Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology

BUDHGOAN, SANGLI.

A REPORT ON

MINI PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

SANTOSH RAMGONDA VHANANAVAR

SANDEEP RAJKUMAR MHETRE .

UNDER THIS GUIDANCE OF

PROF. P. T. PATIL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

 Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology
BUDHGOAN SANGLI.

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

MR. SANTOSH RAMGONDA VHANANAVAR. PRN NO. 2162691191570

MR. SANDEEP RAJKUMAR MHETRE. PRN NO.2162691191571

Sixth semester of Degree in Civil Engineering of P.V.P.I.T Sangli (6269) has

completed satisfactorily in subject Mini Project for the academic year 2022-23 as

prescribed in the curriculum.

Place : Budhgaon, Sangli

Date : SIGN OF
FACULTY

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT (MICRO PROJEC)

ACADEMIC YEAR :2022-23 INSTITUTE CODE : 6269
SUBJECT : Mini Project COURSE CODE : BTCV610

SEMISTER : VI NAME OF FACULTY : Prof .P.T.Patil.

ROLL NO: 3265 NAME ; SANTOSH RAMGONDA VHANANAVAR

DAY ACTIVITY

1 Created group with guidance of sir.

2 Issued the topic and selected the topic.

3 Visited library for reference book and magazine.
4 Collected / started surfing internet.
5 Collect all required data.

6 Started preparing report

7 Preparing report
 8 Preparing report.
9 We completed the report.
1O Started preparing the report.
11 Preparing the report with information.
12 We completed the report.
13 Showed the project to the sir and corrected all correction given by sir.
14 Completed the project and presentation.
15 Submitted file to teacher.

SIGN OF STUDENT SIGN OF FACULTY

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT (MICRO PROJEC)

ACADEMIC YEAR :2022-23 INSTITUTE CODE : 6269
SUBJECT : Mini Project COURSE CODE : BTCV610

SEMISTER : VI NAME OF FACULTY : Prof .P.T.Patil.

ROLL NO : 3267 NAME : SANDEEP RAJKUMAR MHETRE

DAY ACTIVITY

1 Created group with guidance of sir.

2 Issued the topic and selected the topic.

3 Visited library for reference book and magazine.
4 Collected / started surfing internet.
5 Collect all required data.

6 Started preparing report

7 Preparing report
8 Preparing report.
9 We completed the report.
 10 Started preparing the report.
11 Preparing the report with information.
12 We completed the report.
13 Showed the project to the sir and corrected all correction given by sir.
14 Completed the project and presentation.
15 Submitted file to teacher.

SIGN OF STUDENT SIGN OF FACULTY

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT (MICRO PROJEC)

ACADEMIC YEAR :2022-23 INSTITUTE CODE : 6269
12 Preparing the report with information.
13 We completed the report.
14 Showed the project to the sir and corrected all correction given by sir.
15 Completed the project and presentation.
16 Submitted file to teacher.

SIGN OF STUDENT SIGN OF FACULTY

Index
 Sr. No. Contends Page No.
INTRODUCATION
1 6

CONCLUSION
2 15

3 REFERENCE 16

INTRODUCATION

According to von Arx the amount of water distilled into the atmosphere
from the sea has been estimated by measuring the evaporation from pans of
water on shipboard, by meteorological measurements of the upward flux of
water vapour in the air above the sea, and by evaluating the successive terms
in the steady-state heat budget for the oceans.

It appears that a simpler and more direct method of evaporation

measurement is desirable. It is believed that the evaporimeter herein
described may be a helpful tool in evaporation studies.
There are many different types of pan and tank evaporimeters in use.
As standardization and proper exposure are two important factors for the
application of pan data, WMO, through its
Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation, set up a Working
Group to examine evaporation measurement.
What is Evaporation and How it Occurs?
 Before rainfall reaches the outlet of a basin as runoff, certain demands
of the catchment such as interception, depression storage and infiltration have to be
met. Besides these, evaporation and
transpirationprocesses transfer water to the atmosphere as water vapour
Evaporation from water bodies and the soil mass together with
transpiration from vegetation is called evapotranspiration (ET). That portion of
Precipitation which is not available as surface runoff is termed as "loss".
Evaporation is a cooling process-the latent heat of vaporization (~585 cal/g of
evaporated water) must be provided by the water body.

Rate of evaporation depends On

• Vapour pressures at the water surface and the air above
• Wind speed-Incident solar radiation
• Atmospheric pressure-Quality of water
• Air and water temperatures
• Size of the water body

EVAPORATION PAN

Description

The evaporation pan of this standard set is made of stainless

steel and has the dimensions of a "class A" evaporation
pan, namely 54 mm (0 inches) in height and 206 mm (47.5 inches) in
diameter. The evaporation pan is installed on the wooden support, which is
set and levelled on the ground in a grassy location, away
from bushes, trees and other obstacles which obstruct a natural air
 flow around the pan, thus representing open water in an open area

Fig 1: Evaporation Pan Daily the result of evaporation and

precipitation is measured within the still well, by means of a high
quality evaporation micrometer with a measuring range of 00 mm
and an accuracy of 0,02 mm. This accuracy can be obtained because the still
well prevents rippling of the water surface.
 Measuring principle

An evaporation pan provides a measurement of the

combined effect of temperature. humidity, wind speed and sunshine on
the reference crop evapo-transpiration ETO.

The principle of the evaporation pan is the following:

• The pan is installed in the field.

• The pan is filled with a known quantity of water (the surface area
of the pan is known and the water depth is measured)
• The water is allowed to evaporate during a certain period of time
(usually 24 hours). For example, each morning at 7 o'clock a
measurement is taken. The rainfall, if any, is measured
simultaneously.
• After 24 hours, the remaining quantity of water (ie. water depth)
is measured
• The amount of evaporation per time unit (the difference between
the two measured water depths) is calculated; this is the pan
evaporation: E pan (in mm/24 hours)
• The E pan is multiplied by a pan coefficient. K pan, to obtain the
ETO.

Formula: ETo=K pan x E pan

with:
ETO: reference crop evapotranspiration

K pan: pan coefficient

E pan: pan evaporation

If the water depth in the pan drops too much (due to lack of rain),
water is added and the water depth is measured before and after the water is
added. If the water level rises too much (due to rain) water is taken out of
the pan and the water depths before and after are measured

Determination of K pan

When using the evaporation pan to estimate the ETo, in fact, a

comparison is made between the evaporation from the water surface in the
pan and the evapo-transpiration of the standard grass. Of course the water in
the pan and the grass do not react in exactly the same way to the climate.
Therefore a special coefficient is used (K pan) to relate one to the other.

The pan coefficient, K pan, depends on:

• The type of pan used.
 • The pan environment: if the pan is placed in a fallow or
cropped area.
• The climate: the humidity and wind-speed.

For the Class A evaporation pan, the K pan varies between 0.35 and
0.85. Average K pan= 0.70.

o The K pan is high if

• The pan is placed in a fallow, • The humidity is high (i.e.

humid).
• The wind-speed is low.

o The K pan is low if

• Area the pan is placed in a cropped area.
• The humidity is low (i.e. dry).
• The wind-speed is high.

If the pan factor is not known the average value could be used

Example:
Type of pan: Class A evaporation pan
Water depth in pan on day = 50 mm
Water depth in pan on day 2=44 mm (after 24 hours)
Rainfall (during 24 hours)=0 mm K pan-0.75

Formula:
ETO-K panx E pan
 Calculation: E pan=50-44-6 mm/day
ETo-0.756-4.5 mm/day

Evaporation Stations
WMO recommends the following values of minimum density of
evaporimeters
- Arid Zones -1 station for every 30,000 sq.km
- Humid Temperate Zones - I station for every 50,000 sq km -
Cold regions - 1 station for every 1,00,000 sq.km

Procedure:
 • The pan rests on a carefully leveled, wooden base and is often
enclosed by a chain link fence to prevent animals drinking
from it.
• Evaporation is measured daily as the depth of water (in
inches) evaporates from the pan.
• The measurement day begins with the pan filled to exactly
two inches (5 cm) from the pan top.
• Evaporation readings are recorded in prospective table.
• At the end of 24 hours, the amount of water to refill the pan to
exactly two inches from its top is measured if want.

• The most common and obvious error is in daily rainfall events

of >55mm (203mm rain gauge) where the Class A
Evaporation pan will likely overflow.

• The less obvious, and therefore more concerning, is the

influence of heavy or intense rainfall causing spuriously high
daily evaporation totals without obvious over flow.

CONCLUSION
• An evaporation pan (University of Hawaii, or U. H. pan)
has been developed with a water level that remains at a
 constant level during both rainy and non rainy period s
Records are obtained from reading a gage on the outside
of a water supply tank holding to 2 months' supply. A
continuo us evaporation record can be obtained by using a
float recorder on the supply tank.
• The record obtained with the U.H. pan during non rainy
periods is the same as that obtained by a U.S. Weather
Bureau Class A (W.B.) pan, which has been recommended
as the international standard for panevaporation
measurement. During rainy periods, the U. H. pan records
approximately 6 percent lower evaporation than the W B.
pan. This difference can be largely accounted for from
findings that under Hawaii an conditions a pan intercepts
some 5 percent less rain than a rain gage.
• Differences in amounts of rainfall intercepted by a pan
and a rain gage may vary according to the circumstances
under which the rain falls. Findings in Hawaii may not
necessarily apply elsewhere. However, under Hawaii an
conditions the U.H. pan records evaporation more
accurately than the W .B. pan during rainy conditions.
• An error is introduced in evaporation measurement by the
V.H. pan during rainy periods, generally not exceeding
percent. A correction can readily be applied.
References
• https://web.archive.org/web/20070326160426/http://www
.engineering.usu.edu/url/a tlas/ch3/ch3overview.html
• "Irrigation Scheduling with Evaporation Pans". Archived from
the original on 2007- 02-25
• http://www.crh
noaa.gov/gid/local_Information/coop/evapStations/#/sec
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_evaporation
• http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/farmmanagement/soil-
and- water/irrigation/construction-of-anevaporation-pan-for-
irrigation-scheduling.