CHAPTER 1

Content Knowledge
and Pedagogy
Lesson 1: Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Its Application Across
the Curriculum
Observation
A. Write down the information asked and answer the succeeding questions based on your class
observation.

Name of a Teacher:

Date and Time of Observation:

Educational Background:

Assigned Grade and Section:

Assigned Subject/s:

Relevant Trainings Attended:

1. Are the teacher’s background and qualifications aligned with the subject/s he or she is assigned to
teach?

2. Does he or she use the K-12 curriculum guide in preparing a lesson plan?

3. Does he or she consider the learner’s prior knowledge in designing a lesson plan?

4. Does he or she use varied teaching strategies to deliver the subject matter?

College of Education Field Study 1

 5. Does he or she conduct research in planning for his or her lesson?

B. Check (/) the box that corresponds to your class observation. Write your remarks in the
rightmost column.

Indicators Observed Not Remarks

Observed

1. Explain the subject matter

a. Clearly
b. Accurately
c. comprehensively

2. Relates the subject matter

with previous lessons that
have been taught or
future lessons to be
taught.

3. Presents facts, theories,

and concepts to support
the validity of content.

4. Manifests understanding
of the learner’s
background in relation to
the subject matter.

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 5. Utilizes appropriate
pedagogical strategies in
the delivery of the subject
matter.

6. Integrates appropriate
technology tools specific
to the subject matter to
be taught.

7. Promotes inquiry-based
learning to develop higher
order thinking skills
and/or 21st century skills.

8. Uses appropriate
languages to make subject
matter delivery more
comprehensible.

9. Shows skills in the use of

information and
communication
technologies (ICT) to
facilitate teaching and
learning.

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 10. Uses effective verbal and
non-verbal forms of
communication strategies
to promote meaningful
learning.

Other comments:

Processing

A. Based on what you have observe in class, explain the importance of the different kinds of
knowledge.
1. Content Knowledge

2. Pedagogical knowledge

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 3. Curricular knowledge

B. What do you think were the strategies used by the teacher to enrich his or her mastery of the
subject matter?

C. What do you think where the strategies used by the teacher to enrich his or her pedagogical
knowledge?

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 D. What do you think were the strategies used by the teacher to augment his or her curricular
knowledge?

Reflection

Complete the following:

o I realized that

o I believe that

o I feel that

o When I become a teacher, I will

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 Lesson 2: Positive Use of Information and Communications
Technology

Observation
A. Familiarize yourself with ICT facilities and tools for teaching and learning. Check if the following
items are available. Provide a description for each in the rightmost column.

ICT Facilities and tools Available Not Description

Available

Computer Lab/Computer
Room

Audio-Visual Room

Laptop/Desktop

Printer

Scanner

LCD Project

Audio Equipment

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LCD/LED TV

Internet Access

Computer hard drives and

storage devices (e.g.,
compact disk, flash
drive/USB, portable device)

Tablets, mobile phones, or

other mobile devices

B. Interview the cooperating teacher. Ask the following questions.

1. Does the school have specific ICT policies and standards?

2. Are the teachers aware of the school’s ICT policies and standards?

3. Does the school provide ICT training for teachers?

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 4. Does the school provide the necessary ICT tools and digital technology to aid teaching and
learning activities?

5. Are the students provided with equal opportunity to use the computers and other digital
technologies?

6. Are the teachers knowledgeable on how to operate a laptop/computer and other digital
technologies for teaching and learning?

C. Check (/) the box that corresponds to what you have observed in class. Write your remarks in the
last column.

Competencies Observed Not Remarks

Observed

Domain 1: Understanding ICT in Education

Demonstrates awareness of
policies affecting ICT in education

Complies with ICT policies as they

affect teaching-learning.

Contextualizes ICT policies to the

learning environment.

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Domain 2: Curriculum and Assessment

Demonstrates an understanding
of concepts, principles, and
theories of ICT systems as they
apply to teaching-learning.

Evaluates digital and non-digital

learning resources in response to
students’ diverse needs.

Develops digital learning resources

to enhance teaching-learning.

Uses ICT as a tool to develop 21st

century skills: Information, Media
and Technology Skills, Learning
and Innovation Skills, Life and
Career Skills, and Effective
Communication Skills.

Domain 3: Pedagogy

Applies relevant technology tools

for classroom activities

Uses ICT knowledge to solve

complex problems and support
student collaborative activities.

Models collaborative knowledge

construction in face-to-face and
virtual environments.

Domain 4: Technology Tools

Demonstrates competence in the

technical operations of
technology tools and systems as
they apply to teaching and
learning.

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Uses technology tools to create
new learning opportunities to
support communities of learners.

Demonstrates proficiency in the

use of technology tools to
support teaching and learning.

Domain 5: organization and Administration

Manage technology-assisted
instruction in an inclusive
classroom environment.

Exhibits leadership in shared-

decision making using technology
tools.

Domain 6: Teacher Professional Learning

Explores existing and emerging

technologies to acquire additional
content and pedagogical
knowledge.

Utilizes technology tools in

creating communities of practice.

Collaborates with peers,

colleagues, and stakeholders to
access information in support of
professional learning.

Domain 7: Teacher Disposition

Demonstrates social, ethical, and

legal responsibilities in the use of
technology tool and resources.

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Shows positive attitude towards
the use of technology tools.

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have observed in the class.

1. What are the problems or challenges in integrating ICT in teaching and learning?

2. What are the challenges encountered by students in using ICT tools and other forms for digital
technologies?

3. In what domain/s of ICT competency standards for teachers do teachers need improvement? Why?

4. How will you promote the positive use of ICT to your students?

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Reflection

Complete the following:

o I realized that

o I believe that

o I feel that

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 Lesson 3: Strategies for Promoting Literacy and Numeracy

Observation
A. For each given domain, write down the literacy strategies used by the cooperating teacher during
your class observation.

Observation Strategies

1. Oral Language

2. Phonological
Awareness

3. Book and Print

Knowledge

4. Alphabet Knowledge

5. Phonics and Word

Recognition

6. Fluency

7. Spelling

8. Writing and
composition

9. Grammar Awareness
and Structure

10. Vocabulary
Development

11. Reading
Comprehension

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 12. Listening
Comprehension

B. Write down the numeracy strategies used by the cooperating teacher during your class
observation in the following subjects.

Subjects Strategies

1. Language (English/Filipino/Mother
Tongue)

2. Mathematics

3. Science

4. History/Araling Panlipunan/Social Studies

5. Values Education/Conduct Education

6. Computer/ICT

7. Music, Arts, Physical Education, and

Health (MAPEH)

8. Technology and Livelihood Education

9. Others:

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have observed in class.

1. How can literacy affect one’s life?

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 2. How important is numeracy in our daily life?

3. How can literacy and numeracy improve the learner’s academic performance?

4. In the absence of digital technologies and printed materials, what do you think are the strategies
you can use to promote literacy and numeracy?

Reflection
Complete the following:

o I realized that

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 o I believe that

o I feel that

o When I become a teacher, I will

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 Lesson 4: Strategies for Developing Critical and Creative Thinking as
well as Higher-Order Thinking Skills
Observation

A. Ask the cooperating teacher to show his or her lesson plan to you. Review the objectives of each
lesson in the lesson plans. Provide examples of educational objectives based on the following
HOTS:

1. Creating

2. Evaluating

3. Analyzing

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 B. Indicate whether the following HOTS strategies are applied during your class observation by
checking the appropriate box. Write your remarks in the last column.

HOTS Strategies Observed Not Remarks

Observed

1. Teaches the concepts

of HOTS

2. Promotes the use of

HOTS when
communicating

3. Encourages question
and answer during
discussion

4. Uses visuals and

graphic organizers to
connect concepts

5. Uses problem-solving
to foster critical
thinking

6. Promotes
collaborative learning
to generate new ideas

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 7. Encourages students
to elaborate their
answers

8. Promotes inquiry-
based learning to
validate ideas

9. Uses educational
objectives that foster
HOTS

10. Uses assessment that

promotes HOTS

Processing

Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have observed in class.

1. In what part of the instructional plan can teachers apply HOTS?

2. How can HOTS improve the students’ learning?

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 3. How important is creative and critical thinking in the 21st century workplace?

4. What are the things that teachers need to improve on to enrich the students’ HOTS?

Reflection
Complete the following.

o I realized that

o I believe that

o I feel that

o When I become a teacher, I will

College of Education Field Study 1

 Lesson 5: Mother Tongue, Filipino, and English in Teaching and Learning
(NOT APPLICABLE FOR BSED)

Observation
A. Conduct a survey of languages used by students and teachers at home and school.

Language/s used at home Language/s used at school

Students

Teachers

B. Answer the following questions:

1. Do the teachers of kindergarten and elementary students have a copy of the teacher’s guide and
learning materials for Mother Tongue, Filipino, and English?

2. Are the teacher’s guide and learning materials translated in mother tongue?

3. Are there sufficient references for the teaching of mother tongue, Filipino, and English?

4. Are teachers well-informed on and trained in the teaching of mother tongue, Filipino, and
English?

5. Do the teachers speak or understand the identified regional language of instruction?

6. Do the learners speak or understand the language of instruction used by teachers in the
implementation of MTB-MLE?

7. Do the learners have access to learning resources and materials?

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 C. Conduct an observation of teachers in mother tongue, Filipino, and English classes. Identify the
strategies used to motivate or arouse the interest of learners in the following language literacy
domains. Write your observations in the remark’s column.

Domains Strategies Remarks

1. Oral Language

2. Phonological
Awareness

3. Book and Print

Knowledge

4. Alphabet Knowledge

5. Phonics and Word

Recognition

6. Fluency

7. Spelling

8. Writing and
Composition

9. Grammar Awareness
and Structure

10. Vocabulary
Development

11. Reading
Comprehension

12. Listening
Comprehension

Processing
A. Based on what you have observed in the class, identify the benefits of using mother tongue, Filipino,
and English as MOIs.
1. Mother Tongue

2. Filipino

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 3. English

B. Based on what you have observed in the class, identify the strategies to improve the teacher’s ability
to help the students understand mother tongue. Filipino, and English.

C. Explain how mother tongue can enrich cultural awareness of both teachers and students.

Reflection
Complete the following:

1. I realized that

2. I believe that

3. I feel that

4. When I become a teacher, I will

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 Lesson 6: Classroom Communication Strategies
Observation
A. Identify the verbal and non-verbal forms of communication used by teachers and students in the
classroom.

Verbal Non-verbal Remarks

Teachers

Students

B. Check (/) the box that corresponds to what you have observed in the class. Write your remarks in
the last column.

Communication Observed Not Remarks

Strategies for Teachers Observed
Communicates with a
friendly tone

Thinks before speaking to

avoid utterance of
irrelevant words

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 Speaks clearly and
articulately delivers the
message he or she is
trying to convey

Speaks with confidence

Demonstrates ability to
produce intelligent and
fluent discourse

Demonstrates skills in
written communication

Demonstrates proficiency
in oral communication

Manifest positive attitude

towards students.

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 Other comments and observations:

Processing
Read carefully and answer the following questions based on what you have observed in class.

1. How important are the verbal and non-verbal forms of communication to the teachers?

2. How do verbal and non-verbal forms of communication affects the students’ learning?

3. What forms of communication do the teachers and the students need to improve on?

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Complete the following:

o I realized that

o I believe that

o I feel that

o When I become a teacher, I will

College of Education Field Study 1