ST.

BRITTO'S ACADEMY
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi )
Velachery, Chennai - 600 042.

PROJECT REPORT
2023 - 2024

SUBJECT Chemistry

NAME : G.Thaarini

EXAMINATION NUMBER :

STANDARD : XII

BATCH : 2023-2024

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 ST.BRITTO’S ACADEMY SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL
(Affiliated in Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi)
Velachery, Chennai – 600 042.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified to be the bonafide record of the Project Work/ Investigatory

Experiment done by Master/Miss _____________________________________________
of Class _____________ in ST. BRITTO’S ACADEMY , Velachery ,Chennai –
600 042.
Year __________________________-

Submitted for the ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION conducted by CBSE, New Delhi. Held in
_________________________ Month _______________________ Year at ST. BRITTO’S
Academy Chennai – 600 042 by the candidate bearing the Registration
Number ____________________

DATE : SCHOOL SEAL HEAD OF THE

INSTITUTION

SIGNATURE OF
1) Internal Examiner _____________________________

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 2) External Examiner _____________________________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend a heartfelt thanks to our Chairman Mr. Xavier Britto

and our Correspondent Dr. Vimala Britto for inculcating

Creativity and Investigatory mindset in us.

I express my sincere gratitude to our Principal Mrs.Mary

Vasantha Kumari and Sr.Vice-Principal Mrs. Joan Rajesh for

permitting me to carry out this project by providing all the

necessary facilities.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Chemistry

Teacher Ms.Jayalakshmi .S who gave me the golden

opportunity to do this wonderful project, which helped me in

doing a lot of research and come out with so many new ideas.

I am really thankful to her for her valuable guidance,

encouragement and critical suggestions throughout the course

of my work. I am grateful to my Parents and Friends who

helped me a lot to finish the project within the limited time.

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 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 pH Indicators
 Natural Indicators
 Importance of pH in everyday life
 Aim
 Application
 Materials Required
 Procedure
 Grape Juice pH Indicator
 Advantages
 Precautions
 Result
 Bibliography

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INTRODUCTION:

We often hear that certain substances are acidic or basic in

nature. But how does one find out whether the substance is
acidic, basic or neutral? What makes the substance acidic or
basic? All these things are determined with the help of a pH scale.
Let us educate ourselves about this scale of measurement.

The principle behind the function of an indicator is that it

reacts with water to form the hydrogen cation H+ or hydronium
ion H3O+. The reaction changes the colour of the indicator
molecule.

pH is a numeric scale in chemistry that is used to determine

whether the substance is acidic, basic or neutral in nature.
Substances that have a pH level of less than 7 are acidic in nature.
For e.g Acidic substances such as vinegar, tamarind, lemon, etc.
Substances that have a level of more than 7 are basic in nature.
For e.g. Basic substances such as baking soda, limewater,
ammonia, etc. Whereas substances which have a pH value of 7
are neither basic nor acidic which means they’re neutral in
nature. For e.g. Pure water. pH stands for potential of Hydrogen.
The level of extremely strong acids can be less than 0 and the
level of extremely strong bases can be more than 14.

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pH Indicators:

pH indicators are indicators that show the pH value of

substances, they change color over the small range of the scale.
Some common indicators are litmus paper, phenolphthalein,
Methyl orange, bromothymol blue, etc. The indicator is a
chemical detector used to detect the hydrogen ions (H+) and
hydroxyl ions (OH-) in a solution. Olfactory indicators can
change their odor. Some examples of olfactory indicators are
onion, vanilla extract, clove oil, etc.

Natural Indicators
Natural Indicator is a type of indicator that can be found
naturally and can determine whether the substance is an acidic
substance or a basic substance. Some of the natural indicators
include:

● Red cabbage
● Grapes
● Turmeric
● Hibiscus
● Beets
● Onion

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Importance of pH in Everyday Life

The importance of pH in daily life is as stated below-

 Plants and animals can survive only in a narrow range of

pH changes. Usually, animal and human bodies work in a
pH range of 7 to 7.5.
 When the pH value of rainwater is below 5.6, then it is
called acid rain. It causes the pH value of the water to be
dropped and this causes damage to aquatic life.
 Further, when the pH value of our stomach decreases we
get acidity problems.
 When the pH value of our mouth reduces, our teeth
start to decay.
 Changes in the pH value of the soil make it infertile.

This demonstrates how all living organisms and plants are

sensitive to pH changes.

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Aim:

To use natural indicators to test the pH of the given solution

with the help of beetroot as a natural indicator. The core aim of
this project is to delve into the intricate chemistry of natural pH
indicators and comprehend their ability to reflect pH variations
through distinct colour changes. By analysing the behaviour of
indicators extracted from red cabbage, beetroot, and red
hibiscus, the project seeks to unravel the molecular
mechanisms behind these colour transitions. This exploration
fosters a deeper understanding of chemical reactions and their
visual manifestations.

One of the central tenets of this project is the emphasis on

sustainability and ecological responsibility. By exploring
natural sources for pH indicators, the project highlights the
potential of using eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic
indicators. The aim here is to underscore the importance of
considering the environmental impact of scientific practices.
This perspective aligns with the global movement towards
greener and more sustainable methodologies in various fields,
including chemistry.

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Application:
pH indicators are frequently employed in titrations in analytical
chemistry and biology to determine the extent of a chemical
reaction. Because of the subjective choice (determination) of
colour, pH indicators are susceptible to imprecise readings. For
applications requiring precise measurement of pH, a pH meter
is frequently used.

Many plants or plant parts contain chemicals from the naturally

coloured anthocyanin family of compounds. They are red in
acidic solutions and blue in basic. Anthocyanins can be
extracted with water or other solvents from a multitude of
coloured plants or plant parts, including from leaves (red
cabbage); flowers (geranium, poppy, or rose petals); berries
(blueberries, blackcurrant); and stems (rhubarb). Extracting
anthocyanins from household plants, especially red cabbage, to
form a crude pH indicator is a popular introductory chemistry
demonstration.

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Materials Required:

- Grapes

- Lemons

- Baking soda

- pH paper or pH meter

- Glass containers or test tubes

- Water

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Procedure:
1. Obtain the natural pH indicators, such as red cabbage,
lemons, beets, blueberries, turmeric, and chlorophyll.
2. Prepare each natural pH indicator separately by extracting
the colour pigments using a simple extraction method (e.g.,
boiling, blending, or mashing).
3. Test the pH of each natural pH indicator using pH paper or a
pH meter.
4. Prepare a series of solutions with different pH values using
water, baking soda, and vinegar.
5. Add a small amount of each natural pH indicator to each
solution and observe the colour change.
6. Record the pH values and colour changes in a table or chart.
7. Interpret the results by explaining the chemical mechanism
of natural pH indicators and their colour-changing properties.
8. Discuss the potential applications of natural pH indicators in
various fields, such as food science, medicine, and
environmental monitoring.

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  Grape Juice pH Indicator

Theory:

Grape juice, especially red grape juice, contains natural

pigments, such as anthocyanins, which are sensitive to changes
in pH. These pigments can change color depending on the pH
of the solution they are in. For example, they may shift from red
or purple in acidic solutions to a different color in alkaline
solutions.

Grape Juice pH Indicator Preparation:

1. Obtain a small quantity of red grape juice. Make sure it is free

from any additives or preservatives.
2. Ensure the grape juice is at room temperature for accurate
results

Testing the Grape Juice Indicator:

1.Label several small containers for the grape juice indicator

solution.
Add a small amount of the grape juice indicator solution to each
container.
2. Test the indicator by adding substances with known pH
values, such as lemon juice (acidic), baking soda solution
(basic), and water (neutral), to separate containers.

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3. Observe the color changes of the grape juice indicator
solution in response to the pH of each substance. Note down
the color changes for each pH value.

Observation:

-Grape juice indicator added to lemon juice turns a deep purple.

-Grape juice indicator added to baking soda solution exhibits a
red or purple hue.
-Grape juice indicator added to water maintains its original
color.

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Precautions:
General safety precautions to keep in mind when working with
natural pH indicators:
1. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE),
such as gloves and goggles, to protect your skin and eyes
from any harmful chemicals.
2. Ensure that all containers of substances being tested are
properly labelled.
3. Avoid contact of all the chemicals with eyes and skin.
4. Dispose of all solid waste, such as boiled cabbage leaves, in
the trash cans.

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RESULT

S.No Indicator Acidic Neutral Basic

Medium Medium

1 Red Red Purple/Blue Blue

Cabbage

2 Turmeric Reddish- yellow Yellow

brown

3 Red Red - Bluish-

Hibiscus green/Blue

4 Beetroot Red - Bluish/Purple

5 Grape Red/Purple Red/Purple Different

Juice shade

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://collegedunia.com/exams/importance-of-ph-in-everyday-life-science-
articleid-307
 https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-ph-indicator-605499

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