TOPIC 4A

COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

STOICHIOMETRY 1
Composition Stoichiometry

Ivan Hubert C. Juan

ivan.juan@materdei.edu.ph
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Counting by Weighing
Understanding Average Atomic Mass
Calculating Molar Mass
Converting between quantities
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Objectives

• To understand the concept of average mass and use this to count

particles by weighing

• To understand atomic mass and learn how it is determined

• To understand the mole concept and Avogadro’s number

• To understand the definition of molar mass

• To convert among moles, mass, and number of atoms

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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Lesson Starter

What is the mass of 1000 jellybeans?

Bean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mass (g) 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.0
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Lesson Starter

• Objects do not need to have identical masses to

be counted by weighing.
• All we need to know is the average mass of
the objects.

• To count the atoms in a sample of a given

element by weighing, we must know the mass of
the sample and the average mass for that
element.
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

A. Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing

• Atoms are very small, so it is hard to constantly talk about them in terms
of grams. Instead chemists and physicists use the unified atomic mass
unit (u, or dalton, Da).

• The original unit, the atomic mass unit (amu), was based on the mass of
one O-16 atom, the new unit is based on one C-12 atom

one C-12 atom

= 12=Da 1.993 × 10 −23 g

1
1 Da or =
u mC-12 ≈ 1.660 × 10 −24 g
12
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

A. Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing

• The average atomic mass for an element is the weighted average of the
masses of all the isotopes of an element.

Mass of Percent Weighted

Isotope
one atom (u) abundance mass (u)
1H 1.00783 99.9885 1.00771

2H 2.01410 0.0125 0.000252

AVERAGE MASS OF ONE ATOM 1.00796
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

B. The Mole

• One mole of a substance contains an Avogadro’s number (NA)

representative particles of that substance.

• Representative particles may be atoms, ions, molecules, formula units,

electrons, etc.

23
NA ≈ 6.02214 × 10
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

B. The Mole

Atomic Sample
Element
weight particles moles mass
Aluminum 26.98 u 6.02214 × 1023 1 26.98 g

Gold 196.97 u 6.02214 × 1023 1 196.97 g

Iron 55.85 u 6.02214 × 1023 1 55.85 g

Sulfur 32.07 u 6.02214 × 1023 1 32.07 g

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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

B. The Mole

Atomic Sample
Element
weight particles moles mass
6.02214 × 1023 1 26.98 g

1.20443 × 1024 2 53.96 g

Aluminum 26.98 u
2.10775 × 1024 3.5 94.43 g

6.02214 × 1024 10 269.8 g

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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

C. Molar Mass

• The molar mass of a compound is obtained by summing the masses of

the component atoms.
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

C. Molar Mass

• For compounds containing ions, the molar mass is obtained by summing

the masses of the component ions.
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Examples: what is the molar mass of each substance below?

sodium (Na) ozone (O3)

carbon (C)
xenon (Xe)
ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)
calcium chloride (CaCl2)
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Putting it all together

1 Mass of
Substance

Convert using
the molar mass
of the substance

2 Amount of 3 Number of particles

substance in Use Avogadro’s number (atoms, molecules, or
moles for conversion formula units)
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

1 Mass of
Example 1: Moles to Mass
Substance

How many grams of water make 3.75 moles?

molar mass

2 Amount of
substance in
moles

Avogadro’s number

3 Number of particles
(atoms, molecules, or
formula units)
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

1 Mass of
Example 2: Particles to Moles
Substance

How many moles of lithium are there in

1.204 × 1024 lithium atoms? molar mass

2 Amount of
substance in
moles

Avogadro’s number

3 Number of particles
(atoms, molecules, or
formula units)
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

1 Mass of
Example 3: Mass to Particles
Substance

Calculate the number of copper atoms in a 40.35 g

sample of copper. molar mass

2 Amount of
substance in
moles

Avogadro’s number

3 Number of particles
(atoms, molecules, or
formula units)
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

1 Mass of
Example 4
Substance

Which of the following 100.0 g samples contains the

greatest number of atoms? molar mass

2 Amount of
A. magnesium (Mg)
substance in
moles
B. zinc (Zn)
Avogadro’s number
C. silver (Ag)
3 Number of particles
(atoms, molecules, or
formula units)
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

1 Mass of
Example 5
Substance

Rank the following according to number of atoms

(greatest to least): molar mass

2 Amount of
A. 107.9 g of silver
substance in
moles
B. 70.0 g of zinc
Avogadro’s number
C. 21.0 g of magnesium
3 Number of particles
(atoms, molecules, or
formula units)
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Formulas of Compounds
Calculating Mass Percent from chemical formula
Calculating Empirical and Molecular Formula
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Objectives

• To calculate the mass percent of an element in a compound

• To calculate empirical formulas given mass percent

• To learn to calculate the molecular formula of a compound

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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

A. Percent Composition of Compounds

• Percent composition consists of the mass percent of each element in a

compound:
mass of given element
mass percent
= × 100%
molar mass of compound
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

What is the mass percent of Fe in iron(III) oxide?

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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Depending on where you live, iodized salt is “iodized” by adding one of four
iodizing agents, NaI, NaIO4, KI, or KIO4. Which of these contains the most
iodine by mass?
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

B. Empirical Formulas

• The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole number ratio

of the atoms present in the compound.

• The empirical formula can be calculated from from the percent

composition of the compound.
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

B. Calculation of Empirical Formulas

Start with the number of grams given for each element. If percentages are given, assume
Step 1
a total mass of 100 grams so that the mass of each element = the percent given.

Step 2 Calculate the number of moles using molar mass from the periodic table.

Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles calculated. Round to the
Step 3 nearest whole number. This is the mole ratio of the elements and is represented by
subscripts in the empirical formula

If the number is too far to round (x.1 ~ x.9), then multiply each solution by the same factor
to get the lowest whole number multiple.
• If one solution is 1.5, then multiply each solution in the problem by 2 to get 3.
• If one solution is 1.25, then multiply each solution in the problem by 4 to get 5.
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Determine the empirical formula for an unknown Find masses in

Step 1
compound composed of 36.5% Na, 38.1% O, and grams
25.4% S by mass.
Convert masses
Step 2
to moles

Divide each mole

Step 3 qty. by smallest
mole qty.

If not all whole

numbers (x.1 ~
x.9), multiply with
appropriate
factor
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

Determine the empirical formula for an unknown Find masses in

Step 1
compound composed of 36.5% Na, 38.1% O, and grams
25.4% S by mass.
Convert masses
Step 2
to moles

Divide each mole

Step 3 qty. by smallest
mole qty.

If not all whole

numbers (x.1 ~
x.9), multiply with
appropriate
factor
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

C. Molecular Formulas

• The molecular formula is the exact formula of the molecules present in a

substance.

• Ionic compounds do not have a molecular formula, as they are always

expressed in the smallest integer subscripts

• The molecular formula is always an integer multiple of the empirical

formula.

Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n

where n is a whole number
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

C. Calculation of Molecular Formulas

Step 4 Given empirical formula, calculate the empirical formula mass (EFM)

Divide the given molecular mass (MM) by the EFM, i.e., MM / EFM. This should be a
Step 5
whole number

Step 6 Multiply the subscripts by the quotient obtained in Step 5.

If the number is too far to round (x.1 ~ x.9), then multiply each solution by the same factor
to get the lowest whole number multiple.
• If one solution is 1.5, then multiply each solution in the problem by 2 to get 3.
• If one solution is 1.25, then multiply each solution in the problem by 4 to get 5.
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

A compound is analyzed and found to have the

empirical formula CH2O. The molar mass of the Calculate
Step 1 empirical
compound is found to be 153 g/mol. What is the formula mass
compound’s molecular formula?

Divide
Step 2 molecular mass
by EFM

Multiply all
Step 3 subscripts by this
ratio
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COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY

The composition of adipic acid is 49.3% C, 6.9% H,

and 43.8% O (by mass). The molar mass of the Calculate
Step 4 empirical
compound is about 146 g/mol. Calculate empirical formula mass
and molecular formula.

Divide
Step 5 molecular mass
by EFM

Multiply all
Step 6 subscripts by this
ratio