Single Phase Induction Motor

 The single-phase induction machine is the most

frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing
machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so
Single Phase Induction Motor forth.
 The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron
core with two windings arranged perpendicularly.
 One is the main and
 The other is the auxiliary winding or starting
winding

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Single Phase Induction Motor Single Phase Induction Motor

• These “single-phase” Stator with laminated
iron core Slots with winding

motors are truly two- Rotor with

laminated
phase machines. Main winding + iron core

• The motor uses a + Bars

squirrel cage rotor,
which has a laminated _
iron core with slots. _ Ring to short
Starting winding circuit the bars

• Aluminum bars are

molded on the slots and
short-circuited at both
ends with a ring. Single-phase induction motor.

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Single Phase Induction Motor
Squirrel cage rotor
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Operating principle
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COMPARISON OF SINGLE-PHASE AND
THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
• Single-phase induction motors are simple in
construction, reliable and economical for small power
rating as compared to three-phase induction motors.
• The electrical power factor of single-phase induction
motors is low as compared to three-phase induction
motors.
• For the same size, single-phase induction motors develop
about 50% of the output as that of three-phase induction
motors.
• The starting torque is low for asynchronous motors.
• The efficiency of single-phase induction motors is less as
compared to that of three-phase induction motors.
Single Phase Induction Motor
• The single-phase induction motor operation
can be described by two methods:
– Double revolving field theory; and
– Cross-field theory.
• Double revolving theory is perhaps the easier
of the two explanations to understand
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 Single Phase Induction Motor Single Phase Induction Motor
Main winding flux

Double revolving field theory • The interaction between

the fields and the current -t +t
• A single-phase ac current supplies the main induced in the rotor bars Main winding
generates opposing
winding that produces a pulsating magnetic torque.
field. • Under these conditions,
with only the main field
• Mathematically, the pulsating field could be energized the motor will
divided into two fields, which are rotating in not start Starting winding

opposite directions. • However, if an external

torque moves the motor in
• The interaction between the fields and the any direction, the motor
will begin to rotate. Figure:Single-phase motor main winding
current induced in the rotor bars generates generates two rotating fields, which oppose and
opposing torque counter-balance one another.

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• The two fields Φf and Φb are shown opposite to each other

at the start, and the resultant magnetic field ΦR = 0.
Single Phase Induction Motor

Double revolving field theory

• The pulsating filed is divided into a forward and
reverse rotating field
• Motor is started in the direction of forward rotating
field this generates small (5%) positive slip
s pos  ( n sy  n m ) n sy

• Reverse rotating field generates a larger (1.95%)

negative slip
s neg  (n sy  n m ) n sy
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 • After 90°, the two fields are rotated in such a way that both Double revolving field theory
of them are now pointing in the same direction. The
resultant magnetic field, • At the start, the two torques are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. These

two torques try to rotate the rotor in different directions. Hence net torque experienced

by the rotor is zero. Therefore it is said that single-phase induction motors are not

self-starting.

• When initial rotation is given to the rotor in any direction, the overall torque increases

in that direction and the motor starts giving performance similar to the 3-phase

induction motor.

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• It can be seen that at starting, N = 0 and at that point resultant torque is zero. So single
phase motors are not self starting.
However if the rotor is given an initial rotation in any direction, the resultant average
torque increase in the direction in which rotor initially rotated and motor starts rotating in
that direction.
But in practice it is not possible to give initial torque to rotor externally hence some
modifications are done in the construction of single phase induction motors to make them
self starting.
Single Phase Induction Motor
• The single-phase motor starting torque is zero
because of the pulsating single-phase magnetic flux.
• The starting of the motor requires the generation of a
rotating magnetic flux similar to the rotating flux in a
three-phase motor.
• Two perpendicular coils that have currents 90° out-
of-phase can generate the necessary rotating
magnetic fields which start the motor.
• Therefore, single-phase motors are built with two
perpendicular windings.

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 Types of single phase induction motors
Single Phase Induction Motor
• The phase shift is achieved by Single-phase induction motors are classified
connecting according to the auxiliary means used to start
– a resistance, the motor. They are classified as follows:
– an inductance, or • Split-phase motor
– a capacitance • Capacitor-start motor
in series with the starting winding. • Capacitor-start capacitor-run motor
• Most frequently used is a capacitor to • Permanent-split capacitor (PSC) motor
generate the starting torque.
• Shaded-pole motor
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Split-phase induction motor: Motor Characteristics:

• The split-phase induction motor is also known as a resistance-start motor. It
consists of a single-cage rotor, and its stator has two windings.
• The main winding and a starting (also known as an auxiliary) winding.
• Both the windings are displaced by 90° in space like the windings in a two-
phase induction motor. The main winding of the induction motor has very low
resistance and high inductive reactance.
• The starting torque of a resistance-start induction motor is about 1.5 times full-
load torque.
• The maximum or pull-out torque is about 2.5 times full-load torque at about
75% of synchronous speed.
• The split-phase motor has a high starting current which is usually 7 to 8 times
the full-load value.
Applications:
• Split-phase motors are most suitable for easily started loads where the
frequency of starting is limited, and these are very cheap.
• These motors are used in washing machines.
• These are used in Air conditioning fans.
• Used in food mixers, grinders, floor polishers, blowers, centrifugal pumps,
• These are used in small drills, lathes, office machinery, etc.
• Sometimes they are also used for drives requiring more than 1kW.

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Capacitor-start motor:
• The capacitor-start motor develops a much higher starting torque, i.e. 3.0 to Characteristics
4.5 times the full-load torque.
• To obtain a high starting torque, the value of the starting capacitor must be n m  0.1rpm 1rpm n sy

large, and the resistance of starting winding must be low. Because of the high 12
VAr rating of the capacitor required, electrolytic capacitors of the order of 250
µF are used. The capacitor Cs is short-time rated.
 
Tsm nm 10
Combined main and
• These motors are more costly than split-phase motors because of the additional N m starting windings
cost of the capacitor. generated torque
 
T m nm 8

N m
Starting winding
is disconnected
 
T nm 6

N m
Main winding
4
Tnom generated torque
N m
2
Operating Point
0
0 500 1000 1500
nm

rpm

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Applications: Two-Value Capacitor Motor

• These motors are used for heavy loads where frequent start
required.
• These motors are used for pumps and compressors, so
these are used as a compressor in the refrigerator and air
conditioner.
• They are also used for conveyors and some machine tools.
• This motor has a cage rotor, and its stator has two windings
namely the main winding and the auxiliary winding. The two
windings are displaced 90 in space.
• The motor uses two capacitors Cs and CR. In the initial stage,
the two capacitors are connected in parallel.

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 Permanent-split Capacitor (PSC) motor:
Applications: • These motors have a cage rotor, and its rotor consists of two windings
namely, the main winding and the auxiliary winding.
• The single-phase induction motor has only one capacitor C which is
connected in series with the starting winding.
• Two value capacitor motors are used for loads of higher
• The capacitor C is permanently connected in series with the starting
inertia that requires frequent start. winding.
• These are used in pumping equipment. • The capacitor C is permanently connected in the circuit at starting and
• These are used in refrigeration, air compressors, etc. running conditions.

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Advantages Shaded pole motor:

• In this type of motor, no centrifugal switch is required.
• A shaded-pole motor is a simple type of self-starting single-phase
• This motor has higher efficiency. induction motor. It consists of a stator and a cage-type rotor. The stator
• It has higher power-factor because of a permanently-connected capacitor. is made up of salient poles.
• It has higher pull-out torque. • Each pole is slotted on the side, and a copper ring is fitted on the
smaller part. This part is called the shaded pole.
Limitations of permanent-split capacitor motor: • The ring is usually a single-turn coil and is known as shading coil.
• Electrolytic capacitors cannot be used for continuous running. Therefore,
paper-spaced oil-filled type capacitors are to be used. Paper capacitors of the
same rating are larger in size and more costly.
• A single-value capacitor has a low starting torque usually less than full-load
torque.
Applications:
• These motors are used for fans and blowers in heaters.
• It is used in air conditioners.
• It is used to drive refrigerator compressors.
• It is also used to operate office machinery.

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 Shaded Pole Method Applications:
• When the supply is connected to the windings of the rotor, the alternating flux induces in the • Shaded-pole motors are used to drive devices which require low
core of the rotor. starting torque.
• The small portion of the flux link with the shaded coil of the motor because it is short-
circuited. • These motors are very suitable for small devices like relays, fans of
• The variation in the flux induces the voltage inside the ring because of which the circulating all kinds, etc. because of their low initial cost and easy starting.
current induces in it.
• The circulating current develops the flux in the ring which opposes the main flux of the • The most common application of these motors is in table fans,
motor. exhaust fans, hair dryers, fans for refrigeration and air-conditioning
• The flux induces in the shaded portion of the motor, i.e., a, and the unshaded portion of the equipment, electronic equipment, cooling fans, etc.
motor, i.e., b have a phase difference.
• The main motor flux and the shaded ring flux are also having a space displacement by an
angle of 90°.

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Thanks

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