
Heron’s Formula:
� = �(� − �)(� − �)(� − �) where � = 2
�+�+�

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 Parallelogram
���� = ���� × ��������
� = �ℎ
Cyclic Quadrilateral (Inscribed Quadrilateral)
Brahmagupta’s Formula:
� = (� − �)(� − �)(� − �)(� − �) where
�+�+�+�
�= 2
Trapezoid
���� = 12 ��� �� ����� × ��������
1
�=2 �+� ℎ
Regular Polygon
�������� � ������� ������� ���ℎ � �����;
� �� �ℎ� �����ℎ �� ����; � �� �ℎ� �����ℎ �� ����ℎ��

1
���� = 2 (����ℎ��)(���������)
1
� = 2 ��

Circle
������������� = 2� ������ = �(��������)
� = 2�� = ��

�
���� = �(������)2 = 4 �������� 2

�
� = ��2 = �2
4

Sector of a Circle
1
���� = 2 ������ × ���
1 1
� = 2 �� = 2 �2 � � �� �������
�
� = 360 ��2 (� �� �������)

Segment of Circle
����������� = ���������� − ������������
� = 12�� − 12��

Ellipse
���� = ���

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 Solved Problems
1. Given the figure below, find the area of ▱���� by using base a) ��, and b) ��.

Solution:

a) Using �� as the base.

�▱���� = ��ℎ1 = 8 ∙ 5 = 40 ��. �����.

b) Using �� as the base.

�▱���� = ��ℎ2 = 6 ∙ 623 = 40 ��. �����.

2. Suppose you are asked to purchase a carpet that will cover the floor area below. You are
asked to determine the area of the floor to be covered.
Solution:

���� �� �ℎ� ����� = ���� �� �ℎ� ������ + ���� �� �ℎ� ���������

������ = 52 + 4 ∙ 1
= 25 + 4
������ = 9 ��2

3. The exterior wall (the gabled end of the house shown) remains to be painted.
a) What is the area of the outside wall?
b) If each gallon of paint covers approximately 105 ��2 , how many gallons of paint
must be purchased?
c) If each gallon of paint is on sale for ₱500, what is the total cost of the paint?

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 Solution:
a) ���� �� �ℎ� ������� ���� = ����������� ������ + ������������ ������
1
����� = 2(24)(5) + 24 10 = 300 ��2

b) If 1 gallon of paint covers approximately 105 ��2 and the total area of the gabled end to be
painted is 300 ��2 then
300 ��2
����� ������� �� ����� ������ = ≈ 2.86 �������
105 ��2 /���

c) If each gallon costs ₱500, then

₱500
����� ���� �� ����� = 2.86 ��� × = ₱1,430
1 ���

4. A beach tent is designed so that one side is open. Find the number of square feet of
canvass needed to make the tent.

Solution:
����� ���� �� �ℎ� ������� = ��������������� ���� + ��������������� ���� + ��������������� ����

In order to solve the area of the rectangular roof, the length of � from the blue right triangle
must be solved first.

�= 62 + 22 = 40 = 2 10 ��.

1
����� ���� �� �ℎ� ������� = 6 12 + 2 6 + 8 6 + 12 2 10 = 114 + 24 10 = 189.89 ��2

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 5. Find the exact area of the shaded region.

Solution: �����ℎ���� ������ = ���������� − �������������

To solve the area of circle, one needs to have the radius � of the circle.

Let � be the hypotenuse of the right triangle formed.

2 2
8 6
�= + = 42 + 32 = 5 ��
2 2

�����ℎ���� ������ = ���������� − �������������

��ℎ���� ������ = � 52 − 8 6 = 25� − 48 ≈ 30.54 ��2

6. Find the area of the shaded region.

Solution:
�����ℎ���� ������ = ������������ − 3����������
Note that the triangle is equilateral. Using Heron’s formula

10 + 10 + 10
�= = 15
2

��������� = 15(15 − 10)(15 − 10)(15 − 10 = 43.30 ��2

The area of triangle can also be solve using � = 2 �ℎ where

1

ℎ = 102 − 52 = 8.66 ��
1
��������� = 8.66 10 ≈ 43.30 ��2
2
�����ℎ���� = ������������ − 3����������
60
��ℎ���� = 43.30 − 3 360
∙ � ∙ 52 ≈ 4.03 ��2

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 UNIT 11: SOLIDS FOR WHICH VOLUME IS BASE X HEIGHT (� = ��)

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning outcome:
1. Solve the volume of solids under � = ��
2. Solve the lateral and total surface area of solids under � = ��.

A solid is any limited portion of space, bounded by surfaces. A section of a solid is the plane figure
cut from the solid by passing a plane through it.

Plane M cuts from a solid the section ABCDE

A polyhedron is a solid bounded by planes. The edges of a polyhedron are intersections of the
bounding planes. The faces of the solid are polygons. The vertices are the intersections of the edges.

CUBE
A cube is a polyhedron whose 6 faces are all squares. The three dimensions of a cube are equal to
each other. Since the six faces of a cube is a square of edge �, the area of one face is �2 .

The total area (surface area) � of a cube is equal to the sum of the areas of its faces.
����� ���� = 6 (���� �� �ℎ� �����)
� = ���

The volume of a solid is the number of times it contains a given solid which is chosen arbitrarily as
the unit of volume. It is a number that measures the amount of enclosed space. The volume of a
cube is equal to the cube of its edges.

������ = (����)3
� = ��

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 RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED
A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles. The parallel
edges are equal and the opposite lateral faces are equal and parallel. Any two opposite faces may
be taken as the bases. It is also called rectangular cuboid or sometimes simply a cuboid.

 The total area (surface area) � and volume � of a rectangular parallelepiped are

����� ���� = ��� �� �ℎ� ����� �� �ℎ� �����

� = �(�� + �� + ��)

������ = ���� × ��������

� = ���
PRISMS

Suppose that two congruent polygons lie in parallel planes in such a way that their corresponding
sides are parallel. If the corresponding vertices of these polygons are joined by line segments, then
the solid that results is a prism. The congruent figures that lie in the parallel planes are the bases of
the prism.

In Figure (a), the congruent triangles ∆��� and ∆�'�'�' are the bases, ��, ��, ��, �'�', �' �'
and �' �' are base edges, and, ��', ��', and ��' are the lateral edges of the prism. Because the lateral
edges of this prism are perpendicular to its base edges, the lateral faces are rectangles. Points
�, �, �, �' , �' , and �' are the vertices of the prism. In Figure (b), the lateral edges of the prism are not
perpendicular to its base edges; in this situation, the lateral edges are often described as oblique

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 (slanted). For the oblique prism, the lateral faces are parallelograms. Both prisms have an altitude,
also known as the height of the prism, which is the perpendicular distance between the two planes
that contain the two congruent bases.
A prism is named according to its base. For example Figure (a) is a triangular prism,
specifically a right triangular prism and Figure (b) oblique square prism. The following are other
examples of prisms.

A regular prism is a prism whose bases are regular polygons, that is, the length of all the sides of the
bases are equal.

 The lateral area � of a prism is the sum of the areas of all lateral faces. A right section of a
prism is a section perpendicular to the lateral edges.
 Let � be the lateral edge and �� be the perimeter of the right section.

� = ���
 Let � be the height of the prism and � be the perimeter of the base.
� = ��
 The total area (surface area) � of a prism is the sum of the lateral area of the prism and the
areas of the bases.
 Let � be the lateral area of the prism and � be the base area.
� = � + ��

 The volume V of a prism is the product of the area � of the base and the height � of the
prism.
������ = ���� × ��������
� = ��
������ = ���� �� �ℎ� ���ℎ� ������� × ������� ����
� = ��

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 Cylindrical Surface
A cylindrical surface is a surface generated by a moving straight line (generator) which is
always parallel to a fixed line, and will always intersects a fixed plane curve (directrix) not in the
plane with the fixed line. An element of a cylindrical surface is the generator in any particular
position. If the directrix of a cylindrical surface is a closed curve, the surface is closed.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Solutions-for-obtaining-a-cylindrical-surface

Cylinder
A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes. The
bounding cylindrical surface of a cylinder is called the lateral surface, and the two bounding parallel
planes are called the bases. The bases of a cylinder are equal and the perpendicular distance
between the bases is the altitude of a cylinder. A right section of a cylinder is a section
perpendicular to all elements of the cylinder.

 The lateral area � of a cylinder is equal to the product of the perimeter � of a right section
and an element �.
� = ��
 The volume V of a cylinder is either equal to the product of the area � of a base and the
height �, or to the product of an element � and area � of a right section.
������ = ���� × ��������
� = ��
������ = ���� �� �ℎ� ���ℎ� ������� × ������� ����
� = ��

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 Circular Cylinder
A circular cylinder is a cylinder which has a circular right section.

The solid on the left is an oblique circular cylinder, and the solid on the right is a right
circular cylinder. The altitude ℎ is called the height of the cylinder.
Right Circular Cylinder
A right circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its base.
The axis of a right circular cylinder is the line joining the centers of the base. A right circular cylinder
may be generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one side as an axis, and is called a cylinder
of revolution. Any element of a right circular cylinder is equal to its altitude.

Solved Problems
1. Find the largest volume and total area of the largest cube of wood that can be cut from a
log of circular cross section whose radius is 12.7 in.

Solution:
Let � denotes the side of the cube.

Consider the isosceles right triangle formed by the two radius.

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 � = 12.72 + 12.72 = 12.7 2 ≈ 17.96 ��
� = 6 17.962 = 1935.48 ��2
� = 17.963 = 5793.21 ��3

2. Two aquariums are connected by a small square prism. Find the volume of the double
aquarium.

Solution:
������ �� ���ℎ �� �ℎ� ������ ��������� = ���� × �������� = 4 ∙ 3 3 = 36 ��3
������ �� ���������� ����� = 12 ∙ 2 = 2��3
�������������� = 2(36) + 2 = 74 ��3

3. Find the lateral area � and the surface area � of the regular hexagonal prism given below.

Solution:
For the lateral area of the right hexagonal prism,
� = 10 × ���������������� = 10 6 ∙ 4 = 240 ��2 .

For the surface area of the right hexagonal prism, we need the area of the base. As the base
is a regular hexagon, then to find for the length of the apothem (a line segment from the
center of a regular polygon to the midpoint of a side) we consider the equilateral triangle of
the hexagon with corresponding parts shown below.

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 The area � of the hexagonal base is
= 24 3 ��2 ≈ 41.57 ��2 .
1
�=6 2 3 4
2

The surface area or the total area � of the right hexagonal prism is
� = � + 2� = 240 + 48 3 ��2 ≈ 323.14 ��2

4. A storage shed is in the shape of a trapezoidal prism. Each trapezoid represents one of its
bases. With dimensions as shown, what is the storage capacity (volume) of its interior?

Solution: � = �ℎ =
1
2
6+8 8 8 = 448 ��3

5. A trough is formed by nailing together, edge to edge, two boards 11 ft in length, so that the
right section is a right triangle. If 15 ������� of water are poured into the trough and if the
trough is held level so that a right section of the water is an isosceles right triangle, how
deep is the water? (231 cu.in. = 1 gal.)

Solution:
Convert the given volume of water in gallons to its volume in cubic inches,
231��3
����������� = 15��� = 3465 ��3
1 ���

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 Using the isosceles right triangle base of the trough, let ℎ be the depth of the water.
The area � of the base is
� = 2 2ℎ ℎ = ℎ2 .
1

Since the volume

= 132ℎ2 ��3 ,
12 ��
� = � 11�� ∙ 1 ��
equating ����������� = �, we obtain
3465 ��3 = 132 ℎ2 ��3 .

3465 ��3
Then ℎ = 132 ��
= 5.12 ��

6. Find the area of the shaded portion, which is the area of the triangle ∆���, if the right
prism’s base is a regular polygon with �� = 4��. and �� = 8��.
Solution:

As the base is a regular pentagon, then �� = �� = �� = 4 ��.

Then for ∆���
��2 = ��2 + ��2 − 2 �� �� ���1080 = 42 + 42 − 2 4 4 ���1080 = 41.89
�� = 6.47 ��
Using the right triangle ∆���

�� = ��2 + ��2 = 10.29 ��

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 Now, consider triangle ∆���, and since �� = ��, �� = ��,
�� = ��2 + ��2 = 6.472 + 82 = 10.29 �� = ��.
(Note that �� = �� must be true without even solving.)

Finally, by Heron’s Formula, with � =

10.29+10.29+4
2
= 12.29 ��
���� �� �ℎ� �ℎ���� ������ = 12.29 12.29 − 4 12.29 − 10.29 12.29 − 10.29
≈ 20.19 ��2

7. A smokestack of a ship is 25 ft long with a rake aft (angle of the stack’s inclination from the
vertical) so that its top rises 24 ft above the deck. The cross section of the flue is a circle with
diameter of 3 2 ��. Completely encircling the flue is a protective stack. The distance between
1

the two stacks is 6 in. Find the space enclosed between the two stacks and also the outside
painting surface of the protective stack. Neglect the thickness of the metal.
Solution:
������ �� �ℎ� ����� ������� �ℎ� ��� ������
= ����������� − �����������

������ = ��������� − ��������� (25 ��)

�
������ = 3.5 + 2(0.5) 2 − 3.52 25 ��3 = 157.08 ��3
4

������� �������� ������� = � = ��

= � 4.5�� 25�� = 353.43��2

UNIT 12: SOLIDS FOR WHICH VOLUME IS � x BASE X HEIGHT (� = � ��)

� �

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning outcome:
1. Solve the volume of solids under � = �
�

2. Solve the lateral and total surface area of solids under � = � ��.
�

Solids for which � = � ��

�

This section is for solids whose volumes are found by means of the formula � = 3 �ℎ.
1

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 Pyramid
A pyramid is a polyhedron of which one face, called the base, is a polygon of any number of
sides and the other faces are triangles which have a common vertex. The triangular faces are called
the lateral faces. The altitude of a pyramid is the length of the perpendicular dropped from the
vertex to the plane of the base.

 The lateral area � of a pyramid is equal to the sum of the areas of the lateral faces (triangular
faces) of the pyramid.
� = ��� �� ��� ���� �� ��� �����
 The volume V of a pyramid is equal to one-third the product of the area � of the base and
the altitude �.
1
������ = ���� × ��������
3
�
� = � ��
Regular Pyramid
A regular pyramid is a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon whose center coincides with
the foot of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the base.

The lateral edges of a regular pyramid are equal. The lateral faces are congruent isosceles triangles.
The slant height of a regular pyramid is the altitude of a lateral face.

 The lateral area � of a regular pyramid is equal to one-half the product of the perimeter � of
the base and the slant height �.
1
� = ��������� �� ���� × ����� ℎ���ℎ�
2
�
� = ��
�

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  The volume V of a regular pyramid is equal to one-third the product of the area � of the
base and the altitude �.
1
������ = ���� × ��������
3
�
� = � ��

Solved Problems
1. A pyramidal book end made of composition material has a base in the shape of an irregular
polygon whose measurement are shown in the sketch. The faces are triangles whose vertices
are coincident. The common vertex is in the plane of the face against which the books rest.
This latter face is at right angles to the base and has an altitude of 7 �� and a base of 4 2 ��.
1

Find the amount of material in 1000 pairs of such book ends.

Solution:

���� �� �ℎ� ���� = 2������������ + 2�������������

1
�=2 1.125 1.6875 ��2
2
1
+2 2.25 + 1.6875 1.125 ��2
2
� ≈ 6.3281 ��2

1
������ = ���� × ��������
3
1
������ = 6.3281 7 ≈ 14.77 ��3
3

For 1000 pairs of book ends

�� = 14.77 ��3 2000 = 29,531.25 ��3

2. A pyramid � − ���� is cut from a cube of edge 12 �� as shown in the figure below. The
vertex � is the midpoint of an upper edge of the cube. Compute the lateral surface of the
pyramid.

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 Solution:
� = ����∆��� + 2����∆��� + ����∆���
1 1 1
� = �� 12 + 2 �� �� + �� ��
2 2 2
where � is the midpoint of edge ��.

�� = 122 + 62 = 13.4164 ��.

�� = 122 + 122 = 16.9706
1 1 1
� = 12 12 + 2 12 13.4164 + 12 16.9706
2 2 2
� ≈ 334.82 �� 2

3. Find the volume of the regular square pyramid.

Solution:

1
������ = �ℎ
3

To solve for the volume, we find first the height ℎ using the blue triangle. The base of the
blue triangle can be solved from the square base below.

2
ℎ= 62 − 2 2 = 28 = 2 7 ��

Now we have

1 2
������ = 4 2 7 = 28.22 ��3
3

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 Practice Exercise
1. If a plane is passed through the vertices �, �, and � of the cube shown in the figure below,
show that the volume of the pyramid cut off is one-sixth that of the cube.

2. The roof of a water tower is composed of 6 equal isosceles triangles whose vertices meet in
the center of the roof. If the inclined edges measure 17 �� and the height of the roof is 8 ��,
find the number of square feet of tar paper necessary to cover the roof.
3. A popcorn container at a movie theatre has a shape of a frustum of a pyramid. With
dimensions as indicated in the figure below, find the volume or capacity of the container.

4. In the given square figure below, the sides �� and �� have points � and � as their
midpoints, respectively. The square is then folded such that the vertices �, �, and � joined
together become a new vertex of the pyramid with triangular base ∆���. If the square has a
side length of 6 ��, what is the volume of the pyramid?

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 Similar Figures

Similar polyhedrons are polyhedrons that have the same number of faces, respectively
similar and similarly placed, and have their corresponding polyhedral angles equal. Corresponding
lines of similar figures are proportional.

Similar figures have the same shape (but not necessarily of the same size).

 The areas of similar plane figures or similar surfaces �, � have the same ratio as the squares
of the corresponding lines. �, � .
� ��
=
� ��
 The volumes of similar solids �, � have the same ratio as the cubes of the corresponding
lines. �, � .
� ��
=
� ��
 In similar figures of any kind, pairs of corresponding line segments such as �, �, and �, � have
the same ratio.
� �
=
� �

Solved Problem
1. A cube of ice is 6 �� by 6 �� by 6 ��. The ice melts until it becomes a cube which is one-third
as heavy as the original. Find the dimension of the new cube.
Solution:
Using the relationship,

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 � �3
=
� �3
where � denotes the volume of the melted ice, � denotes the dimension of the new cube and
� denotes the volume of the original cube of ice, it follows that
� 1 �3
= =
� 3 63

3 63
Then � =
3
3
�� = 2 9 ��.

2. Find the volume of the shaded region.

Solution:
�������ℎ���� ������ = ������������ ������� − ������������� �������
Since the ratio of the height of the smaller pyramid to the original (larger pyramid) is 1:2, the
base � of the larger pyramid can be obtain from
10 1
=
� 2
which gives � = 20 �� and

1
�������ℎ���� ������ = 202 30 − 102 15 = 3500 ��3
3

Conical Surface
A conical surface is a surface generated by a moving straight line (generator) which always
intersects a fixed plane curve (directrix) and which always passes through a fixed point (vertex) not
in the plane of the curve.

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 Cone
A cone is the solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface) whose directrix is a closed
curve, and a plane (base) which cuts all the elements.

The altitude of a cone is the perpendicular distance from the vertex to the plane of the base. Every
section of a cone made by a plane passing through its vertex and containing two points of the base
is a triangle. The axis of a cone is the straight line joining the vertex with the center of the base. A
circular cone is a cone whose right section is a circle.
 The volume V of a cone is equal to one-third the product of the area � of the base and the
altitude �.
1
������ = ���� × ��������
3
�
� = � ��

 The lateral area � of a right circular cone is one-half the product of slant height � and
circumference � of the base
�
�= ��
�
�
�=
� ��� = ���
�
where � is the length of the radius of the base.

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 Solved Problems
1. A solid is formed by cutting a conical section away from a right circular cylinder. If the radius
measures 6 ��. and the altitude measures 8 ��., what is the volume of the resulting solid?

Solution:
������ = �������������� − ����������
1
= 62 � 8 − 62 � 8
3
1 2
= 1− 6 � 8
3
������ ≈ 603.19 ��3

2. The vertex of the cone shown in the figure is at the midpoint of an upper edge of the cube;
the base of the cone is a circle inscribed in the lower base of the cube. If the edge of the
cube is 12 ��., find the volume of the cone.

Solution:
1
������ = ���� × ��������
3
1
������ = 62 � 12 ≈ 452. 39 ��3
3

3. How many square yards of canvas will be required to make a conical tent 15 �� high and
18 �� in diameter, if 10 per cent of the material is wasted?

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 Solution:
1
� = �� = ���
2

�= ℎ2 + �2 = 152 + 92 = 3 34��.
1
�= 2��� = � 9 3 34 ��2 ≈ 494.60 ��2
2

Allowing for 10% waste, then

1 ��2
�������� ���� = 1.10 494.60 ��2 = 544.06 ��2 ∙ = 60.45 ��2
9��2
4. When radii �� and �� are placed so that they coincide, a 2400 sector of a circle is sealed to
form a right circular cone. If the radius of the circle is 6.4 ��, what is the approximate lateral
area of the cone that is formed?

Solution:

Let � be the length of ���(��), then

�
� = 2400 6.4 ��
1800

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 And � = � where � is the circumference of circular base of the cone.
As the lateral area is � = 2 ��,
1

1 �
�= 2400 6.4 6.4 = 85.79 ��2
2 1800

UNIT 13: THE SPHERE

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning outcome:
1. Solve for volume of the sphere.
2. Solve for the surface area of the sphere.

Sphere
A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant from a
fixed point called the center. A sphere is the surface determined when a circle (or semicircle) is
rotated about any of its diameter. Every plane section of a sphere is a circle. If the plane contains a
diameter of the shere, the section is a great circle; otherwise, the section is a small circle. The axis of
a circle of a sphere is the diameter of the sphere perpendicular to the plane of the circle. The poles
of a circle of a sphere are the ends of its axis.

 The surface area � of a sphere is equal to the area of the four of its great circles
���� = ���� �� �ℎ� 4 ����� �������
� = ����

 The volume V of a sphere is equal to four-thirds the product of � and the cube of its radius
�.
4
������ = � ������3
3
�
� = � ���

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 Solved Problems
1. A right circular cone is inscribed in a sphere. If the slant height of the cone has a length
equal to that of its diameter, find the length of the
a) Radius of the base of the cone.
b) Altitude of the cone.

Solution:
a) Let � be the radius of the base of the cone. As the slant height has a length equal to the
diameter of the base of the cone then ∆��� is an equilateral triangle.

Now, for the smaller right triangle,

it follows that the radius of the base of the cone is � = 6 cos 300 = 3 3 ��.

b) For the altitude ℎ of the cone, it follows that ℎ = 6 + � where � is the side of the smaller right
triangle.

� = 6 sin 30� = 3 ��.

Finally, the altitude of the cone is ℎ = 6 + 3 = 9 ��.

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 2. Find the percentage increase in its diameter when the surface area increases by 21%.
Solution:
Let � be the radius of the original sphere so that its surface area is � = 4��2 .
Suppose that the surface area increases by 21%.
1.21 4��2 = 4�(1.1�)2
This means that the new diameter is � = 2 1.1� = 2.2�, and there has been an increase of
20%.

HOMEWORK -MODULE 3:

1. Solve for the area in two different ways.

2. Solve for the area of the shaded region.

3. In the right triangle, find the length of the altitude drawn to the hypotenuse.

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 4. For the box shown below, determine the value of � if the total volume is 94 ��3 .

5. A storage shed is in the shape of a pentagonal prism. The front represents one of its two
pentagonal bases. What is the storage capacity (volume) of its interior?

6. A solid concrete porch consists of 3 steps and a landing. The steps have a tread of 11 ��, a
rise of 7 ��, and a length of 7 ��; the landing is 6 �� by 7 ��. How much material was used in
its construction?

7. A sphere is inscribed in a right circular cone whose slant height has a length equal to the
diameter of its base. What is the volume of the sphere if the slant height and the diameter of
the cone both measure 12 ��?

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 8. An observatory has the shape of a right circular cylinder surmounted by a hemisphere. If the
radius of the cylinder is 14 �� and its altitude measures 30 ��, what is the surface area of the
observatory? If 1 ��� of paint covers 300 ��2 , how many gallons are needed to paint the
surface if it requires two coats?

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