Lecture8 HarmonicPowerAmplifiers

CLASS C
©James Buckwalter 1
Class-C Amplifier
Iout
• Like class-B, Iquiescent= 0 Imax
• Unlike class-B, conduction
angle < 180 deg
• Gain is low since device is
turned on for only a short Vout
period Vmin Vo Vmax
Harmonics are
shorted
Vce
Vrf
Vo
match
match Vo time
RL Ic
Idc time
Class-C Amplifier
Iout
• Iquiescent= 0 Imax
• Idc < Irf / p
• Pout (rf) < 1/4 Vrf Irf
• Pin (dc)= Vo Idc
• hmax=p/4*(Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin) Vmin Vo Vmax
Vout
Harmonics are
shorted
Vce
Vrf
Vo
match
match Vo time
RL Ic
Idc time
Load Impedance Is A Resonant Network
Vo Representative Z values
Short at all harmonics here
At fo -j2W j2W 10 W
match
RL
Z fo
At 2fo -j1W j4W 10 W

Z=RL at fo
Z=0 at 2fo, 3fo, 4fo,…
fo
2fo
Class-C Waveform
Ic
ìï i cosq - I when i cosq > I
I (t ) = í PK DC PK DC
Idc ïî 0 otherwise
time
I DC is the (negative) offset 1 2p F
ò I (q ) cosq dq = p ò I (q ) cosq dq
I 2
cosF = DC ® I FUND =
p
iPK iPK is the amplitude 0 0
F
ò (i cos 2 q - I DC cosq ) dq
2
I FUND =
p
PK
0
2 æ1 1 ö
I FUND = ç iPK F + iPK sin 2F - I DC sinF ÷
p è2 4 ø
F F
2 æ1 ö
ò ò (i
1 1 1
I DC = I (q )dq = cosq - I DD )dq I FUND = iPK ç F + sin 2F - cosFsinF ÷
2p 2p p è2
PK
0 0 4 ø
1 i æ 1 ö
I DC = (iPK sinF - I DDF) I FUND = PK çF - sin 2F ÷
p p è 2 ø
Class-C Conduction
• Φ is the conduction angle during which the
current conducts through the transistor. What
happens for Φ of pi or 2PI?
iPK æ 1 ö
I FUND = çF - sin 2F ÷
p è 2 ø
Class-C Efficiency
iPK
I DC = (sinF - FcosF)
p
æ ö
çF - sin ( 2F) ÷
1
PRF ,MAX v PK iPK è 2 ø
h= = =
PDC 2VDD I DC (
2 sin ( F) - Fcos ( F) )
• As conduction angle approaches 0, the efficiency
approaches 100%.
• What is the penalty?
Class C Waveform Analysis
• Calculate efficiency
i pk æ 1 ö
1 vPK iPK 1 v çF - sin 2F ÷
pè 2 ø Vpk VRF,MAX
h= 2 = pk
= f (q 0 )
VDC I DC 2 VDC i pk VRF,MAX VDC
(sinF - F cosF)
p
æ 1 ö
ç F - sin 2F ÷
1 è 2 ø
f (q 0 ) =
2 ( sinF - F cosF)
VFUND VFUND,MAX
®h = f (q 0 )
VFUND,MAX VDC
POUT VMAX -VMIN
h= f (q 0 )
POUT ,MAX VMAX +VMIN
p
lim f (q 0 ) = 1 limp f (q 0 ) =
q0 ®0 q0 ® 2 4
Power Amplifier Comparison
Class-C Amplifier Efficiency
• Class C has very good efficiency because whenever the
device has current, Vds is particularly low
Vds
Vrf
Vo
time
ID
Idc
time
Class-C Waveform Analysis
Iout
• How about the loadline Imax
resistance?
VFUND
RL =
I FUND Vmin Vo VmaxVout
VMAX -VMIN
VFUND =
2
æ 1 ö
I FUND = I S çq 0 - sin 2q 0 ÷
è 2 ø 20
18
I MAX = I S - I O = I S (1- cos q 0 ) 16
RL / RL Class A
14
1 12
I æ 1 ö I q 0 - sin 2q 0 10
I FUND = S çq 0 - sin 2q 0 ÷ = MAX 2 8
pè 2 ø p 1- cos q 0 6
4
VMAX -VMIN 1- cosq 0 2
RL = p 0
I MAX 1
q 0 - sin 2q 0 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
2 Theta (degrees)
Gain and Conduction Angle
Gain (dB)
Class AB "ideal"
Class A Class AB "real"
6dB
Class B ideal
Class B real
Pin (dBm)
Class C "real"
Power Amplifier Comparison
• Maximum voltage swing
is 2Vo – Vmin
• Gain is 6 dB lower for
class-B than class-A,
expect it to be even
lower than class-C.
• Power density is the
same for class A and B
but lower for class C.
Other Classes of Amplifiers
• PA research is focused around getting high-
power power at high-efficiency.
• Class D Amplifiers
– Push-pull style amplifier
• Class E/F Amplifiers
– Switching amplifiers which can allow 100% PAE
but require care with harmonics
• Class J Amplifier
– Overdriven class-A
CLASS F
Class F Amplifier
Harmonic tuning
• Add “harmonic tuning” to Vo
Class B amplifier
• Nominally open circuit at
odd harmonics match
• Short circuit at even RL
harmonics
• (In reality, need to Vo
optimize for given 3fo

transistor)
• Vds begins to look like a match
RL
fo
square wave
Class F Amplifier
• With added 3rd Iout
Imax
harmonic V3fo=1/9 Vfo,
• Vfo can reach the highest
value without causing Vmin Vo Vmax Vout
clipping Vds
• Iquiescent= 0 Vo Vrf (?)
• Idc=Iave = Irf / p Id time
• Pdc= VDD Iave

Iave
9 p Vmax -Vmin time
h=
8 4 Vmax +Vmin
Class F Strategy
• Adding 3rd harmonic to
1.5
voltage flattens its top 0.5
and bottom, so it begins 0
to approach a square -0.5
wave -1
-1.5
• With 3rd harmonic added, 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
the fundamental can be 1.5
increased at fixed signal 1
swing (before clipping) 0.5
• Get even better results -0.5
adding 5th harmonic -1
-1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fourier Series Example
2/p Vo=0.63 Vo
Vo/2
0
time
-Vo/2
• Vfo / (Vo/2) = 0.63/0.5 = 1.26: This is for perfect

square wave (includes all odd harmonics)
• Vfo / (Vo/2) ~ 9/8 = 1.125: This is just 3rd harmonic
Class F Waveform Analysis
• Is there power delivered to load at 2fo? No, V2fo=0
• Is there power delivered to load at 3fo? No, I3fo=0
• Prf=1/2 Vfo Ifo= 1/4 Vfo Irf = 1/4 Irf*(Vmax-Vmin)/2 * 9/8
• Pdc= Vdc Idc = Irf/p*(Vmax+Vmin)/2
• Efficiency =p/4 *9/8*(Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin)
Idc=Irf/p just as for Class B
Waveforms of Transistor Voltage(blue) and Current (black) Ifo = Irf /2 just as for Class B
2 Vfo= RL(fo) Ifo
1.5
For Class F
V, I
0.5
Vmax=Vdc+8/9 Vfo
0
Vmin=Vdc- 8/9 Vfo
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405 450 495 540 585 630 675 720 765
 Vfo=(Vmax-Vmin)/2*9/8
angle (degrees)
Vmax= Vdc+Vfo
Vmin=Vdc-Vfo for class B
Class F Amplifier Implementation:
Accounting for Output Capacitance
m2
freq=2.089GHz
m1 S(1,1)=1.000 / -179.915
freq=1.096GHz impedance = Z0 * (1.514E-7 - j7.444E-4)
S(1,1)=0.252 / -79.574
impedance = Z0 * (0.963 - j0.509)
m3
freq=2.951GHz
m2
S(1,1)
m3 S(1,1)=0.998 / -2.634
impedance = Z0 * (1.517 - j43.448)
m1
©James Buckwalter
freq (100.0MHz to 10.00GHz) 21
Class F Amplifier
• Alternative Implementation
Short at all harmonics here
Vo
Zo=RL
lo/4
match
RL
fo
Z=RL at fo
Z=0 at 2fo, 4fo
Z=inf. at 3fo, 5fo,...
Class F Example
• David Schmelzer and Stephen
I. Long, CSICS 2006
• GaN FETs at 2GHz
• Class F amplifier
86% PAE, 17W
Harmonic Load Tuning
Class F-1 Class F
Class F
Class F-1
X2=Im(Znet) at 2fo Class B
X3=Im(Znet) at 3fo
Znet
Cds RL
XL(f)
Other Approaches for High-Efficiency
• Control the voltage and current waveforms to
prevent conduction while the voltage
• Class D: Switch current and voltage
• Class E: ZVS and ZVS derivative switching
• Class F-1

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CLASS C

At 2fo -j1W j4W 10 W

I DC is the (negative) offset 1 2p F

I FUND = S çq 0 - sin 2q 0 ÷ = MAX 2 8

• Short circuit at even RL

optimize for given 3fo

• Idc=Iave = Irf / p Id time

• Pdc= VDD Iave

voltage flattens its top 0.5

and bottom, so it begins 0

to approach a square -0.5

• With 3rd harmonic added, 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

the fundamental can be 1.5

increased at fixed signal 1

swing (before clipping) 0.5

• Get even better results -0.5

adding 5th harmonic -1

• Vfo / (Vo/2) = 0.63/0.5 = 1.26: This is for perfect

86% PAE, 17W

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