Earthquakes

Forced Vibration of SDOF

Dr. Amin Kotb 3/2020

 Force vibration
• The equation of motion can be written as:

f I  t   f D  t   f S t   f t 
Inertia Damping Stiffness External Force

mx  cx  kx  f t 
Force vibration
 Harmonic vibration damped system

mx  cx  kx  Fo Sin(ex t )

Transient
x e   t
 A Cos (D t )  B Sin (D t ) 
Y Sin(ex t  ) Steady
state
Harmonic vibration damped system
 Harmonic vibration damped system
Steady Response

x (t ) Y *Sin(ex t  )
Max dynamic Response Static Deformation
𝐹𝑜
𝑌 = 𝑌𝑠𝑡 𝐷 𝑌𝑠𝑡 =
𝑘
Dynamic Magnification factor
1 𝜔𝑒𝑥
𝐷= 𝛽=
1 − 𝛽2 2 + (2𝜉𝛽)2 𝜔

Phase Lag
2𝜉𝛽
tan(𝜃) =
1 − 𝛽2
 Harmonic vibration un-damped system
𝐹𝑜
Effect of β<1 1 (𝑢𝑠𝑡 )𝑜 =
𝐷= >1 𝐾
1−𝛽2 2 +(2𝜉𝛽)2
𝐹𝑜 ∗ sin(𝜔𝑒𝑥 𝑡)
2𝜉𝛽 𝑢𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) =
𝐾
tan(𝜃) = 𝜃 = 0.26
1 − 𝛽2

𝜔𝑒𝑥ൗ
𝜔 = 0.5 𝑫

2𝜋
𝑇ത =
𝜔𝑒𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝜽/𝝎𝒆𝒙

𝜉 = 0.2
 Harmonic vibration un-damped system
Effect of β=1 1 1
𝐷= = >1
1−𝛽2 2 +(2𝜉𝛽)2 2𝜉
2𝜉𝛽 𝜋
tan(𝜃) = 𝜃=
1 − 𝛽2 2
𝜔𝑒𝑥ൗ
𝜔=1 𝑫

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝜽
𝜽/𝝎𝒆𝒙

𝜉 = 0.2
 Harmonic vibration un-damped system
Effect of β>1 1
𝐷= <1
1−𝛽2 2 +(2𝜉𝛽)2
2𝜉𝛽
tan(𝜃) = 𝜃 = −0.26
𝜔𝑒𝑥ൗ 1 − 𝛽2
𝜔=2

𝑫
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝜽/𝝎𝒆𝒙

𝜉 = 0.2
𝜽/𝝎𝒆𝒙
 Harmonic vibration un-damped system
m x  k x  Fo Sin(ex t )
v Fo ex   Fo 1
x (t )  u o Cos( t )    o
 Sin( t )  Sin(ex t )
  k 1  ex   
2
k 1  ex   2

𝐹𝑜 𝜔𝑒𝑥
𝑌𝑠𝑡 = 𝛽=
𝑘 𝜔
Static Deformation
v 0  1   1 
x t   u 0 cos t    Y st *   2 
sin t  Y st  2 
sin t 
  1     1  
 Harmonic vibration un-damped system
Transient Steady state
v 0  1   1 
x t   u 0 cos t    Y st *   2 
sin t  Y st  2 
sin t 
  1     1  

For zero initial conditions

uo=0 & vo=0
1
2 
x Y st Sin(ex t )   Sin(n t ) 
1 

Dynamic Magnification factor

1
𝐷𝑀𝐹 =
1 − 𝛽2
Harmonic vibration un-damped system
 Harmonic vibration un-damped system

v 0  1   1 
x t   u 0 cos t    Y st *   2 
sin t  Y st  2 
sin t 
  1     1  

For zero initial conditions

uo=0 & vo=0
1
2 
x Y st Sin(ex t )   Sin(n t ) 
1 

Dynamic Magnification factor

1
𝐷𝑀𝐹 =
1 − 𝛽2
Resonance
 undamped system
Resonance:
When the forcing frequency is equal to the natural frequency (β=1), the amplitude of the motion becomes infinitely
large. So, structures failures occur before extremely large amplitudes can attained.
 Damped system
Resonance:
 Harmonic vibration damped system
Resonance:
β 𝜔𝑒𝑥
Example 2

For the shown steel beam carrying a rotating motor having an effective dynamic
force F=20sin(5t) KN, beam mass in additional to machine is assumed to be
concentrated on beam mid-span and equals to 2000 kg
it is required: (known that damping ratio of steel is 4%, E=2.1*10^8 N/𝑚2 )

1. Find dynamic amplification factor.

2. Find the maximum steady-state bending moment in the beam due to machine
load.
3. Find maximum tensile stress on beam

25X100 cm CDOF

10m
Solution:

F=20sin(5t) KN, m= 2000 kg

𝐹𝑜 =20 KN= 20,000 N
𝜔𝑒𝑥 =5 rad/sec

CDOF

0.25 ∗ 1.03
48𝐸𝐼 48 ∗ 2.1*10^8 ∗ 12
𝐾= 3 = 3
= 210000 𝑁/𝑚
𝐿 10

𝐾 210000
𝜔= = = 10.25 rad/sec
𝑚 2000

𝜔𝑒𝑥 5
𝛽= = = 0.488
𝜔 10.25
 20000
𝑌𝑠𝑡 = = 0.095 𝑚
210000
1 1
𝐷= =
1 − 𝛽2 2 + (2𝜉𝛽)2 1 − 0.4882 2 + (2 ∗ 0.04 ∗ 0.488)2
= 1.31 m

𝑌 = 𝑌𝑠𝑡 𝐷 = 0.095 ∗ 1.31 = 0.124 𝑚

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.124 ∗ 210000 = 26040 N

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗𝐿 26040∗10
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = =65,100 N.m
4 4
 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗𝐿 26040∗10
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = =65,100 N.m
4 4

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗𝑦 65,100∗0.5
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼
=
0.020833333
=1562400.25 N/𝑚2