Electrical Engineering Lab

3rd SEMESTER

Lab Instructor: Engr. Ali Hassan

Session: ME-14 Section: B Workstation No:
Group Details

Names Registration No. Lab Performance Listen

Lab Report Total
(4) Learned/
(4) (10)
Viva (2)
Zain Ahmed 428451
Sher Nawaz 411357
Basit Ali 414318
Ashique Ali 407726
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Lab report 2
Title:
• Introduction to resistors and their combinations.
• To understand how to decode resistors with the help of color coding.
• To explore resistor combinations to achieve specific resistance values.
Component required:
• Resistors
• Wires
Equipment required:
• Breadboard
• Digital multimeter
Procedure:
Part A: Resistor color decoding
• Select a resistor with color bands and record it, s sequence.
• Using the resistor color code chart, decode the resistance values.
• Measure the resistance value using a multimeter to verify the decoded value.
• Repeat the process for different resistors.
Part B: Resistors combination:
• Choose two or more resistors and record their resistance values.
• Calculate the total resistance of the resistors in series and in parallel using the
appropriate formulas.
• Assemble the resistors in the calculated configurations (series and parallel) on
a breadboard.
• Measure the total resistance of each configuration using a multimeter.
• Compare the measured values with the calculated ones.
By Zain Ahmed:
Three resistors in series: Four resistors in series:
Calculated value: Calculated value:
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
=1800 + 2200 + 2200 = 1800 + 2200 +2200 +680
= 6200Ω = 6.2kΩ = 6.9kΩ
In simulation: In simulation:

Three resistors in parallel: Four resistors in parallel:

Calculated value: Calculated value:
1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/R4
 1/Req=1/1800+1/2200+1/2200
Req=684.9Ω
In simulation:
Resistors combinations:
When three are parallel and one
in series with other three:
Calculated Value:
1/R=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
1/R=1/1800+1/2200+1/680
R=403Ω
Req= R + R4
= 2603Ω = 2.6k Ω
1/Req=1/1800+1/2200+1/2200+1/680
Req=344.8Ω
In simulation:
when two are in parallel and two are in
series with above two:
Calculated value:
1/R’=1/R1+1/R2
1/R’=1/1800+1/2200
R’=990 Ω
1/R’’=1/2200+1/680
R’’=526Ω
Req=R’+R’’=1516Ω=1.5K Ω
By Sher Nawaz

Four resistors in series Three resistors in series

Calculation: Calculation:
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 Req = R1 + R2 + R3
Req = 1k Ω + 1k Ω + 4k Ω + 2k Ω Req = 1k Ω + 4k Ω + 2k Ω
Req = 8k Ω Req = 7k Ω
Four resistors in parallel
Calculation:
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4
1/Req = 1/1kΩ + 1/1kΩ + 1/4kΩ + 1/2kΩ
Req = 363.6 Ω
Three resistors in parallel
Calculation:
1/ Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/Req = 1/1k Ω + 1/4k Ω + 1/2k Ω
Req = 571.4 Ω
Parallel & Series combination Parallel & Series combination
Calculation: Calculation:
1/R’ = 1/R1 + 1/R2 1/ R’ = 1/R1 + 1/R2
1/R’ = 1/1k Ω + 1/4k Ω 1/ R’ = 1/2k Ω + 1/4k Ω
R’ = 0.8 k Ω R’ = 1.33 k Ω
1/R’’ = 1/R3 + 1/R4 R’’ = R3
1/R’’ = 1/1k Ω + 1/2k Ω R’’ = 1k Ω
R’’ = 0.666 k Ω Req = R’ + R’’
Req = R’ + R’’
Req = 1.466 k Ω Req = 2.33 k Ω
By Ashique Ali
4 Resisters in series 3 Resister in series
Req= R1+R2+R3+R4kΩ Req= R1+R2+R3
Req=1k Ω+2kΩ +3kΩ +4kΩ Req=1k Ω+2kΩ +3kΩ
Req= 10kΩ Req=6k Ω

3 parallel & 1 series 2 parallel & 1 series

1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 1/Req=1/R1+1/R2
1/Req= 1/kΩ+1/4kΩ+1/3kΩ 1/Req= 1/kΩ+1/4kΩ
1/Req= 19/12kΩ 1/Req= 5/4kΩ
1/Req= 1.58/kΩ 1/Req= 1.25/kΩ
Req=0.632kΩ Req=0.8kΩ
R’eq=ReqΩ+R4Ω R’eq=ReqΩ+R3Ω
R’eq= 2kΩ+0.632Ω R’eq= 2kΩ+0.8kΩ
R’eq=2.632kΩ R’eq=2.8kΩ
 4 parallel resisters 3parallel resisters
1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/R4 1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
1/Req= 1/kΩ+1/4kΩ+1/3kΩ+1/2kΩ 1/Req= 1/kΩ+1/4kΩ+1/3kΩ
1/Req= 25/12kΩ 1/Req= 1.58/kΩ
1/Req= 2.086/kΩ Req= 0.62kΩ
Req=0.84kΩ

By Basit Ali:
Two Resistors in Series:
R1= 5 kΩ, R2= 3.5 kΩ
R (Equivalent) = R1 + R2 = 5 kΩ + 3.5 kΩ = 8.5 kΩ
___________________________________________________________
Four Resistors in Series:
R1= 5 kΩ, R2= 3.5 kΩ, R3= 1.5 kΩ, R4=1 kΩ
R (Equivalent) = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = (5 + 3.5 + 1.5 + 1) kΩ = 11 kΩ

__________________________________________________________
Two Resistors in Parallel:
R1= 5 kΩ R2= 3.5 kΩ
1/R (Equivalent) = (1/R1) + (1/R2)
1/R = [(1/5) + (1/3.5) ] kΩ
R= 2.0588 kΩ

___________________________________________________________
Four Resistors in Parallel:

R1= 5 kΩ R2= 3.5 kΩ R3= 2 kΩ R4= 7 kΩ

1/R = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) + (1/R4)

1/R = [(1/5) + (1/3.5) + (1/2) + (1/7)] kΩ

R (Equivalent) = 886 Ω
Parallel and Series Combination:
R1= 3.5 kΩ R2= 5 kΩ R3= 1.5 kΩ R4= 1 kΩ
1/R + 1/R= (1/3.5) + (1/5) + (1/1.5) + (1)
R (Equivalent)= 0.6 kΩ + 2.0588 kΩ = 2.66 kΩ
Parallel and Series Combination:
R1= 3.5 kΩ R2= 5 kΩ R3= 2 kΩ Rs= 1.5 kΩ
1/R = [(1/3.5) + (1/5) + 1/2]
R(Equivalent) = 1.01449 kΩ
R (Equivalent) + Rs= 1.5 kΩ + 1.01449 kΩ = 2.51 kΩ
Hardware:

Circuit of three resistors in series

When four resistors are in series

When resistors are in parallel

When three resistors are in parallel
And one in series with the other three
resistors.
When two resistors are in parallel
Two are in series with the above two
resistors.
Lesson learnt.

❖ Power rating: - Two resistors having the same resistance but different in
thickness.
❖ The value of resistance is not written on the resistor because of two
reasons. (Size of the resistor is too small & value of resistance is changing
with change in temperature, humidity etc.)
(By Sher Nawaz).
________________________________________________________________
➢ The total resistance in a parallel circuit is always less than the smallest
individual resistor. The voltage (V) is the same across all resistors in parallel
➢ The total resistance in a series circuit is greater than the resistance of any
individual resistor. The current (I) is the same through all the resistors in series
➢ By studying these concepts, you'll gain a fundamental understanding of how
resistors behave in different circuit configurations, which is essential for
working with electrical circuits and electronics in general
(By Ashique Ali)

1. In this Lab, I learned how to connect resistors in series and Parallel

using breadboard.
2. Learned, how to calculate the resistance of resistor using color codes.
3. Practically experienced how Resistors in series always add up while in
parallel, equivalent resistance is always less than the value of smallest
resistor in the parallel combination.
4. Implement it using simulation software, Tinker CAD.
[Basit Ali]

__________________________________________________________________
(By Zain Ahmed)
❖ gain insights into how resistor combinations are applied in various electronics and circuits,
such as voltage dividers, current limiters, and signal conditioning.I learned the
fundamental differences between series and parallel resistor configurations,
including how they affect total resistance.
❖ I enhance my hands-on skills in building circuits and measuring resistance,
which are valuable for future experiments and projects.
❖ I gain insights into how resistor combinations are applied in various electronics
and circuits, such as voltage dividers, current limiters, and signal conditioning.