Part 01

CRASH COURSE

❑ Subject -Surveying

❑ Chapter – Levelling (2)

Lecture No.- 07 By- Simran Kapoor Mam

1 Sensitivity of level tube

2 Curvature, Refraction & Combine Correction / वक्रता, अपवततन और संयोजन सध

ु ार

3 Reciprocal Levelling / पारस्पररक समतलन

LEVEL TUBE/BUBBLE TUBE/SPIRIT LEVEL
• Liquid of low viscosity such as alcohol , chloroform or sulphuric ether is partially
filled.

• Bubble tube is filled with liquid which do not show much variation temperature
• Graduations are spaced 2mm equal distance
Graduations are spaced 2mm equal
distance
 SURVEYING LEVELLING

Factors affecting sensitivity of Bubble tube

1) Radius/diameter α

2) Viscosity of liquid/ surface tension α

3) Inner surface of level tube (smoothness) α

 SURVEYING LEVELLING

Factors affecting sensitivity of Bubble tube

4) Length of Bubble α

5) Temp α
 SURVEYING LEVELLING

sensitivity of level tube

Is defined as angle subtended at center of arc of level tube by one division of tube
in seconds
 Effect of Curvature of Earth Reportion ¼Hkwodrk dk izHkko½

• Horizontal line is tangential to level surface at a point

 SURVEYING LEVELLING

𝑑2 d=km
ℎ=
2𝑅

𝑑2
ℎ= × 103 (m)
2 × 6370

ℎ = −0.0785𝑑2 h → in m d = km
Effect of Refraction ¼vioZu dk izHkko½

• Due to effect of refraction staff reading obtain is smaller than actual

 SURVEYING LEVELLING

Effect of Refraction ¼vioZu dk izHkko½

• Correction is positive in this case

1
𝐶𝑅 = + 𝐶𝑐
7

0.0785𝑑 2
𝐶𝑅 = = 0.0112 𝑑2
7
𝐶𝑅 = 0.0112 𝑑 2
 SURVEYING LEVELLING

Combined Correction ¼lfEefyr la’kks /ku½

𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶𝑅

𝐶 = −0.0785𝑑 2 + 0.0112 𝑑2

𝐶 = −0.06728𝑑2 d in km

(in m)
 SURVEYING LEVELLING

Distance of Visible Horizon

 SURVEYING LEVELLING

h = Cc

h = 0.0673 d2

ℎ
𝑑=
0.0673

𝑑 = 3.85 ℎ Here d – km
h=m
 SURVEYING LEVELLING

NOTE

If both point of observation are at elevation in such case

 SURVEYING LEVELLING

D = d1 + d2

𝐷 = 3.85 ℎ1 + 3.85 ℎ2
𝐷 = 3.85 ( ℎ1 + ℎ2)
 Question

An observer standing on deck of ship just see the top of a light house which is 100m
above the MSL. If height of observer eye is 8m above the MSL determine. Calculate the
distance between observer and lighthouse ?
Reciprocal Levelling ¼ikjLifjd ry{ks.k½

• It is used to determine the correct elevation diff of two points which are quite a
large distance apart & it is not possible to set up instrument midway b/w two
points to balance back sight & fore sight

• Generally it is used to determine diff in elevation of two points on opposite bank of

river or deep valley
 Q. SSC JE-2017

Q. The sensitiveness of a level tube decreases if ______________

A Radius of curvature of its inner surface is increased

B Diameter of the tube is increased

C Length of the vapour bubble is increased

D Both viscosity and surface tension are increased

Q. SSC JE-2017

Q. Levelling deals with measurement in

A Horizontal plane

B Vertical plane

C Both horizontal and vertical planes

D Inclined plane
Q. SSC JE-2014

Q. The height of instrument is equal

A Reduced level of bench mark- back sight

B Reduced level of bench mark + back sight

C Reduced level of bench mark + fore sight

D Reduced level of bench mark + Intermediate sight

 Q. SSC JE-2017

Q. The sensitiveness of a level tube decreases if ______________

A Radius of curvature of its inner surface is increased

B Diameter of the tube is increased

C Length of the vapour bubble is increased

D Both viscosity and surface tension are increased

 Q. SSC JE-2018

Q. Calculate the combined correction for curvature and refraction (in m)

for a distance of 2 km.

A 0.045

B 0.135

C 0.269

D 3.14
Q. SSC JE-2018

Q. Which of the following levelling method is used to determine the

difference of elevation of two points that are quite apart?

A Check levelling

B Fly levelling

C Reciprocal levelling

D Simple levelling
 Q. SSC JE-2018

Q. Which of the following are correct for sensitivity of the bubble tube?

A Sensitivity decreases with increase in internal radius of the tube

B Sensitivity decrease with Increase In diameter of the tube

C Sensitivity increases with decrease In length of the tube

D Sensitivity increases with decrease in viscosity of the liquid

Q. SSC JE-2018

Q. Calculate the curvature correction (in m) if distance between the

instrument and staff is 500 m.

A 0.0196

B –0.0196

C 0.0028

D –0.0028
 Q. SSC JE-2018

Q. Which of the following is the CORRECT ratio of refraction correction to

curvature correction?

A 1/4

B 1/6

C 1/7

D 1/9
 Q. SSC JE-2018

Q. Calculate the reduced level (m) of a point A, if the staff readings at the
point A and benchmark are 2.8 m and 2.5 m respectively. The reduced
level of the benchmark is 100 m.

A 97.22

B 99.7

C 100.3

D 105.3
Q. SSC JE-2018

Q. Calculate the corrected staff reading at point A, if the staff reading is

taken from an instrument which is set at a distance of 1.5 km from the
point A 3.46 m.

A 3.28

B 3.3

C 3.43

D 3.48
 Q. SSC JE-2019

Q. An error due to the earth’s curvature and refraction is to be corrected

using:

A Cc = 0.0785 D2

B Cc = 0.0136 D2

C Cc = 0.0673 D2

D Cc = 0.0112 D2