and synthesis

Network analysis
398
impedance
transler

as a
gIven 0.577
Za 1.31s" +
1.359s +0.577
We see that the zeros o transmisSion areall infinity. Sing
We see that e
divide bothdivide
cven, we numerator and dee the
of Z21 is deno: the
ator s+ 1.359s. The
part of the
denominator
nator by the
0.577
a1 + 1.359s
22
1.31s+0.577
+1.359s (1396)
The structure of the low-pass hlter with three zeros
of transmissio
infinity is given
in Chapter synthesi
12.We must ransmise
to pna
reactancestructure. This accomplish throughtthe
we

fraction expansion of 1/2g2 following continued

1.31s+0.577)s + 1.359s (0.763s
+0.440s

0.919s) 1.31s +0.577 (1.415s

1.31s
0.577 )0.919s (1.593s
0.919s
The optimum filter is shown in Fig. 13.23. For the n = 3 Butterworth flter
given by the transfer impedance

Zg) +23 2s +1 (13.97)

we have 1
en)= s+2s l )= t (13.98)
s2s
We then synthesize z220s) by a continued fraction expansion to the
filter shown in Fig. 13.23.
1415h L=

0.763 fd
1.593 fd V2
Ca
(a) Optimum fiter (6) Butterworth filter

FIG. 13.23
 Topics in filter design 399
La L6
--000

C Ca C

EIG. 13.24. Canonical form for filters described in

Tables 13.7, 13.8, and 13.9.

taTables 13.7, 13.8, 13.9 are listed element values

(up
ele-terminated Butterworth, Chebyshev (1-decibel ripple), and 7)Bessel
to n =
for
single-tes
ters,
hlters, respectively.
respectively.13 These apply to the canonical realization fora
ransfer impedance Z1s) shown in Fig. 13.24. If a Ya(s) realization is
esired, we simply replace all shunt capacitors by series inductors and
ice versa. The element values all carry over.
In Chapter 14, we will consider some examples of synthesis of double
erminated filters. To stimulate the curiosity of the reader, note that the
voltage-ratio transfer function VV% of the network in Fig. 13.25 is
preciselythen =3 Butterworth function.
Recall that in Chapter 12, when we cascaded two constant-resistance
networks, the overall system function Hos) was the product of the in-
dividual system functions H^(s) Hs). We can apply this property to
networks which are not constant-resistance if we place an isolation ampli-
fer between the networks, as shown in Fig. 13.26. Since pentodes provide
the necessary isolation, our task is simplified to the design of the individual
structures H(s), He(s),... , H,(S), which we call interstage networks.
Some common interstage structures are shown in Fig. 13.27. In Fig.
3.27a a structure known as the shunt-peaked network is shown. The trans-
ler impedance of the shunt-peaked network is

1 s +RL
(13.99)
Zan5)c + SR|L+ (1/LC)
2

V2

(Vo
filter.
FIG. 13.25. n = 3 double-terminated Butterworth

M Weinberg's excellent book, Network Analysis

hOre extensive tables are given in L. Book 1962.
Synthesis, Chapter 13, McGraw-Hill Company,
400 TABLE 13.7

Normalized Element Values for a Single Terminated

Butterworth Filter

n C La C La C LLe C
1 1.000
0.707 1.414
2
0.500 1.333 1.500
3
0.383 1.082 1.577 1.531
4
0.309 0.894 1.382 1.694 1.545
5
6 0.259 0.758 1.202 1.553 1.759 1.553
0.222 0.656 1.055 1.397 1.659 1.799 1.558
7

TABLE I3.8

Normalized Element Values for a Single Terminated

Chebyshev Filter with 1-db Ripple

n
C L C3 L4 Cs C
1 0.509
2 0.911 0.996
3 1.012 1.333 1.509
4 1.050 1.413 1.909 1.282
5 1.067 1.444 1.994 1.591 1.665
6 1.077 1.460 2.027 1.651 2.049 1.346
7 1.083 1.496 2.044 1.674 2.119 1.649 1.712

TABLE I3.9
Normalized Element Values for a
Single Terminated
Bessel Filter
n
C La C LA C L C
1.000
2 0.333 1.000
3
0.167 0.480 0.833
4
0.100 0.290
5
0.067 0.463 0.710
6 0.195 0.310
0.048 0.422 0.623
7 0.140 0.225
0.036 0.106 0.301 0.382 0.560
0.170 0.229 0.283
0.349 0.511
 Topics in filter design 401

H1
H2
Ha
Pentode
Interstage Pentode
network Interstage Interstage
network
FIG. 13.26. network
Pentodes used as isolation amplifiers.
We see that Z21(s) has
real zero and a
a

olex depending upon the values of

pair of poles which may be com-
R, L, and C. In Fig. 13.27b, a
R-C interstage shown, whose transfer
is simple
is impedance
Zn() (13.100)
Cs+1[RC
Observe that all the filter transfer functions considered
are made up of pairs of
up to this point
conjugate poles and simple poles on the d axis. -

It is clear that if we cascade

shunt-peaked and R-C stages
adjust the R, L, and C elements to give the desired response stages,
we can
characteristic.
The only problem is to cancel the finite zero of the
For example, if we wish to design an
shunt-peaked stage.
amplifier with an n 3 low-pass =

Butterworth characteristic, we first break up the system function into

complex pole pairs and real pole terms, as given by

1
ZanS)(+s + 1)(s + 1) (13.101)
s+1 11
s s + 1s+1s +1
We then associate the individual factors with shunt-peaked or simple
values. The n =3 Butterworth
Cstages and solve for the element
amplifier is given in Fig. 13.28.

R
O
(b)
(a)
(6) R-C interstage.
FIG. 13.27. (a) Shunt-peaked interstage.
 Network analysis and synthesis
402

1
V2

FIG. 13.28. Butterworth amplifier.

13.9 MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY NORMALIZATION

In Section 13.8, we discussed the synthesis of low-pass filters with

a
cutoff frequency of I rad/sec and a load impedance of 1 Q. Filters designed
with these restrictions are considered to be normalized in both Cuto
frequency and impedance level. We will now discuss methods whereby
the normalized filters can be converted into filters which meet arbitrary
cutoff frequency and impedance level specifications. Let us denote by a
subscript n the normalized frequency variable s, and the normalized
element values L,, R, and Cq. The normalized frequency variable s,is
related to the actual frequency s by the relation

(13.102)

where wg, the normalizing constant, is dimensionless and is often taken to

be the actual cutoff
frequency.
Since the impedance of an element remains invariant under frequency
normalization, we obtain the actual element values from the normal
values by setting the impedances in the two cases equal to each otne *For
example, for an inductor, we have
(13.103)
S L s L = wsn
TOm tnis tance
equation we then obtain the denormalized value of indu
as

(13.104)

L
acitor

Similarly, from the impedance

1/Is,C, of
C We obtain the
a
frequency
nore ugh the equation
denormalized value of capacitance throug
( 1 3 . 1 0 5 )

sC SC
 Opics in filter
so
he actual value of the capacitance is
t h a tt h
design 403

C
o (13.106)
ideally,
sistances, id
independent
are of
S i n c e

frequency normalization. frequency, they are

unaf
by
teoder,
cted

C o n s i d e r ,
next,impedance denormalization. Suppose the actual
Co level should be R, ohms instead of 1 2. Then a
ne Z is related to denormalized
inmpedanc
a normalized impedance Z, by
Z= R,Z,
(13.107)
where
is taken to be dimensionless here. Thus, for
R a normalized resistor
the denormal1zed (actual) resistance is
R RoR, (13.108)
For an inductance, the corresponding relationship is

sL = R,(sL,)
(13.109)
so that the actual inductance value is
L = R,L, (13.110)
Similarly, for a capacitor we have
Ro (13.111)
sC SC
so that the actual capacitance is

C= (13.112)
Ro
For combined frequency and magnitude denormalization, we simply
ombine the two sets of equations to give

R RR,

C= C (13.113)
Roo
L= Rn
in design. In Section 13.8,
we
L consider actual example
us an
3 Butterworth amplitude
ynth
SIZed a transfer impedance Z
with an n =

of
of 1 rad/sec and a load impedance
Cteristic with a cutoff frequency work
0. Let
et us
of 104 rad/sec to
redesign this filter for a cutoff
frequency
 and synthesis
Network analysis
404

66.7 mh

0.3 uf 0.1 uf
500 V2

FIG. 13.29. Denormalized low-pass filter.

into a load of 500 2. From the original network in Fig. 13.23, we take the
element values and denormal1ze with the normalizing factors, w, = 104
and R= 500.
Then the denormalized element values are

R 500R, = 500

= = 0.1 uf
C500(10) (13.114)
(500) = 0.0067h
10,000

C = 0.3 uf
500(10)
The final
design is shown in Fig. 13.29.