SOIPCUQIGDG ODAIFODH GC DQSOAIFO

@DASHWDG GC IOBCOICUID

CJCUAIWDUIF
@IQIAD II

]UF@. IOB. UIADUGF BIKCOCZ WDUUCQ

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
Aätcgrd gc @ësi
@ësiad
ad II @dauhtdg
@dauht dg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D
S.O.D..
]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
 Soigdg =4
WCK]CUDWSUD
WCK]CUDWSUD - GIHDWDAIFO

CJCUAIAIFQ

=4 D quc tckpcrdtu
tc kpcrdturd
rd gdo hd kiskd
kiskd hcaturd
hcatu rd hds csadhds @dlrcolcit y Nchvio
Nchvio..
Ucsp: 327,53º

=5 So lihf gc dacrf (Y dacrf ; 5= 4=1 nb/kk5) gc 1 k gc hfobitug d 5= ºA dukcotd su

hfobitug co 4<,2 kk audogf sc adhicotd ldstd 35= ºA.
d) Adhauhdr ch afc`iaicotc gc gihdtdaiño hiocdh gch dacrf.
e) Adhauhdr hd `dtibd gch lihf si sc kdoticoc d 35= ºA y sc co`rëd gcspués d 5= ºA sio
pcrkitirhc
pcrki tirhc afotrdcrsc.
Ucsp: 45,3 4= -0 4/ºA > 453 nb/kk5

=1 Sod aiotd gc dhukioif (  ; 57 4= -0 4/ºA ) gc 1= k gc hfobitug, cs afrrcatd d hd

tckpcrdturd gc 0< º@. Qc kigc afo chhd hd gistdoaid cotrc gfs puotfs uo gëd gc
tckpcrdturd 93 º@, y rcsuhtd scr gc 57 k. Audh cs hd vcrgdgcrd gistdoaid cotrc hfs gfs
puotfs6
Ucsp: 57==,<07 ak

=7 So péoguhf gc rchfj lcalf gc iovdr (  ; =,2 4=-0 4/ºA ) ticoc uo pcrëfgf gc =,3 scb d
5= ºA. Qi ch rchfj sc usd co uo ahikd co gfogc hd tckpcrdturd kcgid cs gc 1= ºA, quc
afrrcaaiño scrä ocacsdrif ldacr dh adef gc 1= gëds, d hd
hd lfrd quc gd ch rchfj6
Ucsp: 9 scb

=3 D 5= ºA uo doihhf gc hdtño ((  ; 49 4= -0 4/ºA) ticoc uo giäkctrf gc 1 ak, y uod vdrihhd

(  ; 44 4= -0 4/ºA) uo giäkctrf gc 1,==4 ak. D quc tckpcrdturd afkúo ch
gc dacrf (
doihhf tcogrä ibudh giäkctrf quc hd vdrihhd
Ucsp: 04,2 ºA

=0 So dhdkerc gc 0= ak sc gfehd cco

o `frkd gc doihhf airauhdr gcjdogf uod lc
lcogigur
ogigurdd gc
4 ak. Qc dukcotd uoi`frkckcotc hd tckpcrdturd gch dhdkerc co 4== ºA. D hd oucvd
tckpcrdturd sc coaucotrd quc hd lcogigurd ticoc 4,==5 ak. Audh cs ch afc`iaicotc gc
gihdtdaiño hiocdh gch dhdkerc.
Ucsp: 5 4=-3 4/ºA

=2 Gfs edrrds, uod gc dacrf (δ D ; 45 4= -0 4/ºA) y ftrd gc aferc (δA ; 47 4=-0 4/ºA)
gi`icrco su hfobitug co1 ak. AudotfAudo tf vdhco gialds hfobitugc
hfobitugcss si dh co`ridrhfs f
adhcotdrhfs, hd gi`crcoaid
gi`crcoaid gc hfobitu
hfobitugcs
gcs sc kdotic
kdoticoc
oc co 1 ak.
Ucsp: 54 ak > 4< ak

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
=< Qc ticoc uod edrrd gc dhukioif gc 5== ak gc hfobitug, sujctd pfr kcgif gc uo dpfyf
rëbigf co ‘D‛ y pfr kcgif gc uo dpfyf chästiaf co ‘E‛ quc sc pucgc gcsphdzdr ldstd
ch tfpc, tdh afkf sc kucstrd co hd `iburd 1=<. Adhauhdr hd `dtibd co hd edrrd si sc
dukcotd hd tckpcrdturd gc hd kiskd
kiskd co 53= ºA.
5
Ucsp: 357,<0 nb/ak
4 ak
Dacrf Aferc

5  D E

7= ak 10 ak @iburd 1=<

@iburd 1=9

=9 Sod edrrd gc dacrf gc 7= ak gc hfobitug y uod edrrd gc aferc gc 10 ak gc hfobitug

sc afhfado afkf sc iogiad co hd `iburd 1=9, sio prcsiño ioiaidh. Hucbf sc dukcotd hd
tckpcrdturd co 3= ºA. Adhauhdr hd `dtibd afkprcsfrd co dkeds edrrds sdeicogf quc
dkeds ticoco scaaiño airauhdr. Ch giäkctrf gc hd edrrd gc dacrf cs gfs vcacs ch
giäkctrf gc hd gch aferc. Gdtfs: Y da ; 5 4= 0 nb/ak5 > da ; 45 4= -0 4/ºA >
Yau ; 4,4 4=0 nb/ak5 >>
au ; 47 4=-0 4/ºA
Ucsp: 153 nb/ak5 > 4.1== nb/ak5

4= Sod edrrd gc dhukioif ( (  ; 51 4=-0 4/ºA > Y ; 2 4=3 nb`/ak5) gc 4,3 k. gc hfobitug y
d hd tckpcrdturd gc 3= ºA, sc sujctd pfr kcgif gc gfs dpfyfs chästiafs co ‘D‛ y co
‘E‛, quc sc pucgco gcshizdr ldstd su tfpc, afkf sc kucstrd co hd @iburd 14=. Adhauhdr
hd `dtibd
`dtibd co hd edrrd si sc adhicotd: d) ldstd 5== ºA > e) ldstd 7== ºA
Ucsp: of ldy `dtibd > 4.779 nb`/ak5

@iburd 14= @iburd 144

=,3 ak =,7 ak

44 Ch Qistckd gc hd @iburd 144 cstä `frkdgf pfr uod edrrd gc dacrf gc 4,== k. gc
hfobitug, uoigd d uo lihf gc dhukioif gc 4,5= k. gc hfobitug y sio tcosiño ioiaidh, d hd
tckpcrdturd gc 7= ºA. Qi hd tckpcrdturd gch sistckd gcsaicogc ldstd 3 ºA, audh scrä hd
`dtibd co ch lihf.
Gdtfs: δda ; 45,3 4= -0 4/ºA > δdh ; 57 4=-0 4/ºA > Ydh ; 2 4= 3 nb`/ak5
Ucsp: <73 nb`/ak5

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
45 D gfs edrrds gc gistiotfs kdtcridhcs ( (E;4,53 D) pcrf gc hfobihfobitugc
tugcss ibudhcs, hcs
`dhtdo 4 ak pdrd hhcbdr d uo
u o tfpc. Qi hds edrrds
edrrds sc adhicotdo:
d) Audh hhcbdrä prikcrf dh tfpc.
e) Audotf hc `dhtd dh ftrf pdrd hhcbdr.
a) Audogf ch scbuogf hhcbuc
hhcbuc dh tfpc, audh scrä hd `dtibd co ch prikcrf, sdei
sdeicogf
cogf quc su
3 5
tcosiño cs gc 0 4= nb/ak pfr adgd acotëkctrf
acotëk ctrf gc gc`frk
gc`frkdaiño.
daiño.
Ucsp: kdtcridh ‘E‛ > =,5 ak > 4,3 4= 3 Nb/ak5

41 Sod edrrd gc hdtño ticoc rcsdhtcs co sus cxtrckfs scbúo sc iogiad co hd `iburd 141. Gfs
lihfs `iofs gc dacrf cstäo sujctfs cotrc hfs rcsdhtcs y justdkcotc cstirdgfs (tcosiño
ouhd) audogf tfgf ch sistckd sc coaucotrd d = ºA. Audh cs hd `dtibd tcosfrd co hfs lihfs
gc dacrf si sc
s c chcv
chcvdd hd tckpcrdturd gch sistckd l
ldstd
dstd 1== ºA.
Gdtfs: hdtño ; 5= 4=-0 4/ºA > dacrf ; 45 4=-0 4/ºA > Y dacrf ; 5= 4=1 nb/kk5
Ucsp: 7< nb/kk5
dacrf

hdtño

@iburdd 141
@ibur 0= 45= ak 0=
@iburd 147
47 So aucrpf gc dhukioif cstä sujctf co dkefs cxtrckfs pfr kcgif gc gfs lihfs gc
dacrf sio tcosiño ioia
ioiaidh
idh,, afkf sc kucstrd co hd @iburd 147. Qi ch sistc sistckd
kd cstä d
5== ºA, audh scrä hd tcosiño co hfs lihfs si sc co`rëd d = ºA. Ch giäkctrf gc hfs lihfs cs
gcsprcaidehc
gcsprcaidehc co afkpdrdaiño afo ch giäkctrf gch aucrpf gc dhuk dhukioif
ioif..
Gdtfs: δdh ; 57 4= 4/ºA > δda ; 45 4= 4/ºA > Yda ; 5= 4=1 nb`/kk5
-0 -0

Ucsp: 417 nb`/kk5

43 Audogf hd tckpcrdturd gc uod kfocgd sc chcv

chcvdd 4== ºA su giäkctrf dukcotd =,5= %.
Adhauhdr ch pfracotdjc gc dukcotf gch ärcd gc uod adrd y gch vfhukco.
Ucsp: =,7=
=,7= % > =,0= %

40 Hds piczds gc dhukioif (δ ; 57 4= -0 4/ºA) y dacrf (δ ; 45 4= -0 4/ºA), auyds

gikcosifo
gikc osifocs
cs iotcrods sc kucstrdo co hd @iburd 140, cstäo d hd k
kisk
iskdd tckpcrdturd. Au
Audh
dh
gcec scr hd vdridaiño gc tckpcrdturd gc dkeds piczds pdrd quc hd gc dacrf gcshiac co
ch iotcrifr gc hd gc dhukioif.
dhukioif. Wfgfs hfs cspcsfrcs c ; 4= kkk
Ucsp: 419,4 ºA c
c

c
0= kk c 7=,4 kk

dhukio
dhukioif
if <= kk dacrf 0=,4 kk @iburd 140

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
42 So ehfquc aúeiaf gc dacrf gc 4= ak gc dristd `hftd co kcraurif d = ºA. D csd
tckpcrdturd hd gcosigdg
gcosigdg rchdtivd gch dacrf cs 2,< y hd gch kcraurif 41,0
d) Audh cs hd dhturd gch ehfquc
ehfqu c sukcrbig
sukcrbigdd co kcraurif.
e) Audh cs hd gcosigdg
gcosigdg gch kcraurif y ehfquc aud audogf
ogf hd tckpcrdturd sc chcvd d 0= ºA
a) Audh cs hd dhturd gch ehfquc
ehfqu c sukcrbig
sukcrbigdd co ch kcraurif d hd tckpcrdturd gc 0= ºA.
Gdtfs: dacrf ; 45 4=-0 4/ºA > ε kcraurif ; 4,<5 4= -7 4/ºA
Ucsp: 3,27
3,27 ak > 2,2< > 41,73 > 3,2< ak

4< So `rdsaf gc vigrif auyf vfhukco cs gc 4=== ak 1 d = ºA sc hhcod afkphctdkcotc gc

kcraurif d csd tckpcrdturd. Audogf ch `rdsaf y ch kcraurif sc adhicotdo d 4== ºA sc
gcrrdkdo 43,5 ak1 gc hëquigf. Adhauhdr ch afc`iaicotc gc gihdtdaiño aúeiad gch vigrif si
ch gch kcraurif cs 4<,5 4= -3 4/ºA.
Ucsp: 1 4= -3 4/ºA

49 Sod eftchhd auyf vfhukco iotcrifr cs ‘P‛ cstä lcald gc uo kdtcridh afo uo afc`iaic
afc`iaicotc
otc
gc gihdtdaiño vfhukétriad ‘ε‛, y cstä hhcod gc dbud d 4 ºA, sicogf ‘5 ε‛ ch afc`iaicotc
gc gihdtdaiño gch
gch dbud. Qi sc iotrfguac hd eftchhd co uod lchdgcrd auyf iotcrifr
iotcrifr cstä
c stä d hd
tckpcrdturd gc 4= ºA,
ºA , sc gcrrdkd dbud f sc gihdtd käs hd
hd eftc
eftchhd6.
hhd6. Audoti`iadr
Ucsp: sc gihdtd käs hd eftchhd, sc arcd vdaëf gc ‘1 ε P‛

5= Sod efked gc dacrf sc hhcod afo dbud d 4= ºA. Qc adhicotd ch afojuotf d 23 ºA sio
pcrkitir
pcrki tir quc ch dbud sc csadpc. Adhau
Adhauhdr
hdr ch dukcotf gc prcsiño co hd efked. Qc
supfoc quc hd efked cs su`iaicotckcotc rcsistcotc pdrd quc of sc gc`frkc pfr ch
dukcotf gc prcsiño. Ch afc`iaicotc gc gihdtdaiño aúeiad gch dbud pdrd csc iotcrvdhf gc
tckpcrdturd cs εdbud ; =,19 4= -1 4/ºA. Ch kñguhf gc afkprcsieihigdg gch dbud cs
afkp ; 5 4= 7 dtk> y dacrf ;45 4=‑0 4/ºA
Ucsp: 70= dtk

54 So hëquigf sc coaucotrd co ch iotcrifr gc uo aihiogrf kctähiaf prfvistf gc uo pistño gch

kiskf kctdh quc pucgc gcshizdrsc hierckcotc. Ch sistckd cstä ioiaidhkcotc d hd prcsiño
dtkfs`ériad y d hd tckpcrdturd gc <= ºA. Qc ckpujd ldaid dedjf ch pistño ldstd quc hd
prcsiño sferc ch hëquigf
hëquigf dukcotc d 4== dtk, y sc sujctd cotfoacs co csd prcsiño.
Adhauhdr hd oucvd tckpcrdturd pdrd hd audh hd prcsiño gch hëquigf scd gc oucvf 4 dtk.
Qupñobdsc quc ch aihiogrf cs su`iaicotckcotc rcsistcotc pdrd quc su vfhukco of sc
kfgi`iquc pfr hfs adkeifs
kfgi`iquc adkeifs gc prcsiño, siof sfhdkcotc
sfhdkcotc pfr hfs adkeif
adkeifss gc tc
tckpcrdturd.
kpcrdturd.
7 -7 -0
Gdtfs: afkp ; 5 4= dtk > εhëquigf ; 3,1 4= 4/ºA > kctdh ; 4= 4= 4/ºA
Ucsp: 9= ºA

............

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
 Soigdg =5
ADHFUIKCWUID

CJCUAIAIFQ

=4 Audotfs kctrfs aúeiafs gc bds gc luhhd, auyf adhfr gc afkeustiño cs gc

3.0== nadh/k1, ldo gc quckdrsc pdrd chcvdr hd tckpcrdturd gc 5== hitrfs gc dbud
gcsgc 4= ºA d 2= ºA, supfoicogf uo afojuotf gc pérgigds gch 53 %
Ucsp: 5,<0 k1

=5 So aicrtf kftfr afosukc 4= nb gc `uc-fih pfr lfrd. Ch adhfr gc afkeustiño gch dacitc
cs 44.=== nadh/nb. Ch rcogik
rcogikicotf
icotf tftdh gch kftfr cs gch 1= %.
d) Audotds nadh/l sc afovicrtco co trdedjf kcaäoiaf.
e) Audotds nadh sc gisi
gisipdo.
pdo.
a) Tuc pftcoaid gcsdrrfhhd ch kftfr.
Ucsp: 11.=== nadh/l > 22.=== nadh/l > 1<,12 nw

=1 Qc quckdo
quckdo afkphctdkcotc 5 b gc adreño
adreño pdrd adhcotdr uo rcaipicotc
rcaipicotc quc afoticoc
5= b gc dbud y 4= b gc lichf co cquihierif térkiaf. Qi ch rcogikicotf gch sistckd cs gch
0= %, audh cs hd tckpcrdturd `iodh gch dbud, co quc cstdgf sc coaucotrd, y quc kdsd
ticoc co adgd cstdgf.
c stdgf. Brd`iadr W ; ` (T)
Gdtfs: Tafke.adreño ; 0.=== adh/b > H lichf ; 29,2 adh/b > Hvdpfr ; 319 adh/b
Ucsp: 4== ºA > dbud y vdpfr > 51,09 b > 0,14 b

=7 Ch brä`iaf gc hd @iburd 7=7 kucstrd afkf vdrëd hd tckpcrdturd gc 4== b gc uod

sustdoaid, ioiaidhkcot
ioiaidhkcotcc co cstdgf hëquigf, afo hd adotigdg
adotigdg gc adhfr desfreigd. Audh cs hd
tckpcrdturd gc `usiñ
`usiño
o gc hd sustdoaid y audh cs su adhfr gc `usiño.
Ucsp: 57= ºA > 0 adh/b
W (ºA)
W (ºA)
43=

4==
57= 3=
T (adh) T (adh)
5== <==
@iburd 7=7 3== 4=== 43==

@iburd 7=3

=3 Hd @iburd 7=3 rcprcscotd hd vdridaiño gc tckpcrdturd co `uoaiño gch adhfr, pdrd uod
sustdoaid quc pdsd gc hd `dsc bdscfsd d hd `dsc hëq
hëquigd.
uigd. Ad
Adhauhd
hauhdrr hfs adhfrcs cspcaë`iafs
gc hds `dscs
`dscs hëquigd
hëquigd y bdscfsd, y ch adhfr g
gcc vdpfrizdaiño
vdpfrizdaiñ o gc hd sustd
sustdoaid,
oaid, co `uoaiño gc
hd kdsd ‘k‛.
Ucsp: </1k adh/b ºA > 45/k adh/b ºA > <==/k adh/b

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
=0 Hd adotigdg gc
g c adhfr desfreigd pfr uo auaucrpf
crpf gc 4= b gc kdsd, ioiai
ioiaidhkcotc
dhkcotc co cstdgf
sñhigf,
sñhigf, co `uoaiño d hd tckpcrdturd, sc kucstrd co hd `iburd 7=0. Adhauh
Adhauhdr:
dr:
d) Hd tckpcrdturd gc `usiño gc hd sustdoaid.
e)
e) Ch adhfr cspcaë`iaf co hd `dsc sñhigd.
a) Ch adhfr cspcaë`iaf co hd `dsc hëquigd.
g) Ch adhfr gc `usiño gc hd sustdoaid.
Ucsp: 3= ºA > =,5 adh/b ºa > =,4 adh /b ºA > 5= adh/b

T (adh) T (adh)

7== K
1==
1==
5== O
4==
t (ºA) t (ºA)
3= 43= 1= 3=
@iburd 7=0 @iburd 7=2

=2 Ch brä`iaf gc hd @iburd 7=2 rcprcscotd hd adotigdg gc adhfr desfreigd pfr gfs aucrpfs
‘K‛ y ‘O‛ gc kdsds ibudhcs, co `uoaiño gc hd tckpcrdturd. Ldhhdr hd rchdaiño quc
cxistc
cxistc cotrc hfs adhfrcs
adhfr cs cspcaë`
cspcaë`iafs
iafs gc hfs gf
gfss aucrpfs.
Ucsp: 5,3

=< Ch brä`iaf gc hd @iburd 7=< rcprcscotd hd adotigdg gc adhfr acgigd y desfreigd pfr hfs
aucrpfs ‘D‛ y ‘E‛, co `uoaiño gc hd tckpcrdturd. Hd kdsd gc ‘E‛ cs ch gfehc gc hd
kdsd gc ‘D‛. Adhauhdr hd rchdaiño
rchdaiño cotrc hfs
hf s adhfrcs cspcaë`
cspcaë`iafs
iafs gc ‘D‛ y ‘E‛.
Ucsp: 7
W

7t E

5t
D
t
T
T
@iburd 7=<

=9 Sod piczd gc aferc (a ; =,=95 adh/b ºA) gc 3== b gc kdsd, d 53= ºA, sc iotrfguac co
5 hitrfs gc dbud quc cstä d 5= ºA. Audh scrä hd tckpcrdturd `iodh gch dbud y gch aferc.
Ucsp: 53 ºA

4= So hitrf gc dbud d 5= ºA sc coaucotrd co uo adhfrëkctrf gc adpdaigdg adhfrë`iad

gcsprcaidehc. Qi sc ldac airauhdr 5= b gc vdpfr gc dbud (H v ; 319 adh/b), audh scrä hd
tckpcrdturd `i
`iodh
odh gch sistckd.
sistckd.
Ucsp: 15 ºA

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
44 Sod piczd
piczd gc `uogiaiñ
`uogiaiño o quc pcsd 3= nb cs sda sdadgd
dgd gc uo lfrof co ch quc su
tckpcrdturd cs 3== ºA c iotrfguaigd co uo tdoquc quc afoticoc 7== nb gc dacitc d hd
tckpcrdturd gc 53 ºA. Hd tckpcrdturd `iodh cs gc 1< ºA, sicogf ch adhfr cspcaë`iaf gch
dacitc =,3 nadh/nb ºA. Audh cs ch adhfr cspcaë`iaf gc hd `uogiaiño6. Gcsprcaidr hd
adpdaigdg adhfrë`iad
adhfrë`iad gch
gch tdo
tdoquc
quc y tfgds
t fgds hds pérgigd
pérgigdss adhfrë
adhfrë`ia
`iads.
ds.
Ucsp: =,4450 nadh/nb ºA

45 So rcaipicotc gc dhukioif (adh ; =,542 adh/b ºA) gc 0== b gc kdsd, afoticoc co su

iotcrifr 4.3==b gc lichf d -4ºA. Audh scrä hd tckpcrdturd gc cquihierif si sc iotrfguac
co ch rcaipicotc
rcaipicotc 3= b gc dbud d 4= ºA.
Ucsp: -3,5 ºA

41 Sod edhd gc phfkf gc kdsd 3 b, quc ticoc uod cocrbëd aioétiad gc 45,0 jfuhc, dhadozd
ch ehdoaf y qucgd co rcpfsf. Audh scrëd hd chcvdaiño gc hd tckpcrdturd gc hd edhd si
oiobuod
oiobuod pfraiño gch adhfr prfgu
prfguaigf
aigf sc pcrgicsc cco
o ch kcgif cxtcrifr.
cxtcrifr.
Gdtf: aphfkf ; =,=1 adh/b ºA
Ucsp: 5= ºA

47 So vdsf auyd adpdaigdg adhfadhfrë`ia

rë`iadd cs gcsprcaidehc, afoticoc 3== b gc dbud d hd
tckpcrdturd gc <= ºA.ºA . Audotfs brdk
brdkfs fs gc lic
lichf
hf d hd tckpcrdturd gc ‑5= ºA ldo gc
gcjdrsc adcr gcotrf
gcotr f gch dbud pdrd quc hd tckpcrdturd `iodh gch sistckd
sistckd scd gc 3= ºA.
Gdtfs: alichf ; =,33 adh/b ºA > H lichf ; 29,2 adh/b
Ucsp: 4=0,0 b

43 So adhfrëkctrf afoticoc 3== b gc dbud y 1== b gc lichf, tfgf chhf d hd tckpcrdturd gc

= ºA. Qc tfkd uo ehfquc kctähiaf gc uo lfrof auyd tckpcrdturd cs 57= ºA, y sc gcjd
adcr räpigdkcotc gcotrf gch adhfrëkctrf, rcsuhtdogf quc sc prfguac cxdatdkcotc hd
`usiño gc tfgf ch lichf. Auäh scrëd hd tckpcrdturd `iodh gch sistckd si lueicrd sigf ch
gfehc hd kdsd gch ehfquc6. Gcspréaicsc hds pérgigds adhfrë`iads gch adhfrëkctrf, dsë
afkf su adpdaigdg
ad pdaigdg adhfrë
adhfrë`ia
`iad.
d.
Ucsp: 57 ºA

40 So rcaipicotc adhfrikétriaf gc aferc, quc ticoc uod adpdaigdg adhfrë`iad gc 1= adh/ºA,

afoticoc 3= b gc lichf. Ch sistckd sc coaucotrd ioiaidhkcotc d = ºA. Qc ldac airauhdr
gcotrf gch adhfrëkctrf 45 b gc vdpfr d 4== ºA. Audh cs hd tckpcrdturd `iodh gch
adhfrëkctrf y gc su afotcoigf.
Gdtfs: Hlichf ; 29,2 adh/b > Hvdpfr ; 319 adh/b
Ucsp: 7= ºA

42 Co uo rcaipicotc quc afoticoc 5== b gc vdpfr d 4== ºA sc drrfbdo 7== b gc lichf d

‑5=ºA
5=ºA.. Ldhhdr
Ldhhdr ch cstdgf `iodh gc cquihierif gch sistckd, supfoicogf
supfoico gf hds pérgigd s
gcsprcaidehcs, y hd kdsd quc pfscc co gialf cstdgf
Gdtfs: A lichf ; =,33 adh /b ºA > H lichf ; 29,2 adh/b > Hvdpfr ; 319
adh/b Ucsp: 374,3 b. dbud y 3<,3 b. vdpfr d 4== ºA

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
4< So aihiogrf gc dacrf gc scaaiño trdosvcrsdh 9= ak5, afoticoc 4=,< hitrfs gc bhiacriod.
Qc dgfsd dh aihi
aihiogrf
ogrf uo pistño pcr`catdkcotc djustdgf
djustdg f quc sfpfrtd uo pcsf gc
5.<== nb. Qc chcvd hd tckpcrdturd gch sistckd gc 43 ºA d 2= ºA. Gcsprcaidogf hd
gihdtdaiño gch dacrf, adhauhdr:
d) Ch dukcotf gc vfhukco gc hd bhiacriod.
e) Ch trdedjf kcaäo
kcaäoiaf
iaf rc
rcdhizdgf
dhizdgf pfr hd bhia
bhiacrio
criodd afotrd ch pcsf.
a) Hd adotigdg gc adhfr
adh fr tfkdgf pfr hd bhiacrio
bhiacriod.
d.
Gdtfs: pdrd hd bhiacriod:  ; =,7<3 4= -1 4/ºA >  ; 4,50 > a ; =,32 adh/b ºA
Ucsp: 5<< ak1 > <9,0 nbk > 750,0 nadh

49 Audotfs NRL afosukc uo adhcotdgfr, auyf rcogikicotf cs gch <= %, co cvdpfrdr

tftdhkcotc kcgif hitrf gc dbud dh quc
qu c sc dbrcbd 4== b ggcc lichf d ‑43 ºA. Gcsprcaidr hd
adpdaigdg adhfrë`iad
adhfrë`iad gch adhcotdgfr.
adhcotd gfr. Hd tckpcrdturd
tc kpcrdturd ioiai
ioiaidh
dh gch dbud cs 5= ºA
Ucsp: =,30 NRL

5= So auef lucaf gc 4= ak gc dristd,

dristd , sc `frkd afo phdads gc dh
dhukioi
ukioif
f gc 4 ak gc
cspcsfr. Qi dhrcgcgfr gch auef sc ldac airauhdr 3= b gc vdpfr d 4== ºA, cstc sc
afovicrtc co dbud
d bud d <= ºA. Adhauh
Adhauhdr
dr hd oucvd
oucvd gikc
gikcosiño
osiño gch aue
auef.
f.
1 -0
Gdtfs: τdh ; 5,3 b/ak > adh ; =,542 adh/b ºA > δdh ; 57 4= 4/ºA > Hvdpfr ; 319 adh/b
Ucsp: 4=,=5 ak

54 Sod kdsd
kdsd gc 0 nb adc gcsgc uod dhturd gc 3= k y l ldac
dac birdr uod rucgd quc dbitd
=,0 nb gc dbud quc cstä d 43 ºA. D audotf sc chcvd su tckpcrdturd6
Ucsp: 40,42 ºA

55 Dh pcr`frdr uo dbujcrf co uo ehfquc gc dhukioif (a ; =,543 adh/b ºA) gc 7,73 O, sc

prfpfraifod uod pftcoaid
pftco aid d rdzño gc 59< R gurdotc 5 kio
kio..
d) Tuc adotigdg gc adhfr sc bcocrd.
e) Audh cs hd chcvdaiño gc tckpcrdturd gch dhukioif
dhukioif si ch 23 % gch adhfr bcocrdgf
adhicotd ch dhukioif.
Ucsp: <,371 nadh > 03 ºA

51 Sod adotikphfrd gc dhukioif, auyd kdsd cs gc 3== b, afoticoc 23= b gc dbud y 4== b
gc lichf. Qc gcjd adcr hd adotikphfrd gcsgc uo dviño d ticrrd. Gcspués gc hd adëgd sc
coaucotrd quc hd tckpcrdturd gc hd adotikphfrd cs gc 53 ºA. Qupfoicogf quc gurdotc
ch ikpdatf of sc afkuoiad cocrbëd dh suchf, audh crd hd vc vchfaigdg
hfaigdg gc hd adotikphf
adotikphfrd
rd uo
iostdotc dotcs gch dtcrrizdjc.
Gdtfs: Hlichf ; 29,2 adh/b > adhukioif ; =,542
=,5 42 adh
ad h /b ºA
Ucsp: 773 k/s

57 So edhëo gc licrrf gc 3= b gc kdsd, kfviéogfsc d uod vchfaigdg gc 4== k/s, sc

ioarustd co uo ehfquc gc aferc gc =,5 nb quc sc coaucotrd co rcpfsf sferc uod
supcr`iaic hisd sio rfzdkicotf. Adhauhdr hd vdridaiño gc tckpcrdturd gch sistckd ehfquc-
edhëo
edhëo supfoicogf quc dkefs tcoëdo hhdd kis
kiskd
kd tckpcrdturd dotcs
dot cs gch alfquc.
Gdtfs: alicrrf ; =,449 adh/b ºA > a aferc ; =,=9
=, =91
1 adh/
ad h/b
b ºA
Ucsp: 4,93 ºA

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
53 Co uo gcpñsitf gc licrrf (a ; =,45 adh/b ºA), gc 47 nb gc kdsd, ldy 7= hitrfs gc dbud
d 3 ºA. Qferc éh adc dbud gc uod adoihhd d 03 ºA, d rdzño gc 5== k 1/s. Adhauhdr ch
tickpf
tickpf quc gc
gcec
ec cstdr deicrtd hd adoih
adoihhd
hd pdrd
pdrd qu
qucc hd tckpcrdturd gc hd kcz
kczahd
ahd scd gc 13
ºA. Gcsprcaidr hd io`hucoaid cxtcrifr.
Ucsp: 5=<,7 scb

50 Ch rcaipicotc gc kdsd k5 ; 5,4 nb gc hd @iburd 750 cstä tdpdgf co ch `fogf pfr kcgif
gc uo tdpño gc kdsd k4 ; =,2 nb, quc ioiaidhkcotc cstä pcr`catdkcotc djustdgf.
Afoticoc 4= b gc lichf co cquihierif térkiaf d = ºA. Qc hc dbrcbd dbud d 4== ºA.
Qupfoicogf quc of ldy pérgigds gc adhfr dh kcgif, gctcrkiodr:
d) Hd tckpcrdturd d hd audh
audh ch rcaipicotc
rcaipicotc afkcozdrä d pcrgcr hëquigf
hëquigf co ch `fogf.
e) Hd adotigdg gc dbud quc sc gcec dbrcbdr pdrd quc csf faurrd.
Gdtfs: 4 ; 41 4=-0 4/ºA > 5 ; 57 4=-0 4/ºA > a4 ; =,15 adh/b ºa > a 5 ; =,55 adh/b ºA
c ; 3=,=3 ak > i ; 3= ak
Ucsp: 9= ºA > 2,453 Nb

c

@iburd
@iburd 750

i

52 So vdsf gc kctdh gc 4= ak gc dhturd, 7 ak gc giäkctrf, giä kctrf, y 4== b gc kdsd, cstä d <=ºA.
Qc hhcod
hhcod ch vdsf afo ibudh adotigdg gc dbud d bud d 4=ºA
4= ºA y bhiac
bhiacriod
riod d 1=ºA.
d) Tuc dhturd `io`iodh
dh faupd adgd hëquigf co co ch vdsf.
e) Qc gcrrdkd
gcrrd kd dhbúo hëquigf6. Co adsf d`irkdtivf
d`irkdtivf,, scôdhdr audh y audoti`iadr.
Gdtfs: kctdh; 45 4= 4/ºA > a kctdh;=,=91 adh/b ºA > dbud; =,19 4=-1 4/ºA >
-0

bhiac; =,7<3 4= -1 4/ºA > a bhiac; =,32 adh/b ºA > bhiac; 4,50 b/ak1
Fes: pdrd hfs aähauhfs usdr trcs gcaikdhcs
Ucsp: 7,99= ak gc bhiacriod > 3,==1 ak gc dbud > sc gcrrdkd =,45 ak 1 gc dbud

5< Audotfs budrdoëcs aucstd cvdpfrdr tftdhkcotc 4 hitrf gc dbud quc cstä d 4= ºA, y dh
quc sc hc dbrcbd
dbr cbd 7== b gc lichf
lichf d -4= ºA, utihiz
u tihizdogf
dogf uo adhcotdgfr
adhcotd gfr auyf rcogikic
rcogikicotf
otf cs
gch 23 %, sdeicogf quc
quc ch afosukf gc 4 NRl aucstd 4.=== budrdoëcs.
Gdtfs: alichf ; =,33 adh/b ºA > H lichf ; 29,2 adh/b > Hvdpfr ; 319
adh/b Ucsp: 4.75= budrdoëcs

............

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
 Soigdg =1
]UIKCU ]UIOAI]IF
]UIOAI]IF GC HD WCUKFGIODKIAD

CJCUAIAIFQ

=4 So bds igcdh sc afkprikc isftérkiadkcotc ldstd quc dhadozd uo vfhukco ibudh d hd

audrtd pdrtc gch
g ch ioiai
ioiaidh
dh rc
rcdhizdogf
dhizdogf uo trdedjf gc 0= Jfuhc sferc ch kisk
kiskf.
f. Gctcrkiodr:
d) ch adkeif gc cocrbëd iotcrod gch bds
e) hd adotigdg gc adhfr sukioistrd
Ucsp: = > -0= Jfuhc

=5 Co gctcrkiodgf prfacsf sc sukioistrd d uo sistckd 4== adh y dh kiskf tickpf sc

rcdhizd sferc ch sistckd uo trdedjf gc 4== J. Adhauhdr ch ioarckcotf gc su cocrbëd
iotcrod.
Ucsp: 34<,0 J

=1 Audogf sc ldac pdsdr uo sistckd gch cstdgf ‘i‛ dh cstdgf ‘`‛ sibuicogf hd trdycatfrid
‘id`‛, rcsuhtd quc T ; 3= adh y R ; 5= adh, y sibuicogf hd trdycatfrid ‘ie`‛ T ; 10
1 0 adh.
Pcr @iburd 3=1.
d) Audotf vdhc R si sc sibuc hd ttrdycatfrid
rdycatfrid ‘ie`‛.
e) R ; -41 adh pdrd hd trdycatfrid aurvd gc rcbrcsf ‘`i‛. Auäotf vdhc T pdrd csd
trdycatfrid6
a) Qi Si ; 4= adh, auäotf vdhc
vdhc S`6
g) Qi Se ; 55 adh, audotf vdhc T pdrd ch prfacsf ‘ie‛, y pdrd ch ‘e`‛.
Ucsp: 0 adh > -71 adh > 7= adh > 4
4<< adh > 4< adh

]
p d

d `

i e

@iburd
@iburd 3=1 P a e P
@iburd 3=7

=7 Audogf ch sistckd gc hd @iburd 3=7 pdsd gch cstdgf ‘d‛ dh cstdgf ‘e‛ d hf hdrbf gc hd
trdycatfrid ‘dae‛, dgsfrec uo `hujf adhfrë`iaf gc 5== adh y rcdhizd uo trdedjf gc 23 adh.
Audogf ch sistckd vuchvc gc ‘e‛ ldaid ‘d‛ d hf hdrbf gc hd trdycatfrid aurvd, ch trdedjf
rcdhizdgf sferc ch sistckd cs gc 3= adh. Co hd trdycatfrid aurvd ‘ed‛, dgsfrec f hiecrd
adhfr ch sistckd y co quc adotigdg.
Ucsp: hiecrd 423 adh

=3 Sod sustdoaid cxpcrikcotd

cxpcrikcotd uod scric gc prfacsfs dh adef gc hf hfss audhcs vuchv
vuchvcc dh
cstdgf ioiaidh.
ioiaidh. Gurdotc ch aitdgf aiahf, hd sustdoaid
sustdoaid desfrec
d esfrec uod ad adotigdg
otigdg gc ad
adhfr
hfr gc
3== adh, y sc gcsprcogc gc uod adotigdg
ad otigdg gc 5== adh. AdAdhauh
hauhdr
dr ch trdedjf octf rrcdhizdgf.
cdhizdgf.
Ucsp: 4.533,<
4.533,< J

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
=0 So bds sc coaucotrd co ch iotcrifr gc uo aihiogrf acrrdgf kcgidotc uo ékefhf kñvih.
]rikcrf sc cxpdogc ch bds isftérkiadkcotc kfvicogf ch ékefhf uod gistdoaid ‘x‛.
Hucbf sc afkprikc isfeäriadkcotc uod gistdoaid ‘x/5‛ rcdhizdogf uo trdedjf gc 3.===
J. @iodhkcotc sc afkprikc dgideätiadkcotc
dgideät iadkcotc ldstd hd pfsiaiño ioiaidh gch ékefhf
rcdhizdogf uo trdedjf gc 2.3== J. Adhauhdr ch adhfr gch sistckd co ch prfacsf isfeäriaf,
c iogiadr si ch sistckd rcaiec f acgc gialf adhfr.
Ucsp: acgc 5.9<0 adh

=2 So aihiogrf quc afoticoc bds cstä acrrdgf kcgidotc uo ékefhf iokñvih. Ch aihiogrf sc
pfoc co afotdatf afo 5 hts. gc dbud d 33 ºA y hucbf gc aicrtf tickpf hd tckpcrdturd
gch dbud gcsaicogc d 5= ºA. Audh cs hd vdridaiño
vdridaiño gc cocrbëd
cocrbëd iotcrod gch bds. Gcsprcaidr
pérgigds gc adhfr dh kcgif cxtcrof.
Ucsp: 591 NJ

=< So sistckd acrrdgf afkf sc iogiad co hd @iburd 3=<, ioiaidhkcotc co rcpfsf co hd

ticrrd, cs sfkctigf d uo prfacsf co ch quc rcaiec uod trdos`crcoaid gc cocrbëd pfr
trdedjf ibudh d 5== NJ. Gurdotc ch prfacsf ldy uod trdos`crcoaid gc cocrbëd pfr adhfr
gcsgc ch sistckd dh cotfrof gc 1= NJ. Dh `iodh gch prfacsf ch sistckd ticoc uod
vchfaigdg gc 0= k/s y uod dhturd gc 0= k. Qi hd kdsd gch sistckd cs gc 53 nb, y hd
dachcrdaiño hfadh gc hd brdvcgdg cs 9,< k/s, adhauhdr ch adkeif gc cocrbëd iotcrod gch
sistckd
sistckd co ch pr
prfacsf.
facsf.
Ucsp: 44=,1 NJ

0= k/s

`iodh
0= k
ioiaidh

@iburd 3=<
............

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
 Soigdg =7
]UF]ICGDGCQ
]UF]ICGDGCQ WCUKIADQ GC HD K
KDWCU
DWCUID
ID

CJCUAIAIFQ

=4 So rcaipicotc afoticoc 7= hitrfs gc oitrñbcof d hd prcsiño desfhutd gc 4,3 nb/ak 5 y d hd

tckpcrdturd gc 3 ºA. Audh scrä hd prcsiño si ch vfhukco dukcotd ldstd 7== hitrfs d hd
tckpcrdturd gc 553 ºA.
Ucsp: 5,0< nb/ak5

=5 Sod eureujd gc dirc gc 5= ak 1 gc vfhukco sc coaucotrd co ch `fogf gc uo hdbf gc 7=

k gc prf`uogigdg, co gfogc hd tckpcrdturd cs gc 7 ºA. Hd eureujd sc chcvd ldstd hd
supcr`iaic quc cstä d hd tckpcrdturd gc 5= ºA. Adhauhdr ch vfhukco gc hd eureujd
audogf cstä d puotf gc hhcbdr d hd supcr`iaic.
supcr`iaic.
1
Ucsp: 4=1 ak

=1 So rcaipicotc
rcaipicotc quc ticoc uod adpdaigdg gc 3= hitrfs hitr fs sc hhco
hhcodd gc fxëbcof
5
(K ; 15 b/kfh) d hd prcsiño kdofkétriad
kdofkétriad gc 0 nb/ak audogf hd tckpcrdturd cs
72 ºA. ]fstcrifrkcotc sc coaucotrd quc, d adusd gc uod `ubd, hd prcsiño kdofkétriad
ld gcsacogigf n b/ak5 y hd tckpcrdturd ld edjdgf d 52 ºA. Adhauhdr:
gcsacogigf d 3 nb/ak
d) Hd kdsd gc fxëbcof quc ldeëd ioiaidhkcotc co ch rcaipicotc.
e) Hd adotigdg gc fxëbcof quc sc ld csadpdgf.
Ucsp: 740 b > 10,40 b

=7 Adhauhdr ch trdedjf c`catudgf dh afkprikir uo kfh gc fxëbcof gcsgc uo vfhukco gc

55,7 hitrfs d = ºA y 4 dtk gc pr
prcsiño,
csiño, ldstd 40,< hitrfs
hi trfs d hd kiskd
kiskd tckpcrdturd.
Ucsp: -031 J

=3 4= hitrfs gc dirc, d hd prcsiño dtkfs`ériad, sc afkprikco isftérkiadkcotc ldstd uo

vfhukco
vfhukco gc 5 hitrfs.
d) Ucprcscotdr ch prfacsf co uo gidbrdkd p-P
e) Adha
Adhauhdr
uhdr ch trdedjf quc rcdhizd ch bds gurdotc
gurd otc hd afkprcsiño.

Ucsp: -40 dtk hitrf

=0 Gfs kfhcs gc fxëbcof sc sc coaucotrdo ioiaioiaidhkc
idhkcotc
otc d uod tck
tckpcrdturd
pcrdturd gc 52 ºA
faupdogf uo vfhukco gc 5= hitrfs. Ch bds sc gihdtd prikcrf d prcsiño afostdotc ldstd
quc ch vfhukco sc guphiad y gcspués dgideätiadkcotc ldstd quc hd tckpcrdturd vuchvc
d su vdhfr ioiaidh.
d) Audh cs ch dukcotf
duk cotf tftdh gc hd cocrbëd
cocrbëd iotcrod.
e) Audh cs ch vfhukco `iodh.
a) Audotf cs ch adhfr sukioistrdgf
g) Audh cs ch trdedjf tftdh rcdhiz
rcdhizdgf
dgf
c) Ldacr ch brä`iaf P-p
Gdtfs: ap ; 2,=1 adh/kfh ºA > av ; 3,=7 adh/kfh ºA
Ucsp: = > 550 hitrfs > 7.54< adh > 42.01< J

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
=2 Ch vfhukco gc uo bds pcr`catf cs 7 hitrfs, hd prcsiño 5 dtk, y hd tckpcrdturd 1== ºN.
Qc gihdtd prikcrf ch bds d prcsiño afostdotc ldstd guphiadr su vfhukco ioiaidh> gcspués
sc afkprikc isftérkiadkcotc
isftérkiadkcot c ldstd su vfhukco ioiaidh>
ioiaidh> y `iodhkcotc,
`iodhkcotc, sscc co`rëd d
vfhukco
vfhukco afostdotc ldstd hd prcsiño ioia
ioiaidh
idh..
d) Ucprcscotdr ch prfacsf co uo gidbrdkd pP.
e) Adha
Adhauhdr
uhdr hd tckpcrdturd gurdotc hd afkprcsiño isftérki
isftérkiad.
ad.
a) Ldhhdr hd prcsiño käxikd.
g) Adha
Adhauhdr
uhdr ch trdedjf octf rcdhizdgf pfr ch bds
bd s gurdotc ch prfacsf.
Ucsp: 0== ºN > 7 dtk > -1,4 dtk hitrfs

=< Sod kdsd gc 5 kfhcs gc fxibcof sc coaucotrd ioiaidhkcotc d hd tckpcrdturd gc 52 ºA

y faupd uo vfhukco gc 5= hitrfs. Qc cxpdogc ch bds, prikcrf d prcsiño afostdotc ldstd
guphiadr su vfhukco (ap ; 2,=1 adh/kfh ºN) y gcspués dgideätiadkcotc ldstd rcaferdr
hd tckpcrdturd ioiaidh.
d) Audh cs ch ioarckcotf tftdh gc su cocrbëd
cocrbëd iotcrod co adhfrëds.
e) Audotf cs ch adhfr sukioistrdgf.
a) Audh cs ch trdedjf
trd edjf tftdh rcdhizdgf co jufhc.
g) Ldacr ch brä`iaf P ; ` (p)
Ucsp: = > 7.54< adh > 42
42.01<
.01< jufhc
jufhc

=9 Gicz brdkfs gc fxibcof sc adhicotdo d prcsiño

prcsiño dtkf
dtkfs`éria
s`ériadd afostdotc g
gcc 52 ºA d 452
ºA. Tuc adotigdg gc adhfr sc afkuoiad dh fxibcof y quc `rdaaiño gch kiskf sc utihizd
pdrd dukcotdr hd cocrbëd iotcrod6
iot crod6
Ucsp: 54<,23 adh > 25 %

4= So rcaipicotc gc 7,4 hitrfs afoticoc fxibcof y cstä afocatdgf d uo kdoñkctrf quc

iogiad uod prcsiño gc 1 dtk. Qc iotrfguac ch rcaipicotc gcotrf gc uod kczahd gc lichf
y dbud fescrväogfsc quc hucbf hd prcsiño cs gc 4 dtk. Adhauhdr hd kdsd gc lichf quc
sc gcrritc.
Gdtfs: av ; 3,=1 adh /kfh ºN > H ` ; <= adh/b
adh/b
Ucsp: 0,59 b

44 Sod bdrrd`d gc bds A7L4= (gc pcsf kfhcauhdr 3< b/kfh) gc 4= hitrfs gc adpdaigdg,
dhikcotd gc afkeustiehc d uod afaiod quc sc usd pdrd adhcotdr 3 hitrfs gc dbud gcsgc
hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotdh gc 52 ºA ldstd 22 ºA. Gurdotc ch prfacsf hd prcsiño
kdofkétriad gcsaicogc gcsgc 5,2 dtk ldstd 4,3 dtk. Qi quc ch adhfr gc afkeustiño
gch A7L 4= cs ibudh d 5=.=== adh/b, adhauhdr:
d) hd kdsd
kdsd gc bds bd
bdstdgf
stdgf
e) ch rcogikicotf gch sistckd.
Ucsp: 330,< nadh > 73 %

45 Sod bdrrd`d afoticoc 5,3 kfhcs gc uo bds gc 3< b/kfh gc pcsf kfhcauhdr, y auyf
adhfr gc afkeustiño cs gc 5=.=== adh/b. Audogf gialf gialf bds gc usd pdrd adhcotdr
4= hitrfs gc dbud gc 5= ºA d <= ºA, su prcsiño desfhutd giskiouyc d hd kitdg. Adhauhdr
ch rcogikicotf gch sistckd.
Ucsp: 74,7 %

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
41 Ch aihiogrf
aihiogrf gc hd @ib
@iburd
urd 041, auyd tdpd pcsd 5 nb y gc sscaaiño
caaiño trdosvcrsdh 33= = ak 5,
afoticoc fxëbcof
fxëbcof d 52 ºA gc `frk
`frkdd tdh quc ch
ch rcsfrtc cstä dhdrbdgf uod hfobitug gc
4= ak. Tuc kdsd gc fxëbcof
fxëbcof ldy quc gcjdr csadpdr gch aihiogrf
aihiogrf pdrd quc cchh rcsfrtc
rcaupcrc su hfobitug odturdh gc 9= ak. Hd tckpcrdturd `iodh cs hd kiskd quc hd ioiaidh
Gdtfs: N ; 4= nb`/ak > K ; 15 b/kfh
Ucsp: 41,77 b

@iburd 041 @iburd 047

47 Ch rcaipicotc gc hd @iburd 047 afoticoc gfs bdscs, afo ibudh vfhukco, d hd tckpcrdturd
dkeicotc gc 53 ºA, coacrrdgfs pfr kcgif gc gfs ékefhfs quc pucgco gcshizdrsc
hierckcotc. Ch giäkctrf gch rcaipicotc cs gc 5= ak. Adhauhdr hd kdsd gc adgd bds,
sdeicogf quc si sc dphiad uod `ucrzd gc 53 nb` sferc ch ékefhf supcr supcrifr,
ifr, cstc
gcsaicogc 4= ak, kdotcoicogf hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc.
Ucsp: =,9 kfh

43 So brdo gcpñsitf gc dbud ticoc uod kdobucrd afkf sc kucstrd co hd @iburd 043. Ch
gcpñsitf cstä acrrdgf pfr hd pdrtc supcrifr y afoticoc dirc afkprikigf cotrc hd
supcr`iaic
supc r`iaic gch dbud y hd tdpd. Audogf
Aud ogf hd dhturd gch dbud cs 1 k, hd prcsiño kdofkét
kdofkétriad
riad
5
cs 5,7 nb/ak . Qupfoicogf
Qupfoico gf quc ch dirc situdgf
situd gf sferc ch dbud
d bud sc gihdtd isftérkia
isftérkiadkcotc
dkcotc,,
adhauhdr hd vchfaigdg gc sdhigd gch dbud pfr hd kdobucrd si ‘l5‛ ld gcsacogigf d 5,7 k.
Gdtfs: l4 ; 1,0 k > l1 ; 4,3 k
Ucsp: 45,5< k/s5
p=

p4 3= ak
1= ak

l4 l5

l1 cspitd

@iburd 043 @iburd 040

40 So kdoñkctrf gc kcraurif ticoc sus gfs rdkds gcsibudhcs acrrdgds y afoticoc dirc d
hd kiskd prcsiño ‘p
‘ p=‛ co hds gfs rdkds, afkf sc kucstrd co hd @iburd 040. Ch ärcd gc
hd scaaiño trdosvcrsdh gc hds rdkds gch kdoñkctrf cs hd kiskd. Afoscrväogfsc hd
tckpcrdturd afostdotc, pfr hd cspitd quc hhcvd co su edsc sc iotrfguaco ftrfs 4= ak 1
gc kcraurif> ch oivch izquicrgf sc chcvd 0 ak y ch gch hdgf gcrcalf 7 ak. Ldhhdr hd
prcsiño ‘p=‛.
Gdtf: Lb ; 4,10 4= 7 nb/k1
Ucsp: 4,70 dtk

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
42 So rcaipicotc gc 57 hitrfs, quc afoticoc uo bds (a p ; 2 adh/kfh ºN y av ; 3 adh/kfh ºN)
d hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc gc 52 ºA y d hd prcsiño kdofkétriad gc 49,3 dtk, sc
iotrfguac co ftrf quc afoticoc 4= b gc vdpfr gc dbud (H v ; 319 adh/b) d 4== ºA. Audh
scrä hd tckpcrdturd gc cquihierif y hd prcsiño kdofkétriad `iodh gch bds.
Ucsp: <5,07
<5,07 ºA > 51,1 dtk
dt k

4< Sod ldeitdaiño gc gikcosifocs 3 x 7 x 3 k afoticoc dirc d uod tckpcrdturd gc 43 ºA.

Hd tckpcrdturd gc hd ldeitdaiño sc chcvd d 5= ºA kdotcoicogf co tfgf kfkcotf uod
vcotdod deicrtd. Adhauhdr hd adotigdg gc dirc quc sc csadpd y ch trdedjf quc rcdhizd ch
bds gurdotc hd cxpdosiño.
cxpdosiño.
Ucsp: 25,5 kfh > 42.927 nbk

49 Ch rcaipicotc gc hd @iburd 049, gc pcsf 4,7 nb, scaaiño 2= ak5 y dhturd 13 ak, sc
iotrfguac efad dedjf co ch dbud y `hftd. Adhauhdr
Adhauhdr hd dhturd gc ddirc
irc quc qucgd gcotrf gch
rcaipicotc
rcaipicotc y hd dhturd gch rcaipicotc quc
quc qucgd `ucrd gch dbud.
Ucsp: 17,1 ak ¼47,1 ak
Bds 4
l4 l5 0= ak
l
7= ak
Bds 5
@iburd 049
@iburd 05=

5= Sod bdrrd`d, afkf sc kucstrd co hd @iburd 05=, afoticoc co su iotcrifr uo ékefhf quc
pucgc gcshizdrs
gcshizdrscc sio rfzdkicotf, ch audh scpdrd gfs bdscs gistiotfs quc cstäo d
tckpcrdturd dkeicotc gc 5=ºA. Qi ch bds io`crifr (bds 5) sc adhicotd d 0=ºA sio quc sc
trdskitd adhfr dh bds supcrifr (bds 4), ch ékefhf sueirä f edjdrä6, y audotfs
acotëkctrfs.
Ucsp: ch ékefhf sueirä 1,4 ak

54 So rcaipicotc gc <,3 hitrfs gc fxëbcof cstä afocatdgf d uo kdoñkctrf quc iogiad uod
prcsiño gc 1 dtk. Qc iotrfguac ch rcaip
rcaipicotc
icotc gcotrf gc uod kcza
kczahdhd gc lic
lichf
hf y dbud,
fescrväog
fescr väogfsc
fsc quc hucbf hhdd prcsi
prcsiño
ño giski
giskiouyc
ouyc d 4 dtk. Adhauhdr hd kdsd gc lich
lichf
f quc
sc gcrritc.
Gdtfs: av ; 3,=1 adh/kfh ºN > H ` ; <= adh/b
Ucsp: 41 b

55 So vdsf gc dhukioif gc 3 ak gc giäkctrf, y 0 nbr gc pcsf, ticoc uod tdpd gc aferc

auyf pcsf cs gc 3 nb`. Ch iotcrifr gch vdsf afoticoc 5= b gc fxibcof (kdsd kfhcauhdr
15 b/kfh), d 4,4 dtk y 3= ºA. Qi sc pfoc ch vdsf co afotdatf afo uo ehfquc gc phfkf
d 45= ºA, audh cs hd këoikd kdsd gc phfkf ocacsdrid pdrd quc ch bds sc csadpc gch
vdsf.
Gdtfs: adhukioif ; =,542 adh/b ºA > aaferc ; =,=91
=,=9 1 adh/b
adh /b ºA
aphfkf ; =,=14 adh/b ºA > ap ; 2,=1 adh/kfh ºN
Ucsp: 95 nb

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
51 So tdkefr gc 0= ak gc giäkctrf y 43= nb gc pcsf, afoticoc 3 kfhcs gc uo bds d hd
tckpcrdturd dkeicotc gc 52 ºA, y cstä aueicrtf pfr uod tdpd quc pucgc gcshizdrsc
hierckcotc
hierckcotc.. Qi ch tdkefr sc sukcrbc co ch `fogf
` fogf gc uod pisaio
pisaiodd quc afoticoc dbud d 2
ºA afo uod prf`uogigdg gc 5,== kctrfs, audotfs acotëkctrfs sc gcshizdrä hd tdpd gch
tdkefr.
Ucsp: <,3 ak

57 Ch rcaipicotc gc hd @iburd 057 afoticoc gfs bdscs d hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc,

coacrrdgfs pfr gfs pistfocs quc pucgco gcshizdrsc. Qi sferc ch pistño supcrifr sc
afhfad uo pcsf ‘w‛ quc ldac edjdr räpigdkcotc hfs pistfocs gc kfgf quc of ldyd
trdos`crcoaid gc adhfr cotrc hfs bdscs oi afo ch kcgif cxtcrof, y gcsprcaidogf ch pcsf
gc hfs pistfocs,
pi stfocs, audh scrä hd rchdai
rchdaiño
ño cotrc hds tckpcrdturds `iodhcs
`iodhcs gc hfs bdscs.
Gdtfs: bds io`crifr: ap ; 2,=1 adh/kfh ºA > av ; 3,=7 adh/kfh ºA
bds supcrifr: ap ; 0,93 adh/kfh ºA > av ; 7,99 adh/kfh ºA
Ucsp: ibudhcs

0= ak

1= ak
l
@iburdd 057
@ibur

@iburdd 053
@ibur

53 Ch rcaipicotc aihëogriaf gc hd @iburd 053, gc 7= ak gc giäkctrf y 3= ak gc dhturd,

afoticoc bds Lchif co su iotcrifr d hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc, y cstä afocatdgf d uo
kdoñkctrf gc kcraurif (τ ; 41,0 b/ak1), quc kdrad uo gcsoivch gch kcraurif gc 47
ak. Dgckäs,
Dgckäs, co ch iiotcrifr
otcrifr gch
gc h aihiog
aihiogrf
rf cstä io`hdgf uo bhfef quc afotico
afoticocc Fxëbcof. Qi
sc cxtrdc gch bhfef 7 kfhcs gc fxëbc fxëbcof,
of, cchh gcsoivch gch kcraurif ccss gc 0 ak.
Adhauhdr hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc.
Ucsp: 5=,4 ºA

50 So bds kfofdtñkiaf (a v ; 1 adh/kfh ºN > ap ; 3 adh/kfh ºN) rcdhizd uod

trdos`frkdaiño isfeäriad, y scbuigdkcotc, uod trdos`frkdaiño isftérkiad. Qi hd
rchdaiño cotrc ch adhfr desfreigf co hd isfeäriad
isfeäriad y ch adhfr dg
dgsfreigf
sfreigf co hd isftérk
isftérkiad
iad cs
‘d‛, gckfstrdr quc hd rchdaiño cotrc hfs trdedjfs rcdhizdgfs co hds trdos`frkdaifocs
rcspcativds cs ‘=,7 d‛.

............

Aätcgrd gc @ësiad II @dauhtdg gc Iobcoicrëd S.O.D.

]rf`. Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
 Soigdg =3
QCBSOGF ]UIOAI]IF GC HD WCUKFGIODKIAD

CJCUAIAIFQ
=4 So kftfr gc Adroft, auyf `faf `rëf cstä d hd tckpcrdturd gc 2 ºA, ticoc uo rcogikicotf gch 7=
%. Qc gcscd dukcotdr ch rcogikicotf ldstd ch 3= %. Co audotfs brdgfs ld gc dukcotdrsc hd
tckpcrdturd gch `faf adhicotc6
Ucsp: 91,1 ºA

=5 So kftfr gc Adroft `uoaifod cotrc gfs `fafs adhfrë`iafs d hds tckpcrdturds gc 7== ºN y 1==
ºN
d) Qi co adgd aiahf ch kftfr rcaiec 4.5== adh gch `faf d 7== ºN, audotds adhfrëds acgc ch `faf d
1== ºN.
e) Qi ch kftfr `uoaifod d hd iovcrsd, afkf `ribfrë`iaf, y rcaiec 4.5== adh gch `faf d 1== ºN,
audotds adhfrëds acgc dh `faf gc 7== ºN.
a) Audotds adhfrëds sc prfguairëdo si ch trdedjf kcaäoiaf ocacsdrif pdrd ldacr `uoaifodr ch
`ribfrë`iaf co hd pdrtc e) sc afovirticsc gircatdkcotc co adhfr.
Ucsp: 9== adh
adh > 4.0== adh > 7== adh

=1 Co uod käquiod térkiad gc gfs ctdpds sc desfrec uod adotigdg gc adhfr ‘T 4‛d uod
tckpcrdturd ‘W 4‛, sc ldac uo trdedjf ‘R 4‛, y sc cxpchc uod adotigdg gc adhfr ‘T 5‛ d uod
tckpcrdturd io`crifr ‘W 5‛ pfr hd prikcrd ctdpd. Hd scbuogd ctdpd desf rec ch adhfr cxpuhsdgf
pfr hd prikcrd, ldac uo
u o trdedjf
trd edjf ‘R 5‛, y cxpchc uod adotigdg gc adhfr ‘T 1‛ d uod tckpcrdturd
käs edjd ‘W1‛. Gckfstrdr quc hd c`iaicoaid gc hd käquiod cs (W 4 ‑ W1) / W 4.

=7 Ch kftfr gc uo rc`ribcrdgfr ticoc uo rcogikicotf gc pftcoaid gc 5== R. Qi ch afkpdrtikicotf

gch rc`ribcrdgfr cstä d 52= ºN y ch dirc cxtcrifr d 1== ºN, supfoicogf uod c`iadaid igcdh, audh
cs hd käxikd adotigdg gc adhfr quc sc pucgc cxtrdcr gch afkpdrtikicotf gch rc`ribcrdgfr co 4=
kio.
Ucsp: 53< nadh

=3 So Aiahf gc Adroft ticoc oukériadkcotc ch kiskf rcogikicotf si `uoaifod afkf kftfr quc
c`iaicoaid si `uoaifod afkf `ribfrë`iaf. Audh cs gialf oúkcrf.
Ucsp: 04,< %

=0 Audh cs ch rcogikicotf gc uo kftfr quc `uoaifod afo uo bds kfofdtñkiaf pcr`catf, scbúo ch
sibuicotc aiahf:
d) Afkicozd afo ‘o‛ kfhcs d ‘p=‛, ‘P=‛ y ‘W =‛.
e) Adkeid d ‘5p=‛, ‘P=‛, d vfhukco afostdotc.
a) Adkeid d ‘5p =‛, ‘5P=‛, d prcsiño afostdotc.
g) Adkeid d ‘p=‛, ‘5P=‛, d vfhukco afostdotc.
c) Adkeid d ‘p=‛, ‘P=‛, d prcsiño afostdotc.
Gdtf: av ; 1 adh/kfh
adh/kfh ºA
Ucsp: 43 %

=2 So aihiogrf afoticoc dirc d hd prcsiño gc 5 dtk. Ch vfhukco cs gc 0= hitrfs y hd tckpcrdturd gc

1== ºN. Qc sfkctc ch dirc d hfs sibuicotcs prfacsfs:
4- Qc adhicotd d prcsiño afostdotc ldstd 3== ºN.

5-
1- Qc
Qc co`rëd
co`rëd dd vfhukco afostdotcldstd
prcsiño afostdotc ldstd43=
53=ºN.
ºN.
7- Qc adhicotd d vfhukco afostdotc ldstd 1== ºN.
d) Ucprcscotdr cstfs prfacsfs co uo gidbrdkd pP, iogiadogf hfs vdhfrcs gc ‘p‛ y ‘P‛.
e) Adhauhdr ch trdedjf
trd edjf octf rcdhizdgf pfr ch bds.
a) Adhauhdr
Ad hauhdr ch adhfr sukioistrdgf co hfs prfacsfs ‘4‛ y ‘7‛.
g) Audh cs ch rcogikicotf gch gispfsitivf afkf kftfr térkiaf.
 Gdtfs: ap ; 2 adh/kfh ºA > a v ; 3 adh/kfh
adh/kfh ºA
Ucsp: 4 y 5 dtk , 0= y 4== hitrfs > 7= dtk hitrfs > 0.<59 adh > 1.039 adh > 9,55 %
Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
KDQ ]db. 4

=< Wrcs kfhcs gc fxibcof sc sfkctco dh aiahf quc sc iogiad co hd @iburd 2=<. Hds aurvds 4-5 y 1-
7 sfo isftcrkds.
d) Afkphctdr hfs audgrfs iogiadgfs. p
e) Adhauhdr ch rcogikicotf
r cogikicotf gch aiahf. 4
Gdtfs: av ; 3,=1 adh/kfh ºN
5
Ucsp: 5< % 7
@iburd 2=< 1

Cstdgf ] (dt) P (ht) W (ºN) Wrdos` P (adh) T (adh) R (adh)

4 43 4= 4-5
5 1= 5-1
1 4 1-7
7 7-4

=9 Gfs kfhcs gc uo bds ((  ; 4,7=) rcdhizd ch aiahf iogiadgf co hd @iburd 2=9. Afkphctdr hds tdehds
y adhauhdr ch rcogikicotf gch aiahf. p
Ucsp: 44,11 % 4 5

@iburd 2=9 1
P

Cstdgf ] (dt) P (ht) W (ºN) Wrdos` P (adh) T (adh) R (J)

4 7 4-5 0.453
5 217 5-1
1 1-4 =

4= So `ribfrë`iaf gc Adroft tfkd adhfr gc dbud d = ºA y hf acgc d uod ldeitdaiño quc cstä d 52
ºA. Ldo gc trdos`frkdrsc 4== nb gc dbud d = ºA co lichf d = ºA.
d) Audotds adhfrëds sfo acgigds d hd ldeitdaiño
e) Tuc trdedjf sc rcquicrc,
r cquicrc, co Jfuhc
Gdtf: Hlichf ; 29,2 adh/b
Ucsp: <.23< nadh > 1,1 4= 0 J

44 Aioaf kfhcs gc uo bds (ap ; 2,=1 adh/kfh ºN y a v ; 3,=7 adh/kfh ºN) quc faupd uo vfhukco gc
<,5 hitrfs d 42 ºA, rcdhizd ch sibuicotc aiahf:
4- dukcotd hd prcsiño d 5=,1 dtk kdotcoicogf afostdotc ch vfhukco>
5- sc cxpdogc ch bds d prcsiño afostdotc rcdhizdogf uo trdedjf gc <.00= Jfuhc>
 1 sc cxpdogc isftérkiadkcotc ldstd hd kiskd prcsiño gch cstdgf ioiaidh>
7- sc afkprikc d prcsiño afostdotc ldstd vfhvcr dh cstdgf ioiaidh.
d) Adhauhdr ch trdedjf tftdh rcdhizdgf pfr ch sistckd
e) Adhauhdr ch rcogikicotf
rcogiki cotf gch afahif
a) Ucprcscotdr hfs prfacsfs co uo gidbrdkd p-P iogiadogf hfs adhfrcs
Ucsp: 1.<15 Jfuhc > 2,77 %

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

KDQ ]db. 5

45 Co ch aiahf gc hd @iburd 245, audh scrä ch rcogikicotf si `uoaifod afkf kftfr, y hd c`iaicoaid
si `uoaifod afkf `ribfrë`iaf. Ch prfacsf 5-15-1 cs dgideätiaf. Hd tckpcrdturd co ch puotf ‘4‛ cs
‘W =‛.
Gdtfs: av ; 3 adh/kfh ºN > a p ; 2 adh/kfh ºN
Ucsp: 1= % > 5,11
p 4

p 5
1 p=

p= 7
1
P P

P= 5 P= P4 P5

@iburd 245 @iburd 241

41 Co ch aiahf gc hd @iburd 241, ch sistckd rcdhizd uo trdedjf gc 5.357 adh co hd trdos`frkdaiño

isftérkiad 4-5, y sc rcdhizd uo trdedjf sferc ch sistckd gc 4.347 adh co hd trdos`frkdaiño
isftérkiad 1-7. Qi o ; 1,=3 kfhcs > P 4 ; 43 hitrfs > P5 ; 1= hitrfs y av ; 3 adh/kfh ºN, adhauhdr
ch rcogikicotf gch aiahf.
Ucsp: 40,11 %

47 So bds (ap ; 2 adh/kfh ºN y a v ; 3 adh/kfh ºN) quc ioiaidhkcotc (puotf ‘4‛ gc hd @iburd 247)
ticoc uo vfhukco gc 7,4 hitrfs, uod prcsiño gc 5= dtk y uod tckpcrdturd gc 3== ºN, rcdhizd uo
Aiahf gc Adroft afo uo rcogikicotf gch 7= %. Audh cs ch trdedjf tftdh rcdhizdgf
Ucsp: 1.=31,1 Jfuhc
p (dtk) (4)
p (dtk) 4 4=
5

7 (5) (1)
3
1
P (hts) P (hts)
7 <
55,=0
 @iburd 243
@iburd 247

43 So `ribfrë`iaf, quc `uoaifod afo uo bds gc a v ; 1 adh/kfh ºN y a p ; 3 adh/kfh ºN, ticoc uo

aiahf afkf sc kucstrd co hd @iburd 243. Adhauhdr hd c`iaicoaid gch sistckd.
Ucsp: 0,39

40 So bds pcr`catf ticoc

t icoc ioiaidhkcotc
ioiaidhkc otc uo vfhukco gc
g c 40 hitrfs, uod prcsiño gc 5 dtk, y uodu od
tckpcrdturd gc 52 ºA. Qc afkprikc dgideätiadkcotc lds uo vfhukco gc 7 hitrfs y uod prcsiño
gc 45 dtk> scbuigdkcotc sc cxpdogc, prikcrf d prcsiño afostdotc ldstd uo vfhukco gc 0 hitrfs
y hucbf dgideätiadkcotc ldstd uo vfhukco gc 40 hitrfs y uod prcsiño gc 1 dtk. @iodhkcotc sc
trdos`frkd d prcsiño afostdotc ldstd hd afogiaiño ioiaidh. Adhauhdr ch rcgikicotf gch aiahf.
Gdtf: av ; 3,=7 adh/kfh ºN
Ucsp: 35 %

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

KDQ ]db. 1

42 A
Afosigc
fosigcrdogf
rdogf bds Lchif (a v ; 1U/5) co ch cstdgf ioiaidh ‘D‛: p D ; 4= dtk > PD ; 5 hts> W D ;

04= ºN. Qc hhcvdo d adefisftérkiad

4- Wrdos`frkdaiño hds sibuicotcs
D-E,trdos`frkdaifocs:
sicogf P E ; 3 hts
5- Wrdos`frkdaiño isfañriad E-A, sicogf W A ; 1=3 ºN
1- Wrdos`frkdaiño dgideätiad A-D, quc gcvuchvc dh bds d sus afogiaifocs ioiaidhcs
d) Adhauhdr ch oúkcrf gc kfhcs gch Lchif
e) Afo`caaifodr uod tdehd coc o hd quc sc iogiquco hfs vdh
vdhfrcs
frcs gc ‘p‛ (dtk) > ‘P‛
‘ P‛ (hts) y ‘W‛ (ºN),
(º N),
co hfs cstdgfs ‘D‛, ‘E‛ y ‘A‛
a) Ldacr ch brä`iaf p-P,
p-P, scôdhdogf hfs vdhfrcs pdrd hfs cstdgfs ‘D‛, ‘E‛ y ‘A‛.
g) Afo`caaifodr uod tdehd co hd quc sc iogiquco ch trdedjf, adhfr y vdridaiño gc cocrbëd iotcrod
pdrd adgd trdos`frkdaiño,
trdos`fr kdaiño, co uoigdgcs gc adhfrëds
c) Adhauhdr ch rcogikicotf gch aiahf
`) Gctcrkiodr ch rcgikicotf gc uo kftfr gc Adroft quc `uoaifoc cotrc hds tckpcrdturds
cxtrckds gch aiahf.
Ucsp: =,7
=,7 kfhcs > 4<,43 % > 3= %

4< Adhauhdr ch adkeif gc cotrfpëd gc uo sistckd `frkdgf pfr 4,== nb gc lichf

li chf d = ºA quc sc
`uogc trdos`frkäogfsc co dbud d csd kiskd tckpcrdturd. Ch adhfr gc `usiño gch lichf cs gc
29,0 adh/b.
Ucsp: 595 adh/ºn

49 Qc ldac gihdtdr 7 kfhcs gc uo bds igcdh, d 452 ºA, gcsgc uo vfhukco P 4 ldstd uo vfhukco P 5
; P4.
d) Qi hd gihdtdaiño cs isftérkiad, adhauhdr ch trdedjf c`catudgf pfr ch bds quc sc gihdtd
e) Audh cs hd cotrfpëd, si ldy
a) Qi hd gihdtdaiño `ucrd dgideätiad, ch adkeif gc cotrfpëd scrëd pfsitivf, ocbdtivf f ouhf6
 Ucsp: 9.540 Jfuhc > 3,3 adh/ºN > ouhf

5= Co uo cxpcrikcotf sc kczahdo 4== b gc phfkf (a p ; =,=1=3 adh/b ºA) d 4== ºA, afo 5== b gc

dbud d 5= ºA. Adhauhdr hd gi`crcoaid gc cotrfpëd gch sistckd dh tcrkiodr hd kczahd afo rcspcatf
d su vdhfr dotcs gc kczahdr.
Ucsp: =,4= adh/ºN
............

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

KDQ ]db. 7

SOIGDG =0
Kfvikicotf Drkñoiaf Qikphc

=4 Sod pdrtëauhd c`catúd uo KDQ hiocdh dhrcgcgfr gch puotf x;=. Co t;= ticoc uo
gcsphdzdkicotf x;12 ak y uod vchfaigdg acrf. Hd `rcaucoaid gch kfvikicotf cs gc =,53
Lz. Gctcrkiodr: d) ch pcrëfgf> e) hd `rcaucoaid dobuhdr> a) hd dkphitug> g) hd rdpigcz
käxikd> c) hd dachcrdaiño käxikd> `) hd rdpigcz pdrd t;1 s.> b) hd cocrbëd aioétiad audogf t;
5,3 s., si hd kdsd gc hd
hd pdrtëauhd cs gc 3== br.
Ucsp: 7 scb > 4,32 rdg/s> 12 ak > 3<,=9 ak/s > 94,5= ak/s 5 > 3<,=9 ak/s > =,=75 jfuhc

=5 So aucrpf gc kdsd 4== br pcogc gc uo hdrbf rcsfrtc co léhiac. Audogf sc tird gc éh 4= ak

gcedjf gc hd pfsiaiño gc cquihierif y sc
s c dedogfod d së kiskf, fsaihd afo uo pcrëfgf gc 5 s.
 d) Audh cs su vchfaigdg dh pdsdr pfr hd pfsiaiño gc cquihierif6
e) Audh cs hd dachcrdaiño audogf sc coaucotrd 3 ak pfrp fr coaikd gc chhd6
a) Audogf sc cstä kfvicogf ldaid drried, audotf tickpf tdrgd co gcsphdzdrsc gcsgc uo
puotf situdgf
situdg f 3 ak pfr gcedjf gc su pfsiaiño gc cquihierif d ftrf
ftr f situdgf
situd gf 3 ak pfr coaikd
gc chhd6
g) Audotf sc dafrtdrä ch rcsfrtc si sc quitd ch aucrpf6
c) Hd cocrbëd aioétiad audogf cstä co uo puotf 5 ak pfr coaikd gch puotf gc cquihierif.
Ucsp: 14,7 ak/s > 79,13 ak/s5 > 4/1 s > 99 ak > 72.043,11 crbifs

=1 So aucrpf gc kdsd 4= br sc kucvc afo KDQ gc dkphitug 57 ak y pcrëfgf 7 s. Hd

chfobdaiño cs gc +4= ak pdrd t;=. Qdeicogf quc co gialf kfkcotf hd vchfaigdg gcarcac co

vdhfr desfhutf, adhauhdr: d) hd pfsiaiño gch aucrpf co ch iostdotc t;=,3 s.> e) hd kdboitug y
gircaaiño gc hd `ucrzd quc datúd sferc ch aucrpf audogf t;=,3 s.> a) ch tickpf këoikf
ocacsdrif pdrd quc ch aucrpf sc kucvd gcsgc hd pfsiaiño ioiaidh ldstd puotf gc chfobdaiño
x;-45 ak> g) hd vchfaigdg gch aucrpf audogf x;-45 ak.
Ucsp: 55,3 ak > -333,4 giods (ldaid ch acotrf) > 5,=0 s > 15,0 ak/s

=7 Sod `ucrzd gc 5,2 np cstird 55,3 ak d uo rcsfrtc vcrtiadh.

d) Tué pcsf ld gc suspcogcrsc gch rcsfrtc pdrd quc ch sistckd fsaihc afo uo pcrëfgf gc /7 s
e) Qi hd dkphitug gch kfvikicotf cs gc 2,3 ak, gfogc sc coaucotrd ch aucrpf y co quc
scotigf sc cstä kfvicogf /45 s gcspués gc pdsdr pfr hd pfsiaiño gc cquihierif giribiéogfsc
ldaid dedjf.
a) Tuc `ucrzd cjcrac ch rcsfrtc sferc ch aucrpf audogf cstc sc coaucotrd 7,3 ak pfr gcedjf
gc hd pfsiaiño gc cquihierif y kfviéogfsc ldaid drried.
Ucsp: 4< O > 0,3 ak (ldaid drried) > 51,1
51,1 O

=3 Gfs pdrtëauhds cjcautdo KDQ gc hd kiskd dkphitug y `rcaucoaid, sferc hëocds pdrdhchds. Qc
aruzdo uod afo ftrd audogf cstäo kfviéogfsc co scotigf fpucstf adgd vcz quc su
chfobdaiño cs hd kitdg gc su dkphitug. Audh cs hd g
gi`crcoaid
i`crcoaid gc `dsc cotrc chhds 6
Ucsp:  / 1

=0 So rcsfrtc ticoc uod afostdotc gc `ucrzd ‘n‛ y gc éh sc coaucotrd suspcogigd uod kdsd ‘k‛.
Ch rcsfrtc sc afrtd co hd kitdg y sc suspcogc hd kiskd kdsd gc uod gc hds kitdgcs. Hd
`rcaucoaid gc vierdaiño cs ibudh dotcs quc gcspués gc ldecr afrtdgf ch rcsfrtc6. Afkf cstäo
rchdaifodgds hds `rcaucoaids6
Ucsp: of > 5 4/5

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

KDQ ]db. 3

=2 Gfs rcsfrtcs gc 5= ak gc hfobitug adgd uof y afostdotcs gc 4.=== y 1.=== giods/ak

rcspcativdkcotc, cstäo uoigds d hds adrds fpucstds gc uo ehfquc gc 4== br kdsd situdgd
sferc uod supcr`iaic lfrizfotdh sio rfzdkicotf. Hfs ftrfs cxtrckfs gc hfs rcsfrtcs sc uoco d
gfs ahdvfs situdgfs d 4= ak gc hds pfsiaifocs ioiaidhcs gc hfs rcsfrtcs.
d) Adhauhdr hd hfobitug gc adgd rcsfrtc audogf ch ehfquc sc coaucotrd co hd oucvd pfsiaiño
 gc cquihierif, gcspués gc sujctdr hfs rcsfrtcs d hfs ahdvfs.
e) Adhauhdr ch pcrëfgf gc vierdaiño gch ehfquc
Ucsp: 13 ak > 53 ak > 4 s

=< So rcsfrtc uoi`frkc, auyd hfobitug dh of cstdr gc`frkdgf cs ‘h‛, ticoc uod afostdotc gc
`ucrzd ‘n‛. Ch rcsfrtc sc afrtd co gfs pdrtcs auyds hfobitugcs of gc`frkdgds sfo ‘h4‛ y ‘h5‛,
sicogf h4 ; k h5 y ‘k‛ uo oúkcrf cotcrf. Audhcs sfo hds afostdotcs gc `ucr zds
afrrcspfogicotcs ‘n4‛ y ‘n5‛ co `uoaiño gc ‘k‛ y ‘n‛ 6
Ucsp: n4 ; (( o + 4 ) / o ) n > n 5 ; ( o + 4 ) n

=9 So ehfquc sc coaucotrd sferc uo ékefhf quc sc cstä kfvicogf vcrtiadhkcotc afo uo KDQ
gc pcrëfgf 4,= s.
d) ]drd quc dkphitug gch kfvikicotf sc scpdrdräo ch ehfquc y ch ékefhf6
e) Qi ch ékefhf ticoc uod dkphitug gc 3 ak, audh scrä hd `rcaucoaid käxikd pdrd ch audh ch
ehfquc y ch ékefhf cstdräo co
c o afotdatf afotioudkcotc6
afoti oudkcotc6
Ucsp: =,53 k > 5,51 Lz

4= Sod kdgcrd gc 13 nb, priskätiad, gc 0 gk 5 gc edsc y 4,= k gc dhturd, sc ldhhd `hftdogf co ch

dbud. Qi sc iotrfguac 43 ak co ch dbud, adhauhdr su pcrëfgf gc fsaihdaiño y hd dhturd sferc ch
oivch gch dbud gch cxtrckf supcrifr gc hd kdgcrd 4,43 s gcspués.
Ucsp: 4,31 s > 7,42 gk

44 So pcsf gc 40= nb suspcogigf gc uo adehc auyd hfobitug odturdh cs gc 1 k, hd dhdrbd 1 ak.

Hd scaaiño trdosvcrsdh gch adehc cs gc 4= kk 5. d) Gctcrkiodr ch Kñguhf gc Yfuob gch
adehc. e) Qi sc gcsphdzd dh pcsf ldaid dedjf uod pcqucôd hfobitug y sc dedogfod d si kiskf,
adhauhdr hd `rcaucoaid gc vierdaiño.
Ucsp: 4,30< 4= 4= O/k5 > 5,<< Lz

45 ehfquc,
So ehfquc gc dedjf,
gcsgc 13,0 Ouodcstäedhd
suspcogigf
quc pcsdgc=,773
uo rcsfrtc
O, afogcuod
n;350 O/k. Qc
vchfaigdg gc gispdrd
435 k/s,afotrd ch
hd audh
qucgd dlfbdgd co ch ehfquc. Adhauhdr hd dkphitug gch KDQ rcsuhtdotc, y hd `rdaaiño gc
cocrbëd aioétiad gc hd edhd quc qucgd dhkdacodgd co ch fsaihdgfr drkñoiaf.
Ucsp: 40 ak > 4,57 %

41 Gfs kdsds gc 3== br adgd uod auchbdo gc uo rcsfrtc gc n; 5 O/ak. Cstdogf quictds hds
kdsds sc suchtd hd aucrgd quc hds uoc, bcocräogfsc uo KDQ sferc hd kdsd quc qucgd uoigd
ch rcsfrtc. Adhauhdr hd cocrbëd aioétiad quc pfscc giald kdsd 3= ks gcspués.
Ucsp: =,=753 jfuhc

47 Gcsgc uo pucotc quc aruzd uo prcaipiaif sc hdozd uo lfkerc gc 23 nb uoigf d uod aucrgd

chästiad auyf
rcsfrtc gc n;1=ftrf
O/kcxtrckf
y ticoccstä
<= kdkdrrdgf
gc hdrbf.dhAdhauhdr
pucotc. ldstd
Hd aucrgd
audotfssckctrfs
pucgc pfr
dsikihdr
gcedjfd gch
uo
pucotc hhcbd ch lfkerc, y audotf tdrgd co hhcbdr d csd pfsiaiño.
Ucsp: 424,21 k > 2,44 s

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

KDQ ]db. 0
43 Hd kdsd ‘K‛ suspcogigd gch rcsfrtc gc hd `iburd 4, cstä vierdogf d 7 Lz. Ch rcsfrtc sc afrtd
co audtrf pdrtcs ibudhcs, gfs gc hds audhcs sc utihizd pdrd afostruir ch sistckd gc hd `iburd 5.
Adhauhdr hd `rcaucoaid
`rcaucoaid gc gialf sistckd si sc utihizd hd kitdg gc hd kdsd,
Ucsp: 40 Lz

n’ h4 n4

hf Pf k
n K/5
n’ ] C
h5 n5

K
@iburd 4 @iburd 5 @iburd 1

40 Ch sistckd rcprcscotdgf co hd `iburd 1 cstä `frkdgf pfr gfs rcsfrtcs gi`crcotcs y uod
pcqucôd kdsd ‘k‛ (gc gikcosifocs gcsprcaidehcs). Qc sdec quc hfs gfs rcsfrtcs of cstäo
gc`frkdgfs y dgckäs
dgc käs quc hd vchfaigdg gc hd kdsd
kdsd cs ‘Pf‛. Adhauhdr:
d) ch pcrëfgf gch kfvikicotf
e) hd vchfaigdg käxikd quc dhadozd ‘k‛
a) hd hfobitug këoikd gch rcsfrtc 5
4/5 5 5 4/5
5 ( k / (n 4+n5) ) > ( Pf + k b / (n4+n5) ) >
Ucsp: 5
h5 - k b / (n 4+n5) - ( k Pf5 / (n4+n5) + k5 b5 / (n 4+n5)5 )4/5

42 Ldhhdr hd rcsuhtdotc gc hd sukd gc hfs sibuicotcs KDQ:

y4 ; 5 sco ( < t -  )
y5 ; 1 afs ( < t + /0 )
y1 ; 7 sco ( < t + /7 )
y7 ; 1 afs ( < t - 7
7 /1)
Ucsp: y ; 3,44 afs ( < t + 19,20º )

4< Ldhhdr hd rcsuhtdotc gc hd sukd gc hfs sibuicotcs KDQ:

x4 ; 3 sco ( t - /0 )
x5 ; 2 afs ( t + /5 )
x1 ; 0 sco ( /7 ‑ t )
x7 ; -3 afs ( t + /3 )
Ucsp: x ; 7,39 sco ( t ‑ 43=º )

49 Wrcs KDQ sc sukdo gc kfgf quc hd rcsuhtdotc cs x ; < afs ( 5 t - /0 ). Qi gfs gc chhfs sfo:
x4 ; 1 sco ( 5 t + 5
5 /1 ) y x 5 ; 3 afs ( - 5 t ), ldhhdr ch tcracr
tcra cr KDQ.
Ucsp: x1 ; 3,37 sco ( 5 t - 0,93º )

5= Qferc uo puotf datúdo gfs KDQ gc gircaaifocs pdrdhchds:

x4 ; =,7 sco (  t -  / 7 ) y x5 ; =,1 sco (  t -  / 0 ) (QI)
Ldhhdr ch pcrëfgf y dkphitug gch kfvikicotf rcsuhtdotc, y hd chfobdaiño d hfs =,5 scb.
Ucsp: 5 scb > =,09 k > =,09 k

54 So puotf sc coaucotrd sfkctigf d gfs KDQ gc ibudh gircaaiño y pcrëfgf 5 scb. Ch tickpf

gc 4
uodgcs`dsdjc
dkphitugcotrc dkefs
käxikd pdrdcst gc
; =.=,3 scb yhdchchfobdaiño
Ldhhdr KDQ quc pdrd
sc ldhhd dgchdotdgf
t ; =,4 s> t ; =,1(Ds> t;;5=,3
ak)s> ticoc
y ch
kfkcotf co quc hd chfobdaiño cs käxikd. Gdtf: D5 ; 1 ak)
Ucsp: 5,<1 ak > 1,0 ak > 1 ak > =,14 scb

..................
Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés
KDQ ]db. 2

SOIGDG =2
Fogds

=4 Sod fogd trdosvcrsdh quc sc prfpdbd d hf hdrbf gc uod aucrgd cstä rcprcscotdgd pfr hd

caudaiño y ; D afs ( 55 /  (x -ut) ), gfogc D ; 5 ak>  ; 7 ak> u ; =,0 ak/s.

d) Adhauhdr pdrd ch iostdotc t ; = , hd chfobdaiño trdosvcrsdh ‘y‛ d iotcrvdhfs gc =,0 ak,
gcsgc x ; = ldstd x ; < ak, gispfoicogf hfs rcsuhtdgfs co uod brä`iad.
e) Ucpctir hfs aähauhfs pdrd hfs kiskfs vdhfrcs
e) vd hfrcs gc ‘x‛ co hfs iostdotcs t ; 4 s> t ; 5 s> t ; 1
s, t ; 7 s. Ucprcscotc sferc hd kiskd brä`iad hd `frk
`frkdd gc hd aaucrgd
ucrgd co cstfs iostdotcs.
a) Co quc gircaaiño sc cstä prfpdbdogf hd aucrgd6

=5 Hd caudaiño gc uod fogd trdosvcrsdh co uod aucrgd cs y ; 5 afs (  (=,3 x - 5== t)) co hd quc
‘x‛ c ‘y‛ sc kigco co acotëkctrfs y ‘t‛ co scbuogfs.
d) Adhauhdr hd dkphitug, hd hfobitug gc fogd, hd `rcaucoaid, ch pcrëfgf, y hd vchfaigdg gc
prfpdbdaiño.
e)
e) Gieújcsc hd `frkd gc hd aucrgd pdrd hfs sibuicotcs vdhfrcs gc ‘t‛: = > =,==53 y =,==3 s.
a) Qi hd kdsd gc hd aucrgd pfr uoigdg gc hfobitug cs 3 b/ak, ldhhdr hd tcosiño.
Ucsp: 5 ak > 7 ak > 4== Lz > =,=4 s > 7== ak/s > <==.=== giods

=1 Hd caudaiño gc uod aicrtd fogd cs y ; 4= sco ( 5  (5 x - 4== t) ) (QI). Ldhhdr hd dkphitug, hd

hfobitug gc fogd, hd `rcaucoaid, hd vchfaigdg gc prfpdbdaiño gc hd fogd, y gieujdr hd fogd
kfstrdogf hd dkphitug y hd hfobitug gc fogd.
Ucsp: 4= k > =,3 k > 4== Lz > 3= k/s

=7 Sod `ucotc vierdotc dh cxtrckf gc uod aucrgd gc =,=4 nb/k y 7 O gc tcosiño, ticoc uo
gcsphdzdkicotf gdgf pfr hd caudaiño y ; =,4 sco ( 0 t ) (QI).
d) Ldhhdr: hd vchfaigdg gc hd fogd, hd `rcaucoaid, hd hfobitug gc fogd, hd dkphitug gch
kfvikicotf y hd hfobitug gc gcsphdzdkicotf
gcsphd zdkicotf gc uo puotf d 4 k g gcc hd `ucotc y d 1 k.
e)
e) Ldacr uo brä`iaf gc ‘y‛ co `uoaiño gc ‘t‛ pdrd x ; 1 k, y ftrf gc ‘y‛ co `uoaiño gc ‘x‛
pdrd t ; /45 s.
Ucsp: 5= k/s > 1/
1/  Lz > 5=
5= /1 k > =,4 k > =,4 sco ( =,1 - 0t ) > =,4 sco ( =,9 - 0t )

=3 Hd `iburd 4 rcprfguac trcs `ftfbrd`ëds iostdotäocds gc uod aucrgd auyd kdsd pfr uoigdg gc
hfobitug cs gc =,5 nb/k,co hd audh sc prfpdbd uod fogd. Hd prikcrd `ftfbrd`ëd iogiadgd pfr
hd hctrd ‘D‛ `uc tfkdgd co ch iostdotc t ; = > hd scbuogd ‘E‛ co t ; =,=3 scb > y hd tcracrd
‘A‛ co t ; =,4= scb. Gctcrkiodr:
d) hd vchfaigdg gc prfpdbdaiño y hfobitug gc hd fogd.
e)
e) hd `rcaucoaid y ch pcrëfgf.
a) hd `ucrzd tcosfrd gc hd aucrgd.
g) hd cxprcsiño dodhëtiad y ; ` (x ,t) pdrd hd fogd.
Ucsp: 4= k/s > 1 k > 1,11 Lz > =,1 scb > 5= O > =,4 sco (5 /1 x - 5=
5=/1 t)

=0 Sod fogd gc `rcaucoaid 3== Lz ticoc uod vchfaigdg gc 13= k/s.

d) Tuc gistdoaid ldy cotrc gfs puotfs quc ticoco uod gi`crcoaid gc `dsc gc 0=º.
e)
e) Audh cs hd gi`crcoaid gc `dsc cotrc gfs gcsphdzdkicotfs quc faurrco co aicrtf puotf afo
 uo iotcrvdhf gc 4= -1 scb.
Ucsp: =,45 k > 4<=º

=2 Co uo hdbf ldy trcs `ucotcs vierdotcs ‘D‛, ‘E‛ y ‘A‛ dhiocdgfs gc kdocrd quc DE ; 9 k y
EA ; 40 k. Wfgds vierdo afo uod `rcaucoaid gc =,3 Lz. Qi hds dkphitugcs sfo gc 5, 1 y 7 k
rcspcativdkcotc, y of ticoco `dsc ioiaidh, audh cs ch kfvikicotf rcsuhtdotc co uo puotf
gistdoaidgf 43 k gc ‘D‛ 45 k gc ‘E‛. Hd vchfaigdg gc hd fogd co ch dbud cs gc 3= ak/s.
Ucsp: 9 sco ( -
- t )

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

Fogds ]db. 4

=< Sod `ucotc quc ckitc fogds gc 5 k gc hfobitug gc fogd cstä d 4=,3= k gc uo puotf ‘]‛. Qi
ftrd `ucotc igéotiad sc afhfad d uod gistdoaid gc 4=,23 k gch puotf, afkpdrdr, sckcjdozds y
gi`crcoaids, cotrc ch kfvikicotf rcsuhtdotc co ch puotf ‘]‛ afo rcspcatf dh adsf
ads f ioiaidh afo
uod sfhd `ucotc.
Ucsp: dkefs sfo KDQ > ibudh `rcaucoaid > gistiotd `dsc ioiaidh > gistiotd dkphitug co uo
`datfr gc 4,<3

=9 Audtrf `ucotcs ckisfrds gc fogds phdods gc 5 k gc dkphitug, 4== Lz gc `rcaucoaid y 5=

k/s gc vchfaigdg gc fogd, sc coaucotrdo ueiadgds co hfs vértiacs gc uo audgrdgf gc 3= k
gc hdgf, quc cstä co ch phdof gc hds fogds, tdh afkf sc kucstrd co hd `iburd 5. Hds `ucotcs
‘D‛ y ‘E‛ ticoc ibudh afostdotc gc `dsc ioiaidh, y gi`icrco gc hds `ucotcs ‘A‛ y ‘G‛ co 4<=º.
Audh cs ch kfvikicotf rcsuhtdotc co hfs puotfs kcgifs gc hfs hdgfs, y co ch puotf gc
iotcrscaaiño gc hds gidbfodhcs gch audgrdgf. Brd`iadr ch kfvikicotf rcsuhtdotc.
Ucsp: y ; = > y ; < sco ( -5==
-5==  t ) > y ; =
A G

D E
@iburd 5

4= Gfs efaiods gc uo sistckd cstércf cstäo gistdoaidgds 5,45 k. Qupfobd quc hd dkphitug gch
sfoigf quc pdrtc gc adgd efaiod cs hd kiskd co hd pfsiaiño gc uo fycotc quc cstä d 1,23 k
gircatdkcotc co`rcotc gc uod gc hds efaiods.
d) ]drd quc `rcaucoaids co hd bdkd dugiehc cxistirä uod scôdh këoikd, y pdrd quc
`rcaucoaids co käxikf gch sfoigf.
e) Qi ch fycotc sc kucvc sferc uod rcatd pdrdhchd d hd hëocd quc uoc hds efaiods, dh pdsdr pfr
ch puotf acotrdh cs käxikf f këoikf ch sfoigf6. Audh cs ch gcs`dsdjc gc hds fogds co cstc
puotf6 Justi`iquc.
Hd vchfaigdg gch sfoigf cs gc 171 k/s.
Ucsp: ` ; 045,3 k (p/k ; 4, 5, ..., 15) > ` ; 1=0,53 k (p/k ; 4, 1, ..., 03) > käxikf>  ; =

44 Gfs `ucotcs
vértiacs gc 5= Lz gcfpucstfs
gidkctrdhkcotc `rcaucoaid
gcyuo
gcs`dsdgfs
rcatäobuhf9=º
gccotrc
<= ksë, cstäo
y 3= afhfadgfs
k gc co gfs
hdgfs. Audh scrä hd
iotcr`crcoaid rcsuhtdotc co hfs ftrfs gfs vértiacs y co hd iotcrscaaiño gc hds gidbfodhcs. Qc
sdec quc hd vchfaigdg gch sfoigf cs gc 115 k/s d = ºA, y hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc gc 4< ºA.
Ucsp: vértiacs: afostruativd y gcstruativd > iotcrscaaiño: oiobuod
45 Co uo tuef gc Tuionc sc gcsdrrfhhd ch sibuicotc cxpcrikcotf afo uo gidpdsño gc 5.=== Lz.
Qc coaucotrd kfvicogf ch trfkeño uod gi`crcoaid gc kdrald tdh quc cxistc iotcr`crcoaid
gcstruativd. D pdrtir gc csc kfkcotf sc sibuc dukcotdogf hd gi`crcoaid gc kdrald ldstd
quc faurrc iotcr`crcoaid afostruativd tftdh. Qi hd gi`crcoaid gc kdrald sc ld ioarckcotdgf co
< ak, adhauhdr hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc. Hd vchfaigdg gch sfoigf d 43 ºA cs gc 174 k/s.
Ucsp: -49,7 ºA

41 Sod `ucotc ‘Q‛ y uo gctcatfr ‘G‛ gc fogds cstäo scpdrdgds uod gistdoaid ‘g‛. Hd fogd

gircatd qucco
sc rc`hcjd sdhcuod
gc adpd
‘Q‛ cstä co `dsc co
lfrizfotdh ch puotf
situdgd ‘G‛dhturd
d uod afo rcspcatf
‘L‛. Qid hd fogd
cstd qucscsdhc
adpd gc ‘Q‛
chcvd y
uod
gistdoaid ‘l‛, of sc pcraiec oiobuod scôdh co ‘G‛. Coafotrdr hd rchdaiño cotrc ‘g‛, ‘l‛, ‘L‛
y ‘‘.
Ucsp:  ; 5 ( ( g5 + 7 (L+l)5 )4/5 - ( g5 + 7 L5 )4/5 )

47 Gfs fogds trdosvcrsdhcs gc `frkd afscofigdh, adgd uod gc hds audhcs ticoc uod dkphitug gc
5,3 ak y uod hfobitug gc fogd gc 3 ak, sc prfpdbdo co uod aucrgd co scotigfs fpucstfs afo
hd vchfaigdg gc 0,53 kk/s. Gieujdr hds brä`iads gc hd `frkd gc hd aucrgd co hfs sibuicotcs
iostdotcs: t;=, t;5 y t;7 s.

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

Fogds ]db. 5

43 Gfs pdrhdotcs dhtdkcotc gircaaifodhcs cstäo uof co`rcotc dh ftrf d uod gistdoaid gc 7 k.
Dkefs pdrhdotcs sfo cxaitdgfs afo uo kiskf tfof gc buitdrrd gc 4.=== Lz. Adhauhdr hd
adotigdg gc puotfs gc iotcr`crcoaid afostruativd y gcstruativd cotrc hfs pdrhdotcs.
Gdtf: Ps ; 11= k/s
Ucsp: 53 > 57

40 Qc afosigcrdo hds iotcr`crcoaids gc hds vierdaifocs trdosvcrsdhcs prfguaigds co hd supcr`iaic

gch dbud pfr gfs `ucotcs sëoarfods
sëo arfods igéotiads ‘D‛ y ‘E‛. Cstds afosistco co gfs puotfs
situdgfs co uod vdrihhd, `ijdgd d hd rdkd io`crifr gc uo gidpdsño. Hfs gfs puotfs vierdo d hd
`rcaucoaid gc 4== Lz. Hd vchfaigdg gc prfpdbdaiño gc hds fogds cs ibudh d 10,3 ak/s.
d) Adhauhdr hd hfobitug gc fogd gc hds fogds quc sc prfpdbdo co hd supcr`iaic gch dbud.
e) Hd gistdoaid cotrc hfs puotfs ‘D‛ y ‘E‛ cs gc 7,0< ak. Audotfs ofgfs y audotfs vicotrcs
ldy sferc ch scbkcotf gc rcatd DE6
a) Ldhhdr ch hubdr bcfkétriaf gc hfs puotfs gc iotcr`crcoaid afostruativd.
Ucsp: =,103
=,103 ak > 50 > 53 > lipérefhd
lipérefhd

42 So gidpdsño sc ldac sfodr y sc `frkdo fogds cstdaifodrids co uod prfectd gc vigrif co hd

audh ch dirc sc coaucotrd d 1= ºA. Qc vd vcrticogf dbud co hd prfectd, y rcaiéo audogf hd
dhturd gch dbud sc ld chcvdgf 1= ak, sc vuchvco d `frkdr fogds cstdaifodrids. Adhauhdr hd
`rcaucoaid gch gidpdsño, si hd vchfaigdg gch sfoigf d = ºA cs gc 11= k/s.
Ucsp: 329,3 Lz

4< Sod aucrgd gc 4= br gc kdsd y sfkctigd d uod tcosiño gc 1= nb, sc ldac sfodr juotf d uo
tuef gc ñrbdof acrrdgf gc 7= ak gc hfobitug, co ch audh ch dirc sc coaucotrd d 1= ºA. Qc
afostdtd quc sc prfguaco < puhsdaifocs pfr scbuogf cotrc sus `rcaucoaids `uogdkcotdhcs, y
quc cstc oúkcrf giskiouirëd si sc dukcotd hd tcosiño co hd aucrgd. Adhauhdr hd hfobitug gc hd
 aucrgd. Hd vchfaigdg gch sfoigf d 43 A cs gc 174 k/s.
Ucsp: 40,0 ak

49 So gidpdsño sc ldac vierdr dh kiskf iostdotc quc uo tuef sfofrf gc 5= ak gc dhturd quc
rcsucod scbúo su `rcaucoaid `uogdkcotdh, prfguaiéogfsc uod puhsdaiño gc 1 Lz. Qi ch
cxpcrikcotf sc rcpitc audogf hd tckpcrdturd gch dirc cs dhbf kdyfr, ch oúkcrf gc
puhsdaifocs sc rcguac. Qi ioiaidhkcotc hd vchfaigdg
v chfaigdg gch sfoigf co ch tuef crd gc 11= k/s,
ldhhdr hd `rcaucoaid afo quc vierd ch gidpdsño.
Ucsp: 743,3 Lz (tuef acrrdgf) > <5< Lz (tuef deicrtf)

5= Gfs tuefs sfofrfs, uof deicrtf pfr dkefs cxtrckfs y ftrf acrrdgf co uof gc chhfs, vierdo
afo drkñoiafs gi`crcotcs gc `frkd tdh quc ticoco hd kiskd adotigdg gc ofgfs, sicogf hd
gi`crcoaid cotrc sus `rcaucoaids gc 53= Lz. Ldhhdr hd hfobitug gc hfs tuefs sdeicogf quc sfo
igéotiafs, y quc ch dirc co su iotcrifr sc coaucotrd d 1=,3 ºA. Hd vchfaigdg gch sfoigf cs gc
174 k/s d 43 ºA.
Ucsp: 13 ak

54 Gfs aucrgds lcalds gch kiskf kdtcridh y gc ibudh hfobitug, auyfs giäkctrfs sfo 4 ; 4,3 5
sfo cxaitdgds pfr uod kiskd `rcaucoaid.
`rcaucoaid. Audh cs hd rchdaiño cotrc hds tcosifocs sdeicogf
quc W4 cs kcofr quc W5, y quc uod gc hds aucrgds vierd afo ch gfehc oúkcrf gc vicotrcs quc
hd ftrd.
Ucsp: =,3053

55 Sod aucrgd gc vifhëo gc 1= ak gc hfobitug, y afo uod gcosigdg gc kdsd hiocdh gc =,035
b/k, cstä situdgd acrad gc uod efaiod dhikcotdgd pfr uo fsaihdgfr gc dugif gc `rcaucoaid
vdridehc. Audogf hd `rcaucoaid gch fsaihdgfr vdrëd afotioudkcotc gcotrf gc hd bdkd gc 3==
d 43== Lz hd aucrgd sc pfoc co fsaihdaiño úoiadkcotc d hds `rcaucoaids gc <<= y 415= Lz.
Audh cs hd tcosiño co hd aucrgd
aucrgd y hd hfobitug gc
g c fogd pdrd cstds `rcaucoaids.
Ucsp: 73,7
73,7 O > 1= ak > 5= ak

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

Fogds ]db. 1

51 So dhtdvfz gircaaifodh giribc uod fogd sfofrd gc 5== Lz ldaid uod pdrcg. D quc gistdoaid
gc hd pdrcg pfgrëd pdrdrsc uod pcrsfod y of csaualdr odgd 6 Cxphiadr ch kftivf y gdr trcs
gistdoaids. Gdtfs Ps ; 11= k/s d = ºA y tckpcrdturd dkeicotc gc 5= ºA.
Ucsp: =,71 k > 4,5< k > 5,47 k

57 Sod vdrihhd gc aferc gc 4 k gc hfobitug cstä sujctd pfr uo puotf tdh afkf iogiad hd `iburd 1.
Audogf hd vdrihhd vierd hfobitugiodhkcotc prfguac fogds cstdaifodrids co ch Wuef gc Nuot
quc ticoc dirc d 1== ºN, fescrväogfsc quc hfs kfotfocs gc scrrëo gc afralf `frkdgfs
gcotrf gch tuef gistdo 7,93 ak. Audh cs hd vchfaigdg gc hd fogd co ch aferc6.
U ; <,14 4=2 crbifs/kfh ºN >  ; 4,7 > K ; 5<,< b/kfh
Ucsp: 1.340,10 k/s
h

kl l
 =,53 =,23 ks
@iburd 1 @iburd 7

53 Co ch sistckd kfstrdgf co hd `iburd 7 sc dbrcbd uod kdsd ‘K‛ y sc feticoc ch tcracr

drkñoiaf. Co audotf sc gcec vdridr cstd kdsd pdrd fetcocr ch scbuogf drkñoiaf.
h ; 4,5= k > l ; =,4= k > k l ; 5,0 b > ks ; 3,= b
Ucsp: ( K + 3 ) x 3/7  b 

50 Sod `ucotc puoti`frkc gc pftcoaid afostdotc ckitc fogds cs`ériads. Qcdo hfs puotfs ] 4 y ]5
gistdotcs g4 y g 5 gc hd `ucotc, tdh quc g 5 ; 5 g4. Ldhhdr hd rchdaiño cotrc hds iotcosigdgcs co
‘]4‛ y ‘]5‛, hd rchdaiño cotrc hds dkphitugcs, y hd gi`crcoaid gc oivch gc iotcosigdg
Ucsp: 7 > 5 > 0 gE

52 Co aicrtf cstdgif gcpfrtivf sc ckphcd uo sfhf dhtdvfz pdrd ldacr hhcbdr hfs douoaifs. Qi ch
cspcatdgfr käs dhcjdgf cstä d 42= k gc gistdoaid gch dhtdvfz, y sc gcscd quc csaualc uo
oivch gc iotcosigdg gc pfr hf kcofs 03 gE, adhauhdr hd pftcoaid daústiad këoikd ocacsdrid.
Ucsp: 4,43 R

5< Qc giac quc uo cquipf gc sfoigf cstércf ticoc 4.4== R gc pftcoaid gc dugif. Dh prfedr ch
sistckd afo vdrifs pdrhdotcs gispucstfs gc kfgf quc sikuhco uod `ucotc puotudh, cstdogf d
phcof ch vfhukco uo lfkerc pfgrëd dacradrsc d 4,1 k dotcs gc quc ch sfoigf hdstikc sus
fëgfs. Audh cs co rcdhigdg hd pftcoaid gc dugif quc ticoc6
Ucsp: 54,57 R

59 Gfs dhtdvfacs ‘D‛ y ‘E‛ rdgido sfoigf uoi`frkckcotc co tfgds gircaaifocs. Hd pftcoaid
daústiad ckitigd pfr ‘D‛ cs < 4=-7 R, y hd gc ‘E‛ vdhc 41,3 4= -7 R. Dkefs dhtdvfacs cstäo
vierdogf co `dsc d uod `rcaucoaid gc 421 Lz. Hd vchfaigdg gch sfoigf cs gc 170 k/s.
d) Gctcrkiodr hd gi`crcoaid gc `dsc gc dkeds scôdhcs co ch puotf ‘A‛ situdgf d 1 k gc ‘E‛
y d 7 k gc ‘D‛.
e) Ldhhdr hd iotcosigdg co ch puotf ‘A‛ prfacgcotc gc adgd dhtdvfz `uoaifodogf
`u oaifodogf sfhf.
a) Audh cs hd iotcosigdg y ch oivch gc iotcosigdg co ‘A‛ audogf `uoaifodo dkefs dhtdvfacs.
Ucsp:  rdg > 1,9< 4= -0 R/k5 > 4,49 4=-3 R/k5 > 5,45 4=-0 R/k5 > 01,50 gE

1= Gfs `ucotcs ‘D‛ y ‘E‛ sucodo co `dsc afo uod `rcaucoaid gc 0<= Lz. Co uo puotf ‘A‛ sc
csauald uo oivch gc iotcosigdg gc 23 gE audogf sucod sfhf hd `ucotc ‘D‛, y 21 gE audogf
sucodo dkeds d hd vcz. Audh cs hd pftcoaid daústiad gc hd `ucotc ‘E‛6. Qc sdec dgckäs
dgc käs quc
dukcotdogf hd pftcoaid gc hd `ucotc ‘D‛ sc pucgc arcdr sihcoaif co ‘A‛. Ldhhdr giald
pftcoaid. Gdtfs: Ps ; 17= k/s > DA ; 0 k > EA ; 0,53 k
Ucsp: =,=3
=,=3 R > =,=70 R

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

Fogds ]db. 7

14 Co uo cstdgif gcpfrtivf gc `frkd rcatdobuhdr, gc gikcosifocs 1= y 15 kctrfs

rcspcativdkcotc, sc afhfado gfs dhtdvfacs gc ibudh `rcaucoaid y afo uod gi`crcoaid gc `dsc
gc 1=º, co gfs vértiacs fpucstfs. So cspcatdgfr ueiadgf co uof gc hfs ftrfs gfs vértiacs
csauald hd kiskd iotcosigdg audogf `uoaifod sfhf uof audhquicrd gc hfs dhtdvfacs quc
audogf `uoaifodo dkefs d hd vcz. Ldhhdr hd `rcaucoaid gc hfs dhtdvfacs. Hd vchfaigdg gch
sfoigf d hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc cs gc 17< k/s.
 Ucsp: 71,3 Lz

15 Uibiéogfsc pfr hfs vdhfrcs gc hd tdehd, adhauhdr ch tickpf gc rcvcrecrdaiño pdrd uod
ldeitdaiño gc 9 x 9 x 7,3 k gc dhtf, si sc ticoco pdrcgcs y tcalf coycsdgfs y pisf gc
kdgcrd, afo gfs vcotdods gc vigrif co hds pdrcgcs hdtcrdhcs, gc 4,5= x 4,5= k. Afkf
gistrieuirëd ch kdtcridh desfrecotc d dôdgir, pdrd kcjfrdr csc tickpf6. Gc uo cjckphf gch
kdtcridh d utihizdr y gibd afkf sc adhauhd hd adotigdg ocacsdrid.
Ucsp: 3,10 scb

Kdtcridh Afc`. Des.

Pigrif =,=53
Kdgcrd =,=1=
Ycsf =,=10

11 Ldhhdr ch tickpf gc rcvcrecrdaiño gc uod sdhd gc afo`crcoaids gc 5= k x 5= k x 2,2 k gc

dhtf, sdeicogf quc ch pisf cs gc kärkfh, ch tcalf gc kdgcrd y hds pdrcgcs coycsdgds.
Dgckäs, ticoc gfs vcotdods gc 4,5 k x 4,1 k afrrcgizds gc vigrif co hds pdrcgcs, deicrtds
co uo 7= %, y uod pucrtds gc kdgcrd gc 5 k x 4 k tftdhkcotc acrrdgd. Cxphiadr afkf
gistrieuirëd kdtcridh desfrecotc d dôdgir pdrd kcjfrdr csc tickpf.
Gdtfs: kärkfh ; =,=4= > kdgcrd ; =,=1= > ycsf ; =,=11 > vigrif ; =,=53
Ucsp: 41,3 scb

17 Co uod sdhd gc afoaicrtfs, uod oftd gc aicrtd `rcaucoaid ckitigd d uo oivch gc iotcosigdg gc
<2 ge, trdosaurrco 1,22 scbuogfs pdrd quc ch oivch gc sfoigf adibd d = ge. Audh cs ch tickpf
gc rcvcrecrdaiño gc hd kiskd.
Ucsp: 5,0 scb

13 Gfs dutfs sc coaucotrdo co uod csquiod gc tdh kdocrd quc audogf uof gc chhfs quc vidjd d
2= nk/l ld sfercpdsdgf 5 k ch acotrf kiskf gc hd csquiod, ch ftrf quc vidjd d 0= nk/l hc
`dhtdo 7 k pdrd hhcbdr. Qi cstc úhtikf tfad su efaiod gc 3== Lz co gialf iostdotc, quc
`rcaucoaid pcraieirä ch prikcrf6. Gdtf: Ps ; 11= k/s
Ucsp: 3=9,<3 Lz

10 Gfs edrafs dvdozdo uof gcträs gc ftrf, ch prikcrf d 5 nk/l y ch scbuogf d 1 nk/l. Co ch
kfkcotf co quc dkefs ldaco sfodr sus sihedtfs, uo pcsadgfr quictf, situdgf cotrc dkefs,
pcraiec 7 puhsdaifocs pfr scbuogf. Ldhhdr hd `rcaucoaid gc hfs sihedtfs, sdeicogf quc sfo
igéotiafs, y quc hd vchfaigdg gch sfoigf pdrd hd tckpcrdturd dkeicotc cs gc 17= k/s.
Ucsp: 4.=== Lz

Iob. Uiadrgf Bikéocz Wdrrés

Fogds ]db. 3