Fluid statics (Hydrostatics)

Fluid statics is the science of fluids at rest, and is a sub-field within fluid
mechanics. The term usually refers to the mathematical treatment of the
subject. It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest
in stable equilibrium. The use of fluid to do work is called fluid mechanics,
and the science of fluids in motion is fluid dynamics. But hydraulics and
hydrostatics usually refer to water.

Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted normal to any contacting surface
by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity. The hydrostatic pressure
is equal in all direction. Since pressure is defined as the force exerted on an
area,

P = F/A
With p: pressure, F: force normal to area A;
A: area.
The only force acting at any point in the fluid is the weight of the fluid
column above it,
P = ρgV/A = ρgh A /A = ρgh

So, hydrostatic pressure at any point in a liquid can be determined by the

following equation:

p = ρgh

Where,

p = pressure (N/m2, Pa)

h = depth at which the pressure is measured (m)

ρ = density of liquid (kg/m3)

g = the gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)

Hydrostatic pressure in a water column (density 1000 kg/m3) is indicated
below:
Pascal's Principle:

Any external pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted undiminished

throughout the liquid and onto the walls of the containing vessel.

Example 1: The absolute pressure at a depth h in a liquid open to the

atmosphere is increased by the pressure of the atmosphere pushing down on
the surface of the liquid.

Example 2: A hydraulic pump used to lift a car. When a small force f is

applied to a small area a of a movable piston it creates a pressure P = f/a.
This pressure is transmitted to and acts on a larger movable piston of area A
which is then used to lift a car.
 Hydrostatic Pressure on Plane Surfaces

P=0.5h2

Hydrostatic Pressure on Curved Surfaces P1 = (r2 – (r2/4))

P1 = (r2 – (r2/4))

P2=0.5r2 P3=0.5h2

RP = (P12+ P22)0.5 P2 = (r2 – (r2/4))
tan = P1/ P2  = tan-1(P1/ P2)

P2=0.5h2

P1 = (r2 – (r2/4))
RP = (P12+ P22)0.5
tan = P1/ P2  = tan-1(P1/ P2)

Hydrostatic Pressure on Composite Surfaces

RP1 = (P12+ P22)0.5
tan = P1/ P2  
= tan-1(P1/ P2)
P1=0.5h2
P2 = (r2 – (r2/4))

RP2 = ((P1+P3)2+P22)0.5
P3 = h(r+r+h)/2 
(r2/4)) tan = P2/(P1 + P3 ) 
 = tan-1(P2 / (P1+P3))
 P1=0.5h1
L

h1

h1 1

h2
P2=L2(h1+(h1+h2))/2

(h1+h2)

h3

2

P2
 P4 = 2.38Ton P1 = 0.5Ton Hydrostatic Example
 = 32.29°
P2 = 1Ton

P3 = 0.4206Ton

H=1m
P1 =0.5h2= 0.5*1*12 =0.5Ton

H/3=1/3m

 = 32.29°

RP2 = ((2.38+0.5)2+(1.4+0.4206)2)0.5 = 3.4072 Ton R =1.4m

tan = 1.8206/2.88 = 0.632 (H+R)/3=2.4/3=0.8m
 = 32.29°

P4 = 2.38Ton

=37.41°
P2= 1.4Ton

P2 =hR= 1*1*1.4 = 1.4Ton

P3 = 0.4206Ton

P3 = (R2 – (R2/4))= 1*(1.42-

P4 =*1.4*(1+2.4)/2= 2.38 Ton (3.14*1.42/4))=0.4206 Ton

=37.416°

RP1 = (2.382+(1.4+0.4206)2)0.5 = 2.9965Ton

tan = 1.8206/2.38 = 0.765
= 37.416°