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 Potentiometric Titration
Introduction:
Background information and context of the experiment:
Titration, commonly referred to as titrimetry, is a method of chemical
qualitative analysis used to determine an analyte's concentration in a mixture.
Also, Titration commonly known as volumetric analysis, is a crucial analytical
chemistry technique. A standard solution with a defined volume and
concentration is called a titrant or titrator, and it is prepared as part of the
titration procedure. This titrant is then made to react with the analyte until some
endpoint or equivalence point is reached. Moreover, a Potentiometric titration
is a titration used to measure the amount of an analyte present in the given
solution by measuring the change in the potential by a suitable indicator
electrode, the pH meter, as a function of the volume of the titrant. In a
potentiometric titration, the current of an electrode is measured as a function
of the added volume of the titrant. A solution's acidity or alkalinity is expressed
as a pH value, which is a logarithmic scale with a neutral normal value of 7, the
higher it gets the more alkalinity it is and the lower it gets the more acidity it
gets. The pH is equal to -log10 C, where C is the number of moles of hydrogen
ions per Liter or any other ions. So, in order to measure it, a pH meter device is
needed. This instrument, which is mainly an electrode, can be used to detect the
hydrogen ion activity in solutions; in other words, it determines how acidic or
alkaline a solution is.
In this experiment, we titrated a strong acid which is hydrochloric acid
(HCl) using a strong alkali which is sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and collected the
pH data using the pH metric device.

HCl (aq)+NaOH(aq)→NaCl(s)+H2O(l)
The aim of the experiment:
The aim of this experiment was to identify the equivalence point, which
is the point at which equal amounts of acid and base have been neutralized.
This was achieved by monitoring the pH of the solution during the titration.
Material and methods:
Materials:
- 25 mL of 0.05 M HCl
- 0.1 M NaOH solution
- Distilled water
- pH meter
- Burette
- 50 mL beaker
- 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask
Methods:
1. A 250 mL solution of 0.1 N NaOH was prepared in the Erlenmeyer flask.
2. The pH meter's electrodes were thoroughly rinsed with distilled water to
ensure accurate readings.
3. 10 mL of the HCl solution was transferred to a beaker, and the pH meter
electrode was immersed in it.
4. The burette was filled with the 0.1 M NaOH solution.
5. The NaOH solution was added to the HCl solution drop by drop (1 mL at a
time), and the pH readings were recorded after each addition.
6. A titration curve was plotted by graphing the pH values as a function of the
volume of NaOH added.
Results:
In Table 1 and Figure 1, the results of the addition of each mL of NaOH and the
change in the pH levels are shown.
Volume of NaOH Added (mL) Observed pH
0 1.93
1 1.95
2 2
3 2.07
4 2.13
5 2.2
6 2.3
7 2.41
8 2.57
9 2.82
10 3.36
11 10.97
12 11.5
13 11.75
14 11.9
15 12.03
16 12.09
17 12.17
18 12.24
19 12.29
20 12.34
Table 1: shows the collected/Observed data from the experiment.

Figure 1: shows the curve of plotting the collected data from the experiment and it
shows the jump that suddenly took the solution from being acidic to basic and the
equivalence point.
Discussion:
The titration curve provides valuable information about the progress of
the reaction. As NaOH is added to HCl, the pH gradually increases, reflecting
the neutralization of the acid by the base. This slow rise in pH continues until
we reach the equivalence point, which occurs at approximately 10.5 mL of
NaOH. At the equivalence point, the pH rises rapidly, indicating that the H+ ion
concentration is significantly reduced. This is due to the neutralization of an
equal amount of acid by the added base.
After the equivalence point, the pH continues to increase as more NaOH is
added to the solution, but the rate of change in pH decreases. This is due to the
solution becoming increasingly basic as excess NaOH is introduced.
n(HCl)=n(NaOH)
Ca*Va = Cb*Vb(eq)
Ca*10mL = 0.1*10.5mL
Ca= 0.105M
The strength of acid => S=Ca*Mwt (HCl)
S = 0.105*36.6 = 3.843

Conclusion:
In this experiment, we successfully conducted a potentiometric titration
of HCl with NaOH and determined the equivalence point at around 10 mL of
NaOH. The pH meter allowed us to monitor pH changes accurately, and the
resulting titration curve revealed the progress of the neutralization reaction.
The strength of HCl solution was calculated to be 3.843.