INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

DISTRIBUTION AND PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL

Duration: 19/07/2023 to 18/08/2023

Name-ARJUN
DSEU Roll no.-10821071
5th Semester Electrical A

Under the supervision of

Hardev meena
Assistant Professor

Department Of Electrical Engineering

DSEU PUSA CAMPUS-1

NEW DELHI-110012
 DECELARATION

I, Mr. Arjun , here by declare that this project is

being submitted in fulfilment of Industrial Training
Programme in Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Kanhaiya Nagar Delhi and is result of self done work
carried out by me
under the various guidance of engineers and other
officers.
I further declare that to my knowledge, the structure
and content of this project are original and have not
been submitted for any purpose.

Mr. Arjun
Electrical Engineering
DSEU Pusa Campus
Delhi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Industrial Training is an integral part of engineering

curriculum providing engineers with first hand and
practical aspects of their studies. It gives them the
knowledge about the work circumstances existing in the
company. The preparation of this report would not have
been possible without the contribution of the TPDDL
family comprising of several experienced engineers in
their respective field of work. It gives me great pleasure
in completing my training at Tata Power Delhi
Distribution Limited at Rohini and submitting the report
for the same.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
Ms. Kumar Arun (AGM) and Mr. Abhishek (ZM)
who gave me permission for 04 weeks summer
industrial training in Tata Power-DDL Kanhaiya Nagar
In particular, I am thankful to Mr. Anurag Sharma who
supported me constantly and channelize my work
toward more positive manner.
In addition, I am thankful to Mr. Harsh Vardhan Tyagi
who guided us regarding Saftey factors and Majore
issues of TATA POWER-DDL.
 CERTIFICATE
I hereby declare that the ARJUN , being submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Diploma
in Electrical Engineering in Semester IV under faculty of
Mr. Hardev Meena of DSEU Pusa Campus -I, New Delhi
during the academic year 2023- 2024.

(Hardev Meena)

Assistant Professor

HOD/In-Charge

Training In-charge
Mr. Abhishek kumar
(BU Manager – BU kanhaiya Nagar Mentor)
TPDDL kanhaiya Nagar
Delhi
 CONTENT DETAlLS

❖ Declaration
❖ Acknowledgement
❖ Certificate
❖ Company overview
❖ Geographical area of operation
❖ Saftey Precautions
❖ Equipment in Store
❖ Distribution Transformer
❖ Pole mounted Substation
❖ Ring main unit (RMU)
❖ High potential test (hipot)
❖ Fuse
❖ Circuit breaker
❖ Polyswitch
❖ Residual current circuit breaker
Company overview
Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited [Tata Power-DDL]
is a private electricity distribution company
incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956. It is one
of the three private electricity distribution licensees
[DISCOMs] in Delhi, which was established after
functional unbundling and corporatization of the

erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board [DVB] in terms of the

statutory Delhi Electricity Reforms Act 2000 and Delhi
Electricity Reforms (Transfer Scheme) Rules, 2001 with
effect from 01.07.2002 and is engaged in the business
distribution and supply of electricity in North and North-
West areas of Delhi.

Tata Power-DDL has been issued a license by Delhi

Electricity Regulatory Commission [DERC] to operate in
its area of supply and discharge various functions under
the aegis of the Electricity Act 2003, the Delhi Electricity
Supply Code and Performance Standards Regulations
2007 and other rules and regulations thereunder.

Each year, Tata Power-DDL files its Annual Revenue

Requirement [ARR] Petition before DERC. ARR is
determined based on the expected revenue from the
DISCOMs’ business as well as expected outflow on
account of power purchase cost, network upgradation,
employee cost and other operational expenses. ARR is
the projected quantum of money receivable by the
DISCOM at the tariff determined by the DERC for various
categories of consumers. True Up is the actual expenses
of the DISCOM vis-à-vis the revenue received by it for
the ARR projected for any particular year. It is done on
n + 2 basis and is based on the audited accounts of the
DISCOMs, where n is the Financial Year for which ARR
was determined.

TATA Power-DDL is committed to fulfilling its obligations

with respect to all Regulations and Compliances
prescribed by various Statutory Bodies.
Geographical area of operation
Saftey Precaution

➢ Alaways wear saftey (leather) shoes.

➢ Always wear saftey helmet at site or under
saftey zone.
➢ Check all the tools and saftey equipment
before going to site.
➢ Always wear saftey gloove before working
on site(lineman) .
➢ Always wear visor before working site(for
lineman).
➢ Do keep yourself and your area dry.
 In case of shock: -
➢ First notify your supervisor.
➢ Make victim sit down while check for the
normal muscle movement and loss of
feeling.
➢ Check for pulse and breathing.
➢ If breathing and heartbeat is irregular -
sick medical help immediately.
➢ If the victim goes into traumatic shock,
keep victim lying down and calm.
➢ If the skin is unnatural warm. Loosen
clothing and try to cool victim.
➢ If the skin is clammy, cover victim with a
blanket or coat if the victim’s face is pale,
raise the feet.
➢ If the face is red, raise the head.
 Equipment in store

• Lugs: Use of cable lugs allows in easy installation

,
repair and maintenance of electrical devices or
cables. Most common use of lugs includes connecting
one cable with another cable or connection more
than two cables.

• IPC (insulation piercing connector):It is suitable for

making safe connections of live cable without
stripping insulation from the conductors.
Fuse holder: It is used in DD(drop down) unit and used
for holde the fuse.

• Transformer fuse: It is present inside the fuse holder

and used for protection of transformer.

• Dead End (anchor): It is used to hold the messenger

wire conductor.
• Service clamp: It is used to hold the service cable.

• Tyco box: It is used to connect service cables

systematically. Only single phase service cables are

connected in it. Maximum 9 connections given by a
tyco box but in general on 6-7 connections are made.
Distribution Transformer (DT)
Distribution transformer are main constituent of
distribution system they step down the high voltage
to the low voltage which is directly supplied to the
consumer, these are needed to be maintained and
checked regularly for proper distribution of power.
The parts of distribution transformers are given
below:

Main Tank: Structural steel is used to fabrication of

main tank. Size of tank is depending on KVA capacity
of transformer.
LT & HT porcelain Bushing: In its simplest form, a
Porcelain bushing consists of a current carrying
conductor, passing through a hollow porcelain
insulator. The space between the conductor and
insulator is filled with an insulating medium like
transformer oil. This can be used up to 33 KV rating.

LT Bushing HT Bushing
Insulating Oil: The Oil forms a very signification
part of transformer insulation system. It acts as a
coolant, to dissipate the heat losses in transformer.

Radiators: The function of radiators is to limit

the temperature of oil & winding, by dissipating the
heat.

SilicaGel/Breather: In oil filled transformer,

space is required for volumetric expansion of oil
due to change in surroundings temperature and
load. This is a de-
hydrant which prevent entry of moisture from air to
insulating oil.
Oil Temperature Indicator: This indicator
works on principle of liquid expansion. It is shows
the present and maximum temperature of oil.

Conservator: This is a cylindrical vessel made

of structural steel. It is for to accommodate
the volumetric expansion of the oil in transformer
due to increase in temperature.
Core: Silicon steel or say Cold Rolled Gain
Oriented Steel (CRGO) in form of lamination of .28
mm to .35 mm in thickness with coating with
insulation is used for making core.

Explosion vent: It is provided on the transformer

tank to relieve pressure if the pressure in the
transformer exceeds 5 psi. It is swan neck shaped
having two Bakelite diaphragms. One at top and
another at bottom. These break if the static
pressure increases to 5 psi.
Drain Valve: This valve is used for taking damaged
oil
from the oil tank for the proper oil collection this valve
is situated under the oil tank.

Tap changer: The purpose of a tap changer is

to regulate the output voltage of a transformer. It
does this by altering the number of turns in one
winding and thereby changing the turns ratio
of the transformer.
 POLE MOUNTED SUBSTATION

Substation consist of a transformer and other apparatus

installed on the pole structure (H-pole and 4-Pole
structures with suitable platform). A pole mounted
substation generally receives power at 11KV and delivers
it at 400/230V for distribution purpose. These substation
are cheap and simple and are erected in important
localities of the cities.
 COMPONENTS:

1. POLES (H-type Structure): The pole which acts

as a terminal or carries switchgears or
transformers is usually of H-type.

G.O. (gang operated) switch: Gang Operating

switch is used for switching ON and OFF of H.T.
transmission line andis installed on the primary
side ofthe transformer. This switch is operated
manually and can energize or de-energize the
primary side of the transformer.
2. D.D. (drop down) Fuse Unit: On the primary side of a
transformer,Each phase of 11kV line is provided
With a fuse for protection.

3. L.A. (lightning Arrester): It is a protective device

which conducts the high voltage surge on the power
system to ground. The earthing screen and ground
wires failed to provide protection against traveling
waves. The lightning arrester provides protection
against surges
 4. Transformer (stepped down): 11kV stepped down
transformer 3-phase are used. The KVA capacity of
such transformers to be installed will depend on the
load requirement of the locality.

Transformer Platform: It is made of iron channel on which

the transformer is placed. Normally for one pole-mounted
substation six number such channel irons are required.
ACB (Air Circuit Breaker):Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is an
electrical device used to provide Overcurrent and short-
circuit protection for electric circuits over 800 Amps to 10K
Amps. These are usually used in lowvoltage applications
below 450V.

5. Anti-Climbing Device: It is used for preventing the

climbing of a person on the pole. It is placed on pole
at a height of 3 meters above the ground.
 GI pipes & Bends: For earthing, GI pipes and Bendsare used

11. Pin type insulator: 11kV pin type insulator made of

porcelain are used. These also house the jumpers of 11kV
line. These are mounted at the top of the polestructure.
Ring Main Unit (RMU)
Distribution network are normally formed by
interconnecting a number of ring shaped grids.
Distribution transformers are then connected to the
system by T-offs. Instead of specifying and selecting
individual components required for a T-off, the
required components are frequently available in an
integrated package known as a Ring Main Unit (RMU).
Ring Main Unit system employed for continuous
power supply.
The ring main forms complete loop and has isolating
switches provided at strategic points for isolating
particular section in case of fault. In this way
continuity of service can be maintained to the
consumers.

The main precautions of SF6 filled RMU are

Gas pressure to be checked
Cleanliness to be maintained
Cable tightness to be checked

The rated voltage and current ranges for RMUs

Typically reach up to 24 kV and 630 A respectively.
With many of the manufacturers of RMUs, the basic
Construction of the unit remains the same for the
Whole of the voltage range. The increase in rated
Voltage is handled by an increase in the insulating
Gas pressure.
OPERATION CLOSING : Closing the moving
contact assembly is manipulated by means of a
fast-acting operating mechanism. Outside these
manipulations, no energy is stored. For the circuit
breaker and the fuse-switch combination, the
opening mechanism is charged in the same
movement as the closing of the contacts.
Turn the operating handle clockwise to charge the
close/open spring. Then push the green button.
OPENINIG
Opening of the switch is carried out using the same
fast-acting mechanism, manipulated in the opposite
direction. For the circuit breaker and fuse-switch
combination, opening is actuated by:
• A pushbutton
• A fault.
Push the red button to open fuse switch disconnector.

Earthing

A specific operating shaft closes and opens the

earthing contacts. The hole providing access to the
shaft is blocked by a cover which can be opened if the
switch or circuit breaker is open, and remains locked
when it is closed.

SULFUR HEXAFLOURIDE CIRCUIT BREAKER

Current interruption in a high-
voltage circuitbreaker is obtained by separating two
contacts in a medium, such
as sulfurhexafluoride (SF6), having
excellent dielectric and arc-quenching properties.
After contact separation, current is carried through an
arc and is interrupted when this arc is cooled by a gas
blast of sufficient intensity.
The sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is
an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to
absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are
opened in a high pressure flow of sulphur
hexafluoride gas and an arc is struck between them.
The gas captures the conducting free electrons in the
arc to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss
of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up
enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc.
• Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as an arc
quenching Medium.
• SF6 is an electro-negative gas.
• It has strong tendency to absorb electrons.
• When contacts are opened in a high pressure
flow of SF6 gas,Arc produced.
• Free electron in arc are captured by the gas.
• Which build up enough insulation strength to
extinguish arc.
• It is much effective for high power and high
voltages service
FUSE: In electronics and electrical engineering,
a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to
provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit.
Its essential component is metal wire or strip that melts
when too much current flow through it, thereby
stopping or interrupting the current.

A fuse is an automatic means of removing power from

a faulty system; often abbreviated to ADS (Automatic
Disconnection Supply). Circuit breakers can be used as
an alternating to fuses, but have significantly different
characteristics.
Circuit Breaker: A circuit breaker is an
electrical switch designed to protect circuit from
damage caused by overcurrent/overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow
after protective relays detect a fault.

• May be reset after interruption an

overcurrent event
• Has a higher initial cost
• Requires maintenance
• Optional protective feature(i.e.ground fault)
Polyswitch: A resettable fuse or
polymeric positive temperature coefficient device
is a passive electronic component used to protect
against overcurrent faults in electronic circuits.The
device is also known as a multifuse or polyswitch.
Polyswitch PPTC (Polymeric Positive Temperature
Coefficient) device help protect against harmful
overcurrent surges and overtemperature faults.
Like traditional fuses, these device limit the flow of
dangerously high current during fault conditions.
THANK YOU