LEARNING CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS) - previously

neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned

LEARNING - permanently change in behavior response because it has been paired repeatedly
that arises from experience or practice. with a stimulus that already elicited that
● BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE - response
permanently changes in behavior that
result from practice or experience.
● BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE -
permanently changes in the way one
presents the environment due to
experience.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - which the

neutral stimulus evokes a response.
CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR) - learned
● REFLEX - unlearned response
response to a conditioned stimulus
● STIMULUS - environmental condition
that evokes response

STIMULI & RESPONSES IN CLASSICAL

CONDITIONING

HOW CLASSICAL CONDITIONING WORKS

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS) - this

stimulus lead to involuntary response

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR) -

unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
it is because of genetic wiring in the nervous
system

ORIENTING REFLEX - unlearned response in

which an organism attends to a stimulus
EXTINCTION - cs no longer elicits & associated
with cs & ucs (wala ka ng response sa isang
stimulus) (ex: wala ka ng reaction kapag
nakakakita ka milo na gawa sa uod kase nasanay
ka ng makakita ng ganun)
SPOTANEOUS RECOVERY - cs elicits again the
cr (bumalik ulit ung response mo sa isang
stimulus dahil may nakapag trigger dito) (ex:
bumili ka ng milo sa grocery tas naalala mo ung
video kung saan sya gawa)
GENERALIZATION - tendency for cr to be
evoked by stimuli similar to the stimulus to
which the response was conditioned
(kung ano ung response mo sa isang stimulus na
nakapag-trigger sayo, ganun rin ang reaction mo
sa lahat ng nakikita mong kaparehong stimulus)
(ex: nakita mo ung video na gawa ang milo sa uod,
naisip mo na lahat ng milo ay gawa sa uod)
DISCRIMINATION - the tendency for an
organism to distinguish between a conditioned
stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast
an unconditioned stimulus
(kung ano ung response mo sa isang stimulus na
nakapag trigger sayo, hindi ganun ang response
mo sa isa pang stimulus mo)
(ex: nakita mo ung video na gawa ang milo sa uod
pero naisip mo na hindi lahat ng milo ay gawa sa
uod dahil alam mong gawa ito sa totoong cocoa)
APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING: FEAR- REDUCTION
TECHNIQUES
COUNTERCONDITIONING - a technique
developed by psychologists that is intended to
change how we perceive certain stimuli. The goal
of counter conditioning is to change our
response to a given stimulus. (baguhin ang
response & perspective mo sa certain stimuli na
kinakatakutan mo) (ex: kapag nakakakita ako ng
ipis, hindi ako natatakot. gusto kong ibalik ulit
ung takot ko sa ipis kaya ang ginawa sakin ay
counterconditioning)
FLOODING - fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are
presented continuously in the absence of actual
harm so that fear responses (CRs) are
extinguished.Flooding is a form of behavior
therapy used to treat people with fears or
phobias. (sinasanay ka sa kinakatakutan kong
stimulus/stimuli para mabawasan ang takot mo)
(ex: ie-expose ka ng therapist mo sa ipis
hanggang sa masanay ka at mawalan ng takot)
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION -
hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented
while the person remains relaxed.
(dahan-dahan inaalis o binabawasan ang takot mo
sa isang stimulus/stimuli)
(ex: takot ka sa ipis at para mabawasan ang
takot mo, pinakita sayo ang picture ng ipis. wala
kang reaction kaya stuffed toy ang sunod na
binigay. naging kalmado ang reaction mo dahil
malabot ung stuffed toy. pagkatapos, pinakitaan
ka ng ipis na nasa cage. natakot ka sa una pero
habang tumatagal ay nagiging kalmado at curious
ka kung paano ito kumain at mamuhay sa loob ng
cage)
OPERANT CONDITIONING (EDWARD L. SECONDARY REINFORCERS - acquire value
THORNDIKE’S LAW OF EFFECT - response is due to association with established reinforcers
strengthened by reward & punishment. (ex: money)
● SKINNER BOX - animal cage (operant
chamber) devised to study operant
behavior invented by Burrhus Frederic
Skinner (B. F. Skinner)

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
● CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT -
reinforcement of every correct response
(laging binibigyan ng reward pagtama ang
ginagawa)
TYPES OF REINFORCERS
● PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT - not every
correct response is reinforced (hindi mo
kung kelan ka bibigyan ng reward)

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING - acquisition of

knowledge and skills through the observation of
others (models) rather than by means of direct
experience (natututo ka sa pamamagitan ng pag
POSITIVE REINFORCERS - a reinforcer that
o-observe ng behavior o galaw ng isang tao)
when presented increases the frequency of an ● BOBO DOLL (ALBERT BANDURA) - the
operant (binigyan mo sya ng reward dahil may experiment involved exposing children to
ginawa syang maganda o para pagbutihin nya ung two different adult models; an aggressive
gagawin nya) model and a non-aggressive one. after
(ex: kapag ginawa agad ng bata ung homework witnessing the adult's behavior, the
nya, makakakain sya sa jollibee) children would then be placed in a room
without the model and were observed to
NEGATIVE REINFORCERS - a reinforcer that see if they would imitate the behaviors
when removed increases the frequency of an they had witnessed earlier.
operant (inalis mo ung pleasurable thing para
matuto sya sa pagkakamali nya)
(ex: may ginawa masama ung bata kaya grounded
sya sa phone nya ng 3 days ; pleasurable thing:
phone)

PRIMARY REINFORCERS - effective due to

the biological makeup of an organism
(reinforcers na madaling ibigay o madaling
makuha)
(ex: food, water, warmth, and pain)