11 Mechanicaloleties o futat

The SubS taqe whith l o w s Koou as huids

Fut4s ar o} to Pe The 4T
) Liui4
) Ga
Hadostnties
Hasestattts is Ahe banth } *sis wth tas W te
Stuat o aoperties elatca to iuid at Te

Densi
Dense tsdehined as the MaSs Pesunit votume of homogen teu
Sub s tante
Mathemati (at,
Mass
Dansi Volume

c4sunit o}
-a )

DEmenslon J s
3 T

sa State Aanti
Re
( latve benst (r) Seijie Grani
Retative densit is Ahe atio btu en th e s i t ubstagce
to the wttta t '
at a
'ke empesaure densi
Maenatitau
4ens Substoagce at t
Retative tnsi
 T isa unttless
dimensto & tess uanti
Tisa Scaes uet

Sub SHary Ce Retatve Densit

Densiin/
KWahes at ye 13

Sea watts 1.03 x LoS 1.03

Human Blo0 106 x L L06

1 3as
(est dtnseA)
0 x (0
M&u
(HZKESA 48ense) 13. S8 x 10

Thru$t
Thrustis aa
0 mal yoTte with whith
ano ther in
abod Pushes
ba Contat wth t .
Thrust is atuaseenditulas to the asea
Thrust on Soti4 Susjate b the 3tuid ts
a
to the Athrust b e
eual a oppesitt
Sott 0n theut4
The hect o tust is Koow as
pve stuse
sessuse
ThTust pled unit aeaS Ko) a« Pre sture
So Mathemattan

S unit fsesurt m(o)

CGsaunit o essuTe is d'ne co2 fa.

1 Nm 10 d*t tm2
 Dmensio o Psestust i m L T
In case o Stes the oree Mat be omat 0 tantnttal one
put inCase Puse the forte murt be a nosmat doTe

:3
v e AM

Ph3r
From 4he above d{scusston i s cleared that Pessue
depen s
)Dsect On ha appieA foree (PF)
(te) Tovessi4 on he applied a a ( P x L
A

(E DisecA
the depth o heiht o ftuid (P«A)
tt Disect o the dntit tui. (pad1
0 accelato) qu Tavt
DirecH
()DrecH ( 4)
(a PressuTe is mMaximum h Sea leve because t maximam.
(a)
(b)Psessurse is 0 the Cente o3 he earth becau Se i s o

decreales as We move up oT
do udy Jsem the sea
(c) Pse sture

betause eceases.
ve
(a) There Ssuse Chanes
ae Move alonr a t{t becau
Chanthanes.

BaTo me te r and Mao me ter aD used to Measuoe the uoe

Sushace Tensie
The
Psopest o 4he St4it latd bvishe otwnith 4he he
Sushate o 4he ltutd behares 1Ke Strsetthed membane
a
ts Canea
Suhace ttn sto
Surhate ension ts due 4o he moet utas pate
Tthe
The
o 1uid
SusAate tenSio atas tt tanental to the Sus at

Let us Con sider a

ninar o
he length n on the Sersdaca
F The AangenAtal Tte at
dnhe Sugs
n , 4he Sursate Aen gton SusACR he
Aace o the
Ae ined ashe
angential oste pe Unit ka
Matht Mati( all
S

ST unit is N
unt s hem

3
 Dimensto i'T

Factos aec kio Sus ace Ten Son

Suhace en Sior stndependent o enthand asea the Sujate

Sus fate kent ion depends on the nause o id

when we add an
an 0anic Soyvent to a taid it urface ttsien

decseases
when w add inoan Solvents to a lkai4 tSusate 4esion
ncseaSes
Whe liutd Susiace
a Contaminates ith Anothes aid Cusdace
ttSuodace tension chane
AS We ineneast he tempesature of he lid the sasface tentisn
deceates
S

Sussace ene
enet
The erer* Stoed ina a i d mole.cuta on the Susgate o 4he

i s Calted Susface ena

aainst he jorte that isSus jate tgtion. The
11 worsk s done
Storea in th Susata Mole cutes o ui iS catted
enet
enesrt
Sutatteney
CosideT a liid
Susace len h and bseath b
he Sushaca en sion o he ai4
SS
S
Ab
 Wwodene b he iquid Sahace b displatn Ab
WFAb
SAb ( ron asion (1))
w- SA
whee Ab
asea o i i d Susface
Fn dedinitten oSutfate Entt (v)

U SAA

TheSurjace enes is minimun he h Sushace aTta is min imum

mon att toetital Shaes he sphest has mininym Sushau arta
So, the leqata atuats taKes a stheitas struetcrt to seduce its
Susface enet and becemeS stable
The Susgace tension he ttai4 heir the saraca to achteve a
Sphenta \ StSuttut
SL unit is Joule (T) .

binensten [o1
tT1t

Ex cess Tesu
Excess ust is Rated dueto Me dig4e-stn in a atmosphen
atmesphtze
PreSSurre ait Patssure
Sucdace tensien iS esponsib le Jor he txcess Pressut pSyt
nste 4he i d
Due to the ex tess Pre
aid taKes a
Sphetal
StctuOR
ExcessPstssust auas atts todards he Contave Sus face of
31

Atqutd dsop Sphertal Structut

a o Ai's
which iSuounded b} ai
i
ttaaia als inttfete
A ttquid drsa Sne
has a

tuid do p of ad iut (s)

Let us Conside a
T t 4

a Susdace tens ton of ' .

and ha
- he exess PessuT Pe sent On 4he Surfate o1 the t i

F9TT7P ()
Attosding 4o OoOKen" Atheom, th Change in Surtiace ene
che Suate due to 2qtsRase inadius bdr
equat to he
the Susjat
WOTK done b
AU WN

SAz-SA

f4r
s4T (s t4r) *-yTs)
S ( 1 7ds td ) p
smat antirt we can neaect d
AS dris a

s4s

Bubble
ExtessPessure in an As
Shape air ATU ATR
Atr bubbe i a SPhera
CuTbunded b uid.
has one uid aTineace.
a ais bubble ot
Let us Conside
Tadius 1)
The 1 i 4 aTbun he air has a Susgace tenston o

Let Extess eSsusee Pse Sent on the nttface .

fYT1 (1)
 AcCovdtng
AccoTdAo to woK- enerr 4ht0sm ht change in Susatt eng t
to he o
due to 4he intorase asius b dr seaa
b Ahe Sundate

+SA SA

AS d
Smat anAtt we Can eqteck A

Excess P-se SSure na Soap Bubble

A Soap bubble s cTRatt4 t a Soap
tlm in a Sthevitat Shape. AT
ATR
t has tuwe ui d air intevdate.
AS Soap bubble Made up e a seap -
w e Can asSume that
Soap
Ae Aq A iid

LetS Suhate Atnsion the SeaRtm

Exes essuTe Pt seAt n 4he Soap bub ble .
7P
A

(1
Th Sus hace e x t 3 the Soap bbbht is h Summation

o4 ine- Gur hace ene Tt an outt Sushate tnes

S A T t SA
U
SAtSA
SA
33
the chan t Sua jate nes
Atosdin wen enes7t theoo
dut to tneease insadius b doi euat to theworKdone
tht werk

bthe Surfate

aSi aSA
3s(A-A1) w

4IT(T t4)-4T) w'

3 TTSCstAr)* - r ) fds
7 t s ( t aT47 T - ' p4
we Ca netacf ds
AS A5ts a Smal: a g t i t
4s P
S

Capnasit 4he tiqui4

The oest the huta b ViTtue of which
oes Cestain hght a (atiilasy
ses to atS douw o
tube i Comfanson to the ovgina tevet e uid Catte
Cauat
to its
A tube o Ver ne
ye bove (Diameter) in Compartton
Called Capttas tube
1eths coSo
Rise o 1uid in a ainatub ScosO
ssine

Let us on ide a
Hht
taptntar tabe o adius()
s 4tPA a Aid
oSurface tention (S)
the
Dut Ho (apitia atuy
1d ises to a
heihno)
Thei d MaKs loncave a

mnsus o Tadus ()
S, he tpHa heght Tai sed b the ai4 is H ht

Liqaid MaKes a an e
ne o Congact with he Seti4 Sa
o
As
AS 4he
the
Susate ension acts tangentioar Ao the Su hate tt
SuTjate
Can be
Can
divided into ulo o4hogonal components '
e
S COs6 and S Sine
AS he S Sino (on ponen ts ar8e eal dnd 0pPosit Ao each Ohr
Athe Cantel Out
So 4heoe is aapwaTd ore tn the tube due to Cos
Due his upuad jorte he quid ises
he upwardorte F TTT coso
eutliboiur) 4he net u wand gorte is eaal to the
net downuard orte due tothe went o d Taised
in the tue

So F w

whee
denstt o 1at
VVolume o 1ui4 TaisA
n 4he ube
v Votune 6 ABeD indes-Volune ot
TsH AED hemispheve
VT1 /31)
TT (hAT -- /3T)
T (ht )
So we Can wte

FT (ht "%)r
2 tos o X' (ht2)

ht
35

2tos

A
AS h>> we tan
et %.
2S coS
h

The s e o1id ina Cantta ube depends on

The
Ct) nvettyn4ha
naKaatus o tapitia 4ube (
C) Tvesst t den iquid(h
( ) Iavesst sepeTkiona to the acceltsaAion aue t

(iv) Ch
Popo tonat to 4he
Susace tention of ttd
(Biec t he cosine of the angt(hs)
oAonalto the af tontociA
No (h Cose)
AS
Co CoSe is
neativeos Conve Miniscus thee s a att
iai in his Lase
1 theheiqht o 4he tube got Sucient oy carinAT TÍe
4her the Uuid tit
adjust tse in he Ca utay tub b
adjustinits isus and angle o} Centact GinseAsin ana
oContatt
whe a bi1t7 droop
when Tadfus (R) s ConverA nto umbes
droplets o adius ( ) Ahen V VVA
/ , TR
R R N3

Chaein Suha enes (os) wsnK A

0 Ub