A GENERAL PHYSICS II Q4M3 Teacher Copy Final Layout

Senior High School
General Physics II
Second Semester (Final) – Module 3
Properties of Light, Snell’s Law and Malus’s
Law
COPYRIGHT 2021
Section 9 of the Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:
“No copy shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines.
However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall
be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”
The original version of this material has been developed in the Schools Division of Surigao del
Norte through the Learning Resource Management and Development Section of the Curriculum
Implementation Division. This material can be reproduced for educational purposes; modified for the
purpose of translation into another language; and creating of an edited version and enhancement of
work are permitted, provided all original work of the author and illustrator must be acknowledged and
the copyright must be attributed. No work may be derived from any part of this material for commercial
purposes and profit.
This material has been approved and published for online distribution through the Learning
Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS) Portal (http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph) and
Division Network Academy (https://netacad.depedsdn.com).
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Noel D. Pecato

Editors: Marisol M. Galido, Rodelio P. Cortez, Jordan D. Buhion,
Janice B. Ocon, Joselito P. Manongas
Reviewers: Gersim S. Lumintac, Judelyn B. Buhion, Mary Jean P. Villanueva,
Rene Rey B. Sulapas
Illustrator: Danilo L. Galve
Layout Artists: Ivan Paul V. Damalerio, Alberto S. Elcullada, Jr., Aljones E. Hawa
Management Team: Ma. Teresa M. Real
Leonevee V. Silvosa
Dominico P. Larong, Jr.
Gemma C. Pullos
Manuel L. Limjoco, Jr.
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte
Office Address: Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Tel. No.: (086) 826-8216
E-mail Address: surigao.delnorte@deped.gov.ph
Senior High School
General Physics II
Second Semester (Final) – Module 3
Law
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Physics II 12 Self-Learning Module on Properties of
Light, Snell’s Law and Malus’s Law!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the General Physics II 12 Self-Learning Module on Properties of

Light, Snell’s Law and Malus’s Law!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
Law
CONTENT STANDARD
The learner demonstrates understanding of EM waves and Light, Law of
reflection, Law of refraction, and application of the properties of light.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
The learners should be able to use theoretical and, when feasible, experimental
approaches to solve multi-concept, rich-context problems using concepts from
electromagnetic waves, optics, relativity, and atomic and nuclear theory.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
1. Relate the properties of EM wave (wavelength, frequency, speed) and the
properties of vacuum and optical medium (permittivity, permeability, and
index of refraction) (STEM_GP12OPT-IVb-12)
2. Explain the conditions for total internal reflection. (STEM_GP12OPT-IVb-
14)
3. Explain the phenomenon of dispersion by relating to Snell’s Law..
(STEM_GP12OPT-IVb-16)
4. Calculate the intensity of the transmitted light after passing through a series
of polarizers applying Malus’s Law. (STEM_GP12OPT-IVc-18)
5. Solve problems involving reflection, refraction, dispersion, and polarization
in contexts such as, but not limited to, (polarizing) sunglasses, atmospheric
haloes, and rainbows. (STEM_GP12OPT-IVc-21)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Describe the properties of electromagnetic wave relative to the
properties of vacuum and optical medium.
2. Explain the different properties of light.
3. Solve problems involving properties of light.
INTRODUCTION
There are natural phenomena that we personally observed and experienced.

These phenomena eventually changed our lifestyle because we tried to adapt
ourselves to fit in with them as part of our living. The light we use to see is a good
example of a natural thing. It is an electromagnetic wave which can be very harmful if
not properly or appropriately used. Hence, we should be aware of the properties of
1
these electromagnetic waves especially light, so that appropriate care and precautions
could be done.
In this module, you will learn about electromagnetic waves and their properties
such as speed, wavelength, and frequency. Light as an electromagnetic wave will also
be studied, their properties and characteristics in different media or materials.
PRE-TEST
Directions: Read each item carefully and identify what is asked or described. Encircle
the letter of the correct answer.
1. All electromagnetic waves have

A. the same speed, frequency and wavelength.
B. the same frequency but different speed and wavelength.
C. the same speed.but different wavelength and frequency
D. the same wavelength but different speed and frequency.
2. When a light wave enters into a medium of different optical density,

A. its speed and frequency change.
B. its speed and wavelength change.
C. its frequency and wavelength change.
D. its speed, frequency, and wavelength change.
3. When a ray of light enters from more dense medium to less dense medium, it
bends
A. towards normal
B. away from normal
C. parallel to normal
D. perpendicular to normal
4. What is the critical angle of water when the refracted angle is 90 ° and the
refractive index for water and air is 1.33 and 1, respectively?
A. 48.80
B. 49.50
C. 50.30
D. 51.20
5. The entire light is reflected into the denser medium. What do you call this
phenomenon?
A. Total internal reflection of light
B. Total external reflection of light
C. Total internal refraction of light
D. Total external refraction of light
2
6. The critical angle for glass is
A. 300
B. 420
C. 450
D. 500
7. Which of the following is a necessary condition for total internal reflection?

A. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the
critical angle for the two media.
B. The angle of incidence in the less dense medium must be greater than the
C. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be lesser than the
D. The angle of reflection in the denser medium must be greater than
8. The index of refraction of benzene is 1.80. The critical angle for total internal
reflection, at a benzene-air interface, is about:
A. 220 B. 340 C. 470 D. 560
9. The diagram shows the passage of a ray of light from air into a substance X. The
index of refraction of X is:
A. 0.53 B. 0.88 C. 1.9 D. 2.2
3
10. The diagram shows total internal reflection. Which of the following statements
is NOT true?
A. Angle AON is equal to angle BON.

B. Angle AON is the angle of incidence.
C. Angle AON must be the critical angle
D. The speed of light in medium II is greater than that in medium I.
11. What principle is responsible for the fact that certain sunglasses can reduce
glare from reflected surfaces?
A. Diffraction
B. Refraction
C. Polarization
D. Total internal reflection
12. The principle which allows a rainbow to form is

A. refraction
B. polarization
C. dispersion
D. total internal reflection
13. An electromagnetic beam has an intensity 28 W/m2 and is linearly polarized

vertically. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam, if the angle of
incidence on the polaroid is 45o with the vertical?
A. 10 W/m2
B. 12 W/m2
C. 14 W/m2
D. 16 W/m2
14. An unpolarized light passes through 2 polarizer sheets. If the intensity of the
transmitted light is 20% that of the original light, what is the angle between the
transmission axes of the 2 polarizer sheets?
A. 20.50 B. 25.80 C. 38.20 D. 50.80
15. Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a series of three polarizing filters. The
axis of the second filter is oriented at 45o to that of the first filter, while the axis
of the third filter is oriented at 90o to that of the first filter. What is the intensity
of the light transmitted through the third filter?
A. 0 B. I0/8 C. I0/4 D. I0/2
4
“Congratulations you made it!
If you are confident that all your answers are correct, very good! This shows
that you already know much about the topics in this module. You may still study the
module to review what you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more
new things as well.
If you think you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is
for you. It will help you to understand some important concepts that you can apply in
your daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the
items in the test and a lot more!
Are you ready? Let’s go!”
REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE
In Module 2, you learned how to determine the magnitude and direction of the
induced current and induced EMF using Lenz’s Law, and to characterize the properties
of an LC circuit Let’s have a recap of what you have learned by answering the
questions below.
Direction: Answer the following questions as required.
1. Determine the direction of the external magnetic field, induced current and
induced magnetic field in each figure below.
5
2. The diagram below shows the graph of energy versus time in an LC circuit.
Assume that the time of complete oscillation is T and the total energy in an
LC circuit is 0.50 J. Find the following:
a. maximum energy stored in the capacitor.

b. maximum energy stored in the inductor.
c. energy stored in the inductor at time T/8?
d. energy stored in the capacitor at time T/4?
e. energy stored in the inductor at time 3T/4?
f. energy stored in the capacitor at time T?
PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE
Concepts in Physics are widely used in different fields. In telecommunications,

multiple signals can be sent by using flashes of light from a laser. In medicine,
particularly in fiber optics, total internal reflection is applied in endoscopy. Furthermore,
the concept of polarization is also applied in optometry in making polaroid sunglasses.
In this module, you will learn the properties of electromagnetic waves, the
different properties of light including Snell’s Law for dispersion of light and Malus’s Law
for polarization of light.
ACTIVITY 1: Determining the direction of the magnetic field lines of magnets.
Direction: Trace or draw the magnetic field of the following magnets below. Indicate
the arrow in each field lines to show the direction of magnetic lines of force.
6
Electromagnetic Spectrum | COSMOS (swin.edu.au)
1. Which electromagnetic wave has the highest frequency?

2. Which electromagnetic wave has the lowest frequency?
3. Which electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?
4. Which electromagnetic wave has the shortest wavelength?
5. What is the range of wavelength for visible light?
ACTIVITY 2: Determining refracted light rays.
Direction: Draw the refracted light rays of incident light rays 2 and 3 in each
diagram.
Air B.
A.
Water
Refracted light 1 Refracted light 1
3
2
1
3
Water 2
1
Air
7
ACTIVITY 3: Determining the intensity of polarized light.
Direction: Determine the intensity of polarized light after passing through the
analyser. Choose whether the intensity of polarized light is zero, lesser, or maximum.
1. 2. 3.
ANALYSIS
ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Answer the following questions on your paper.

1. Do electromagnetic waves have the same speed, frequency, and wavelength?
2. What happens to the frequency of the EM wave as its wavelength increases?
3. What happens to the frequency of the wave as its wavelength decreases?
4. What is the speed of the EM waves in a vacuum?
5. How is frequency of the electromagnetic waves related to their wavelength?
6. Are the speed, frequency, and wavelength of the EM wave affected by the kind
of optical medium?
8
ACTIVITY 2
1. What happens to the light ray when it enters from one material to another?
2. What happens to the refracted light when light travels from more dense to less
dense medium?
3. What happens to the refracted light when light travels from less dense to more
dense medium?
4. What happens to the refracted light when light travels from more dense to less
dense medium and its angle is increased much further?
5. What will happen to the refracted light when its incident light strikes along the
normal line?
ACTIVITY 3
Direction: Answer the following questions on your paper.
1. What should be the angle between the axis of polarizer and analyzer so that
the intensity of polarized light is maximum?
there will be no light to pass through?
the intensity becomes one-half (1/2) of the original intensity?
4. What would be the angle between the axis of polarizer and analyzer so that the
intensity of polarized light becomes one-fourth (1/4) of the original intensity?
the intensity of polarized light becomes one-eight (1/8) of the original intensity?
Good job! I told you, you can do better! Now, it is time for you to know it all. Read on.
ABSTRACTION
Lesson 1: Properties of EM waves and Optical Medium
Electromagnetic waves are the combination of electric and magnetic field

waves produced by moving charges. As they travel through space they behave like a
waves, and have an oscillating electric field component and an oscillating magnetic
field. These waves oscillate perpendicularly to and in phase with one another. Like
other waves, electromagnetic waves have properties of speed, wavelength, and
frequency.
9
Properties of Electromagnetic Waves | CK-12 Foundation (ck12.org)
Speed, Wavelength, and Frequency
The speed of a wave is a product of its wavelength and frequency. Because all
electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through space, a wave with a shorter
wavelength must have a higher frequency, and vice versa. This relationship is
represented by the equation:
Speed = Wavelength × Frequency
The properties of materials affect the speed of light waves. Light moves a little
slower when it isn't moving through a vacuum because the medium slows it down.
. Although the electromagnetic wave will travel at a speed of c (3 x 108 m/s)
through the vacuum of interatomic space, the absorption and reemission process in
the medium causes the net speed of the electromagnetic wave to be less than c.
The speed of light in an optical

medium is less than c because of
the absorption and reemission of
photon.
The speed of light in a vacuum is

equal to c because there is no
absorption and reemission of
photon.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/waves/em.cfm
The actual speed of an electromagnetic wave through a material medium is

dependent upon the optical density of that medium. Different materials cause a
different amount of delay due to the absorption and reemission process. Furthermore,
different materials have their atoms more closely packed and thus the amount of
distance between atoms is less. These two factors are dependent upon the nature of
the material through which the electromagnetic wave is traveling. As a result, the
speed of an electromagnetic wave is dependent upon the material through which it is
traveling.
10
Refraction of Light
Refraction is the bending of the path of a light wave as it passes from one
material to another material. The refraction occurs at the boundary and is caused by
a change in the speed of the light wave upon crossing the boundary. The tendency of
a ray of light to bend one direction or another is dependent upon whether the light
wave speeds up or slows down upon crossing the boundary. To determine the
direction of bending, it will be important to understand the factors that affect the speed
at which a light wave is transported through a medium.
Like any wave, the speed of a light wave is dependent upon the properties of
the medium. In the case of an electromagnetic wave, the speed of the wave depends
upon the optical density of that material. The optical density of a material relates to
the sluggish tendency of the atoms of a material to maintain the absorbed energy of
an electromagnetic wave in the form of vibrating electrons before reemitting it as a
new electromagnetic disturbance. The more optically dense that a material is, the
slower that a wave will move through the material.
One indicator of the optical density of a material is the index of refraction
value (n) of the material. Index of refraction values are numerical index values that
are expressed relative to the speed of light in a vacuum. The index of refraction value
of a material is a number that indicates the number of times slower that a light wave
would be in that material than it is in a vacuum. A vacuum is given an n value of 1.0000.
The n values of other materials can be found using the equation:
n=c
v
The table below shows the index of refraction values of some medium or
material. The materials listed at the top of the table are those through which light
travels fastest; these are the least optically dense materials. The materials listed at the
bottom of the table are those through which light travels slowest; these are the most
optically dense materials. When the index of refraction value increases, the optical
density increases, and the speed of light in that material decreases.
Material Index of Refraction

Vacuum 1.0000 <--lowest optical density
Air 1.0003
Ice 1.31
Water 1.333
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Plexiglas 1.51
Crown Glass 1.52
11
Light Flint Glass 1.58
Dense Flint Glass 1.66
Zircon 1.923
Diamond 2.417
Rutile 2.907
Gallium phosphide 3.50 <--highest optical density
The index of refraction values provide a measure of the relative speed of a light
wave in a particular medium.
https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/49-refraction-of-light
Light refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a substance with a different

refractive index (optical density). The greater the refractive index, the greater is the
bending or the refraction.
This change of direction is caused by a change in speed. For example, when

light travels from air into water, it slows down, causing it to continue to travel at a
different angle or direction.
The amount of bending depends on two things:
• Change in speed – if a substance causes the light to speed up or slow down

more, it will refract (bend) more.
• Angle of the incident ray – if the light is entering the substance at a greater
angle, the amount of refraction will also be more noticeable. On the other hand,
if the light is entering the new substance from straight on (at 90° to the surface),
the light will still slow down, but it won’t change direction at all.
12
.
Light bends towards the normal line because it travels from less dense to more dense
medium. The angle of incidence is greater than the angle of refraction.
refraction - Google Search refraction - Google Search
The pencil appears bent due to refraction. The distortion happens because the light ray slows
down and changes direction as it passes into the water which is denser than air.
13
Water Air
˂i
Normal line
˂r
Light bends away from the normal line because it travels from more dense to less dense
medium. The angle of incidence (˂i) is less than the angle of refraction (˂r).
Snell’s Law of Refraction
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal line are located on the same
plane.
2. n1 sin ˂i = n2 sin ˂r , where n1 is the index of refraction of first medium, and n2

is the index of refraction of second medium, ˂i is the
angle of incidence and ˂r is the angle of refraction.
Note: If the angle of incidence (˂i) is the critical angle, then the angle of refraction (˂r)
should be equal to 900.
Sample Problem:
1. What is the index of refraction in a medium where the speed of light is 1.5 x 10 8
m/s?
Solution:
n=c
v
= 3 x 108 m/s
1.5 x 108 m/s
14
n=2
2. What is the speed of light in water whose refractive index is 1.33?
Solution:
v=c
n
= 3 x 108 m/s
1.33
v = 2.26 x 108 m/s
3. A ray of light is incident through glass, with refractive index of 1.52, on an

interface separating glass and water with refractive index of 1.32. What is the
angle of refraction if the angle of incidence of the ray in glass is 25 0?
Solution:
n1 sin ˂i = n2 sin ˂r
sin ˂r = n1 sin ˂i
n2
˂r = arc sin (n1 sin ˂i)
n2
˂r = arc sin (1.52) (sin 250)

1.32
˂r = 290
Lesson 2: The conditions for total internal reflection
When light travels from a denser medium to a less dense medium, example
glass to air, the speed of the light increases and the light refracts or bends away from
the normal line. The angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.
The diagram below shows the light refracting from glass into air.
15
https://english.eagetutor.com/home/total-internal-reflection
As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also increases.

At a certain angle of incidence, the light will refract 90 degrees and travel along the
boundary between the two media. This angle of incidence is called the critical angle.
The critical angle varies for different materials, but it is useful to know that it is around
42 degrees for glass. You will be reminded of this fact in the exam. The diagram below
shows light hitting the glass-air boundary at an angle that is equal to the critical angle
as shown below. It is at this point that no light is transmitted into air.
If the angle of incidence is increased further, so that it is greater than the critical
angle, the light will be totally internally reflected as shown below. Total internal
reflection happens when a propagating wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle
larger than a particular critical angle.
The conditions required for total internal reflection (TIR) to occur are:
• the light must be travelling from a more dense medium into a less dense medium
(example: glass to air)
• the angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle
Application of Total Internal Reflection in optical fibers
• Optical fibers rely on total internal reflection for their operation.
• An optical fiber is a thin rod of high-quality glass. Light/infrared getting in at one

end undergoes repeated total internal reflection and emerges at the other end.
16
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics
Notice that the light refracts towards the normal as it enters the optical fiber.
Notice what happens when the light hits the end of the fiber. The angle of
incidence is now less than the critical angle and the light refracts away from the normal
into the air. Optical fibers work even when the fiber is bent.
Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that happens when a propagating

wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with
respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side
of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the wave
cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. The critical angle is the angle of
incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs.
https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php
17
Note: Using Snell’s Law of refraction, if the angle of incidence (˂i) is the critical angle,
then the angle of refraction (˂r) should be equal to 900. From the equation:
n1 sin ˂i = n2 sin ˂r
n1 sin ˂i = n2 sin 900, since sin 900 = 1

n1 sin ˂i = n2 , since ˂i is the critical angle, the equation can then be expressed as
n1 sin ˂c = n2
˂c = arc sin n2
n1
Lesson 3: Snell’s Law and Dispersion of Light
Snell's Law states that the ratio of the angles of incidence and refraction is
equal to the inverse ratio of the indices of refraction. Refraction of light waves explains
the dispersion of white light when it passes through a prism.
The index of refraction of light is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to
the velocity of light in a medium. The index of refraction is also defined by Snell’s law
of a refracting surface. When light passes from one medium to another, the angle of
incidence Ɵ1 is related to the angle of refraction Ɵ2. This can be expressed by the
equation,
sin Ɵ2 = v2 = n1
sin Ɵ1 v1 n2
Where n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction for medium 1 and 2, respectively.
The index of refraction of air is approximately equals 1. Therefore, for light travelling
from air into a medium of index of refraction n, the ratio of the sin Ɵ1/sin Ɵ2 should
be the index of refraction n.
Dispersion of light is the separation of light into its component colors by a
refracting surface. The separation of colors is due to the fact that the index of refraction
of a medium changes with wavelength of the light. The smaller wavelength light (violet)
has a higher index of refraction and therefore is bent more than longer wavelength
light (red).
Consider the figure below where light travels through a prism. The light is first
refracted at point D and then travels across the prism to point E where it is refracted
again. The angles are labelled on the diagram.
18
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dispersion-of-light-by-the-glass-prism
Dispersion: Rainbows and Prisms
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Dispersion-of-light-by-the-glass-prism
The sequence of colors in rainbows is the same sequence as the colors plotted
versus wavelength. What this implies is that white light is spread out according to
wavelength in a rainbow. Dispersion is defined as the spreading of white light into its
full spectrum of wavelengths. More technically, dispersion occurs whenever there is a
process that changes the direction of light in a manner that depends on wavelength.
Dispersion, as a general phenomenon, can occur for any type of wave and
always involves wavelength-dependent processes.
Refraction is responsible for dispersion in rainbows and many other situations.

The angle of refraction depends on the index of refraction, as we saw in the Law of
Refraction. We know that the index of refraction n depends on the medium. But for a
given medium, n also depends on wavelength. Note that, for a given
medium, n increases as wavelength decreases and is greatest for violet light. Thus
violet light is bent more than red light and the light is dispersed into the same sequence
of wavelengths.
19
Colors of a Rainbow: Even though rainbows are associated with seven colors, the rainbow is a
continuous distribution of colors according to wavelengths.
Pure Light and Light Dispersion: (a) A pure wavelength of light falls onto a prism
and is refracted at both surfaces. (b) White light is dispersed by the prism (shown
exaggerated). Since the index of refraction varies with wavelength, the angles of
Index of Refraction n in Selected Media at Various Wavelengths
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet

Medium
(660 nm) (610 nm) (580 nm) (550 nm) (470 nm) (410 nm)
Water 1.331 1.332 1.333 1.335 1.338 1.342
Diamond 2.410 2.415 2.417 2.426 2.444 2.458
Glass, crown 1.512 1.514 1.518 1.519 1.524 1.530
Glass, flint 1.662 1.665 1.667 1.674 1.684 1.698
Polystyrene 1.488 1.490 1.492 1.493 1.499 1.506
Quartz, fused 1.455 1.456 1.458 1.459 1.462 1.468
20
refraction vary with wavelength. A sequence of red to violet is produced, because the
index of refraction increases steadily with decreasing wavelength.
Sample Problem:
1. A beam of light goes from air into flint glass at an angle of incidence of 43.20.
What is the angle between the red (660 nm) and violet (410 nm) parts of the
refracted light?
Dispersion – University Physics Volume 3 (opentextbc.ca)

Solution:
nair sin ˂air = nred sin˂red nair sin ˂air = nred sin˂violet
˂red = arc sin (nair sin ˂air) ˂violet = arc sin (nair sin ˂air)
nred nviolet
˂red = arc sin (1) (43.20) ˂violet = arc sin (1) (43.20)
1.662 1.698
˂red = 270 ˂violet = 26.40
Therefore, the difference between these two angles is,
˂red - ˂violet = 270 – 26.40 = 0.60
2. A light is incident form air at an angle of 450 to the normal line of a glass prism
with a refractive index of 1.5. What is the angle of refraction (Ɵ) as light moves
out from the opposite side of the glass prism?
21
n4
n1 n2
n3
Given: n1 = 1
n2 = 1.5
n3 = 1.5
n4 = 1
Ɵ4 =?
Solution:
n1 sin Ɵ1 = n2 sin Ɵ2 n3 sin Ɵ3 = n4 sin Ɵ4
Ɵ2 = arc sin (n1 sinƟ1) Ɵ4 = arc sin (n3 sinƟ3)
n2 n4
Ɵ2 = 280 Ɵ4 = 260
Ɵ3 = 450 – Ɵ2
= 450 - 280
Ɵ3 = 170
Lesson 4: Malus’s Law and Polarization of Light
Polaroid sunglasses are familiar to most of us. They have a special ability to
cut the glare of light reflected from water or glass. Polaroid has this ability because of
a wave characteristic of light called polarization.
Polarization | Physics (lumenlearning.com)
22
Photograph of a river without the Photograph of a river with the
use of polaroid sunglasses. use of polaroid sunglasses.
sunglasses
Light is one type of electromagnetic (EM) wave. As noted earlier, EM waves
are transverse waves consisting of varying electric and magnetic fields that oscillate
perpendicular to the direction of propagation. There are specific directions for the
oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. Polarization is the attribute that a
wave’s oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of
the wave. Waves having such a direction are said to be polarized. For an EM wave,
we define the direction of polarization to be the direction parallel to the electric field.
Thus we can think of the electric field arrows as showing the direction of polarization.
The Sun and many other light sources produce waves that are randomly
polarized Such light is said to be unpolarized because it is composed of many waves
with all possible directions of polarization. Polaroid materials, invented by the founder
of Polaroid Corporation, Edwin Land, act as a polarizing slit for light, allowing only
polarization in one direction to pass through. Polarizing filters are composed of long
molecules aligned in one direction. Thinking of the molecules as many slits, analogous
to those for the oscillating ropes, we can understand why only light with a specific
polarization can get through. The axis of a polarizing filter is the direction along which
the filter passes the electric field of an EM wave (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: A polarizing filter has a polarization axis that acts as a slit passing through electric fields parallel to
its direction. The direction of polarization of an EM wave is defined to be the direction of its electric field.
Figure 2 shows the effect of two polarizing filters on originally unpolarized light.
The first filter polarizes the light along its axis. When the axes of the first and second
filters are aligned (parallel), then all of the polarized light passed by the first filter is
also passed by the second. If the second polarizing filter is rotated, only the component
of the light parallel to the second filter’s axis is passed. When the axes are
perpendicular, no light is passed by the second filter.
23
Figure 2. The effect of rotating two polarizing filters, where the first polarizes the light. (a) All of the polarized
light is passed by the second polarizing filter, because its axis is parallel to the first. (b) As the second is
rotated, only part of the light is passed. (c) When the second is perpendicular to the first, no light is passed.
(d) In this photograph, a polarizing filter is placed above two others. Its axis is perpendicular to the filter on
the right (dark area) and parallel to the filter on the left (lighter area).
Only the component of the EM wave parallel to the axis of a filter is passed. Let
us call the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of a filter θ. If the
electric field has an amplitude E, then the transmitted part of the wave has an
amplitude E cos θ (see Figure 3). Since the intensity of a wave is proportional to its
amplitude squared, the intensity I of the transmitted wave is related to the incident
wave by I = I0 cos2 θ, where I0 is the intensity of the polarized wave before passing
through the filter. (The above equation is known as Malus’s law.)

Figure 3. A polarizing filter transmits only the component of the wave parallel to its axis, reducing the intensity
of any light not polarized parallel to its axis.
Malus law is crucial if we want to learn or understand the polarization properties

of light. The law helps us to study the light intensity relation of polarizer-analyzer.
Malus law is named after Étienne-Louis Malus, who in the year 1808 discovered that
natural incident light could be polarized when it was reflected by a glass surface. He
used calcite crystal for his experiment.
24
optical activity (daviddarling.info)
Malus’ law states that the intensity of plane-polarized light that passes through
an analyzer varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the plane of the
polarizer and the transmission axes of the analyzer.
Malus’s Law Formula

The law helps us quantitatively verify the nature of polarized light. Let us
understand the expression for Malus’ law.
Point 1: When Unpolarized light is incident on an ideal polarizer, the intensity of the
transmitted light is exactly half that of the incident unpolarized light no matter how the
polarizing axis is oriented.
I1 = Io
2 where: I1 = the intensity of light transmitted
by the first polarizer.
Io = the intensity of unpolarised light.
Point 2: An ideal polarizing filter passes 100% of incident unpolarized light, which is
polarized in the direction of the filter’s (Polarizer) polarizing axis.
From point (1) and point (2) we can assume I = Io cos2 Ɵ
To determine the direction of polarization we need one polarizer which is known
as analyser oriented making an angle (Ɵ) with the polarizer.
Sample Problem:
1. Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a series of three polarizing filters.

The axis of the second filter is oriented at 45o to that of the first filter, while the
axis of the third filter is oriented at 90o to that of the first filter. What is the
intensity of the light transmitted through the third filter?
25
Solution:
The first filter always reduces the intensity of the light to half, I1=½ I0
The next filter reduces the intensity by In = I(n-1) cos2 θ, where θ is the angle
with respect to the nth filter.
I1 = ½ I0
I2 = I1 (cos 45)2 = ½I0 (0.707)2 = ½I0 (0.5) = 0.25 lo or ¼ I0
I3= I2 (cos 45)2 = ¼ I0 = I0/8
2. Unpolarized light with an intensity of 100 W/m2 passes through two polarizing
filters that are oriented at angle of 400 to each other. What is the intensity of the
light that emerges from each filter?
Given:
Io = 100 W/m2
Solution:
I1 = ½ l0 I2 = l1 cos2Ɵ
I1 = ½ (100 W/m2) I2 = (50 W/m2) (cos400)2
I2 = (50 W/m2) (0.766)2
I1 = 50 W/m2
I2 = 29.34 W/m2
APPLICATION
Direction: Solve the following problems.
1. A laser beam in air enters ethyl alcohol at an angle of incidence of 37 0 from

the normal line. What is the angle of refraction?
2. As light travels from air into water, the angle of refraction is 250 to the normal.
Find the angle of incidence.
26
3. A ray of light in air has an angle of incidence of 300 on a block of unknown
material and an angle of refraction of 200. What is the index of refraction of
this material?
4. A light beam enters a 600- 600- 600 prism shown in the figure below. The
index of refraction of the prism is 1.52. If the incident angle is 300 from the
normal, determine the exit angle of the light beam.
Refraction (xaktly.com)
5. Unpolarized light with intensity of 200 W/m2 passes through two polarizing filter
has an angle of 180 clockwise to the vertical. The second filter has an angle of
430 clockwise to the vertical. What is the intensity of the light emerging from
each filter?
POST-TEST
Directions: Read each item carefully and identify what is asked or described. Encircle
the letter of the correct answer.
1. The diagram shows total internal reflection. Which of the following statements
is NOT true?
A. Angle AON is equal to angle BON.

B. Angle AON is the angle of incidence.
C. Angle AON must be the critical angle
D. The speed of light in medium II is greater than that in medium I.
27
2. The diagram shows the passage of a ray of light from air into a substance X.
The index of refraction of X is:
A. 0.53 B. 0.88 C. 1.9 D. 2.2
3. The index of refraction of benzene is 1.80. The critical angle for total internal
reflection, at a benzene-air interface, is about:
A. 220 B. 340 C. 470 D. 560
4. Which of the following is a necessary condition for total internal reflection?

A. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the
B. The angle of incidence in the less dense medium must be greater than the
C. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be lesser than the
D. The angle of reflection in the denser medium must be greater than
5. The critical angle for glass is

A. 300
B. 420
C. 450
D. 500
6. The entire light is reflected into the denser medium. What do you call this
phenomenon?
A. Total internal reflection of light
B. Total external reflection of light
C. Total internal refraction of light
D. Total external refraction of light
28
7. What is the critical angle of water when the refracted angle is 90 ° and the
refractive index for water and air is 1.33 and 1, respectively?
A. 48.80
B. 49.50
C. 50.30
D. 51.20
8. When a ray of light enters from more dense medium to less dense medium, it
bends
A. towards normal
B. away from normal
C. parallel to normal
D. perpendicular to normal
9. When a light wave enters into a medium of different optical density,

A. its speed and frequency change.
B. its speed and wavelength change.
C. its frequency and wavelength change.
D. its speed, frequency, and wavelength change.
10. All electromagnetic waves have

A. the same speed, frequency and wavelength.
B. the same frequency but different speed and wavelength.
C. the same speed. but different wavelength and frequency
D. the same wavelength but different speed and frequency.
11. An electromagnetic beam has an intensity 28 W/m2 and is linearly polarized

vertically. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam, if the angle of incidence
on the polaroid is 45o with the vertical?
A. 10 W/m2
B. 12 W/m2
C. 14 W/m2
D. 16 W/m2
12. What principle is responsible for the fact that certain sunglasses can reduce
glare from reflected surfaces?
A. Diffraction
B. Refraction
C. Polarization
D. Total internal reflection
29
13. The principle which allows a rainbow to form is
A. refraction
B. polarization
C. dispersion
D. total internal reflection
14. Unpolarized light of intensity I0 is incident on a series of three polarizing filters.

The axis of the second filter is oriented at 45o to that of the first filter, while the
axis of the third filter is oriented at 90o to that of the first filter. What is the
intensity of the light transmitted through the third filter?
A. 0 B. I0/8 C. I0/4 D. I0/2
15. An unpolarized light passes through 2 polarizer sheets. If the intensity of the
transmitted light is 20% that of the original light, what is the angle between
the transmission axes of the 2 polarizer sheets?
A. 20.50 B. 25.80 C. 38.20 D. 50.80
GLOSSARY
The following terms used in this module are defined as follows for you to be guided:
CRITICAL ANGLE the angle of incidence beyond which rays of light are
no longer refracted but totally reflected.
INDEX OF REFRACTION a dimensionless number that describes how fast light

travels through the material.
POLARIZER An optical filter that lets light waves of a specific

polarization pass through whie blocking light waves
of other polarizations.
ANALYZER An optical filter which can be used to check whether

the light has been polarized or not.
30
ANSWER KEY
PRE-TEST
1. A 6. B 11. C
2. D 7. A 12. C
3. B 8. B 13. C
4. A 9. C 14. D
5. A 10. C 15. B
REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS LESSON 6.
1.
External Induced Induced current POST TEST
magnetic field magnetic field
1. Downward Upward Clockwise 1. C 6. A 11. C
2. Upward Downward Counter clockwise 2. C 7. A 12. C
3. Downward Downward Counter clockwise 3. B 8. B 13. C
4. Upward Upward Clockwise 4. A 9. D 14. B
5. Downward Upward Clockwise
5. B 10. A 15. D
6. Upward Downward Counter clockwise
2. a) 0.50 J d) 0 J
b) 0.50 J e) 0.50 J
c) 0.25 J f) 0.50 J
PRESENTATION OF THE LESSON APPLICATION

Activity 1 1) 26.30
1. Gamma 4. Gamma 2) 34.20
2. Radio 5. 380 nm – 750 nm
3) 1.46
3. Radio 4) 88.80
Activity 2 5) Filter 1: 100 W/m2
1. Answers may vary Filter 2: 82.14 W/m2
Activity 3
1. Zero 2. Maximum 3. Lesser
ANALYSIS
Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3
1. No 1. It bends 1) 00
2. Decreases 2. It bends away from the normal 2) 900
3. Increases 3. It bends towards the normal 3) 00
4. 3 x 108 m/s 4. It bends along the boundary until 4) 450
5. Inversely Proportional it undergoes total internal reflection 5) 600
6. Yes 5. It will not bend as it enters to the
second medium. It will go straight.
31
REFERENCES
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Sears and Zemansky (2012). University Physics with
Modern Physics 13th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.
Edminister, J. A.,Nahvi, M. (2014). Theory and Problems of Electromagnetics 4th

Edition. New Yok, USA: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780071831475.
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-
2.0/section/18.2/primary/lesson/properties-of-electromagnetic-waves-ms-ps
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/refrn/u14l1d.cfm
https://opentextbc.ca/universityphysicsv3openstax/chapter/dispersion/
https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=42038&t=why-does-total-internal-
reflection-happen
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/27-8-polarization/
32
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address: surigao.delnorte@deped.gov.ph
33

A GENERAL PHYSICS II Q4M3 Teacher Copy Final Layout

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A GENERAL PHYSICS II Q4M3 Teacher Copy Final Layout

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Senior High School

Section 9 of the Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Noel D. Pecato

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte

Office Address: Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help

Welcome to the General Physics II 12 Self-Learning Module on Properties of

There are natural phenomena that we personally observed and experienced.

1. All electromagnetic waves have

2. When a light wave enters into a medium of different optical density,

7. Which of the following is a necessary condition for total internal reflection?

A. 0.53 B. 0.88 C. 1.9 D. 2.2

A. Angle AON is equal to angle BON.

12. The principle which allows a rainbow to form is

13. An electromagnetic beam has an intensity 28 W/m2 and is linearly polarized

A. 0 B. I0/8 C. I0/4 D. I0/2

Are you ready? Let’s go!”

REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE

Direction: Answer the following questions as required.

a. maximum energy stored in the capacitor.

PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE

Concepts in Physics are widely used in different fields. In telecommunications,

ACTIVITY 1: Determining the direction of the magnetic field lines of magnets.

1. Which electromagnetic wave has the highest frequency?

ACTIVITY 2: Determining refracted light rays.

Direction: Answer the following questions on your paper.

Direction: Answer the following questions on your paper.

Lesson 1: Properties of EM waves and Optical Medium

Electromagnetic waves are the combination of electric and magnetic field

Speed, Wavelength, and Frequency

Speed = Wavelength × Frequency

The speed of light in an optical

The speed of light in a vacuum is

The actual speed of an electromagnetic wave through a material medium is

Material Index of Refraction

Light refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a substance with a different

This change of direction is caused by a change in speed. For example, when

The amount of bending depends on two things:

• Change in speed – if a substance causes the light to speed up or slow down

refraction - Google Search refraction - Google Search

Snell’s Law of Refraction

2. n1 sin ˂i = n2 sin ˂r , where n1 is the index of refraction of first medium, and n2

v = 2.26 x 108 m/s

3. A ray of light is incident through glass, with refractive index of 1.52, on an

˂r = arc sin (1.52) (sin 250)

Lesson 2: The conditions for total internal reflection

As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also increases.

Application of Total Internal Reflection in optical fibers

• Optical fibers rely on total internal reflection for their operation.

• An optical fiber is a thin rod of high-quality glass. Light/infrared getting in at one

Total internal reflection is a phenomenon that happens when a propagating

n1 sin ˂i = n2 sin 900, since sin 900 = 1

Lesson 3: Snell’s Law and Dispersion of Light

Dispersion: Rainbows and Prisms

Refraction is responsible for dispersion in rainbows and many other situations.

Index of Refraction n in Selected Media at Various Wavelengths

Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet

Water 1.331 1.332 1.333 1.335 1.338 1.342

Diamond 2.410 2.415 2.417 2.426 2.444 2.458

Glass, crown 1.512 1.514 1.518 1.519 1.524 1.530

Glass, flint 1.662 1.665 1.667 1.674 1.684 1.698