ALYA PENTA AGHARID (安佩妮)

4B016024

MID-TERM EXAM

1. How to make a different ambient variation (4 seasons regions)?

Answer:

or in a book

Cd = The state point of the mixture of indoor and outdoor Ox = the state point of air conditioner in summer

air before the outdoor air is preheated in winter Wd = The state point of the outdoor air in winter

Cdl = The state point of the mixture of indoor and outdoor Wdl = The state point of the outdoor air after preheating in

air after the outdoor air is preheated in winter winter

Cx = indoor and outdoor air mixing state point (MA) Wx = The state point of the indoor air in summer bd heat

L = supply air ε d = heat-humidity ratio in winter

N = The state point of the indoor air in summer (RA) ε x = heat-humidity ratio in summer
Od = the state point of air conditioner in winter (reheating)

2. Energy-efficient effect of ERV.

Answer:
ERV recovers heat and moisture from outgoing stale indoor air and transfers it to incoming fresh outdoor air. The improved

benefit of the energy recovery ventilator can be obtained from the temperature and humidity of the inlet and outlet of the total

heat exchanger. This helps to reduce the amount of energy needed to heat or cool the incoming air, thus making it a more

energy-efficient solution for indoor ventilation.

Calculation in book number 2 (The system combining the full-heat fresh air ventilator and the air-conditioning unit is designed to

save energy percentage)

3. What are VAV and CAV?

Answer:

a. VAV (Varied Air Volume): In a VAV system, the amount of air flow delivered to different zones or rooms is varied depending

on the temperature and air quality requirements of that zone. This is achieved by adjusting the size of the air ducts or the

speed of the fans that deliver the air. VAV systems typically use temperature sensors and thermostats to monitor and

control the temperature in each zone.

b. CAV (Constant Air Volume): In a CAV system, the amount of air flow delivered to each zone is constant, regardless of the

temperature or air quality requirements of that zone. The temperature and air quality control is achieved by adjusting the
 heating, cooling, and filtering of the air.

Both VAV and CAV systems have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of system depends on the specific needs of

the building and its occupants. VAV systems are generally more energy-efficient and can provide more precise temperature

control, but they can be more complex and expensive to install and maintain. CAV systems, on the other hand, are simpler and

less expensive, but they may be less efficient and less precise in controlling temperature and air quality.

4. Centrifugal Chillers, how to adjust cooling capacity in terms of cooling load variation? (7 steps)

Answer:

a. Changing the rotating speed: using a variable c. Inlet guide van adjustment: By adjusting the position

frequency drive (VFD) that can adjust the speed of of the inlet guide vanes, the amount of air entering

the motor. the compressor can be controlled.

b. Inlet throttling adjustment: partially closing the inlet d. Cooling water adjustment: The chiller can produce

throttle valve to reduce the amount of refrigerant more cooling capacity by increasing the flow rate or

entering the compressor. By reducing the flow rate, decreasing the temperature of the cooling water.
the compressor will consume less power and produce e. Bypass adjustment: By adjusting the position of the

less cooling capacity. bypass valve, the amount of refrigerant flowing

through the compressor can be controlled.

5. How does TXV work to adjust cooling capacity in terms of cooling load variation?

Answer:

The thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) is an

important component in air conditioning and

refrigeration systems that regulates the flow of

refrigerant into the evaporator coil, which is

responsible for absorbing heat from the

surrounding air or space. The TXV works by

sensing the temperature and pressure of the

 refrigerant as it leaves the evaporator and adjusting the flow rate of refrigerant into the evaporator accordingly. As the cooling

load in the space changes, the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator will also change.

When the cooling load is high, more refrigerant needs to flow through the evaporator to absorb the additional heat. The

TXV will respond to this increased heat load by opening up and allowing more refrigerant to flow through the system. This

results in a higher cooling capacity and a lower evaporator temperature.

Conversely, when the cooling load is low, less refrigerant is required to absorb the reduced heat. The TXV will respond by

restricting the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator, which reduces the cooling capacity and raises the evaporator temperature.

Overall, the TXV plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper balance of refrigerant flow and cooling capacity in air conditioning

and refrigeration systems, ensuring that they operate efficiently and effectively under varying conditions.

6. What major factor will affect the refrigerant cycle performance?

Answer:

Thermodynamic aspects:

- Low Evaporating temperature at 1 atm.

- Moderate pressure (evaporating pressure is about 1 atm or little higher ； condensing pressure usually is less 1.2~1.5
Mpa)

- Large cooling capacity per unit volume (kJ/m3) (NH3:2167.6 kJ/m3)

- High critical temperature and low freezing temperature

- Low isentropic exponent

- Low viscosity and density

- High heat conductivity coefficient and heat convection coefficient

- Good electric isolation

- Dissolved in refrigeration oil

- Molecular mass for centrifugal compressor

a. Refrigerant charge: The amount of refrigerant in the system must be within the manufacturer's recommended range. Too
much or too little refrigerant can affect the system's efficiency and cooling capacity.

b. Airflow: The airflow across the evaporator and condenser coils must be sufficient for efficient heat transfer. Dirty or clogged

coils can reduce airflow and decrease system performance.

c. Ambient temperature: The temperature outside the system can affect its performance. Higher ambient temperatures can

reduce the system's cooling capacity and increase compressor workload.

d. Compressor efficiency: The compressor is a critical component of the refrigerant cycle. A worn or inefficient compressor can

reduce system performance.

e. Expansion valve or metering device performance: The expansion valve or metering device controls the flow of refrigerant

into the evaporator. A malfunctioning valve can cause issues with refrigerant flow and affect system performance.

f. Refrigerant type: Different refrigerants have different thermodynamic properties, and the performance of the refrigerant

cycle can vary depending on the refrigerant used.

Overall, the proper operation and maintenance of the refrigeration or air conditioning system is essential to ensure optimal

performance of the refrigerant cycle. Regular inspections and maintenance can help identify and address issues that can affect

system performance and efficiency.