GENERAL VITAL SIGNS
VITAL SIGNS CLINICAL INTERVENTION RATIONALE
MANIFESTATION
BLOOD PRESSURE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE Independent Independent
- Headaches
- Dizziness 1. Monitor blood 1. Comparison of
- Drowsiness pressure. While
- Confusion the patient is at
- Visual disturbances rest, measure in
- Nosebleeds both arms/thighs
- Chest pain three times,
- Difficulty of 3-5min, the sitting,
Breathing then standing for
- Fatigue initial evaluation.
- Irregular Heartbeat Use correct cuff
size and accurate
technique.
2. Note the presence
and quality of
central and
peripheral pulses
3. Auscultate heart
tones and breath
sounds
4. Provide a suitable
environment for
patients' condition
(relax, calm, restful
minimize noise)
and comfort
measure.
2. Bounding carotid,
5. Maintain activity
restrictions
(bedrest or chair
rest); schedule
uninterrupted rest
periods; assist
patients with
self-care activities
as needed.
6. Provide comfort
measures such as
back and neck
massage, the
elevation of head. 3. Because of the
7. Instruct in
relaxation
techniques, guided
imagery,
distractions.
pressures provides
a more complete
picture of vascular
involvement or
scope of problem.
Severe
hypertension in
adults is classified
as diastolic
pressure elevation
to 110 mmhg:
progressive
readings above
120 mmhg are
initially considered
as accelerated,
then, very severe
(malignant).
Systolic
hypertension is
also an established
risk factor for
cerebrovascular
disease and
ischemic heart
disease when
diastolic pressure
is elevated.
jugular, radial and
femoral pulses may
be
palpated/observed.
Pulses in legs/feet
may be diminished
that reflects the
effects of
vasoconstriction,
increased systemic
vascular resistance
and venous
congestion. .
presence of atrial
hypertrophy
(increased atrial
volume/pressure),
S4 sound is
common in
severely
8. Monitor response hypertensive
to drug medication patients.
Development of S3
indicates
ventricular
hypertrophy and
impaired
functioning.
Presence of
wheezes, crackles
may indicate
pulmonary
congestion
secondary to
developing or
chronic heart
failure.

4. It helps lessen
discomfort and
sympathetic
stimulation;
promotes
relaxation.

5. Lessens physical
stress and tension
that affect blood
pressure and the
course of
hypertension.

6. Decreases
discomfort and
reduces
sympathetic
stimulation.

7. Can reduce
stressful stimuli,
produce a calming
effect, thereby
reducing BP.

8. Response to drug
therapy depends
on both the
individual and the
synergistic effects
of the drugs.
Because of side
effects, drug
interactions, and a
patient's motivation
for taking
antihypertensive
medication, it is
important to use
the smallest
number and lowest
 dosage of
medications.

Dependent Dependent

Administer medications as 1. Thiazide Diuretics

indicated: are considered
1. Thiazide Diuretics; first-line
Loop Diuretics; medications for
Potassium-sparing uncomplicated
diuretics stage I or II
hypertension and
2. Alpha, beta or may be used alone
centrally acting or with associated
adrenergic drugs (such as
antagonists beta-blockers) to
reduce bp in
3. Calcium channel patients with
antagonists relatively normal
renal function.
4. Adrenergic neuron These potentiate
blockers the effects of other
antihypertensive as
5. Direct-acting oral well, by limiting
vasodilators fluid retention, and
may reduce the
6. Angiotensin-conve incidence of
rting enzyme strokes and heart
(ACE) inhibitors failure; Loop
and Angiotensin II diuretics produce
blockers marked diuresis by
inhibiting resorption
of sodium and
chloride and are
effective
antihypertensives,
for those patients
who are resistant
to thiazides or have
renal impairment;
Potassium-sparing
diuretics may be
given together with
a thiazide diuretic
to minimize
potassium loss.

2. For patients with

ischemic heart
disease; obese
patients with
cardiogenic
hypertension; and
patients with
concurrent
supraventricular
arrhythmias,
angina, or
hypertensive
cardiomyopathy,
beta-blockers may
 be ordered instead
of diuretics.
Generally, they
reduce bp through
the combined
effect of decreased
total peripheral
resistance,
reduced cardiac
output, inhibited
sympathetic activity
and suppression of
renin release.
Note: patients with diabetes
should use corgard and
visken with caution
because they can prolong
and mask the
hypoglycemic effects of
insulin. The elderly may
require smaller doses for
the potential bradycardia
and hypotension.

3. If a combination of
a diuretic and
sympathetic
inhibitor does not
sufficiently control
bp, calcium
channel
antagonists may
be necessary to
treat severe
hypertension. The
secondary benefits
of vasodilator
therapy are
vasodilation of
healthy cardiac
vasculature and
increased coronary
blood flow.

4. Reduce arterial
and venous
constriction activity
at the sympathetic
nerve endings

5. Action is to relax
vascular smooth
muscle, thereby
reducing vascular
resistance

6. The use of an
additional
sympathetic
inhibitor may be
required for its
 cumulative effect
when other
measures have
failed to control BP
or when CHF or
diabetes is present.

Collaborative Collaborative

1. Provide a 1. These are given

direct-acting intravenously for
parenteral management of
vasodilators hypertensive
emergencies.
2. Implement dietary
sodium, fat and 2. These restrictions
cholesterol can help manage
restrictions as fluid retention, with
indicated. the associated
hypertensive
response and
reduce myocardial
workload.

LOW BLOOD PRESSURE Independent Independent

- Dizziness 1. Educate the 1. Abrupt change in
- Fainting patient about the position may cause
- Blurred Vision importance of orthostatic
- Nausea moving slowly hypotension which
- Dehydration when changing may trigger
- Fatigue positions from nausea.
- Vomiting lying down to
- Confusion standing position 2. This keep the
patient from
2. Advice to have injuring themselves
family or significant and avoid the risk
others accompany falling
the patient at all
times.
3. The patient can
3. Provide the patient concentrate and
with a calm and focus more fully on
relaxing tranquil setting
environment that is away from any
free from any distractions
stressor.
4. During physical
4. Determine the exertion, adequate
patient’s nutritional hydration is
status and needs needed.

5. Encourage the 5. Fluids increase

client to increase blood volume and
fluid intake and help prevent
decrease alcohol dehydration, both
consumption. of which are
important in
treating
hypotension.
 Dependent Meanwhile, alcohol
is dehydrating and
1. Administer the can lower blood
medication as pressure, even if
indicated such as you drink in
Midorine (Orvaten) moderation.
2. Provide
compression Dependent
stockings as 1. It works by
recommended by restricting the
the physician. ability of your blood
3. Provide a diet with vessels to expand,
added salt as which raises blood
indicated by the pressure
physician. 2. Elastic stockings
commonly used to
relieve the pain
and swelling of
varicose veins can
help reduce the
pooling of blood in
your legs.
3. Foods with high
salt content can
elevate your blood
pressure.

Collaborative Collaborative
1. Consult a dietitian 1. Good nutrition
for dietary consisting of small
modifications. portions of
low-carb meals and
caffeine help
prevent the blood
pressure from
dropping sharply.

HEART RATE CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIA Independent Independent

- Anxiety 1. The patient will be 1. The patient
- Fatigue under supervision maintains cardiac
- Lightheadedness or by tracking the output:
dizziness pattern of the BP, - To demonstrate no
- Sweating HR and rhythm, or decreased
- Fainting (syncope) rate and depth of episodes of
or near fainting respirations, and dysrhythmia.
- A fluttering in the breath sounds.
chest
- A racing heartbeat
(tachycardia) 2. Teaching patient 2. The patient can
- A slow heartbeat self-care; present independently take
(bradycardia) the information in care of
- Chest pain terms that are himself/herself
- Shortness of breath understandable without aid.
and in a manner - To determine the
that is not dysrhythmia’s
frightening or hemodynamic
threatening. effect.

Dependent Dependent
1. Minimizing anxiety 1. Has reduced
 at the time of a anxiety.
dysrhythmic event, - Expresses a
maintaining a calm positive attitude
and reassuring about living with
attitude to foster a dysrhythmia
trusting - Expresses
relationship with confidence in
the patient and ability to take
assists in reducing appropriate actions
anxiety. in an emergency
2. Administer 2. Reduces your risk
antiarrhythmic of stroke or
drugs/blood developing blood
thinners to convert clots. Antiplatelets,
the arrhythmia to a such as aspirin and
normal sinus clopidogrel,
rhythm or to prevent blood cells
prevent an called platelets
arrhythmia. from clumping
3. Administer together to form a
supplemental clot.
oxygen, as 3. Increases amount
indicated. of oxygen available
for myocardial
uptake, reducing
irritability caused
by hypoxia.

Collaborative Collaborative

1. Imbalance of
1. Monitor laboratory electrolytes, such
studies, such as as potassium,
the electrolytes magnesium,
2. Prepare for and and calcium,
assist with elective adversely affects
cardioversion. cardiac rhythm and
3. Assist with Contractility.
insertion and 2. May be used in
maintain Atrial Fibrillation
pacemaker after trials of first-
(external or line drugs— such
temporary, internal as atenolol,
or permanent) metoprolol,
function. diltiazem, and
verapamil— have
failed to control
heart rate or in
certain unstable
dysrhythmias
to restore normal
heart rate or relieve
symptoms of
heart failure.
3. Temporary pacing
may be necessary
to accelerate
impulse
formation in
bradydysrhythmias,
synchronize
 electrical
impulsivity, or
override
tachydysrhythmias
and ec topic
activity to maintain
cardiovascular
function until
spontaneous
pacing is restored
or permanent
pacing is initiated.
These devices may
include atrial and
ventricular
pacemakers
and may provide
single- chamber or
dualchamber
pacing.

RESPIRATORY RATE INEFFECTIVE BREATHING Independent Independent

PATTERN 1. Place patient with 1. A sitting position
proper body permits maximum
- Hyperventilation; alignment for lung excursion and
Hypoventilation maximum chest expansion.
- Restlessness/anxiet breathing pattern. 2. An upright position
y allows for a better
- Increased ventilation 2. Assist the patient lung expansion,
support sitting up in a hence more air
- Diaphoresis semi-Fowler’s or reaching the lungs
- Cyanosis high-Fowler’s for gas exchange.
- Abnormal ABG position. 3. These techniques
values promote deep
- Abnormal chest x 3. Encourage inspiration, which
ray sustained deep increases
- Abnormal rate, breaths. oxygenation and
rhythm, depth in Techniques include prevents
breathing (1) using atelectasis.
- Bradypnea demonstration: Controlled
- Dyspnea highlighting slow breathing methods
- Nasal flaring inhalation, holding may also aid slow
- Orthopnea end inspiration for respirations in
- Pursed-lip breathing a few seconds, tachypneic
- Use of accessory and passive patients. Prolonged
muscles to breathe exhalation; (2) expiration prevents
utilizing incentive air trapping.
spirometer and (3)
requiring the 4. These breathing
patient to yawn. techniques can be
used during
4. Encourage activities to reduce
pursed-lip the amount of air
breathing and trapping in the
diaphragmatic or lungs.
abdominal
breathing 5. The patient might
exercises. Include need to induce
 into the teaching coughing every so
plan: often to get rid of
secretions
5. Encourage obstructing the
coughing and airway. If the
suction the patient. patient cannot
clear secretions
6. Maintain a clear alone, suctioning
airway. might be required
to ensure a clear
7. Stay with the airway.
patient during
acute episodes of 6. Encouraging the
respiratory patient to mobilize
distress. their own
secretions via
8. Provide rest effective coughing
periods before and facilitates adequate
after activities clearance of
secretions.
9. Provide small,
frequent meals. 7. This will reduce the
patient’s anxiety,
10. Assess client’s thereby reducing
awareness and oxygen demand.
cognition.
8. Scheduled rest
11. Observe periods allow the
characteristics of patient to conserve
breathing patterns. energy, decreasing
episodes of
Dependent respiratory
12. Provide respiratory distress.
medications and
oxygen, per 9. Smaller meals are
doctor’s orders. more comfortable
to eat and require
13. Ambulate patient less effort. By
as tolerated with consuming small
doctor’s order, portions, the
three times daily. patient has a
chance to rest and
Collaborative regain energy for
14. Consult a dietitian the next meal or
for dietary activity.
modifications.
10. Affects ability to
15. Suction secretions, manage own
as necessary. airway and
cooperate with
16. Educate patient interventions such
about medications: as controlling
indications, breathing and
dosage, frequency, managing
and possible side secretions.
effects. Incorporate
review of the 11. May see the use of
metered-dose accessory muscles
inhaler and for breathing,
nebulizer sternal retractions
treatments, as (infants and young
 needed. children), nasal
flaring, or pursed
lip breathing.
Irregular patterns
(e.g., prolonged
expiration, periods
of apnea, obvious
agonal breathing)
may be
pathological.

Dependent

12. Beta-adrenergic
agonist
medications relax
airway smooth
muscles and cause
bronchodilation to
open air passages.

13. Ambulation can

further break up
and move
secretions that
block the airways.

Collaborative
14. COPD may cause
malnutrition which
can affect
breathing patterns.
Good nutrition can
strengthen the
functionality of
respiratory
muscles.

15. Suctioning helps to

clear the blockages
in the airway.

16. This information

promotes safe and
effective
medication
administration.

TEMPERATURE HYPERTHERMIA (FEVER) Independent Independent

1. Monitor client 1. Temperature of
- Body temperature temperature— 102.8°F to 106.8°F
above the normal degree and (38.9°C–41.1°C)
range pattern. Note suggests an acute
- Hot, flushed skin shaking chills or severe infectious
- Increased heart rate profuse disease process.
- Increased diaphoresis at Fever pattern may
respiratory rate least every 4 aid in diagnosis.
- Loss of appetite hours. Chills often
- Malaise or 2. Assess whether precede
weakness body temperature temperature
- Seizures reflects heat spikes. Note: Use
stroke. of antipyretics
alters fever
3. Assess patterns and may
neurological be restricted until
response, noting diagnosis is
level of established unless
consciousness and fever remains
orientation, higher than
reaction to stimuli, 102.8°F (38.9°C).
reaction of pupils,
and presence of 2. Defined as body
posturing or temperature higher
seizures. than 105°F
(40.5°C) that is
4. Monitor blood associated with
pressure and neurological
invasive dysfunction and is
hemodynamic potentially life
parameters if threatening.
available (e.g.,
cardiac output, 3. High fever
arterial pressures) accompanied by
at least every 4 changes in
hours. mentation (from
confusion to
5. Monitor heart rate delirium) may
and rhythm at least indicate septic
every 4 hours. state or heatstroke.

6. Monitor 4. Hyperdynamic
respirations at state (high central
least every 4 venous pressure,
hours. low systemic
vascular
7. Monitor and record resistance,
all sources of fluid tachycardia,
loss such as urine elevated blood
(oliguria or renal pressure, which
failure may occur may later fall) can
due to occur, especially in
hypotension, person with
dehydration, preexisting
shock, and tissue cardiovascular
necrosis), vomiting disease if
and diarrhea, heat-related illness
wounds or fistulas, (e.g., heatstroke or
and insensible malignant
losses (potentiates hyperthermia
fluid and reaction to
electrolyte losses). anesthesia) has
rendered the client
8. Note presence or critically ill.
absence of
sweating. 5. Tachycardia,
dysrhythmias, and
 9. Promote Cooling: electrocardiogram
Monitor changes are
environmental common due to
temperature. Limit electrolyte and
or add bed linens, acid-base
as indicated. imbalance,
dehydration,
10. Provide tepid specific action of
sponge baths. catecholamines,
Avoid use of and direct effects
alcohol. of hyperthermia on
blood and cardiac
11. Encourage the tissue.
client to increase
fluid intake. 6. Hyperventilation
may initially be
12. If the fever is present, but
related to Surgical ventilatory effort
Wound infection, may eventually be
make sure to impaired by
perform a proper seizures and
surgical wound hypermetabolic
cleaning and state (shock and
dressing change acidosis)
on a daily basis.
7. Fluids and
13. Collect urine electrolytes might
sample and send decrease due to
to the lab for dehydration. To
urinalysis and monitor or
culture. potentiate fluid and
electrolyte losses).
14. If the fever of the
patient is related to 8. The body attempts
UTI, change the to increase heat
urinary catheter. loss by
evaporation,
15. Educate the client conduction, and
of signs and diffusion.
symptoms of Evaporation is
hyperthermia and decreased by
help him identify environmental
factors related to factors of high
the occurrence of humidity and high
fever; discuss the ambient
importance of temperature as
increased fluid well as body
intake to avoid factors producing
dehydration. loss of ability to
sweat or sweat
Dependent: gland dysfunction
(e.g., spinal cord
1. Administer transection, cystic
antipyretics, orally fibrosis,
or rectally (e.g., dehydration,
acetaminophen, vasoconstriction.
ibuprofen), as
ordered. 9. Room temperature
2. Administer may be
antibiotics as accustomed to
ordered. near normal body
 3. Maintain IV Fluids temperature and
as ordered by the blankets and linens
physician. may be adjusted as
indicated to
4. Provide a cooling regulate
blanket, as temperature of
indicated. client. Loosen or
remove excess
clothing and
Collaborative: covers. Exposing
1. Monitor skin to room air
hematologic test decreases heat
and other pertinent and increases
lab records. evaporative
2. Discuss the cooling.
condition of the
patient with other 10. Tepid sponge baths
members of the may help reduce
healthcare team. fever. Note: Use of
3. Consult a dietician ice water or alcohol
for a high-caloric may cause chills,
diet. actually elevating
temperature.
Alcohol can also
cause skin
dehydration.

11. Water regulates

body temperature.
To replace fluids
lost through
perspiration and
respiration.Avoid
alcohol and
caffeinated
beverages. If the
client is alert
enough to swallow,
provide cool liquids
to help lower the
body temperature.
Additionally, if the
patient is
dehydrated or
diaphoretic, fluid
loss contributes to
fever.

12. To perform
appropriate wound
care and aid in the
healing process
against the
infection that has
triggered the fever.

13. To confirm medical

diagnosis of urinary
tract infection and
determine the
 underlying bacteria
caused by it.

14. To remove
contaminated
catheter and
replace with new
one that is fit for
purpose.

15. Providing health

teachings to client
could help client
cope with disease
condition and could
help prevent further
complications of
hyperthermia

Dependent

1. Antipyretics acts on
the hypothalamus,
reducing
hyperthermia.Antip
yretics interrupt the
change in the
hypothalamic set
point caused by
pyrogens and are
not expected to
work on a healthy
hypothalamus that
has been
overloaded. It is
used to normalize
the body
temperature by
stimulating the
hypothalamus.

2. Use the
antibiotic/antiviral/a
nitparasitic drug to
treat the infection,
which is the
underlying cause of
the patient’s
hyperthermia.

3. Prevents
dehydration.

4. It It helps reduce
increased body
temperature
especially with
temperatures of
39.5ᴼC – 40ᴼC.
Use cooling
 blankets that
circulate water
when the body
temperature is
needed to be
cooled quickly. Set
the temperature
regulator to 1ºC
below the client’s
current
temperature to
prevent shivering.

HYPOTHERMIA Independent:
- Shivering 1. Adjust the
- Shallow breathing,
usually slow
- Loss of coordination
- Slow, weak pulse
- Skin cold or touch
- Having temperature
less than 32oC
2. Assess and monitor the
patient’s vital signs at least
Collaborative
1. Indicates presence
of infection and
dehydration.
2. Ensures
continuous
intervention.
3. To meet the
metabolic demand
of the client. Food
is necessary to
meet the increased
energy demands
and high metabolic
rate caused by
accompanying
hyperthermia. Food
must be appealing
to the patient
because lack of
appetite is common
with fever.
Independent
temperature of the 1. These techniques allow
environment or for a more gradual
relocate the patient warming of the body.
to a warmer Quick warming can
location. Maintain lead to ventricular
a dry environment fibrillation. Moisture
for the patient and promotes heat loss
the linens. through evaporation.
a. Remove wet
clothing and
bedding 2. To assist in creating an
b. Add layers of accurate diagnosis and
cloth and wrap monitor effectiveness
in warm of medical treatment
blankets for hypothermia.
c. Provide warm a. Monitor
and effectiveness of
nutrient-dense medical treatment
food and for hypothermia.
liquids b. As hypothermia
progresses, HR
and BP decrease.
Moderate to severe
every hour or frequently if
there is a change in them,
such as
a. patient’s
temperature
b. Monitor the
patient’s HR,
heart rhythm,
and BP.
3. Measure and monitor
urine output and fluid
intake
4. Evaluate for the
presence of frostbite if the
patient has been exposed
to a cold environment for
an extended period of time.
5. If the patient's breathing
is shallow, raise the head
of the bed.
Collaborative:
1. Administer IV fluids
with caution
2. Provide CPR as
needed, with
compressions starting
at half the normal
heart rate.
Dependent:
1. Administer vasodilators
as prescribed
2. Administer analgesics
as prescribed
1. To help dilate the blood
2. To provide pain relief,
hypothermia raises
the risk of
ventricular
fibrillation as well
as other
dysrhythmias.
3. Decreased output
could be due to
dehydration or poor
renal perfusion. To
avoid pulmonary
edema, pneumonia,
and taxing an already
weakened cardiac and
renal status, avoid
excessive fluid intake.
4. Severe hypothermia
can caused slowed
conduction, and heart
with lowered
temperature may be
unresponsive to
medication, pacing,
and defibrillation.
5. The expansion of the
lungs is improved by
elevating the head,
allowing the patient to
breathe more
effectively..
Collaborative
1. To prevent overload as
the vascular bed
expands (a cold heart
is slow to compensate
for increased volume).
2. Severe hypothermia
causes slowed
conduction and a cold
heart may be
unresponsive to
medication, pacing,
and defibrillation.
Dependent
vessels and improve the
blood flow to the
affected area/s
especially in the affected
area
PAIN ACUTE PAIN Independent Independent
1. Determine and 1. Acute pain is that
- Altered ability to document which follows an
continue activities presence of injury, trauma, or
- Anorexia possible procedure such as
- Evidence of pain pathophysiological surgery, or occurs
using standardized and psychological suddenly with the
pain behavior causes of pain onset of a painful
checklist for those 2. Provide measures condition
unable to to relieve pain 2. It is preferable to
communicate before it becomes provide an
verbally severe. analgesic before
- Expresses fatigue 3. Establish a the onset of pain or
- Facial expression of collaborative before it becomes
pain approach for pain severe when a
- Proxy report of management larger dose may be
activity changes based on client’s required.
- Proxy report of pain understanding 3. Pain medications
behavior about and may include pills/
- Reports altered acceptance of liquids or suckers,
sleep-wake cycle available treatment skin patch, or
- Reports intensity options suppository forms;
using standardized injections, IV
pain scale dosing; or
- Reports pain patient-controlled
characteristics using Dependent analgesia (PCA) or
standardized pain 1. Provide regional analgesia
instrument pharmacologic (e.g., epidural and
- Self-focused pain management spinal blocking)
as ordered. based on client’s
2. Administer symptomatology
analgesics (opioid and mechanism of
and nonopioid) as pain as well as
indicated, such as tolerance for pain
morphine, fentanyl and various
(Sublimaze, analgesics
Ultiva),
hydrocodone Dependent
(Vicodin, 1. The World Health
Hycodan), or Organization
oxycodone (WHO) in 1986
(OxyContin, published
Percocet) guidelines in the
logical usage of
analgesics to treat
.Collaborative cancer using a
1. Refer patient to a three-step ladder
pain specialist if approach – also
ordered by medical known as the
provider analgesic ladder.
2. Provide The analgesic
Cognitive-Behavior ladder focuses on
al Therapy (CBT) aligning the proper
for pain analgesics with the
management intensity of pain.
2. NSAIDs work in
peripheral tissues.
Some block the
synthesis of
prostaglandins,
which stimulate
 nociceptors. They
are effective in
managing mild to
moderate pain. All
NSAIDs have
anti-inflammatory
(except for
acetaminophen),
analgesic, and
antipyretic effects.
They work by
inhibiting the
enzyme
cyclooxygenase
(COX), a chemical
activated during
tissue damage,
resulting in
decreased
synthesis of
prostaglandins.
NSAIDs also have
a ceiling effect.
Once the maximum
analgesic benefit is
achieved,
additional amounts
of the same drug
will not produce
more analgesia
and may risk the
patient for toxicity.

Collaborative
1. To enable patient
receive more
information and
specialized care in
pain management
if needed
2. These methods are
used to provide
comfort by altering
psychological
response to pain.

Reference List
● Wayne, G. (2022). Ineffective Breathing Pattern Nursing Care Plan.
https://nurseslabs.com/ineffective-breathing-pattern/
● RNlessons. (n.d.). Ineffective Breathing Pattern Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan.
https://rnlessons.com/ineffective-breathing-pattern-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/
● RNspeak. (2021). Nursing Care Plan for Patients with Hypertension [Actual and Risk Diagnoses].
https://rnspeak.com/hypertension-nursing-care-plan/
● Wayne, G. B. (2022). Acute Pain Nursing Care Plan. Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/acute-pain/
● Vera, M. (2022). 6 Hypertension Nursing Care Plans. https://nurseslabs.com/hypertension-nursing-care-plans/
● Nursing Care Plans for Fever Hyperthermia. (2020). NurseStudy.net.
https://nursestudy.net/nursing-care-plan-for-fever-hyperthermia/
● Wayne, G. (2016). Hyperthermia – Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan. Nurseslabs.
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