MOTHERMAJERI

PRIMARY
SCHOOL
P.4
SCIENCE
LESSONNOTES
FOR
TERMONE.

1
 MOTHERMAJERIPRI
MARYSCHOOL
P.
4SCI
ENCEL
ESSONNOTES FOR2020

CL
ASSI
FICATI
ONOFPL
ANTS
PL
ANTS

Fl
ower
ingPl
ant
s Non-
Flower
ingPl
ant
s

Monocot
s Di
cot
s Spor
ePr
oduci
ng Coni
fer
s(SeedPr
oduci
ng)

Nonfl
oweri
ngpl
ant
s
PL
ANTLIFE

1.Whatar enon- fl
oweringpl
ants?
 Nonflower ingplant
sareplantst
hatd
onotbearf
lower
s
coni
fer
s
f i
r
 cedar
 pines
 cypres s
 podo
spor
eproducing
f erns
 mos ses
liverwor ts
 horset ai
ls

FL
OWERINGPLANTS
Fl
ower
ingpl
ant
sarepl
ant
sthatbearf
lower
s

EXAMPL
ESOFFL
OWERI
NGPL
ANTS
2
  Beanplant
 Peasplant
 Maizeplant
 Groundnutspl
ant
 Mil
letplant
r i
ceplantetc

Par
tsofaf
lower
ingpl
ant
.

SYSTEMSOFAFL OWERINGPL ANT

2.Thef l
oweri
ngplanthastwosyst
emsnamel
y:
a)Shoots yst
em
b)Roots ys
tem
Rootsystem.
Partoftheplantt
hatgrowsdownwar
dint
othes
oil
.

Par
tsoftherootsyst
em
 Taproot
 Rootcap
 Roothai
r
L at
eralroot
s

ROOTS
1.
Thi
sist
hepar
tofapl
antwhi
chgr
owsi
nthes
oil
.

3
 2.At r
uer oots ys temd evelopsf r
omt her adicleoftheembr yo.
I
mpor tanceofr oot st opl ants
 Root shol dt heplantfirmlyintothes oi
l.
 Root sabs or bwat erandmi neralsaltsf romthes oil.
 Somepl ant ss toref oodf ort her oot s.E.
g.cas s avaroots
,sweetpot
ato
roots,car r otr ootsetc.
I
mpor tanceofr oot st oman
a)Somer oot spr ovidemanwi thf ood .e.g.Cass av a,Sweetpot
atoesand
Car rots.
b)Somer ootsar eus edasher balmed icine.
c)Somer oot sar eus edtomak ecr aftitems .
d
)Root sar eus edaswoodf uel
e)Somer oot sar esoldtogetmoney
Note:
Rootst hats tor ef oodar ecalledroottuber s.
Typesofr oot s
o pr imar yr oot s
os econd ar yroots
PRIMARYROOTS
Whatar epr imar yr oot s?
Primaryr ootsar er ootsthatd evelopfr omt heradi
cle.

EXAMPLESOFPRIMARYROOTS
 Taproot
F i
brousroot
s

TAPROOT
Thes
earer
ootsfromwhi
chl
ater
alr
oot
sdev
elop
Structur
eofataproot

4
Exampl esofpl antswi tht apr oots
a) Beanpl ant s
b) Soy a
c) Gr oundnut s
d) Mangot r ees
e) Tomat oes
f) Guav at r ee
Functionsofpar t
sofr oots
a.Root hai r
Toabs or bwat erandmi neralsalt
s
b.Rootcap
Topr ot ectthet i
poft her oot.
c)L at
er alr oot
Hol d st hepl anti ntot hes oil
NOTE
Pri
mar yr oot sared iv i
dedi ntotwor oots
yst
ems
 Tapr oots ystem
F i
br ousr oots ystem
Activity
Dr awt her oots ys temsabov e
Fi
br ousr oot s
o Thi si sat ypeofr oots yst
emwher et
her
ear
emanyr
oot
sgr
owi
ngr
and
oml
y.
. Ther ei snomai nr oot .
o Theyd on’ tgod eepi ntot hegr ound .
Structur eoff i
brousr oots

Ex
ampl
esofplant
swi
thf
ibr
ousr
oot
s
 Mai
z e
 Sorghum
 Sugarcane
 Mi
ll
et
 Ri
ce.
5
  Wheat
.
 Oat
s.

Second aryr oots

Thes earer ootsthatd evel
opf romthes temsorl eavesofapl
ant
Second aryr ootsaresubd ivid
edintot wo:
 Ad vent i
ti
ousr ootsb
 Aer ialr oots
AERIALROOTS
Thes earer ootsthatappearabov ethegr oundeg
 Pr opr oots
 Clas pi ngroots
 But tres sroots
 St i
ltr oots
 Br eat hingroot s
PROPROOTS
1.Theyd ev elopf romnod esnearthegr oundl ev
el.
Whati sthemai nfunct i
onofpr opr oot
s ?
Thesear er ootswhichgiv eextr
as uppor tt
opl ant
s.
Examplesofpl antswi t
hpr oproots:
 Mai ze
 Sor ghum
 Sugarcane
 millet
r ice
 wheat
 elephantgr asset c.

St
ruct
ureofpr
opr
oot
s

6
 Storager oot s/Roott uber s
Theseares wol lenund ergroundr
oot
swi
ths
tor
edf
ood
.
Examplesofst orager oots:
 Cas sav a
 Sweetpot atoes
 Car rot s
 beetr oot
r oott ur nip
 Swed es
s ugarbeet
 whi t
ey ams
 pars nips
d ahlia
Structuresofst orageroot s

Shootsyst
em
1.
Partofthepl
antt
hatgr
owabov
ethegr
ound
.

Par
tsfoundont heshootsy
stem.
 Stem, F r
uit,
L eaves, F l
ower ,
L ateralbuds
,  Node.
 Terminalbud, Internodes

THELEAVESOFAPL
ANT
Par
tsofaleaf

7
 Functi
onsofsomepart
sofaleaf
Midvei
n
 Tr
ans
port
swaterandmineralsal
tsf
romthel
eafst
alkt
othel
eaf
.
 Tr
ans
port
sstarchf
romt heleaft
othel
eafst
alk
.

Veins
 Di st
r i
but eswat erandmi neral s
alt
sintheleaf
Leafstalk
Transpor t
ss t
ar cht ot hel owerpar tsoftheplant
 Trans portswat ert ot hel eaf.
Itat tachest hel eaft ot hes t
em
Stomata
Iti sus edf orbr eat hing.
Ithel psi nt rans pir
at ion
LAMINA
Makesfood
Usesofl eavest oapl ant
L eavesmak es tarch
o Pl antss tor efoodi nk leaves
L eaveshel pt hepl antt obreathe
L eavescar ryoutt rans pi
rati
on.
 Somel eavesar eus edf orpropagati
one.gbryophy
ll
uml
eaf
.

Not
e:
Themai
nfunct
ionofal
eaft
oapl
anti
stomak
efood
.

Usesofl
eavestoman
 Someleavesar
eusedasfood .
 Someleavesar
eusedasherbalmedi
cinetocur
edi
seas
e.
 Someleavesar
eusedtothatchhous
es .
 Theyareusedt
omulchgardens.
8
  Somel eav escanbeus edasd ecorati
ons
 Somel eav escanbeus edi nmakingcraftmater i
als.
 Somel eav escanbeus edascos t
umesi .
e.culturaldancesl
ik
eImbal
udance.
Plant
st hatst or efoodi nthei rleaves
 Cabbages
 Oni ons
 Sisal plant s
 Gar li
c
 Aloev er a
PROCESSESTHATTAKEPL ACEI NL EAVES
 Tr ans pirat i
on
 Phot osynt hes is
TRANSPI RATI ON
Transpirat ioni st hepr oces sbywhi chpl ant
sl osewat er infor
mofvapourt ot
he
atmospher e
Anexper imentt oshowt hatpl antslosewat er
REQUIREMENTS
 Trans par entpol y
thenepaper
 Plantund ers unshine
 Rubberband
STEPS
 Wr apapol y
thenepaperar oundas hoot
 Tiear ubberbandt opr ev enttheescapeofv apour
L eav ei tt heref ortwohour s
 Obs er vet heinsidethepol yt
henepaper

Resul
ts
Dropsofwateraref oundontheinsi
deofthepoly
thenepaper.
I
mportanceoftranspirati
ontoplant
s
 Transpi
rat
ionhelpst ocoolt
heplant
s
 Transpi
rat
iongivesr oomforthepl
antt
oabs or
bmor ewater
.

9
 IMPORTANCEOFTRANSPI RATI ONTOTHEENVI ROMENT
I
thelpsinr ainf ormation
DANGERSOFTRANSPI RATION
I tleadst owi l
t i
ng
I tlower scropy i
elds
FACTORSTHATAFFECTTHERATEOFTRANSPI RATION
 Temper at ure:
Whent emper aturei shight ranspir
ati
onishi ghandwheniti
slowitl
owers
 Humi di
ty
Whenhumi dit
yi shight ranspirati
onIlowandwheni tisl
owtranspi
rat
ioni
shi
gh
 Sizeoft hel i
fe
Asmallleafl osesl esswat ert hanabigleaf
 Wind
Whent hes peedofwi ndi shight r
anspir
at i
onishigh
 sunlighti ntensity
Br
ightlightf romt hes uni ncreasestr
ans pir
ation

HOWPLANTSCONTROLTHERATEOFTRANSPI
RATI
ON
 Bysheddingl
eaves
 Bydevelopi
ngthorns
 Bydevelopi
ngneedlel
ik
eleav
es
 Byf
oldingthei
rleaves
 Bydevelopi
ngalayerofwax

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Phot
osynthesi
sisthepr
ocessbywhichpl
antsmak
est
arch.
 Phot
omeansl i
ght
 Synt
hesismeanstomake
 Thefoodmadeduri
ngphotos
ynthes
isisst
arch.

Cond
iti
onsnecessaryforphot
osynt
hesi
s:
 Chlor
ophyll
 Sunli
ght.
Rawmateri
alsofphotosynt
hesi
s
 Water
 Carbondioxi
de
10
Requirement sf orphotosy nthesis
 Chl or ophy ll
 Sunl i
ght
 Wat er
 Car bond ioxide
Thepr oduct sofphot osynthesis.
 Star ch -endpr oduct
 Ox ygen -bypr oductgivenoff
Chlorophy l
l:
 Thi sist hegr eencolour i
ngmat terfoundinleaves.
I tsmai nf uncti
onist otraps unli
ghtenergyfr omthesun.
Water
Combineswi thcar bondioxidetofor mstarch.
Carbond ioxide:
Thisgaspas s esthrought hes mallhol
esonal eafcalleds
t omat
a.
Carbond i
ox idecombineswi thwat ertofor mst
ar ch.
Sunli
ght
Itsplit
swat erintohyd r
ogenandox ygen

I
mpor tanceofphot osy nthesistoplant s.
Plantsgetfoodf romphot osynt
hes i
s.
I
mpor tanceofphot osy nthesistoani mals.
 Animalsgetf oodf romphot osynthes i
s.
 Animalsgetox ygenf r
omphot os y
nt hesi
s.
Impor t
anceofphot osy nthesi
st otheenvi ronment
.
Itreducescar bond ioxid
ei ntheatmos phere.
TYPESOFL EAVES.
 Simpleleaves
 Compoundl eav es.
Simpleleaves
As i
mpleleafisal eafwi thonel eafletononel eafstal
k
Examplesofsi mpleleaves:
 Simpleser r
atedl eaf
 Simpleent i
releaf
 Simplepalmat eleaf
 Simplelobbedl eaf.
11
 s i
mpledi
git
ateleaf.
s i
mpledi
vi
d edenti
releaf
.
St
ruct
uresofsimpleleaves

Si
mpl
eent
irel
eaf
. Si
mpl
epal
mat
eleaf

Si
mpl
eser
rat
edl
eaf. Si
mpl
eLobbedl
eaf
.

si
mpl
edi
git
ate
Si
mpl
edi
vi
ded

Compoundleaves
Acompoundleafisaleafwithmanyl
eaf
let
sononeleafs
tal
k
Not
e:
Thel
eafbladeiscomplet
elydi
vid
edtof
ormleaf
let
s.

Ex
amplesofcompoundleaves:
 Compoundtr
ifol
iat
e

12
  Compoundpi
nnate
 Compoundbi
pinnat
e

Str
ucturesofcompoundl
eaves
Compoundtri
fol
iat
e.

CompoundBi
pinnat
e.

Compoundpi
nnat
e.
.

LEAFVENATI ON
Leafvenati
onisthear r
angementofv
einsi
naleaf.
Typesofleafvenation
 Net
wor kVenation
 Par
allelVenat
ion
Thenetwor kvenati
on
I
nnet wor
kv enati
ont hevei
nsmakeanetlik
estr
uctur
e

13
Examplesofpl antswithnetworkveins.
o Beans
o Peas
o Hi biscusplant.
o Gr oundnuts
o Mangopl antandmanyt r
eeplants.
Thepar all
elvenation
I
npar al
lelv enat
ionveinsrunfromthestal
ktot
heapex

Ex
amplesofplantswi
thpar
all
elvei
ns
 Maize
 Sugarcane
 Mill
et
 Wheat
 Rice
 Elephantgr
asset
c.

STEMS:
Thesear epartsofaf l
ower ingpl antwi thbuds.
Functi
onsofast emt opl ants
I thol d
spl antsl eavesandbr anches .
I ttranspor tswat erandmi ner alsaltsfromrootstotheleav es
.
I ttranspor tsf oodf roml eavest oot herpart
softhepl ant.
 Somepl antss toref oodi ns temse. g.sugar
cane,ginger,y
ams ,i
rishpot
atoet
c.
 Gr eens temsmak ef oodf ort hepl ant.
1.Usesofst emst oman
 Manys temsar eus edasf uel.
 Somear eus edasher balmed i
cine.
 Somes temsar eus edasf ood .e.g.Sugarcanes,Gingerplant,I
ri
shpotat
oes,et
c
 Somes temsar eas ourceoft imber.
 St emsar eus edaspol es .
14
  Somes
temsar
esol
dtogetmoney

Par
tsofast
em

o Terminalbudisthegr
owi ngti
pofapl ant.
o Thelateralbudcangrowi nt
oabr anchorflower.
o Anod eisthepartofas t
emwher eal eafi
sf i
xed.
o Aninternodeisthedi
stance(regi
on)betweent wosucces
siv
enod
es.

Note:Anax ilisas pacebetweeneachl eafandthestem.

TYPESOFSTEMS
o Upr ights tem/er ectstem
o Und ergr ounds tems
o Weaks t ems .
Upri
ght/erectst ems
Theyares t
rongs temsthatar eabletos t
andupri
ghtwithoutanys
uppor
t
Examplesofpl ant swithUpr i
ght/erectstems:
o Treese.gMuv uleetc.
o Jackfruits
o Mangoes
o Maizeetc.

Weakst ems.
Thesear es t
emswhi chcannotsupportthemselvesupr
ight
.
Id
entifythet wogr oupsofweaks t
ems
 Climbings tems
 Creepi ngs tems
CLIMBINGSTEMS
Theyar eweaks t
emsthatenablethemt ocli
mb
Whyd opl antscl i
mbot her
s.
o Pl ant scli
mbot herstogetenoughs unli
ght.
oF ors upport
15
Howweakstemsclimbot hers.
 Byuseoftend r i
lse.g.passi
onf rui
ts,peaplantandsomebeanset
c.
 Bytwini
nge. g.s omey ams
,s omebeans .Mor ni
ngglor
ymoneyplant
,guar
d,oi
lnut
s,
l
oofahpumpk inscucumberv anil
la.
 Byuseofhook s&t hornse.g.bougainvil
lea
Str
ucturesthathel ppl ant
swi thweakst emst ocl
imb
 Tendril
s
 Hooksort horns
I
ll
ust
rat
ionofclimbi ngstems

CREEPINGSTEMS.
Theseares temsthatrunalongtheground
.
Examplesofpl ant
swi t
hcreepingst
ems.
 Wat ermelon
 Pumpk i
ns
 Sweetpot atoes
 Cucumber
 Strawber ry

I
ll
ust
rat
ionofcr
eepi
ngst
ems.

UNDERGROUNDSTEMSORSTORAGESTEMS.

16
Thesearestemsthatmai nl
ygrowunder
ground.
Typesofundergroundst ems
o Stemt uber
s
o Bulbs
o Rhizomes
o Corms
STEMTUBERS
o Thes
ear es wol
lenundergr
oundstemswit
hst
oredf
ood
.
o Weeatthemasf ood.

Ex
ampl
esofstemtuber
s:
a) Iri
shpot
atoes.

St
ruct
uresofs
temt
uber
s

St
em

Scal
yleav
es

BUL
BS
o Abulbisanunder
groundstem.
oF oodinabulbi
sstoredi
nthefles
hyl
eav
es.
o Bulbshaveadv
enti
ti
ousroots.

Ex
ampl
esofbul
bs:
17
  Onions
 Garli
c
L eek
 Shall
ots

Abul
bofanoni
on

F
oli
agel
eav
es

Scal
yleav
es

 Bud s–Dev elopintoas hoots yst

em
 scal yleaves–pr otectthefleshyleav
es
f oliagel eaves– Tr ansportswat erandmineralsalt
sfr
om t
her
oot
stot
he
leav es.
 stem -hol dst heleaves
 stor ageleaves/f leshyleaves-sorethemadefood.
 Ad ventiti
ousr oots–Abs orbwaterandmineralsal
ts

RHI
ZOMES
o Arhiz
omeisahor i
zontalundergrounds t
em.
o Rhi
zomesdevelopadventi
ti
ousr oots.
o Rhi
zomesstorefoodinthestem.
o Anexampl
eofar hizomeisginger,cannal
il
y,
tur
mer
ic

St
ruct
ureofar
hiz
ome

18
CORMS:
o Acor mi sas hortver t
icalundergr
oundstem.
oI ti
ss wol l
enwi t
hst oredf ood
oI thass caleleaves
, lateralbudsandadv
entit
iousr
oot
s.
Ex
amplesofcor ms:
 Coco- yams
 Cr ocus
 gladiolus

STRUCTUREFORCOCOYAMS

THEFLOWER
 Afloweri
sar eprod
uct
ivepartofaplant
.
 Themainfuncti
onofaflowerisforr
eproduct
ion

Par
tsofaf
lower

19
FUNCTI
ONSOFTHEPARTSOFAFL OWER.
Sepal
s
 Theyprotecttheflowerwhenst
il
linabuds
tage.
 Theymakef oodfortheplant
.
Note
Agr
oupofs epalsiscal
ledcaly
x

Petals
 Petal
sat tr
actpolli
nat
ors
 Theyar ecolouredpar
tsofaf l
ower
.
Note
Agr oupofpet al
siscall
edcoroll
a.
Fi
lament
 Holdstheant heri
npos i
ti
on.
Anthers
 Produceands t
orepol
lengrai
ns.

St
igma
 Receiv
espollengr
ains.
St
yle
 Holdsthest
igmainposi
ti
on.
 Joinsthes
tigmatotheovary
I tpass
espollengr
ainst
ot heov
ary
.

Ovar
y
 Producesovul
es
 Storesovul
es
I ti
swher ef
erti
li
zat
iont
akespl
acei
naf
lower

Fl
owerstal
k
 Thestal
kat
tachest
hef
loweront
hes
temorbr
anch
20
 .
Recept
acles
I thold
st heovar
y,nect
ari
es,
sepal
s,
andpet
als
.
I tproducesnect
ar

THEPI
STILANDSTAMEN
ThePi
sti
l/
carpel
Thi
sisthefemal
epar
tofaf
lower
.

Part
sthatmakeupthepi
sti
l:
 Sti
gma
 Styl
e
 Ovary
Str
uctur
eoft hePi
sti
l

TheStamen
Thi
sisthemal
epar
tofaf
lower
.

Part
sthatmakeupthestamen:
 Anther
F il
ament
Thestr
uctureoft
hestamen

21
REPRODUCTIVECEL L
SI NPLANTS
Howdowecal leachofthefol
lowi
ngr
epr
oduct
ivecel
lsi
npl
ant
s?
F emalecell
s:Ov ul
es
 Malescell
s:Pollengrai
ns

POLLI
NATI ON
Poll
inat
ionist
het
rans
ferofpol
lengr
ainsf
romt
heant
her
stot
hes
tigmaofaf
lower
ontheplant.

Agent
sofpoll
inati
on:
Thesear
ethingsres
pons
ibl
efort
het
rans
ferofpol
lengr
ainst
othes
tigma.

Agent
sofpoll
inati
on
o Wind
o Runningwat
erorflowingwater
o Animals
o Bir
d s
oinsects(was
ps,bees,butt
erf
lies
,mot
h)

Ty
pesofpol
li
nation
o Self
-pol
li
nation
o Crosspoll
inati
on

Sel
fpolli
nation
 Self-
pol l
inati
onisthetrans
f erofpol
lengrai
nsfromtheant
herstothes
tigmaof
thes amef lower
.
F lowerst hatundersel
f-
poll
inati
onhavefi
lament
stal
lert
hanthest
yle.

22
EXAMPLESOFPL ANTSTHATUNDERGO SEL
FPOL
LINATI
ON
 Beans
 Groundnut
s
 Mangoes
 Oranges
 Cowpeasetc

DI
AGRAMSHOWI
NGSEL
FPOL
LINATI
ON

Cr
oss-poll
inati
on
 Cr os
s -
poll
inat
ioni
sthetransf
erofpol l
engrai
nsf r
omtheantherofonefl
owert
o
thes ti
gmaofanotherfl
owerond i
fferentpl
ant
sbutoft hes
amek i
nd.
F lowersthatundergocrosspol
li
nationhavefi
lamentss
hort
erthanthest
yles
.

EXAMPL ESOFPLANTSTHATUNDERCROSSPOL
LINATI
ON
 Maiz
e
 Passi
onfr
uit
 Coconut
 Pawpaw
DIADRAMSHOWI NGCROSSPOLLINATI
ON

23
Characteri
sti
csofi nsectpol l
inatedf lower s.
 Havebr ightlycol ouredpet als
 Havenect ar
 Havegoods mell/scentPr od ucef ewpol len
 Produces tick ypollengr ains
Characteri
sti
csofwi ndpol l
inatedf lower s.
 Produceal otofpol l
engr ains
 Haved ullpet als
 Havenonect ar
 Nos mell/s cent
 Thepol l
engr ainsar elight
Importanceoff l
ower st oman
F l
ower sar eus edford ecor ationonv ariousf unct
ions
.
 Somef lower sar eus edinmak i
ngofper f umes.
 Somef lower sar eus edint hemak ingofi nsecti
cid
ese.g.Py
ret
hrum.
 Theyar eus edt omak ed yes .
 Somef lower sar eas our ceoff ood .
ITi sgi
v enasgi fts
 Theyar eus edt opayl astr es pectt othed ead

I
mport
anceofflowerstothepl
ant
Fl
ower
sproducefrui
tsandseed
sthathel
pinr
epr
oduct
ion
Somefl
ower
ss t
orefood

FERTI
LIZATION
oF er t
il
iz
ati
oni
stheunionofthefemal
eandmaler
epr
oduct
ivecel
lst
ofor
maz
ygot
e.
oF er t
il
iz
ati
oni
nplant
st ak
esplacei
ntheovar
y.
24
 oI nf loweringplants,themalegametesar ethepoll
engrai
nsandthef
emal
egamet
es
ar
et heovules.
o Af terfertil
izat
ion,thesty
lediesandfall
soff
Note:Af terferti
liz
ation,theovulesdevelopintoseedsandtheovaryd
evel
opsi
ntoa
fr
uit.
Fertil
iz
ationtakesplaceintheOVARY

AFRUIT
Afr
uitisaferti
li
zedovary
I
mportanceoffruit
st oapl
ant
 Protectseeds
 Helpinscatt
eringofseed
s

I
MPORTANCEOFFRUI TSTOMAN
 Theyaresoldtogetmoney
 Theyeatenasfood
SEEDS
 As eedi
saf ert
il
izedmat
ureOvule.
 As eedd
evelopsintoanewplantcall
eds
eed
li
ng

I
mport
anceofseedst oman
 Theyar
eus edforpropagati
on.
 Weeatseedse.g.Beans ,
maiz
egr ai
n,gr
oundnut
s,et
c.
 Someseedsareus edtomaked ecor
ati
ons.
 Theyar
eus edasher balmed
ici
ne.

Ty
pes/Classesofseed s
 Dicot
yled
onouss eeds(di
cot
s)
 Monocotyl
edonouss eed
s(monocot
s)
Di
cotyl
edonousseeds
o Theseareseedswi t
ht wocot
yled
ons.
o Dimeanstwo.

Ex
ampl
esofDicotyl
edonousseed
s:
1. Beanseeds 2. Peaseeds
3. Groundnutseeds 4. Soyabeanseed
s

25
5. Coffeeseeds 6. Mangos eeds
7. Avocadoseeds 8. Or angeseeds
9. Pumpkinseed
s 10. Watermelonseed
s
11. Oi
lnuts 12 Sims
im

Ex
ter
nalpar
tsofabeanseed
.

I
nter
nalpar
tsofabeanseed

Functionsofpar tsofabeanseed
Testa/seedcoat
I tprot ectst heinnerpar t
sofas eed
MicroPy l
e
I Tallowsox ygenandai randwat erintoas eedduri
nggerminati
on.
Cotyledon
I tstor esf oodf ortheembr yoind i
cots.
Note:Dur i
ngger minati
on, t
hecot yl
edonpr ovi
desf oodtotheembryo.
Radicle
I tdev elopsi ntoar ootsystemd uri
ngger minati
on
Plumule
I tgrowsi ntot hes hootsystemd uri
ngger minati
on.
EMBRYO
I tgrowsi ntoas eedli
ng

26
 Itismad eupoft woparts
:plumuleandr
adi
cle
Monocotyledonousseeds
o Thes ear eseed
swi t
honecot yl
edon.
o Monomeansone
Exampl
esofmonocot yl
edonousseeds:
 Maiz e
 Mill
et
 Sor ghum
 Rice
 Whea
 Bar l
ey
 Oat s
 Rye

Ex
ter
nalpar
tsofamai
zegr
ain

Thei
nter
nalpar
tsofamai
zegr
ain

Functionsofpar t
sofamai zegrain
Testa/seedcoat
I tprotectst
heinnerpartsofas eed
Cotyledon
 Abs orbsandsuppl
iesfoodfromt heendosper
mtotheembr
yo
Radicle
I tdevelopsi
ntoaroots y
s t
emd uringger
minat
ion
Plumule
27
 Itgrowsi
ntotheshoots
yst
emdur
inggermi
nat
ion.
End
osper
m
Itstor
esfoodfort
heembry
oinmonocot
s

St
alkscar
I tat
tachest
hegr
aint
oacob

Differ encebet weenmonocot sandd

icots.
Dicot yled onous Monocot yl
ed onous
1.Hav et wocot yl
edons -Hav eonecot yl
edon
Mos tDi cot yl
ed onousseeds Mos t
-Monocot sund ergo
und er goepi gealgermi
nati
on hypogealger minati
on
3.St oresf oodi nthecoty
ledon. -Storesf oodi nthe
4.Hav et apr oots ys
tem end osperm.
5.Hav enet wor kvei
ns -Hav efibrousr oots y
s t
em
-Hav eparallelveins

GERMINATI ON
 Ger mi
nationist hegrowi
ngofaseedi
ntoay
oungpl
ant
.
 Ay oungpl antiscall
edaseed
li
ng.
Typesofger minat i
on
o Epigeal ger mi
nation
o Hy pogealger minati
on.

Epi
gealgerminat
ion:
 Epigealgermi
nati
onisat y
peofgermi
nat
ionwher
ethecot
yled
onscomeoutoft
he
soil
.
Anill
ustrat
ionofepigealger
minat
ion.

28
 Ex
amplesofseed sthatcar
ryoutepi
gealger
minat
ion.
 Beanss eeds
 Soyabeans eeds
 Groundnuts eeds
 Coffees eeds
 Oranges eed s
 Mangopl ants
 Pumpkins eeds
 Watermel onseeds
 Cowpeas

St
agesi
nepi
gealger
minat
ion

Hypogealgerminat
ion
1. Hypogealgerminati
oni sat y peofgermi
nationwherethecot
yled
onr
emai
ns
und
erground.
2. Al lmonocotyl
edonouss eed
scar ryouthy
pogealgermi
nat
ion.
Anill
ustrat
ionofhy pogealgerminat
ion.

Ex
ampl
esofseed
sthatcar
ryouthy
pogealger
minat
ion.

29
  Maizeseeds
 Sorghums eeds
 Mi
lletseeds
 Wheats eeds
 Ri
ces eeds
 Oatsseed s
 Mango
 Grampeas
 Ki
dneybeans

St
agesi
nhy
pogealger
minat
ion

Cond
iti
onsneededforaseedtoger
minat
e
 Wat
erormoistur
e
 Oxy
gen
 Warmt
h.

I
mpor
tanceoft
hecond
iti
onsneed
edf
orger
minat
ion

a.Water
Itsoftenst
hecoty
led
ons.
Itdi
s s
olves f
oodint
hecoty
led
onf
ort
heembr
yot
ous
e.

b.Oxygen
 Helpsi
nr espi
rati
on
c.Warmth
 Provi
desopt i
mumtemper
atur
eforcel
lacti
vi
ty.
QN:Whi
chpartofairisgivenof
fduri
ngger
minat
ion
30
car
bond
iox
ide

EXPERI
MENTSABOUTTHECONDI
TIONSNECESSARYFORGERMI
NATI
ON

a.Requi
rements
 Seeds
I ce
 Cottonwool
 Testtubes
 Boil
edwater

STEPS
 Getfourtesttubesandmarkonthem1-4
 Testtubei
 Placeapieceofd r
ycott
onwoolatthebott
omandputi
nsomeseed
s
 Putthetesttubeinawar mplacesothats
eed
scangetenoughwormt
h.ai
rbutno
water

Testt
ubeii
 Placewetcott
onwoolatt
hebott
omandsomeseeds
 Addcoolboi
ledwat
er.t
henpouralay
erofoi
lontop

Testt
ubeiii
 Putwetcottonwoolint
het
esttubeandputinseeds
 Placethet
es tt
ubeinawar
mplaceforseedstogetwat
er,
ai
randwar
mth

Testt
ubeiv
 Putwetcott
onwoolwit
hsomeseed
sint
estt
ubes
 Puti
ceblocksi
nthetes
ttube

Anil
lust
rationoncondi
ti
onsneededforgermi
nati
ontotakeplace
a) Tes ti
ngf orwat
erwhetheri
tisnecess
aryforger
minati
on.
Theex peri
mentabov
ehasox y
gen,warmthwit
houtwater.Sothes
eed
swi
llnot
ger
minate.

31
b)Test
ingf
orox
ygenwhet
heri
tisnecess
aryf
orger
minat
ion.

Theexper
imentabov
ehaswat
er,warmthwithoutai
r.Sot
hes eed
swi
llnotger
minat
e.
c)Test
ingforwarmthwhet
heri
tisnecessar
yf orgermi
nat
ion.

The ex
perimentabove haswat
er,ox
ygen wi
thoutwar
mth.So t
he s
eed
swi
llnot
germi
nate.
d) Tes ti
ngongerminat
ion.

Theex
per
imentabov
ehaswat
er,
oxy
genandwar
mth.Sot
hes
eed
swi
llger
minat
e.

OBSERVATI
ON
 Aft
er3d ay
stheseed
sintesttubes3germinat
ed
 Theseed
sintheot
hertes
ttubesd i
dnotger
minate

CONCL
USI
ION

32
 Intestt
ube3allt
hecondi
tionwerepres
ent.
 So,
foraseedt
ogerminat
e,allt
hecondi
ti
onsmus
tbepr
esent
.

Seedvi
abil
it
y
Thi
sistheabil
it
yofs
eed
stoger
minat
ewhenal
ltheneces
sar
ycond
iti
onsar
epr
esent

VI
ABLESEEDS
Vi
abl
es eed
sar eseedsthatcangermi
nat
ewhenneces
sar
ycond
iti
onsar
epr
esent
.
Qual
it
iesofviabl
eseeds
 Seedsshouldbematureanddry
 Seedsshouldbenothaveholes
 Shouldnotbebroken
 Shouldnotberott
en
 Shouldbeofgoodqualit
y

Whatisseedd ormancy ?
Seeddormancyisacond it
ionwhentheseedd
oesnothav
etheneces
sar
ycond
iti
onst
o
germi
nate,
FACTORSTHATL EADTOSEEDDORMANCY
 Br okens eeds
 Damageds eeds
 Unheal thys eeds
 Pr ematures eeds
 Hol esins eeds
ENDOFTOPI CREVI SIONEXERCI
SE.

1.Giveoneex ampleofad i
cotyledonouss eed.
2.Whatnamei sgivent othef oll
owing?
a.Malepar tofaf lower .
b.Femalepar tofaf l
ower .
3.Howi schlorophy l
limpor t
antd uri
ngphot os
y nt
hesis
?
4.Whyd oesas eedplantedins oilwhichi scov er
edinicef
ailt
ogermi
nate?
5.Howar eleav esofabeanpl antd i
fferentf romthoseofamaizepl
ant?
6.Stateanyonewaypl antsdependonani mal
s .
7.Mentiononepl antthatd evelopsaf ibrousroots y
stem.
8.Whatar eflower i
ngpl ants?
9.Stateonewaypl antsbenef itfromot herplants.
33
 10.Whati
sphotos
ynthesi
s ?
11.Menti
ontwothi
ngsplantsneedtocarr
youtphotosynt
hesi
s.
12.Whatnameisgi
ventot hemainprod
uctofphot
os y
nthesi
s?

Thed
iagr
ambel
owshowsapar
tofapl
ant
.Usei
ttoanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

a. Whatt ypeofs t
emsisshowni nt hedi
agramabov e?
b. Howi spar tmarkedYus efultothes t
em?
c. Whyd opl antswithweaks temscl i
mbothers?
d. Apartf r
omcl imbingst
ems ,nameanyot hertypeofstemspos
ses
sedbypl
ant
s.
2. Ment
iont heimpor t
anceofwat ert oager mi
natingseed
.
3. Howisbur nings i
milartogerminati
on?
4. Namet hepolli
nat i
ngagentthatpol l
inatesf
lowersatnight.

Thed iagramshowsanund ergr

oundstem.Usei
ttoanswert
hequest
ionst
hat
fol
low
a. Namethepl antshownabov e.
b. St
atethef unct i
onofpar tmar
kedX.
c. Namer ootsmar kedK.
d. Wher
ed oest heplantabovest
oreexces
sfood?

GROWINGCROPSANDFOODPRODUCTI ON
GROWINGCROPS
Cropsar
epl antsgr
ownbymanf
orapur
pos
e
WHYFARMERSGROWCROPS.
F orfood
F orincome
F orfeed i
nganimal
s
34
  T0getr
awmat
eri
alsf
ori
ndus
tri
es

Ty
pesofcropscommonl ygrown
oF rui
tcrops
o Cereals/
gr ai
ncrops
,
o Vegetabl
ecr ops
,
oL egumecr ops
o Rootcrops .

Fr
uitcr
ops
Whatarefrui
tcrops?
Frui
tcropsarecropst
hatbearf
rui
ts.

Ex
amplesoffrui
tcr ops
o Applecr
ops
o Orangecrops
o Mangoescrops
o Pi
neapplescrops
o Pawpawcr ops

Cereal s
Cerealsar eplantsthatbeargr
ains
.
Exampl es:
o Ricecr ops
o Wheatcr ops
o Maiz ecr ops
o Oatcr ops
o Sor ghumcr ops
o Mill
etcr ops
Vegetabl ecr ops
Theyar ecr opst hatar
eeatenassauce
EXAMPL ESOFVEGETABL ECROPS
o Cabbagecr ops
o Cucumbercr ops
o Spi nachcr ops
oL et tucecr ops
Rootcrops
35
Thesearecropswi ths wol
lenr
oot
sthatar
eeat
en.
Exampl
esofr ootcrops
o Cass avacr ops
o Sweetpot atocrops
o Carrotcr ops
o Beetr oots
o Roott urnip

Legumecrops
Thesearecropsthathaverootnod
ules.
Exampl
es:
o Beancrops
o Peacrops
o Groundnutscrops
o Soyabeancrops
o Simsi
m
o Cowpeas

Char
acter
ist
icsoflegumes
 Theyhaverootnodul
es
 Theyhavepods

Di
agr
amshowi
ngr
ootnod
ules.

Not
e:
1. Rootnodul
esk eepnit
rogenf i
xi
ngbacteri
a.
2. Nit
rogenfix
ingbacteriafi
xnitrogeni
nthesoi
l.
3. Nit
rogenimprovessoilfer
til
i
ty.
Thes
truct
ureofapod
36
 GROUPSOFCROPS
Cropsar
egr
oupedaccor
dingt
othet
imet
heyt
aket
omat
ure,

Ther
earemainlytwogroupsofcr
ops:
 Annualcrops
 Perenni
alcrops

Annualcrops
o Thes ear ecropswhichmaturewi
thi
nay
ear
.
o Wehar vestthemonlyonce.
Characteri
sti
csofAnnualcr ops
 Theymat urewithi
nay ear
 Pr oducey i
eldsonceinthei
rli
fet
ime

Ex
ampl esofAnnualcr ops:
o Mai ze
o Ri ce
o Beans
o Gr oundnut s
o Cabbage
ot omat oes
os or ghumet c.
Perennialcr ops
o Thes earecr opsthattakemor
ethanay
eart
omat
ure.
o Theygi vey i
eldsyearly
ExamplesPer ennialcrops:
o Cof fee,
o Tea,
o Banana,
o Or anges,
o Sugarcane,
37
 o Mangoes
o Appl e
o Jack frui t
o Av ocad o
o St rawber rieset c.
Whyd of ar mer spr efergr owi ngannualcr opst oper ennialcrops ?
Annualcr opsmat ur efas tert hanper ennialcrops .
GARDENTOOL S, EQUI PMENTANDMATERI AL S
Thesear es impl emachi nesf ar mer sus et ocar ryouts omeact ivit
iesinthegar den
Examplesofgar d ent ool sandt hei rf unctions
1.Hoe- us edf ord igging, weed ingandhar vestingr ootcr ops,plantingcrops
2.Panga-us edf orcut tings mal ltrees ,har vestings omecr ops,pr uni
ngtr ees,clear
ing
weeds
3.Rak e-us edf orcol l
ect ingd ugoutweed s,spr eadingmanur eandl evell
ingsoil
4. Wat er i
ngcan-us edf orwat eringcr ops .
4. Sl asher-us edf ors las hingweed s
5. Tr owel-us edf ord iggingouts eed l
ingsd ur i
ngt ransplanting.
6. Wheel bar r ow-us edf ort r ans por t
ingmanur e,t ools,har v
es tedcrops
,t ransport
ing
seedli
ngs .
7. Ax e-
us edf orcut t
ingbi gt r ees
8. Secat eur-us edf orpr uni ng.
9. Gar d
enf or k-us edf ort ur ningmanur e.Orl i
ftingmanur e
10. For kedhoe-us edf orhar v estingr hizomes ,d igoutd eepr oot edweeds,d i
ggi
nghar d
groundsf orhol l
owi ng
11.Sick l
e-us edf orhar ves tingwheatandr i
ce, cut t
inggr ass
12.Pi ckax e-us edf ord igginghar dgr ound sands tonyar ea
13-Knapsackspr ay er–f ors pr ay i
ngpes tici
desandher bici
des
Diagramsofgar dent ool s

38
Car
ingf
orgar
dent
ool

Caringf orgar d ent ool s.

o Gar dent ool smus tbek eptincoolad ryplace.
o Cl eani ngt hemaf terus e
o Shar pencut tingt oolsr egularly.
o Repl acings poi ltpar t
s
o oi l
ing/ greas ingmov i
ngpar t
stopr eventr ust
ing
o Pai nt i
ngt hos et hatneedt obepai nted
o Us inggar dent ool sf ort herightpurpos e
Way sofpr event i
nggar dent oolsf romrust i
ng
 Pai ntinggar dent ools
 Oi linggar dent ools
 Keepgar dent oolsincoold ryplaces
Effectsofr ustingongar dent ools
 gar dent oolsbecomebl unt
 Gar d
ent ool sbecomeweak
 Tool sd evelophol es
FOODPATH
Foodpat har ediffer ents tagesoff oodpr oducti
on
Thet y
pesoff oodpat h
 Vi llagef oodpat h
 Townf oodpat h

39
  Ear
ningf
oodpat
h

a)Vil
lagef oodpat h
Thet y
peoff oodpat hwher ethef oodisgrownf orhomeconsumpti
on.
Stagesinvi ll
agef oodpat h
L andpr eparat i
on
 Sel ect i
ngpl ant i
ngmat erials/seed
s
 Pl ant ing
 Car ingf orcr ops
 Har ves t
ing
 St or ing
 Pr epar at i
onoff ood
 Eat ing
b)Townf oodpat h
Thet y
peoff oodpat hwher epeopl eintowngetf ood
Stagesinvol vedi nat ownf oodpat h
 Har ves t
ing
 St or ing
 Tr ans por t
at i
onoff oodt othemark et
.
 Sel lingt hef ood .
 Pr epar at i
onoff ood
 Eat ing
c)Earningf oodpat h
Thet ypeoff oodpat hwher ef oodisobtainedaf t
erear
ningsal
ary
 St agesi near ningfoodpat h
 Ear nings alary
 Bud geting
 Buy ingf ood
 Pr epar ingf ood
 Eat ing.
Block si nf oodpat h
 Thes ear ef actorst hataffectthepr oducti
onoffood.
Exampl esofbl ock sinaf oodpat h
 Pes ts
 Di seas es

40
  Dr ought
 Ci v ilwar s
I nf er tiles oi l
 Badr oad s
F lood s
 St or ms
 Hai lstones
 Pov er ty
L ands lides
CROPGROWI NGPRACTI CES
oL andcl ear i
ng
o Di gging/pl oughi ng
o Sel ect ingpl ant ingmat erials
o Pl ant ing/s owi ng
o Car ingf orcr opse. g.weed i
ng, mulching, pruni
ng, t
hinni
nget c
Landpr epar at ion
i
ti sthewayofmak i
ngl andr ead yf orplanting
oi t’
sd onet or emov et hebus h,treesandgr assont hes oil
.
oi t’
sbet tert ocl earl andi nthed r yseason.
St epsi nl andpr epar at ion
 Cl earingl andwhi chi nv olvescut tinggr assandt r
eesr emovingt rees t
umps
o Cl ear ingt hel andi sd oned ur i
ngt hed r
ys eas on
Digging/Pl oughi ng
 Thi sisd onet omak et hes oilloos e,softandal s
ot obur r
yweed s.
 Toal l
owwat erandai rt oent ert hes oil.
I tisd oneus i
nghoes , tract ors,oxpl oughsandf orkedhoes .
Har rowi ngt hel and
o Thi si st hebr eak i
ngofbi gl umpsofs oi
lwhi char eleftafterPl oughing.
oI tmak est hes oilloos e.
o Al s oitk illsweed swhi chcoul dhav es tartedger minati
ngaf terPloughing.
oI tisd oneus ingat ractorwi thd ischar rows ,oxplough,fork edhoeand handhoe.
Select ionofpl ant ingmat erials
Plantingmat er ialsar et hed ifferentpar tsofapl antus edforpl antmul t
ipli
cat
ion.
Ex ampl esofpl ant ingmat erials
o Seed s
o St emcut t
ings

41
 o Vines
o Suck ers
o Bulbs
o Stemt ubers
Factorst oconsiderwhensel ectingpl anti
ngmat eri
als
 Mat eri
alss houldbef reef r
omd iseasesandpest s
.
 Shoul dnotbed amaged .broken
 Seed ss houldbemat ureandwel ldri
ed.
 St emcut ti
ngss houl dbearl ateralbud s.
 Seed ss houldnotber otten
PLANTINGSEEDS
1. Somes eedsar eplantedd i
rectlyintoawel l-
preparedgar
den.
Ex
ampl es
 Maize
 Beans
 Peas
 Cot t
on
 Ground nutset c.
1.Ot hersar efirstplantedi nanur s erybed.
Examplesofseed sf i
r stplantedinanur serybed
 Tomat oes
 Onionset c
 Cabbage,
 Eggpl ants
 Lettuce,s pinachet c

Anur
ser
ybed
Anur
ser
ybedi
sas
mal
lgar
denpr
epar
edf
orr
ais
ings
eed
li
ng

Di
agr
am ofanur
ser
ybed
.

42
Note:Seed soft hesecropscannotgr owthr
oughheavysoi
ls
.
Sit
ef oranur serybed
o Shoul dbei naplacepr ot
ectedfromdi
rectwi
nd.
o Apl acewi thgoodd r
ainage.
o Apl acenearawat ersource.
o Apl acef arfrombus hes/f
orest
o Apl acepr otect
edf r
omani mal
s.
Acti
viti
escar r i
edoutonanur serybed
 Wat ering
 Spr ay ingwi thchemicals
 Weed i
ng
 Har d eningof f
 Thi nning

Not
e:
Hardeni
ngof
fisawayofmak
ings
eed
li
ngsgetus
edt
ocond
iti
onst
heyar
etomeeti
nthe
gard
en.

Importanceofanur serybed
a) I tprotectsthes eed l
ingsfromharshweathercond
iti
onse.
g.
i. Di rectsunlight
i
i. Di rectraind rops
ii
i. St r
ongwi nd
b) I thelpsinpropers elect
ionofgoodseedl
ings.
c) I tgivesfarmerst imet oprepar
ethemaingar d
en.
d) I thelpsinprovidingeas ycaretotheseedli
ngs
Transplanting

43
I sthet ransferofs eed l
ingsf r omt henur serybedt oawel lpreparedmaingar
den
I ti
sd onei nt heev eningt oav oidex ces slos sofwat erthr
ought ranspi
rati
on
 Toav oidwi lt
ing
Whyi sat rowelusedf ort ranspl ant ing?
I tscoopss eed lingswi thoutd amagi ngt her oots
Ti
me/ Seasonofpl ant ing
 Plantings houl dbed oned uringt hewets eason.
I tisgoodt opl antear lyd uringt hef i
rs trainsbecause:
I
mportanceofear lypl ant ing
o Cropsmak epr operus eofr ainf allfort hatseason.
o Cropsgr owf as tenoughandcompet ewel lwit
hweed s .
o Helpst ocont rolpes tsandd iseas es.
o Cropsmat ur ef as tandgetgoodmar ket .
Methodsofpl antingseed s.
o Rowpl anti
ng
o Broadcas ti
ng

Rowpl anti
ng
Thisistheplanti
ngofs eeds /s eedl
ingsinal i
ne.
Examplesofseed spl antedusi ngr owpl anti
ng:
o Beans
o Maize
o Groundnut s
o Cotton
o Soyabeans
o Coffee
o Tea
Advantagesofr owpl anting
F ews eedsar eus ed.
I ti
seas yt oweedt hecr ops.
 Spaci nginl i
neshel pst ocont rolpests
.
I ti
seas yt osprayt hecr ops .
I ti
seas yt oharves tthecr ops.
Di
sadvantagesofr owpl anting
 Tak esal otoft i
me/ ti
r esome.
I tistir
es ome/ti
r i
ng

44
Broadcasting
Thisi
swhens eed
sar
ethrownrand
oml
y.
Examplesofseedspl
ant
edusingbr
oad
cast
ing:
oMi l
let
oSor ghum
 Sim-
s im
 Rice
 Beans
 Maize

Ad v
ant agesofbr oad casting
 Times aving.
 Requi resl es sl abourforce
Disadvant agesofbr oad cast ing
I twastess eed s.
I tisdi
fficulttoweed ,
i tisdi
fficulttos pr ay
I tisdi
fficulttohar vest
I tcanleadt oov er crowd i
ngofs eedl
ing
GapFi lli
ng
1. Thi si sthereplacements eed sorseedl
ingsinspaceswheretheyd
idn’
tger
minat
e.
2. I ti sd onenott owas tel and .
Thinning
Thinningi st heremov alofex ces sorpoor lygrowingseedl
ingsf
romthegard
en
Exampl esofcr opsthatneedt hinning
 Mai ze,
 Cot ton,
 Rice,
 Mi l
let,
 Sor ghum, et
c.
Met hod softhinning:
o Upr ooting/
o Cut tingtheplantatt hebas earea.
o Di ggi ngoutthepl ant

45
 I
mpor tanceoft hinni ng
o Thi nni ngcont rol spes ts.HOWbyr ed ucinghidingpl
acesforpes
ts.
oI tr ed ucescompet i
tionf ors unli
ght,mi neralsandwateramongcrops
.
o Thi nnedmat erialscanbeus edformul ching.
oI timpr ov escr opy i
eld s
o Thi nnedmat erialscanbeus edforgapf il
li
ng.
Pruni ng
Pruningi st her emov alofex cessbr anchesorl eavesf r
omaplant
Gard
entool susedf orpr uni ng
o Secat eur s
o Pr uni ngs aw
o Shear s
I
mport
anceofpr uni ng
oI tcont rolscr oppes ts.
o Red ucewei ghtont hepl ant.
o Red ucecompet itionf ors unlight,
oI timpr ov esoncr opy ield
s
oI tmak eshar ves tingeas y
o Pr uni nggi v esgoods pacef orhar vesti
ng.
Mul
chi
ng
1. Mul chingi st hecov eringofs oi
lwithd ryplantmat eri
als.
Pl
antmat erialst hatcanbeused :
 Dr ymai zes tal ks
 Dr yleav es
 Cof feehus k s
 Woods hav ing
 bananaf ibr es
 Dr ygr as s
Advant agesofmul ching
Itmai nt ainss oi lmoi s tur e
 Mulchi ngcont rol ss oiler os ion.
 Mulchi ngi mpr ov ess oilf ertili
ty
 Mulchi ngcont rol st hegr owt hofweed s.
Di
sad vant ageofmul chi ng
 Mul cheshi depes ts.
 Mul chescaneas ilycatchf i
reandd es tr
oycr ops
.

46
 I
tist
iri
ngt
omul
chal
argegar
den
Manuring
 Actofad dingmanur et os oil.
 Manur esi snat ur alfer til
izer s
.
 Manur ei sgotf r omd eadpl ant s, animalsandani malsd ung.
 Manur ehel pst oi mpr ov es oilf ertil
ity
.
Typesofmanur e:
 Compos tmanur emad ef romk it
chenr efuseandpl antr emains
F armyar dmanur emad ef romani malsd ungandur ineandani malwast
e
 Greenmanur emad ef romgr eenpl ant swhenpl oughedi ntos oi
l
 Organicmul chesmad ef romr ottingofmul ches
Water i
ng
 Actofpr ov i
d i
ngwat ert ocr opswhent hereislittlewat eri
nthesoi
l.
I tisd onet opr ev entcr opsf r omd ryi
ngandd yi
ng.
 Wat eringcanal s obed onet onewl ytransplanteds eedli
ngs.
I tisd oneus i
ngawat eringcan.
I tisd onel at eint heev ening.orear l
yinthemor ning
weed ing
 Weed ingi st her emov alofunwant edplant sfromt hegard
en.
 Weed sar epl ant sgr owi ngwher etheyar enotwant ed
Exampl esofcommonweed s:
 Wand er ingj ew
 Speargr as s
 Bl ackj ack
 St argr as s
 Wi ldf ingermi ll
et
 Couchgr as s
 El ephantgr ass
 Pi gweed
I
mpor tanceofweed s
 Weed sar es our ceoff oodf orbot hpeopl e
L egumeweed si mpr ov eont hes oilf ertil
it
ybyad di
ngni tr
ogen.
Cont roll
ings oiler os i
on
Weed sar eus edf orf eed ingani mals
Dr yweed scanbeus edasmul ches

47
 Danger sofweed s
 Weed shid epes ts.
 Weed scompet ewi thcr opsf ors unli
ght,soilnut
rientsandwaterwithcrops.
 Weed smak ehar vestingd i
f fi
cult
 Weed scont ami natey iel
dsweed slowert hequanti
t yofharves
ts
 Weed smak epr uningd if
ficult
 Theycos t l
yt omanage
 Somear epoi sonoust oani mals
.
Impor t
anceofweed ing
 Weedingcont rolscr oppes ts
Itmak eshar ves tingeas y
Itmak ess prayingeas y
Itmak espr uningeas y
Itreducescompl et i
onf ors unlight,soilnutr
ientsandwat erbet
weencr opsandweeds
Way sofcont rol li
ngweed s
 Spray i
ngwi thher bicid
es .
 Mulching.
 Uprooting.
 Slashing( sl
as hi ngisnor mall
ycar riedoutincr opswithwidespacinge.g.Cof
fee
andbananapl ant ation)
 Diggingt hemout

CROPPESTS
Theyar
eorgani
smsthatd
estroycrops
COMMONCROPPESTS
Cr
ops Pests Aff
ect
edpar
t
1 Cas sava Monkeys
baboons Roots
Molerat
s
2. Sweetpotat
o a Sweetpot at
oweev
il tuber
b Squirr
el Roots

48
 C Eelworms Root
s
d Molerat
s
Monkeys
baboons
3. I
ris
hpot at
o I
rishaphi
d Leaves
4. Carrot
s Eelworms Roots
5. Sugarcane a.Stal
kborer
s Stems
b.Aphi
ds Stems
6. Banana Frui
ts
Stem(cor
m)

9 Cabbage Stem
10 Coffee l
ocusts Leaves
11. Mai
ze Mai
zes t
alkbor er Stems
Weaverbirds Grains
Ter
mites
Rat
s
weevil
s
COMMONDISEASESOFCROPS
Cr
op Diseases Aff
ectedpart
1 Cassava a Cassavamos ai
c Leav
es
b Browns treak Leav
esandt uber
s
2 Sweetpotat
o Sweetpot atobl i
ght Leav
esands tem
3 Coffee a Coffeeber ry Coffeebeans
di
seas e
b Wil
td i
seas e L
eaves
Banana a Panamad isease L
eavesands
tem
b Wil
td i
seas e L
eaves
l
eav
es

6 Sugarcane Ratoonstunt
ing St
em
dis
ease
7 Groundnuts Rosett
edisease L
eav
es
8 Maize Maizest
reak L
eav
es
rust
si
gnsofpestdamagetopl
ants
 Hol
esinleaves
,seed
s,androot
s
49
  Spot sonl eaves
 Def ormedpar t.
 Rottenpl antpar ts
Si
gnsofd iseased amaget oplants
 Def ormedpar ts
 Premat ur er i
peningoff rui
ts
 Stunt edgr owt h
Met
hodsofcont rolli
ngpest s
 Uproot ing
 Propers pacing
 Earlypl ant i
ng
Met
hodsofcont rolli
ngcr opd i
seases
 Uproot ingi nfectedcr ops
 Propers pacing
 Earlypl ant i
ng
 Spray ingwi t
hpes ti
cid es
 Usings carecr ows
 Settingt rap
 Cropr otation
 Plantinggoods e
 Rear i
ngcat s

50
Harvest
ingofcr ops
Har vest
ingist hecoll
ecti
ngorr emovalofreadycropsfromagar den.
Har vest
ings houldbedonewhent hecropsareready.
Mos tcropst hatneeddryi
ngs houl
dbehar vestedindryseason.
NOTE:
Har
v est
ingisdoned uringthedryseasonbecaus ethereisenoughs uns
hinetod
ryt
he
har
v est
edcrops .
Met
hod sofhar vestingcrops

A.Cutti
ng
Ex
amplesofcropsharves
tedbycut
ti
ng:
 Banana
 Sugarcane
 Mill
et
 Sorghum
 Wheat
 Rice
 Maize
B.Pick
ing/Pl
ucking
Ex
amplesofcropsharves
tedbypi
cki
ng
 Coffee
51
  Tomat o
 Eggpl ant s
 Cocoa
C.Uproot ingusi nghand s
Ex
amplesofcr opshar ves t
edbyupr ooti
ngus i
nghands
 Groundnut s
 Onions
 Carrot s
 Cass ava
D.Diggingoutt hecr op
Ex
amplesofcr opshar ves t
edbyd i
ggingoutthecr op
 Cass ava
 Sweatpot ato
 Yams
 Cocoy am
Ir i
shpot ato,etc
St
ori
nghar vestedcr ops
1. Har ves tedcr opsar ecommonlys toredingr
anaries,stor
es,sil
os,maiz
ecribs,
etc.
 Cropst hatcanr oteas i
lycanbes t
oredinspecialmadestruct
ureswith cool
ers.
 Cropst hatd onotr oteasi
lycanbes t
oredi
ngr anaries,
sil
os,maizecri
bsand
stores .

Gr
anar
ies

Cond
iti
onsf orproperst orage
 Harvestedcr opss houldbes t
oredwhent heyaredry.
 Theroof sofs t
oress houldnotleak.
 Stor
ess houldhav egoodv enti
lati
on.
 Ratguar dss houldbef i
xedont hegranary.
 Thes eedss houldbed ustedwithpestici
destoprot
ectthemf
rompes
ts.
52
Import
anceofst or i
nghar vestedcr ops.
Itpr event swas tage.
 Hel pst ogetwhatt oeati nthed r
ys eason.
 Hel psf ar mer st os elltheirprod ucewhent her eisgood
Ithel psf armer st ok eepwhatt oplanti nthenex tseas on.
Foodpr epar at ion
Whatisf oodpr epar at ion?
Foodprepar at ioni st hemak ingoff oodr ead yforeat ing.
Giveanyf ourway sofpr epar i
ngf ood
 Byr oas ting
 Bybak i
ng
 Byboi ling
 Byf rying
 Byd eepf ryi
ng
 Steami ng
Whyd opeopl epr epar ef ood ?
 Tomak ef oods of t
 Tok i
llger msandwor ms
 Tomak ef oodt as ty
FARMRECORDS
Farmrecor dsar ewr itteni nformationaboutact ivi
tiescar riedoutont
hef
arm
ExamplesofRecor d sk eptbycr opf armer s:
 Sal esr ecor ds,
 Pr oduct ionr ecor ds
 Heal thr ecor ds
 Ex pend itur er ecor ds
Usesoff armr ecor ds
 Recor dshel pt hef armert ok nowhi spr ofit
sorl osses .
 hel pst omak ed ecis i
ons
 Recor dshel pt hef armert opl anf ort hef arm
f orpr opert ax ationoft hef arm
 Recor dshel pt hef armer stogetl oans .
Ithel pst ok nowhi si ncomeandex pend i
ture
ENDOFTOPI CREVI SI ONEXERCI SE.
1. Towhatgr oupofcr opsd oesas weetpot atobel ong?
2. St at eonewayr ootnod ulesar ei mportantt os oil
.
53
 3. Stateoned angerofl eavinggardentoolsexpos edtowaterandoxygen.
4. Mentiononei mpor tanceofmul chingcropgard ens.
5. Whati sapes t?
6. Giveoneex ampl eofapes tinagarden.
7. Howar epes tsd anger oust oacropgarden?
8. Givet heimpor tanceofeachoft hefoll
owinggar dentool
stoaf ar
mer :
a. Wheel barrow
b. Hoe
c. Gar d
ent rowel
9.
Howar
ethef ol
lowingpr act i
cesi mport
antincropgr owing?
d. Pruning
e. Weed i
ng
f. Thinning
11. Usethed i
agrambel owandanswerquest i
onst hatfoll
ow.

a. Namepar tmar k
edXont hed iagr am.
b. Namet hestructures howni nthed i
agram.
c. Howi sthestructureus ef ultoaf armer?
d. Howus efuli
spar tmar kedXi nt hes tr
uctureabove?
e. I d
enti
fyanyoneact ivitycar ri
edouti nthes t
ruct
ureabove.
12. Giveoneexampleofmanur e.
13. Menti
ononewayaP. 4chi ldcani d
entif
yal egumi
nouscrop.
14. Whyisharvesti
ngofcer ealsd onei ndryseasons?
15. Nameonecr oppr opagat edbys temcut t
ings.
16. Giveonemethodofpl antings eed s.
CHANGESI NWEATHERANDCL IMATEI NTHEENVI RONMENT
Weather
Weatheri
sthecondi
tionoft heat mospher eofapl aceatagiven/par
ticul
art
ime.
54
Ty
pesofweat her
 Rainyweather
 Windyweather
 Sunnyweat her
 Cloudyweather et
c

AWEATHERCHART

El
ement
sofweat her
o Rain
o Cloudcov er
o Sunshine
o Temperature
o Humidit
y
o Airpressure/At
mos
pher
icpr
ess
ure

CL
OUDS
 Cl
oud
sar
econdens
edmassesofwat
erv apourfl
oati
nginair
.
 Cl
oud
sar
eformedwhent
her i
si
ngwatervapourcondensesi
ntheat
mos
pher
e.

55
  Cl
oud
sar
egr
oupedaccor
dingt
othei
rhei
ght
sandgener
als
hape.

Typesofcl ouds
 Ci
r rusclouds .
 Stratuscloud s.
 Nimbuscl oud s.
 Cumul us-
nimbuscl ouds
Ni
mbusclouds
 Thesearecl oudst hatbringorgiveusr
ain.
 Theydon’thav eanys pecialshape.
 Theyaret henear estcloudstotheeart
h.

Str
atuscl ouds
 Theys preadi nt hes kywi delyincalmflatlayer s.
 Theys howas i
gnofbadweat her.
Cumuluscl ouds
 Theyar ewhi tecl oud s,whichr esemblecottonpi les
 Theycand ev elopi nt othund ercloudsandt hust heyind
icat
erai
n.
Cir
ruscl ouds
o Theyl ookl ikef eat hersint hes ky.
o Theyar ethef ur t
hes tint hes k
y .
o Cirruscl oud sappeari ndryweat herandof t enindi
catest
orm.
Cumuloni mbus
 Theyar eobs erv edd urings torms
 Theycaus et hund ers t
orms
 Theyar ecl os etot hegr ound
 Theycont ainal otofmoi st
ur e
Advantagesofcl oud s
o Cloud spr otectusf romd irectsuns hi
ne.
o Cloud sgiv eusr ain
Dangersofcl oud s
 Caus eli
ght ning
 Br ingheav yr ai
nf all
 Caus eacci dent st opeopl ewhous eairtrans port
Howar ecl oudsf or med ?
Bycond ensati
onpr oces s
56
WATERCYCL E.
 Awatercy cleisaprocessbywhichrai
nisformed.
 Heatfromt hesuncaus esevapor
ati
onofwaterint
hewat
erbod
yandt
rans
pir
ati
on
i
nplants
 Thevapourcond ens
est oformcloud
s
 Thecloudsgiveusrain
Adi
agramtoi l
lustr
ateawat ercycle

Componentsoft heenvi r
onmentt hathelpinrainformation
 Sun
 Plants
 Wat erbodies
Anexperi
mentt oshowt hewat ercycl
e
 Makeachar coalstoveandmak esurethatitproducesorgivesenough heat .
 Putwat erinak ett
leandcov erthetopoutletleavi
ngonl yt
hes poutopen.
 Putthek ettl
ef ul
lofwat eronachar coalstoveandleaveittoboil.
 Whenwat erboils
,itwillgi
veouts t
eam.(Wat ervapour)thr
ought he s pout
.
e.Getapanf ullofcoldwat erandputitnearthes poutwher ewatervapourcomes
From

Ex
plant
ati
on

 Achar coals
toverepr
esentst
hesun.
 Kettl
eofboili
ngwaterrepr
esent
sthewaterbodies
.
 Steamf romboi
ledwateri
ntheket
tl
erepr
es ent
swat erv
apourf
romwat
erbod
ies
after

57
  Thes unhasheat edthewat er.
 Apanf ullofcol dwaterrepr esentscond ensati
onpoint
.
 Cond ens edv apouront hes urfaceofacol dpanrepr
esentcl
oud
s.
 Wat erd ropl etsrepresentrain.
Rain
I
swat erd ropsf allingfromcl oud
s
Raind rops
I
tst het otalamountofr ainreceivedinanar ea
I
mpor tanceofr ain
 Rai ngi vesuswat erforcook i
ng, bat
hinget c.
 Rai n-remov esd ustinspaceandwebr eatheincoolair
.
 Rai ns oftenst hes oi
l.
 Rai nad dswat ertowaterbod ies.
 Rai ns uppor t
spl antgrowth
Disadvant ageofr ain
oToomuchr ai nbr i
ngsfloodswhi chdes tr
oypr opert
yandli
ves.
oDur ingr ain, li
ghtningcank i
llpeopleandani mals.
oToomuchr ai nleadssoilerosion.

ARAI
NGAUGE
 Arai
ngaugeisaninstrumentusedtomeasurerainf
allr
ecei
vedinanarea.
Itisputi
nanopens pacetocollectther
ightamountofrai
nrecei
ved.
 Rai
nfal
lismeas
uredinmi l
li
metr
es .

Whyi
srainfal
lmeasuredinmi
ll
imetr
es?
Tomeas
ur ethedept
hr ai
nhasenteredt
hes
oil
.

Ad
iagr
amofar
aingauge

Sour
cesofwat
er

58
Naturalsour cesofwat er
o Rai n( mai ns our ce)
oL ak es
o Oceans
o Seas
o St r eams
o Ri ver s
o Spr ings
Arti
ficialsour ces
 Bor ehol es
 Wel ls
 Val leyd ams
 Pond s
Usesofwat eri nt heenvi r onment
 Peopl eus ewat erf orbat hing,washingpl
atesandclot
heset
c.
 Wat erani mal sgett hei rf oodandox ygenfromwater.
F lowi ngwat erhel pst opr od ucehydro-el
ectr
ici
ty.
 Wat eri sus edf orwat er ingcr ops.
 Ani mal sd r i
nkwat er ,
et c
Way swat ersour cesgetcont ami nated
 Di spos ingf aeces/ r ubbi s h
 Swi mmi ngi nwat ers our ces
 Spi tt i
ngi nwat ers our ces
 Was hingi nwat ers our ces
 Ur inat ingi nwat ers our ces
F et chi ngwat erus ingd irt ycont ainer
s
Container sf orhar vest i
ngwat er
 Saucepan
 Dr ums
 Bas ins
 Buck et s
 Jer icans
 Pot s
Maintenancef orwat ersour ces
F enci ng
 Repai ringd amagedpar ts
59
  Put
ti
ngstr
ictlaws
 Pl
anti
nggr
as saround

WEATHERINSTRUMENTS
oWeat herins t
rumentsarefoundataweat herstation.
oAtaweat hers t
ation,d
eli
catei
nstr umentsarek eptinawhit
eboxcall
eda
Stevens
ons creen.
oThes einstrumentsincl
udethebar ometer,hygrometerandmaximumandmi
nimum
Thermometer.
oThes unshiner ecorder
,windvane,wi ndsock,r
ai ngaugeandanemomet
erare
placedi
ntheopens paceoftheweat hers tat
ion.

Weat
heri nstrumentsandthei
ruses
1. Ther momet er - Measurest emperature.
2. Suns hineRecorder - Recordshour sithass hinedi
nad ay
.
3. Windv ane - Showst hedirectionofwi nd.
4. Wind s
ock - measuret hes tr
engthofwi nd
.
5. Anemomet er - Meas uresthes peedofwi nd
6. Hy grometer - Meas ureshumi di
ty .
7. Bar ometer - Measuresatmos pher i
cpressure.
8. Rai ngauge - Meas uresrainfallrecei
vedinanar ea.

TEMPERATURE
o Temper atureisthedegreeofhotnessorcoldnessofabodyorplace.
o Thei nstr
umentus edtomeasuret emper
atureiscal
ledt
hermometer.
o At hermomet eri
sreadintwos calesnamel
y:
o Fahrenhei t
.
o Cent i
gradeorCel si
us.
o Temper atureismeasuredindegreescenti
gradeordegr
eesFahrenheit
.
Whatarethebasi cunitsformeasuringtemperatur
e?

Ty
pesoft her mometers
1. Cli
nicalthermometer.
2. Mi
nimumandmax imumther
momet
er.
3. Sci
ent i
fi
ct hermometer
60
4. Wal
lther
momet
er

Mini
mumandmax imum/Six’
sthermometer
 Thisissometi
mescal l
edthesix
’sther
momet
erbecaus
eitwasf
irstmadebyJames
six
.
 Themi ni
mumandmax imumthermometeri
susedt
omeasuret
helowestandhi
ghest
temperatur
eoft heday.
Itus esbothalcoholandmercury.
Theminimumandmax i
mumt hermometer

Tor eadt hetemper at urel

ooksatt helowerendsofeachindex.
Clinicalthermomet er:
1.Howi sacl i
nicalt hermometerimpor t
anttoadoctor?
I
tisus edformeas ur i
nghumanbod ytemperat
ure
2.Whati st
henor malbod ytemperat ureforahumanbeing?
0
37 C.
3.St ateanyt wobod ypartswher eacl ini
calt
hermometerisputwhent
aki
ngupt
he
read ings.
Und ert hetongue,und ert
hear mpi
t, i
ntheanus,i
nthevagina

4.Whyi
sthebulbofthethermomet
erputunderthet
onguewhent
aki
ngupt
her
ead
ings
?
Undert
hetonguehasconst
antbodytemper
atur
e.

5.
Giveanytwogroupsofpeopl
ewhocommonl
yusecl
ini
calt
her
momet
er
Doct
ors,Nur
ses,
midwiv
esandfir
stai
der
s

6.
Whydoesthedoctorshakethet
hermometerbefor
eusi
ngi
tonanot
herper
son?
 Tores
etthethermometer
 Tofor
cethemer cur
ytogobacktothebulb
61
  Togetcorrectmeasur
ements
7.
Drawthecli
nicalther
mometerandnamei
tspar
ts.

Functionsofpar tsofacl inicalthermomet er

Kink:Topr eventt heback -
f l
owofmer curywhent akingupreadings
Whyi st hest emmad eupofagl ass?
Thegl assi strans parent
Whyi smer curycommonl yusedi nthermomet ers?
 Mer curyisagoodcond uctorofheat .
 Mer curyd oesnots tickont hebor e.
 Mer curyex pandsuni formly.
SUNSHI NE
Whent hes uni si
nt hes kyaroundmi d-d
ayt hecondit
ioni
snott hes ameasiti
sinthe
mor ningorev ening.
Sunnyweat heri shighlyd et
erminedbyt hebr i
ghtnessorlessbrightnes
sornon-
exis t
enceofs unshine.
Thel engt hoft i
meithass honeonapar ticul
ardayinapar t
icul
arplaceismeasur
ed
byani nstrumentcal l
eds unshinerecord er.
Note:t hes unr isesintheEas tands etsintheWes t
Asunshi ner ecor der

Ad
vantagesofsunshi
ne
 Sunli
ghthel
psourcropstomakethei
rownfood
.
 Sunheatdri
esourharvest
edcrops.
 Sunheathelpsi
ntheformati
onofrai
nfal
l
.
62
  Sunlighthelpsours ki
nst omak ev i
taminD.
 Suns hinehelpstok il
lsomeger ms .
Di
sadvantagesofsunshi ne/sun
 Prolongeds unshinemak est hed ayv eryhot .
 Prolongeds unshined ri
escr ops.
 Prolongeds unshined ri
ess amewat ers ources.
I tcaus esdraught
Ef
fectsoft hechangesi nt heenvi ronment .
 Toomuchr aincaus esfloods .
 Droughtl eadstov eryhight emper atureint heatmos
phere.
 Droughtl eadstoweat her i
ngofv egetationleadi
ngtolackoff
oodandwat
erf
or
animals .
 Strongwi ndd est
roy splantsandbui ldi
ngs .
 Toomuchr ainfal
lleadst os oi
ler osi
on, etc

Wind
Windismovingairorwi ndi
sairi
nmoti
on
I
nst r
umentsthatd escr
ibeswindandt
hierd
iagr
ams
A.Windvane
I
ts howsdi
rectionofwi nd
Di
agr amofwindv ane

B.Windsock
I
tmeasur
esthestr
engt
hotwi
nd
Di
agramofwind
sock

63
 C.Anemometer
I
tmeasur
esthespeedofwi
nd
Di
agramofAnemometer

 Humidi
tyistheamountofwat erv apourintheatmosphèreatagivent
ime
 Hygrometerisaninstrumentus edtomeas urehumidit
y.
 Barometerisaninstrumentus edtomeas ureairpressur
e
ENDOFTOPI CREVI SIONEXERCI SE.
 Whatisweat her?
 Nameanyonepr ocessinvol
v edint hewat
ercy cl
e.
 Namet heinstr
umentus edtomeas urehumidi
tyintheatmospher
e.
 Howar enimbuscloud si
mpor tantintheenvir
onment

Thed
iagr
amshowsnat
uralchanges.
usei
ttoanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

64
 i
.Whatpr oces sinnaturei ss howni nthed i
agram?
ii
.Namet hepr ocessmar kedW.
i
ii
.Ment i
ont hepr oces sthatt akespl aceatM.
i
v.Howi sCi mpor t
antt oplant s?
2.Identifyanyt wot ypesofweat her.
3.Namet het ypeofcl oudst hats preadi nthes kywidel
yincal
mflatl
ayer
s.
8. Whyi sar ai
ngaugepl acedi nanopens pace?
9. Identif
yanyonear ti
ficialsour ceof water.
10.Gi veoneus eofwat eri nahome.
11.Nameanyonei ns t
rumentk eptinas t
ev ensonscreen.
12.Whati stemper ature?
13.Thed iagrambel ows howsoneoft heins t
rumentsusedi
nthecommuni
ty.Us
eitt
o
answerques ti
onsthatf ol l
ow:

a. Nametheinst
rumentshowni nthediagr
am.
b. Howistheinst
rumentusefultopeople?
c. Stat
etwoad v
antagesofsunshine.

PERSONALHYGI ENE
 Personalhygi
eneisthegener
alcleanl
ines
soft
hebod
y
I ti
sthek eepi
ngofthebodyclean.

Par
tsofthebod
yt hatneed
spr
opercl
eani
ng:
F i
ngers
/Fi
ngernail
s

65
  Hair
F ace
 Teeth
 Armpits
 Sexualorgans
 Betweent hebut
tock
s

Waysofkeepi ngcl ean

 Bathingus ings afewaterandsoap.
 Cuttingf i
ngernai l
sshort.
 Was hingthef aceaf t
ers l
eep.
 Was hingthehand swhenevertheyar
edi
rty
.
 Shav inghair.
 Combi nghai rus i
ngcleancombs.
 Was hingclothi ngandbed di
ngs.
 Brushi ngteet hr egul
arly
.
 Brushi ngshoes

Reasonswhywewashourhands
 Toremovegerms
 Towashawayger ms
 Topreventd
iarr
hoeaorf
aecald
iseas
es

Thi
ngsusedf ork eepi
ngourbodi
escl
ean
 Bathings ponge
 Safewat er
 Towel
 Soap
 Shavers
 Combs
 Toothbr ushandt oot
hpas
te
 Razorblad es
 Nailcutters
 Dentalfloss

66
I
mport
anceofk eepingourbod
iescl
ean
 Topreventbads mel
lonthebody
.
 Topreventdiseas
es.
 Tobeheal t
hy.
 Toremoves weat
 Tokil
lgerms
 Tokil
lparasit
es.

Keepi
ngbed di
ngsandcl othi
ngclean
 Was hingt hemusingwat erandsoap/det
ergents
.
I roningthemwhenwas hed.
 Spr ayingd i
si
nfectantsonthem.
 Keepi ngthemincl eansafeplacesifnoti
nus e.

Whywei ron
 Tok il
lgerms
 Tor emov ecr eas esorf old
s
 Tok il
lparas i
tes
Thi
ngsusedt ocl eanbed di
ngsandcl ot
hing.
 Soap/Det ergent s
 Was hingbr ushes
 Wat er
I
mportanceofk eepingbed dingsandclothi
ngclean
I tpreventst hebr eedingofl i
ceandbedbugs
I tpreventsbads mel l
I tprevent ss ki
nd iseases
Whywed obod yphy sicalex er ci
ses
Tobef i
t
Tobeheal thy
Tor educef ats
Tor el
axt hemi nd
Tos trengthent hemus cles
Tor educewei ght

67
ENDOFTOPI CREVISI
ONEXERCI SE.
1. Whati spers
onalhygi ene?
2. Giveoneact i
vit
yaP. 4chi ldcancar r
youtt opromotepersonalhygi
ene.
3. Ident
ifyonepartoft hebod ythatneedspropercleani
ng.
4. Mentionanytwoad vant agesofk eepi
ngt hebodyclean.
5. Bes i
despersonalhygiene, nameanyot herelementofpri
maryhealthcar
e.
6. Ident
ifyanyonet hi
ngus edf orkeepi
ngourbod i
esclean.
7. Ident
ifyanyonemaj ors tepi nvol
vedinkeepi
ngbed di
ngsandclothes

68