SARATHA INTERNATIONAL SR.

SEC SCHOOL
A. KODIVERI

CHEMISTRY
LAB MANUAL
 PRACTICAL PROCEDURE
CONTENTS
Ex.No Date Name of the Experiment Teacher’s Initial

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION BY USING
1
STANDARD OXALIC ACID
ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION BY USING
2
STANDARD FAS (Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate)

CONTENT BASED EXPERIMENT

3 PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL SOL OF STARCH

4 PREPARATION OF FERRIC HYDROXIDE SOL

IDENTIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND

5
PROTEINS

6 IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS (SYSTEMATIC SALT ANALYSIS)

SYSTEMATIC SALT ANALYSIS GENERAL

PROCEDURE

7 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-1

8 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-2

9 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-3

10 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-4

11 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-5

12 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-6

13 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-7

14 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-8

 INSTRUCTIONS FOR RECORD WRITING
There are total 14 experiments :
• Volumetric Analysis = 2 experiments
• Content based = 4 experiments
• Systematic salt analysis (salt analysis)
= General procedure + 8 salts
I. As per instructions first you have to start with volumetric analysis, complete the
two experiments one by one by following order.
(i) Aim (ii) Apparatus required (iii) Principle (iv) Simple procedure (v) Result should
write on rule page side.
(vi) Observation (vii) observation table (viii) calculation (ix) Result on white page side.
Note : Above same instructions should follow for second volumetric experiment
also.
II. After completion of first two volumetric experiments leave one page gap and keep
the heading content based experiment, on (white page side) and start writing four
content based experiments one by one. Every experiment should write on rule page
side only.
III. After writing the content based experiments, if any pages are left empty, leave all
the pages.
IV. In the middle of the record pages, you will find horizontal lines. Keep the heading
“systematic salt analysis” on white background and start writing the “systematic
salt analysis general procedure”, and complete all the 8 salts one by one according
to the order given in the material.
• While writing salt analysis following the headings in every page.
Experiment Observation Inference
• Keep every heading properly and maintain very good handwriting.
• For every experiment writing the result is mandatory.
• When you start writing new experiment, it’s better to start in a fresh page of the
record.
• Don’t skip any experiment, follow the sequence order.
• Adjust all the experiments in the given pages of the record.
VOLUMETRIC
ANALYSIS
(8M)
 EXPERIMENT – 1
ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION BY USING STANDARD OXALIC ACID
SOLUTION
(i) Aim : To determine the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution using
M
the prepared standard oxalic acid solution.
50
(ii) Materials Required :
Burette, Pipette, M/50 Oxalic acid, KMnO4 solution, funnel, conical flask, standard flask.
(iii) Principle :
Potassium permanganate acts as a powerful oxidising agent in the acidic medium. It
can be represented by the following equation.

(𝑀𝑛𝑂4② + 8𝐻 + 5𝑒② ⎯→ 𝑀𝑛+2 + 4𝐻2 ) × 2

(𝐶2𝑂42− ⎯→ 2𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝑒②) × 5

2𝑀𝑛𝑂4② + 16𝐻 + 10𝑒② ⎯→ 2𝑀𝑛+2 + 8𝐻2𝑂

5𝐶2𝑂42− ⎯→ 10𝐶𝑂2 + 10𝑒②

2𝑀𝑛𝑂② + 5𝐶2𝑂2− + 16𝐻 ⎯→ 2𝑀𝑛+2 + 8𝐻2𝑂 + 10𝐶𝑂2
4 4

(iv) Simple Procedure :

(i) Burette solution : Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) solution
(ii) Pipette solution : 20 ml of standard M/50 oxalic acid solution
(iii) Indicator : KMnO4 acts as self-Indicator
(iv) Reagent added : 20ml 2N dil. H2SO4

(v) Temperature : 60o C − 70o C

(vi) Medium : Acidic Medium
(vii) Mol. mass of KMnO4 : 158 g mol−1

(viii) End point : Colourless to permanent pale pink colour

(v) Result :
1. The molarity of the given KMnO4 is 0.01 M.
2. The strength of the given KMnO4 is 1.58 g/L.
OBSERTVATIONS :
PREPARATION OF STANDARD M/50 OXALIC ACID SOLUTION :
Weigh 0.63 g of oxalic acid crystals and transfer into 250ml standard flask and add
20ml dil. H2SO4 to check the hydrolysis of oxalic acid dissolve them in water to
prepare 250ml of M/50 oxalic acid solution in standard flask.
1 Molar oxalic acid contains 126 g/L
M 126 M
oxalic acid contains g/L (i.e., 1000 ml of oxalic acid contains 2.52 g.
50 50 50
M 126 250
250 ml of oxalic acid contains =  = 0.63 g .
50 50 1000
126  250 1
Weight of Oxalic acid = = 0.63 g
1000  50
M
Molarity of Oxalic acid solution = (OR) 0.02 M.
50
Molecular mass of Oxalic acid = 126 g/mole.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Std. Oxalic acid Vs KMnO4 Indicator : (KMnO4) self
Volume of Oxalic Volume of KMnO4 used Titre value
S.No
acid (ml) Initial (ml) Final (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 16.2
2 20 0 16.0 16.0
3 20 0 16.0
CALCULATIONS :
2 Moles of KMnO4 Reacts with 5 moles of Oxalic salt.
M1 = Molarity of oxalic acid = M/50. M2 = Molarity of KMnO4 =
V1 = Volume of std. Oxalic acid = 20 ml. V2 = Volume of KMnO4 =
n1 = no. of moles of oxalic acid used = 5 n2 = no. of moles of KMnO4 used = 2
M1V1 M 2V2 0.02  20 M 2  16.0
=  =
n1 n2 5 2
2 M1V1 2  0.02  20
M2 =  M2 = = 0.01M
5V2 5 16.0
The molarity of the given KMnO4 (M2) = 0.01 M
The strength of the given KMnO4 is = molarity of KMnO4  GmWt of KMnO4.
= 0.01M  158 g / mole = 1.58 g / lit
RESULT :
The molarity of given KMnO4 is _0.01 M.
The strength of the given KMnO4 is 1.58 g/L.
 EXPERIMENT – 2
ESTIMATION OF KMnO4 SOLUTION BY USING STANDARD FAS
M
Aim : To determine the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 using FAS
20
solution.
Materials Required :
Burette, Pipette, M/50 Oxalic acid, KMnO4 solution, funnel, conical flask, standard flask.
Principle :
Potassium permanganate acts as a powerful oxidising agent in the acidic medium. It
can be represented by the following equation.

(𝑀𝑛𝑂4② + 8𝐻 + 5𝑒② ⎯→ 𝑀𝑛+2 + 4𝐻2𝑂)  1

(𝐹𝑒+2 ⎯→ 𝐹𝑒+3 + 𝑒② )  5

𝑀𝑛𝑂4② + 8𝐻 + 5𝑒② ⎯→ 𝑀𝑛+2 + 4𝐻2𝑂

5𝐹𝑒+2 ⎯→ 5𝐹𝑒+3 + 5𝑒②

𝑀𝑛𝑂4② + 8𝐻 + 5𝐹𝑒+2 ⎯→ 𝑀𝑛+2 + 5𝐹𝑒+3 + 4𝐻2𝑂

Simple Procedure :
(i) Burette solution : Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) solution
(ii) Pipette solution : 20 ml of std. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate solution
(iii) Indicator : KMnO4 acts as self-Indicator
(iv) Reagent added : 20ml 2N dil. H2SO4
(v) Temperature : Room temperature
(vi) Medium : Acidic Medium
(vii) Mol. mass of KMnO4 : 158 g mol−1

(viii) End point : Colourless to permanent pale pink colour

Result :
1. The molarity of the given KMnO4 is 0.01 M.
2. The strength of the given KMnO4 is 1.58 g/L.
PREPARATION OF STANDARD M/20 FAS SOLUTION :
Weigh 4.9 g of FAS and transfer into 250 ml std. flask add 20 ml of dil. H2SO4 (one
test tube full of dil. H2SO4) to check hydrolysis of Ferrous Sulphate dissolve them in
water to prepare 250 ml of M/20 FAS solution in std. flask.
OBSERTVATIONS :
1 Molar FAS contains 392 g/L
M 392 M
FAS contains g/L (i.e., 1000 ml of FAS contains 19.6 g.
20 20 20
M 392 250
250 ml of FAS contains =  = 4.9 g .
20 20 1000
392 250 1
Weight of FAS = = 4.9 g
1000  20
M
Molarity of FAS solution = (OR) 0.05 M.
20
Molecular mass of FAS = 392 g/M.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Std. FAS Vs KMnO4 Indicator : (KMnO4) self
Volume of FAS Volume of KMnO4 used Titre value
S.No
(ml) Initial (ml) Final (ml) (ml)
1 20 0 20.2
2 20 0 20.0 20.0
3 20 0 20.0
CALCULATIONS :
1 Mole of KMnO4 Reacts with 5 moles of Mohr’s salt.
M1 = Molarity of FAS = M/20. M2 = Molarity of KMnO4 =
V1 = Volume of FAS = 20 ml. V2 = Volume of KMnO4 =
n1 = no. of moles of FAS used = 5 n2 = no. of moles of KMnO4 used = 1
M1V1 M 2V2 0.05  20 M 2  20.0
=  =
n1 n2 5 1
1 M1V1 0.05  20  1
M2 =  M2 = = 0.01M
5V2 5  20
The molarity of the given KMnO4 (M2) = 0.01 M
The strength of the given KMnO4 = molarity of KMnO4  GmWt of KMnO4.
= 0.01M  158 g / mole = 1.58 g / mole
RESULT :
The molarity of given KMnO4 is _0.01 M.
The strength of the given KMnO4 is 1.58 g/L.
 CONTENT
BASED
EXPERIMENTS
(6M)
 PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL SOL OF STARCH
AIM : TO PREPARE COLLOIDIAL SOLUTION (SOL) OF STARCH
REQUIREMENTS : Beakers (250 ml & 50 ml), glass rod, funnel, fitter paper,
tripod stand, starch (1g) and distilled water.
Principle : Starch forms a lyophilic sol when hot water is used as the
dispersion medium.
Procedure : 1g of starch is added to the 125 ml of distilled water in a 250
ml beaker and heat the beaker so that water starts boiling.
Take 1g of starch in a mortar and a few ml of distilled water
and make it into paste. Pour the paste slowly with stirring
into boiling water in the beaker. Continue boiling for about 2-
3 minutes and then allow the beaker to cool. Filter the
contents of the beaker through a filter-paper, fixed in a
funnel.
Result : With the constant stirring of the contents in the beaker then
the colloidal sol of starch is formed in the beaker.

PREPARATION OF FERRIC HYDROXIDE SOL

AIM : To prepare a colloidal solution of Ferric hydroxide.
Principle : Ferric hydroxide is a lyophobic solution. It is prepared by
hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled water.

→ Fe ( OH ) 3 + 3HCl
FeCl3 + 3H 2O ⎯⎯
The HCl produced during hydrolysis is may destabilize the
solution. So it is removed by dialysis.
Requirements : 250ml beaker, test tube, glass rod, 2% of FeCl3 , tripod stand,

distilled water.
Procedure : Taken a clean 250ml beaker and boil 100ml of distilled water
in it. The ferric chloride solution is added and heating is done
till a dark brown is obtained.
Result : The colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide is prepared.
 IDENTIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATE, FATS AND PROTIENS IN THE FOOD
STUFF
S.No Experiment Test tube – A Test tube - B Inference
1 Fehling’s test : Reddish No Presence of
Take 2 ml of given Brown characteristic Carbohydrates is
organic sample in a test precipitate is change confirmed
tube and add 2-3 ml obtained
each of Fehling’s solution
A and Fehling’s solution
B. Keep the test tube in
boiling water bath for
10minutes.
2 Tollen’s Test : A shining No Presence of
Take 2 ml of given silver mirror characteristic Carbohydrates is
organic sample in a test is obtained change confirmed
tube and add 2-3 ml of
Tollen’s reagent and
warm the test tube in a
boiling water bath for 10
minutes.
3 MOLISCH Test : A reddish No Presence of
Take little of the given violet ring is characteristic Carbohydrates is
organic sample in a test formed at the change confirmed
tube, add 2 drops of junction of
Molisch reagent (1%
two layers
Napthol) and conc.
H2SO4 along the sides of
the test tube.
4 Biuret Test : No Bluish Violet Presence of
Take little of the given characteristic colour solution proteins is
organic sample in a test change is obtained. confirmed
tube, and add 3 ml of
NaOH solution and then
add 5 drops of 1% CuSO4
solution and warm the
mixture in water bath.
5 Xanthoprotein test : No Yellow Presence of
Take little of the given characteristic precipitate is proteins is
organic sample in a test change obtained. confirmed
tube, and add few drops
of con. HNO3 and warm
the mixture in water bath
6 Ninhydrin test : No Intense blue Presence of
Take little of the given characteristic colouration is proteins is
organic sample in a test change obtained. confirmed
tube, and add 3-4 drops
of ninhydrin solution and
boil the mixture in water
bath.
Result : The given test tube A contains : Reducing Sugar (carbohydrate)
The given test tube B contains : Proteins.
 IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
S.N
Experiment Test tube – A Test tube - B Inference
o.
1 Fehling’s test : Reddish Brown No Presence of
Take 2 ml of given organic precipitate is characteristic Aldehyde is
sample in a test tube and obtained change confirmed
add 2-3 ml each of
Fehling’s solution A and
Fehling’s solution B. Keep
the test tube in boiling
water bath for 10minutes.
2 Tollen’s Test : A shining silver No Presence of
Take 2 ml of given organic mirror is characteristic Aldehyde is
sample in a test tube and obtained change confirmed
add 2-3 ml of Tollen’s
reagent and warm the test
tube in a boiling water bath
for 10 minutes.
3 Sodiumbicarbonate test : No Brisk Presence of
To the little of the given characteristic effervescence carboxylic
organic sample add sodium change due to acid is
bicarbonate (or) sodium evolution of confirmed.
carbonate solution. CO2.
4 Ester Formation Test : No A ripening Presence of
To the little of the given characteristic fruity smell of carboxylic
organic sample add 5ml of change Ester is formed acid is
ethanol and 3-4 drops of confirmed.
conc. H2SO4 and heat the
reaction mixture in a water
bath for few minutes and
pour the same into
saturated Na2CO3 solution.
5 Reaction with Na Metal : No Brisk Presence of
Take about 1ml of the characteristic effervescence is carboxylic
given organic sample in a change seen due to acid is
dry test tube add a small evolution of H2. confirmed.
piece of sodium metal.

Result : The given test tube A contains : Aldehyde.

The given test tube B contains : Carboxylic acid.
SYSTEMATIC
SALT
ANALYSIS
(8M)
 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS – GENERAL PROCEDURE
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL
Experiment
Preliminary Test:
1. Colour
The colour of the salt is
noted
2. Action of heat
A pinch of salt is heated in
a dry test tube and noted
the observations.
3. Flame Test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added
and made into paste. The
paste is introduced into the
non-luminous flame
4. ASH Test
To a pinch of the salt in the
test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and
Cobalt nitrate. A filter
paper is dipped in the
solution and ignited
Observation Inference
Blue
Pale Green
Reddish Brown
Pale pink
Flesh colour
Green
Colourless/ White
Yellow when hot, white
when cold
Blue salt turns white
Colourless gas turning lime
water milky
Reddish brown gas are
formed
Decripitation
White sublimation is
formed the inner sides of
the test tube
No- characteristic change
Bluish green coloured
flame evolved
Apple green coloured flame
evolved
Brick red coloured flame
No Characteristic flame
Blue coloured ash
Green coloured ash
Pink coloured ash
No characteristic ash
Presence of Cu2+
Presence of Fe2+
Presence of Fe3+
Presence of Mn2+
Presence of Co2+
Presence of Ni2+
Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
Presence of Zn2+
Presence of CuSO4
Presence of CO2−
3
Presence of NO−3
Presence of Pb(NO3)2
Presence of NH4Cl.
Absence of NO−3 , CO2− ,
3
CuSO4
Presence of Cu2+
Presence of Ba2+
Presence of Ca2+
Absence of Cu2+, Ba2+, Ca2+
Presence of Al3+
Presence of Zn2+
Presence of Mg2+
Absence of Al3+, Zn2+, Mg2+
 Experiment
IDENTIFICATION OF ACIDIC RADICAL
5. Action of Dil & Con. H2SO4
Action with dil. H2SO4 :
To a little of the salt in the
test tube added few drops
of dil. H2SO4
Action with conc. H2SO4 :
To a little of the slat in the
test tube added few drops
of conc.H2SO4
6. Potassium permanganate test
To a little of the salt in the
test tube added 2ml of dil
H2SO4 and then KMnO4
solution dropwise
7. Copper Turning Test
To a little of the salt in a
dry test tube added few Cu
turnings and Concentrated
H2SO4 and heated.
8. Chromyl Chloride test
(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium
dichromate crystals and
concentrated H2SO4
(ii) Pass these vapours into
NaOH solution
(iii) Lead acetate is added
to the yellow solution
Observation Inference
Brisk effervescence is seen.
A colour less gas turning Presence of CO2−
3
lime water milky
Colourless gas is evolved
with the smell of rotten egg. Presence of S2-
Colourless gas with
pungent smell which gives
white precipitate with Presence of Cl−
AgNO3 solution
Deep violet vapours are
observed Presence of I−
Reddish brown vapours Presence of NO−3
Colourless vapours with
vinegar smell turns blue Presence of CH3 COO−
litmus red.
Absence of
No gas/ vapours evolved
CO2− , NO− ,Cl− ,CH COO−
3 3 3
KMnO4 decolourised
without evolution of any Presence of Fe2+
gas
KMnO4 decolourised with
evolution of Cl2 gas Presence of Cl−
KMnO4 decolourised with
evolution of CO2 gas on Presence of C2O2−
4
warming
KMnO4 not decolourised Absence of Fe2+ ,C2 O42− ,Cl−
Reddish brown gas evolved Presence of NO−3
No Reddish brown gas Absence of NO−3
evolved
Reddish Orange vapours
are evolved
Presence of Cl−
Yellow solution is obtained
Yellow precipitate is formed
 Experiment Observation Inference

9. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added Canary yellow precipitate is Presence of PO3−
Conc.HNO3 till the fumes formed. 4

cease to evolve and then

No Canary yellow Absence of PO3− .
added ammonium
precipitate is formed 4

Molybdate solution

10. Ester formation test

To a little of the salt added

ethanol and conc.H2SO4 Pleasant fruity smell of Presence of acid is
and pass the mixture into esters is formed confirmed (CH COO )
3
−

Na2CO3 solution in beaker

CONFORMATION TEST FOR ACIDIC RADICAL

Preparation of sodium Carbonate extract

A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium Carbonate and is
boiled with distill water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is sodium
Carbonate extract.
11. Barium Chloride Test:
To a little of sodium
carbonate extract added
Barium Chloride solution
12. Chromyl Chloride test
(i) A little bit of the salt is
heated with potassium
dichromate crystals and
concentrated H2SO4
(ii) Pass these vapour into
NaOH solution
(iii) Lead acetate is added
to the yellow solution
13. Silver Nitrate test
To a little of sodium
carbonate extract added
dil. HNO3 and silver nitrate
solution
−2
White precipitate soluble in Presence of CO 3 is
conc.HCl confirmed
−2
White precipitate insoluble Presence of SO 4 is
in conc.HCl confirmed
Reddish Orange vapours
are evolved
Presence of Cl− is
Yellow solution is obtained confirmed.
Yellow precipitate is formed
A curdy white precipitate is
Presence of Cl− is
obtained which is soluble
confirmed
in NH4OH
A pale yellow precipitate Presence of Br− is
sparingly soluble in NH4OH confirmed
Deep yellow precipitate is Presence of I− is confirmed
insoluble in NH4OH
 Experiment Observation Inference

14. Ammonium Molybdate test

To a little of the salt added

Conc.HNO3 till the fumes Presence of PO3− is
Canary yellow precipitate is
cease to evolve and then 4

formed. confirmed
added ammonium
Molybdate solution

No Canary yellow Absence of PO3− .

precipitate is formed 4

15. Brown ring test

To a little of the sodium

carbonate extract added
A dark brown ring is Presence of NO−3 is
freshly prepared FeSO4
formed at the junction of
solution and then added confirmed
the two liquids
Conc. H2SO4 along the
sides of the test tube.

16. Lead Acetate test

To a little of the sodium
carbonate extract added A white precipitate is Presence of SO2−
4
is
dil. acetic acid and lead obtained confirmed
acetate solution
 IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS
BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS
Preparation of Original Salt Solution:-
To a little of the given salt added water and dissolved and labelled as original
solution (OS). For insoluble CO2− 3 add dil.HCl and labeled as original solution (OS).
To a little of the salt added
NaOH and warmed
1. To a little of the original
solution dil. HCl is added
2. To a little of the original
solution added dil. HCl
and passed H2S gas (or)
Yellow (NH4)2S solution.
3. To a little of the original
solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH
4. A little of the original
solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH and passed H2S
gas (or) yellow(NH4)2S
solution.
5.To a little of the original
salt solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH and ( NH4 ) 2 CO3
6. To a little of the original
solution added NH4Cl,
NH4OH and Ammonium
phosphate solution
A pungent smelling gas is
evolved. Dense white fumes
are observed, when a glass
rod dipped in conc.HCl is
brought to mouth of the
test tube
No characteristic change
A white precipitate is
obtained
No Characteristic
precipitate is obtained
Black precipitate is
obtained
No Characteristic
precipitate is obtained
A gelatinous white
precipitate is obtained
A reddish brown precipitate
is obtained
No characteristic
precipitate is obtained
A white precipitate is
obtained.
A black precipitate is
obtained
No Characteristic
precipitate is obtained
A white Precipitate is
obtained
No Characteristic
precipitate is obtained
A crystalline white
precipitate is obtained on
scratching the sides of the
test tube with a glass rod.
No characteristic
precipitate is obtained
Presence of zero group
radical (NH+ 4)
Absence of zero group
radical
Presence of group - I radical
(Pb2+)
Absence of group – I radical
Presence of group – II
radical (Cu2+)
Absence of group – II
radical
Presence of group – III
radical (Al3+)
Presence of group – III
radical (Fe3+)
Absence of group III
radical.
Presence of group – IV
radical (Zn2+)
Presence of group IV
radical (Ni+2, Co2+)
Absence of group IV radical
Presence of group - V
radical (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+)
Absence of group V radical
Presence of group - VI
radical (Mg2+)
Absence of group – VI
radical
 CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
1. Confirmatory test for Pb2+
(i) To a little of the OS
A yellow precipitate is
solution added potassium Presence of Pb2+
obtained
chromate solution.
A yellow precipitate is
obtained when hot water is
Golden Spangles Test :
added to the precipitate Presence of Pb2+ is
(ii) To a little of the OS
boiled and cooled under confirmed
solution added KI solution
the tap. Golden yellow
spangles are obtained
2. Confirmatory test for Cu2+
A blue precipitate is
obtained which dissolves on
(i) To a little of the OS Presence of Cu2+ is
addition excess of NH4OH
solution added NH4OH confirmed
and only blue colouration is
seen
(ii) To a little of the OS
A chocolate brown Presence of Cu2+ is
solution added potassium
precipitate is obtained confirmed
ferro cyanide
3. Confirmatory test for Al3+
A white precipitate is
To a little of the OS Presence of Al3+ is
formed which dissolves in
solution added NaOH confirmed
excess of NaOH
To a little of the OS
Presence of Al3+ is
solution added Aluminon Bright red lake is obtained
confirmed
reagent
4. Confirmatory test for Fe3+
To a little of the OS solution
Prussian blue colour is Presence of Fe2+ is
added potassium Ferro
cyanide
seen confirmed

To a little of the OS
Presence of Fe3+ is
solution added potassium Blood red colour is seen
confirmed.
sulphocyanide solution
5. Confirmatory test for Zn2+
To a little of the OS White precipitate in excess Presence of Zn2+ is
solution added NaOH of NaOH confirmed
To a little of the OS. Bluish white precipitate is Presence of Zn2+ is
solution added K4[Fe(CN)6] obtained confirmed
6. Confirmatory test for Ni2+
To a little of the OS
solution added NH4OH in A rosy red precipitate is Presence of Ni2+ is
excess and then added obtained confirmed
Dimethyl glyoxime (DMG)
To another part add NaOH
in excess and bromine A black precipitate is Presence of Ni2+ is
water and boil the obtained confirmed
contents.
7. Confirmatory test for Ba2+
To a little of the OS Yellow precipitate is Presence of Ba2+ is
solution added K2CrO4 obtained confirmed
Flame test:-
A pinch of salt is taken is a
watch glass a drop of
concentrated HCl is added Apple green flame is Presence of Ba2+ is
and made into a paste. The observed. confirmed
paste is introduced in the
non luminous flame
8. Confirmatory test for Ca2+
To a little of the OS A white precipitate is Presence of Ca2+ is
solution added ammonium obtained confirmed
oxalate (NH4)2 C2O4.
Flame test
A pinch of salt is taken in a
watch glass a drop of Brick red coloured flame is Presence of Ca2+ is
concentrated HCl is added observed. confirmed
and made into a paste. The
paste is introduced into the
non- luminous flame
9. Confirmatory test for Mg2+
To a little of the OS
solution added dil. HCl and
Presence of Mg2+ is
a few drops of magneson Blue precipitate is obtained
confirmed
reagent
ASH test:-
To a pinch of the salt in the
test tube added
concentrated HNO3 and Pink coloured ash is Presence of Mg2+ is
cobalt nitrate. A filter paper observed. confirmed
is dipped in the solution
and ignited.
10. Confirmatory test for NH+
4
To a little of the original A pungent smelling gas is
salt added NaOH and evolved. Dense white fumes
warmed are observed when a glass
rod dipped in conc. HCl is Presence of NH+ is
4
brought to mouth of the confirmed
test tube
To a little of the original Reddish brown precipitate
salt solution added is obtained
Nesslers reagent.

Result: The given substance contain

Basic Radical …………………
Acid Radical ………………….
Therefore the given substance is ………..
 SALT NO : 01
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu2+ , Fe2+ ,
Colourless (white)
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3+ ,Co2+ , Ni2+
2. Action of Heat : White sublimation is Presence of NH4Cl is
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test formed the inner sides
tube of the test tube. identified.
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The flame Cu2+ , Ba2+ ,Ca2+
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al3+ , Zn2+ , Mg 2+
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 :
No characteristic Absence of CO32− , S 2−
To a little of the salt in the test tube
change
added few drops of dil. H2SO4
Colourless gas is
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : evolved with pungent Presence of Cl− is
To a little of the salt into the test tube smell which gives
white precipitate with identified.
added few drops of conc. H2SO4
AgNO3 solution.
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
KMnO4 is decolourised
To a little of the salt in the test tube Presence of Cl− is
with evolution of Cl2
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then identified.
gas
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube No Reddish brown gas Absence of NO3−
added few copper turnings and add few is evolved
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added 5ml of
No canny yellow Absence of PO3−
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to
precipitate is formed 4
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test :
To a little of the extract added Barium No white precipitate is Absence of SO4
2−
formed
Chloride solution
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Chromyl Chloride Test :
To a little bit of the salt is heated with Reddish orange
potassium dichromate crystals and vapours are evolved
conc. H2SO4
Pass these vapours into another test Presence of Cl− is
Yellow solution is confirmed.
tube which contains NaOH solution
or lime water. obtained
Lead acetate is added to the above Yellow precipitate is
yellow solution formed
A curdy white
2. Silver Nitrate Test :
precipitate is formed Presence of Cl− is
To little of the extract added dil. HNO3
which is soluble in confirmed.
and silver nitrate solution
NH4OH
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
A pungent smelling
gas is evolved. White
dense fumes are Presence of zero
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH
observed when a glass group NH + radical
solution and warmed
rod dipped in conc.
( 4)
HCl and brought to
the mouth of test tube
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
A pungent smelling
gas is evolved. White
Confirmation test for NH+ dense fumes are
4 Presence of NH + is
1. To a little of the original salt added observed when a glass 4

rod dipped in conc. confirmed

NaOH and warmed
HCl and brought to
the mouth of test tube
2. To a little of the original salt Reddish brown Presence of NH + is
4
solution added Nessler’s reagent precipitate is obtained confirmed

Result : The substance contains :

Basic radical is NH 4+ (Ammonium ion)
Acid radical is Cl− (Chloride ion)
Therefore the substance is NH4Cl (Ammonium Chloride)

********
 SALT NO : 02
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu2+ , Fe2+ ,
Colourless (white)
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3+ ,Co2+ , Ni2+
2. Action of Heat :
Colourless gas which Presence of CO32−
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
turns lime water milky
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The flame Cu2+ , Ba2+ ,Ca2+
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al3+ , Zn2+ , Mg 2+
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : Brisck effervescence is
seen. Colourless gas Presence of CO32− is
To a little of the salt in the test tube
which turns lime identified
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 water milky
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 :
No characteristic
To a little of the salt into the test tube Absence of Cl−
change
added few drops of conc. H2SO4
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl−
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube No Reddish brown gas Absence of NO3−
added few copper turnings and add few is evolved
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added 5ml of
No canny yellow Absence of PO3−
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to
precipitate is formed 4
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : White precipitate is Presence of CO32− is
To a little of the extract added Barium obtained which is
Chloride solution soluble in conc. HCl identified.
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Barium Chloride Test : White precipitate is Presence of CO32− is
To a little of the extract added Barium obtained which is identified.
Chloride solution soluble in conc. HCl
 Experiment Observation Inference
2. Dilute H2SO4 Test (Test for CO32− Brisck effervescence is
ion) seen. Colourless gas Presence of CO32− is
To a little of the salt in the test tube which turns lime confirmed.
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 water milky
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
A pungent smelling
gas is evolved. White
dense fumes are Presence of zero
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH
solution and warmed
rod dipped in conc.
( 4)
observed when a glass group NH + radical

HCl and brought to

the mouth of test tube
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
A pungent smelling
gas is evolved. White
Confirmation test for NH+ dense fumes are
4 Presence of NH + is
1. To a little of the original salt added observed when a glass 4

rod dipped in conc. confirmed

NaOH and warmed
HCl and brought to
the mouth of test tube
2. To a little of the original salt Reddish brown Presence of NH + is
4
solution added Nessler’s reagent precipitate is obtained confirmed

Result : The substance contains :

Basic radical is NH 4+ (Ammonium ion)
Acid radical is CO23 − (Carbonate ion)
Therefore the substance is ( NH4 ) 2 CO3 (Ammonium Carbonate)

********
 SALT NO : 03
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu2+ , Fe2+ ,
Colourless (white)
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3+ ,Co2+ , Ni2+
→ Decripitation (pop → Presence of
2. Action of Heat : sound) is observed Pb( NO3 )
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test → on vigorous heating 2

reddish brown gas is → Presence of NO3− is

tube
formed identified
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The flame Cu2+ , Ba2+ ,Ca2+
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al3+ , Zn2+ , Mg 2+
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 :
No brisck Absence of CO32−
To a little of the salt in the test tube
effervescence
added few drops of dil. H2SO4
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : Presence of NO3− is
Reddish brown
To a little of the salt into the test tube
vapours are present identified.
added few drops of conc. H2SO4
7. Potassium Permanganate Test :
To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl−
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube Reddish brown gas is Presence of NO3− is
added few copper turnings and add few evolved identified
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled with
distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium carbonate
extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow Absence of PO3−
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to
precipitate is formed 4
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test :
No white precipitate is Absence of SO2−
To a little of the extract added Barium
obtained 4
Chloride solution
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube Reddish brown gas is Presence of NO − is
3
added few copper turnings and add 5ml evolved confirmed
of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
 Experiment Observation Inference
2. Brown Ring Test :
To little of the extract added freshly A dark brown ring is Presence of NO3− is
prepared FeSO4 solution and then formed at the junction
added concentrated H2 SO4 along the of the two liquids confirmed
sides of the test tube
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the given salt added No characteristic Absence of zero group
NaOH solution and warmed change ( NH + ) radical
4

2. To a little of the original salt White precipitate is Presence of group-1

solution added dilute HCl obtained radical (Pb2+ )
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
Test with Potassium chromate
(K2CrO4):
Yellow precipitate is Presence of Pb2+ is
1. To a little of the original salt
obtained confirmed
solution added K2CrO4 (potassium
chromate)
A yellow precipitate is
obtained when hot
Golden Spangles Test : water is added to the
Presence of Pb2+ is
2. To a little of the original salt precipitate boiled and
confirmed
solution added KI (potassium iodide) cooled under the tap
yellow golden spangles
are obtained

Result : The substance contains :

Basic radical is Pb2+ (Lead ion)
Acid radical is NO3− (Nitrate ion)
Therefore the substance is Pb( NO3 ) 2 (Lead Nitrate)

********
 SALT NO : 04
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Blue colour is
Presence of Cu2+
Noted the colour of the salt observed
2. Action of Heat :
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test Blue salt turns white Presence of CuSO4
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Bluish green coloured Presence of Cu2+ is
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed identified.
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al3+ , Zn2+ , Mg 2+
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of CO32− , NO3− ,
To a little of the salt in the test tube vapours are not Cl− , CH COO−
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 evolved 3

6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of

To a little of the salt into the test tube vapours are not Fe2+ , C O2− ,Cl −
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 evolved 2 4

7. Potassium Permanganate Test :

To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl−
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube No reddish brown gas Absence of NO3−
added few copper turnings and add few is evolved
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow Absence of PO3−
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to
precipitate is formed 4
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is Presence of SO2− is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is 4

Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl identified

Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :

1. Barium Chloride Test : Presence of SO2− is

A white precipitate is
To a little of the extract added Barium 4
formed which is confirmed
Chloride solution
insoluble in conc. HCl
 Experiment Observation Inference
2. Lead Acetate Test : Presence of SO2− is
A white precipitate is
To a little of the extract added dil. 4
obtained confirmed
Acetic acid and lead acetate solution
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change ( NH + ) radical
4

2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1

solution added dilute HCl change (Pb2+ ) radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then Black precipitate is Presence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium obtained radical (Cu2+ )
sulphide ( NH4 ) S solution
2
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
A blue precipitate is
Confirmation test for Cu2+ obtained which
1. To a little of the original salt dissolves on addition Presence of Cu2+ is
excess of NH4OH and confirmed
solution added NH4OH
only blue colouration
is seen
2. To a little of the original salt
A chocolate brown Presence of Cu2+ is
solution added K4  FeCN6  (potassium
precipitate is obtained confirmed
Ferrocyanide)

Result : The substance contains :

Basic radical is Cu2+ (copper ion)
Acid radical is SO42− (sulphate ion)
Therefore the substance is CuSO4 (copper sulphate)

********
 SALT NO : 05
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu2+ , Fe2+ ,
Colourless (white)
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3+ , Co2+ , Ni2+
2. Action of Heat : Absence of NO3− , CO32− ,
No characteristic
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
change Zn2+ , Cu2+
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The flame Cu2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Presence of Al3+ is
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and Blue coloured ash
identified.
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of CO32− , NO3− ,
To a little of the salt in the test tube vapours are not Cl− , CH COO−
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 evolved 3

6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of

To a little of the salt into the test tube vapours are not Fe2+ , C O2− ,Cl −
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 evolved 2 4

7. Potassium Permanganate Test :

To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl−
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test
No reddish brown gas Absence of NO−
tube added few copper turnings and
is evolved 3
add few drops of conc. H2SO4 and
warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow Absence of PO3−
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to
precipitate is formed 4
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is Presence of SO2− is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is 4

Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl identified

Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is Presence of SO2− is
4
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is confirmed.
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl
 Experiment Observation Inference
2. Lead Acetate Test : Presence of SO2− is
A white precipitate is
To a little of the extract added dil. 4
obtained confirmed
Acetic acid and lead acetate solution
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change ( NH + ) radical
4

2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1

solution added dilute HCl change (Pb2+ ) radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then No characteristic Absence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium change (Cu2+ ) radical
sulphide ( NH4 ) S solution
2
4. To a little of the original salt A gelatinous white Presence of group-III
solution added NH4Cl and NH4OH precipitate is obtained radical Al3+
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
A white precipitate is
Confirmation test for Al3+
obtained which Presence of Al3+ is
1. To a little of the original salt
dissolves in excess of confirmed
solution added NaOH
NaOH
2. To a little of the original salt Bright red lake is Presence of Al3+ is
solution added Aluminon reagent obtained confirmed

Result : The substance contains :

Basic radical is Al3+ (Aluminium ion)
Acid radical is SO42− (sulphate ion)
Therefore the substance is Al2 (SO4 ) 3 (Aluminium sulphate)

********
 SALT NO : 06
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu2+ , Fe2+ ,
Colourless
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3+ ,Co2+ , Ni2+
2. Action of Heat : Absence of NO3− , CO32− ,
No characteristic
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
change Cu2+
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is No characteristic Absence of
added and made it into paste. The change Cu2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Presence of Zn2+ is
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and Green coloured ash
identified.
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of CO32− , NO3− ,
To a little of the salt in the test tube vapours are not Cl− , CH COO−
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 evolved 3

6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of

To a little of the salt into the test tube vapours are not Fe2+ , C O2− ,Cl −
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 evolved 2 4

7. Potassium Permanganate Test :

To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl−
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test
No reddish brown gas Absence of NO−
tube added few copper turnings and
is evolved 3
add few drops of conc. H2SO4 and
warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow Absence of PO3−
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to
precipitate is formed 4
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is Presence of SO2− is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is 4

Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl identified

Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is Presence of SO2− is
4
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is confirmed
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl
 Experiment Observation Inference
2. Lead Acetate Test : Presence of SO2− is
A white precipitate is
To a little of the extract added dil. 4
obtained confirmed
Acetic acid and lead acetate solution
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change ( NH + ) radical
4

2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1

solution added dilute HCl change (Pb2+ ) radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then No characteristic Absence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium change (Cu2+ ) radical
sulphide ( NH4 ) S solution
2
Absence of group-III
4. To a little of the original salt No characteristic
solution added NH4Cl and NH4OH change (Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Al3+ )
radicals
5. To a little of the original salt
solution added NH4Cl and NH4OH White precipitate is Presence of group-IV
and pass H2S gas (or) yellow formed radical Zn2+
ammonium sulphide ( NH4 ) s solution
2

Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :

Confirmation test for Zn2+ A white precipitate is
Presence of Zn2+ is
1. To a little of the original salt formed in excess
confirmed
solution added NaOH adding of NaOH
2. To a little of the original salt Bluish white Presence of Zn2+ is
solution added K4  Fe ( CN ) 6  precipitate is obtained confirmed

Result : The substance contains :

Basic radical is Zn2+ (Zinc ion)
Acid radical is SO42− (sulphate ion)
Therefore the substance is ZnSO4 (Zinc sulphate)

********
 SALT NO : 07
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu2+ , Fe2+ ,
Noted the colour of the salt Colourless (white)
Fe3+ , Mn2+ , Co2+ , Ni2+
2. Action of Heat : Absence of NO3− , CO32− ,
No characteristic
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
tube change CuSO4
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Apple green coloured Presence of Ba2+ is
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed identified
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al3+ , Zn2+ , Mg 2+
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 :
No characteristic Absence of CO32−
To a little of the salt in the test tube
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 change
Colourless gas with
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 :
pungent smell which Presence of Cl− is
To a little of the salt into the test tube
gives white precipitate identified
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 with AgNO3 solution
7. Potassium Permanganate Test : KMnO4 is
To a little of the salt in the test tube Presence of Cl− is
decolourised with
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then identified
KMnO4 solution dropwise evolution of Cl2 gas
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test tube No reddish brown gas Absence of NO3−
added few copper turnings and add few is evolved
drops of conc. H2SO4 and warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of No canny yellow
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to Absence of PO3−
evolve and then added ammonium precipitate is formed 4

Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is Absence of SO2−
4
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl
Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Chromyl Chloride Test :
To a little bit of the salt is heated with Reddish orange
potassium dichromate crystals and vapours are formed
conc. H2SO4
Presence of Cl− is
Pass these vapours into another test Yellow solution is confirmed
tube which contains NaOH solution
or lime water. obtained
Lead acetate is added to the above
yellow solution Yellow precipitate is
 formed
Experiment Observation Inference
A curdy white
2. Silver Nitrate Test :
precipitate is formed Presence of Cl− is
To little of the extract added dil. HNO3
which is soluble in confirmed.
and silver nitrate solution
NH4OH
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change ( NH + ) radical
4

2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1

solution added dilute HCl change (Pb2+ ) radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then No characteristic Absence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium change (Cu2+ ) radical
sulphide ( NH4 ) S solution
2
Absence of group-III
4. To a little of the original salt No characteristic
solution added NH4Cl and NH4OH change (Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Al3+ )
radicals
5. To a little of the original salt
Absence of group-IV
solution added NH4Cl and NH4OH No characteristic
and pass H2S gas (or) yellow change
(Zn2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+ )
ammonium sulphide ( NH4 ) s solution radicals
2
6. To a little of the original salt Presence of group-V
A white precipitate is
solution added NH4Cl, NH4OH and
obtained (Ca2+ , Ba2+ , Sr2+ )
( NH4 ) CO3
2 radicals
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
1. Confirmation test for Ba2+
To a little of the original salt solution Yellow precipitate is Presence of Ba2+ is
obtained confirmed
added (K2CrO4 ) (potassium chromate)
2. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Apple green coloured Presence of Ba2+ is
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed confirmed.
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame

Result : The substance contains :

Basic radical is Ba2+ (Barium ion)
Acid radical is Cl− (Chloride ion)
Therefore the substance is BaCl2 (Barium chloride)

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 SALT NO : 08
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Colour : Absence of Cu2+ , Fe2+ ,
Colourless
Noted the colour of the salt Fe3+ , Co2+ , Ni2+
2. Action of Heat : Absence of NO3− , CO32− ,
No characteristic
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test
change Zn2+ , Cu2+
tube
3. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Brick red coloured
Presence of Ca2+
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame
4. Ash – Test :
To a little bit of the slat in the test
Absence of
tube added. Concentrated HNO3 and No characteristic ash
Al3+ , Zn2+ , Mg 2+
cobalt nitrate solution, a fitter paper
is dipped into mixture and ignited
5. Action of dil. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of CO32− , NO3−
To a little of the salt in the test tube vapours are not
, Cl− , CH 3 COO−
added few drops of dil. H2SO4 evolved
6. Action of Conc. H2SO4 : No gas (or) any Absence of
To a little of the salt into the test tube vapours are not Fe2+ , C O2− ,Cl −
added few drops of conc. H2SO4 evolved 2 4

7. Potassium Permanganate Test :

To a little of the salt in the test tube KMnO4 is not
Absence of Cl−
added 2ml of dil. H2SO4 and then decolourised
KMnO4 solution dropwise
8. Copper Turning Test :
To a little of the salt in the dry test
No reddish brown gas Absence of NO−
tube added few copper turnings and
is evolved 3
add few drops of conc. H2SO4 and
warm it.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :
A pinch of salt is mixed with double the amount of sodium carbonate salt and is boiled
with distilled water. The suspension obtained is filtered. The filtrate is called sodium
carbonate extract.
9. Ammonium Molybdate Test :
To a little of the slat added to 5ml of
No canny yellow Absence of PO3−
conc. HNO3 till the fumes cease to
precipitate is formed 4
evolve and then added ammonium
Molybdate solution
10. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is Presence of SO2− is
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is 4

Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl identified

Confirmatory Test for Acid Radical :
1. Barium Chloride Test : A white precipitate is Presence of SO2− is
4
To a little of the extract added Barium formed which is confirmed.
Chloride solution insoluble in conc. HCl
 Experiment Observation Inference
2. Lead Acetate Test : Presence of SO2− is
A white precipitate is
To a little of the extract added dil. 4
obtained confirmed
Acetic acid and lead acetate solution
Identification of Basic radical by group analysis
Preparation of original salt solution (O.S.S)
Take a little excess of the given salt in a dry test tube added excess water and
dissolved and labelled as original solution (0.S)
1. To a little of the salt added NaOH No characteristic Absence of zero group
solution and warmed change ( 4
)
NH + radical

2. To a little of the original salt No characteristic Absence of group-1

solution added dilute HCl change (Pb2+ ) radical
3. To a little of the original salt
solution added dil. HCl and then No characteristic Absence of group-II
passed H2S gas (or) yellow ammonium change (Cu2+ ) radical
sulphide ( NH4 ) 2 S solution
Absence of group-III
4. To a little of the original salt
solution added NH4Cl and NH4OH
No characteristic
change (Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Al3+ )
radicals
5. To a little of the original salt
solution added NH4Cl and NH4OH Absence of group-IV
No characteristic
and pass H2S gas (or) yellow
change (Zn2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+ )
ammonium sulphide ( NH4 ) s radicals
2
solution
6. To a little of the original salt Presence of group-V
solution added NH4Cl, NH4OH and A white precipitate is
formed (Ca2+ , Ba2+ , Sr2+ )
( NH4 ) CO3
2 radicals
Confirmatory test for Basic Radical :
1. Confirmation test for Ca2+
To a little of the original salt solution A white precipitate is Presence of Ca2+ is
added ( NH4 ) 2 C2O4 (Ammonium obtained confirmed
oxalate)
2. Flame Test :
A pinch of salt is taken in a watch
glass and a drop of conc. HCl is Brick red coloured Presence of Ca2+ is
added and made it into paste. The flame is observed confirmed.
paste is introduced into non
luminous flame

Result : The substance contains :

Basic radical is Ca2+ (calcium ion)
Acid radical is SO42− (sulphate ion)
Therefore the substance is CaSO4 (calcium sulphate)

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