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46
1.1 '%l'W~~W~FllCd~ (Mechanic View)

PH 340
?$A 3 Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630)

PH 340
 E = jE.di = -&@ = +-jjjd; (1.19)
c s .

10 PH 340
 r = aE (1.29)

--
VxH = T+Td = 7+/3h (1.31)

--
VxH = /g
(1.32)
VxE = -g 1

i(i;xH) = - iwbE
(1.34)
i(kxE) = iwE

(1.35)

PH 340
 DxE = a-
--B VXH = jtp
at
(1.42)
V.D = pe V.B = 0 I

b.Jaai=Y~“sbna-h T.(~xH) = 0.J + $p.D, = 0 (1.43)

bkwa7n-h V.D = pe bs?lueiln~lu (1.43)

--T a
v.J + xpe = 0 : mm-mawdob~o~ (continuity equation)

16 PH 340
 . . . .
Z . . . .

PH 340 17
-- a-
VxE = : $i?.di = d @e (1.44 n)
-;ilB -ai

a-
VxB = m,m x E (1.44 ll)
- -
V.E = 0 (1.44 fl)

V.B = 0 (1.44 9)

18 PH 340
+M% Ew = Bwc

B = G (1.48)

PH 340 19
 a’ “(X t) = Jc a” u(x t) = l a” u(x,t)
a2 ’ T at2 ’ 7 at2

C E
J T
111
(1.50)

2 0 PH 340
PH 340 2 1
 s s’

Y Y’

#”

0 0 x , x’
f

x’ = x - vt

Y’ = Y (1.51)

z’ = z

t’ = t

22 PH 340
 y = A ~0s 2,7v ( t - xcosa; ysina ) (1.52)

v ( t- xcosa;ysina ) = v (t _ f) = F

s S’

Y Y’

xx’

PH 340 23
 F = ,,’ (t’ _ $) = ,,, (t, _ x’cosa’c~Y’Sina’ ) (1.54)

v(tl - (x’+vt’)cy+y’sina ) = \,, (t, _ x’cosa’ct;y’sina’ ) (,.55)

v’sina’ vsina
y’ : c’ = c (1.57)

v’cosa’ vcosa
x’ : (1.58)
c‘ = c

twniad (1.57) w36auaamia (1.58) 9X tan a’ = tana l-40

a’ = a (1.59)

24 PH 340
 VXE = -atai% (1.42a)

VXH = j+&6 (1.42b)

V.D = PC (1.43c)
- -
V.B = 0 (1.42d)

PH 340 25
 x’ = x-vt
Y’ = Y (1.51)

z) = z
t’ = t’

lp = A cos zav
(
t - xcosa;ys’na
>
(1.52)

13bK v' = v (I- +cosa) (1.56)

a’ = a (1.59)

C’ = c (1 - +cosa) (1.61)

26 PH 340
1.7.1

1.7.2

1.7.3

m¶J :

1.7.4

1.7.5

@lmJ :

1.7.6

PH 340 27
T
la
QlG
I
II
IW
X
.. . .
5 0:
r-
E
 6
as
3
30 PH340
 Y

&.I
. . .
. . .
. . .
x
. . . &
. . .
c

P
Z E
/

At
L
/

I’ @)
x

Lfjfp c

Z B
E

;/
II

(b)

@E = EA = E&t)

PH 340 31
mml : r > R E = - (&I (&JR

r < R E =

fhM6Sh : B = _ -
ihI = POPV
-- , F = q(E+vxB)
2rra 2na

7. ?MRl%¶41 g* "(X t) = f!- a' u(x,t)

ax ’ T at2

a.

BlmJ

9.

3 2 PH 340
 (Q) (Wmax = m ($-),,,

mm : ( n ) 1 2 mwio3u1~

w 3 LaJWT

(t-l) y(x,t) = (2.0X 10-q cos F ( x - lzt)

(3) ($jmax = kcA

(8) (Fyhnax = 9.1 x IO-~ GaG.4

PH 340 33
4 0 PH 340
 I, L 2Lc
tll = z-v+-
c-v - ccyz (2.8)

ti = && (2.9)

(2.10)

PH 340 43
44 PH340
 2Lc F [ ( 1 _ 5,’ - ( 1 - $)-“‘1
At = ?-T--e =
c -”

t7-1~ << cbGa = F [(1+ g-(1+&)] = 9 (2.11)

(2.12)

PH 340 45
 .d z nk (2.13)

d cAt L-f2
9lfl (2.11), (2.12) blRt (2.13) n = (2.14)
T = --ii7 = Ic2

Mirrors

46. PH 340
PH 340 47
 C’
c
(l-+iL) (2.15)

48 PH 340
PH 340 49
 fi = A’ (2.19)

PB = QP1 = cdt

k?lfJ~ BA L7’!lf%ll~eblfJ (projection) VENLafWW! B;I = ?Q = -Gdt E1Ufkl A

PG, = ii’dt = u’t’dt (2.20)

91Tl881fll3 (2.16), (2.17) LbWt (2.20) k&l dt + 0

(2.23)

6 = u - v (2.24)

5 0 PH 340
 usin sin6
tan 6’ = UCOSB- ” = case - f

(u'+;).(ii'+G) = u'2+v*+2u'.v = u'*+v~+2u'vcoso' = u2 = 2

u’2+ 2u’vcos~’ + v2cos% = 2 - v 2 + v=cos%

(UC + vcoso’)* = c2 - v 2 + v2cos2e~

U’ = (2 - vz + v*cos%‘)“* - VCOSO

= (c2-v2+(v.?)y-(v.?) (2.25)
L c [ 1 _ $ + y* )l’*?(~.er)

PH 340 51
 t (2.28)

52 PH 340
PH 340 53
 T.-
n.v
y’ = vo l- c
(2.3)
^ -0
l- y-

tan a = f (2.7)

PH 340
 At = -
2Lc -
C2-?

ixh ” < < c

At = ti (2.11)
2

= cAt
-= g& (2.14)
n
A AC2

PH 340 55
2.7.5

VlmJ

2.7.6

56
2.7.7

2.7.8

menr :

2.7.9

0lQpI :

2.7.10

2.7.11

2.7.12

WQIJ :

PH 340 5 7
58 PH 340
3.

-yy.$

(n) &ha-m s Ghbam t = 0 59 0, b&bm7 t = ..............................................................

( “II ) d~p$imrmnmn s &-a7 t = ...........................................................................

(m) dhcp&o.3M% o2 b&baa1 t = . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(u) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ht = ..................................................

(9) mnnpas6n9d r* = ..................................................................................................

- - F
(P) &-mr 0102 nJob3~er~~orL~er¶J~¶J rl L&-J rz = .........................................

(a) xx i&G a5Paa-u-r~n77nn7-san~~~~~~~~~~~n~n~~~ &I&

0102 = vht = . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , f. Chwd~ud~~~4rna q 1G

(-If) At =
r, -0102 case -- r1 = 1 -- vAt c0se
C c fs C

1
At = fo = (2.31)
f, (1 + +-c0se). 1

mm : (n) : (9) r2 =
{rf + ( __
o,oz j2- 2h o,02 c0se)“2

@J) * 1: fs th=mEkod ( 7 ) r2 z r,- olo2 case

d-l
mum s
+- + fy (a) o,o* = p
(fl) 9 0

w & + f”
_ - 3 (T) f. = f, (l+; c0se)

PH 340 5 9
6 0 PH 340
 " (,-kc) ; " =( *, = 0.5 x 10'5
fhLuxi1 : v’ =
lnv (l=S)
c 3x105

PH 340 61
4 0 PH 340
 I, L 2Lc
tll = z-v+-
c-v - ccyz (2.8)

ti = && (2.9)

(2.10)

PH 340 43
44 PH340
 2Lc F [ ( 1 _ 5,’ - ( 1 - $)-“‘1
At = ?-T--e =
c -”

t7-1~ << cbGa = F [(1+ g-(1+&)] = 9 (2.11)

(2.12)

PH 340 45
 .d z nk (2.13)

d cAt L-f2
9lfl (2.11), (2.12) blRt (2.13) n = (2.14)
T = --ii7 = Ic2

Mirrors

46. PH 340
PH 340 47
 C’
c
(l-+iL) (2.15)

48 PH 340
PH 340 49
 fi = A’ (2.19)

PB = QP1 = cdt

k?lfJ~ BA L7’!lf%ll~eblfJ (projection) VENLafWW! B;I = ?Q = -Gdt E1Ufkl A

PG, = ii’dt = u’t’dt (2.20)

91Tl881fll3 (2.16), (2.17) LbWt (2.20) k&l dt + 0

(2.23)

6 = u - v (2.24)

5 0 PH 340
 usin sin6
tan 6’ = UCOSB- ” = case - f

(u'+;).(ii'+G) = u'2+v*+2u'.v = u'*+v~+2u'vcoso' = u2 = 2

u’2+ 2u’vcos~’ + v2cos% = 2 - v 2 + v=cos%

(UC + vcoso’)* = c2 - v 2 + v2cos2e~

U’ = (2 - vz + v*cos%‘)“* - VCOSO

= (c2-v2+(v.?)y-(v.?) (2.25)
L c [ 1 _ $ + y* )l’*?(~.er)

PH 340 51
 t (2.28)

52 PH 340
PH 340 53
 T.-
n.v
y’ = vo l- c
(2.3)
^ -0
l- y-

tan a = f (2.7)

PH 340
 At = -
2Lc -
C2-?

ixh ” < < c

At = ti (2.11)
2

= cAt
-= g& (2.14)
n
A AC2

PH 340 55
2.7.5

VlmJ

2.7.6

56
2.7.7

2.7.8

menr :

2.7.9

0lQpI :

2.7.10

2.7.11

2.7.12

WQIJ :

PH 340 5 7
58 PH 340
3.

-yy.$

(n) &ha-m s Ghbam t = 0 59 0, b&bm7 t = ..............................................................

( “II ) d~p$imrmnmn s &-a7 t = ...........................................................................

(m) dhcp&o.3M% o2 b&baa1 t = . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(u) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ht = ..................................................

(9) mnnpas6n9d r* = ..................................................................................................

- - F
(P) &-mr 0102 nJob3~er~~orL~er¶J~¶J rl L&-J rz = .........................................

(a) xx i&G a5Paa-u-r~n77nn7-san~~~~~~~~~~~n~n~~~ &I&

0102 = vht = . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , f. Chwd~ud~~~4rna q 1G

(-If) At =
r, -0102 case -- r1 = 1 -- vAt c0se
C c fs C

1
At = fo = (2.31)
f, (1 + +-c0se). 1

mm : (n) : (9) r2 =
{rf + ( __
o,oz j2- 2h o,02 c0se)“2

@J) * 1: fs th=mEkod ( 7 ) r2 z r,- olo2 case

d-l
mum s
+- + fy (a) o,o* = p
(fl) 9 0

w & + f”
_ - 3 (T) f. = f, (l+; c0se)

PH 340 5 9
6 0 PH 340
 " (,-kc) ; " =( *, = 0.5 x 10'5
fhLuxi1 : v’ =
lnv (l=S)
c 3x105

PH 340 61
 0.715 x 1o-6
- 0.11
6.4x 1O-6

aaatd1 =4&G+ = 0.13

68 PH 340
 L’
At; = -
c-v (3.7)

L’
At; = -
c+v (3.8)

At’ =
L’
__
L’
c-v +C+V =

bbm-bdl At’ %w=wnia (3.3)

(3.6)’

7 0 PH 340
 At = At’ ( I- $)I’* (3.5)

8 2 PH 340
PH 340 95
96 PH 340
PH 340 97
 T
z T

I i
T

1-2
J-2

-1 1-d
d-C2
2

98 PH 340
PH 340 99
 v’cosa’ cosa
x’ : C = vy (,- $1 (4.4)

(4.8)

PH 340
 1-G 1/2 x ($)(1++)+ 3 ‘2
(6)
1++
( l-+ )

PH 340 101
T ( 1 - $)“%

T ( l-$)1’2

(I-$ + Cl-$, = T (4.11)

+ I (1++) (1-g
1

102 PH 340
CI
0
w
 (1-p xz = (1-p x (l+:) T = T
nmutl x b-aim =
( , - $)“2
b+G--> (4.20)

104 PH 340
 z- f pJ’* = (l+%)T _; (l-$)1’*

(,- ;y*

( , - $ )“,
v = “CJ ,110 = 1

PH 340 105
 = [l- ( 2v ,y
c(l+$,

l+ c (I:$,

(4.23)

1 0 6 PH 340
PH 340 107
4.6.3 ~alu~~~b~~J"~v~~~~~~~~~~~~~l~........................................................................................

m¶J : salda~~ailSB~T',S1'Flnla~~abi~HBDU~~

4.6.4 '&&%~Ln'a~L~dm~J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dou?unii

BlmJ : LQWII~

108 PH 340
 ux = ux-v
(l-2@ = (1:“$) = u

= ( l-y2
v

1+g

PH 340 109
 dr = (I- $)“2
z

mo¶J : r(t) = 1; (I- !f$))"' dt'

7 Sherwin, C.W., Some Recent Experimental Tests of the “Clock Paradox”, Phys. Rev., 120, 17, 1960.

110 PH 340
 Biiaauah : 8777 (3.32)’

t1 = y ( t;+VXL
‘1
2

t2 = y ( t;+VX’‘)
C*

(;1OlJ : At = tz-t, = y(t; -;) = yAs

PH 340
111
PH 340 113
 c2-u’2 = C2-V2
..
c2-II2 v2u2
c2-2vu,+ -2
2

. . . (l+)“‘(I-$L) = (1-KJ1’*(1-$)1’2 (5.22)

2111 (5.22) 93dWh

c = ii’
v+ - (5.24)
Y

118 PH 340
 s* e x2+y2+z2-CT < 0 (6.33)

s2 = x2+y2+z2-c2t2 > 0 (6.34)

Xi = x1(x4) , i = 1,2,3 (6.35)

F (XI - Xi)' = T (XI -x:)2 (6.36)

156 PH 340
158 PH 340
PH 340 177
 Ey = - Q = rQ = YE,
EOP’W &Oh

178 PH 340
 E; = (7.6)

B: = POU’Q
(7.7)
we ( I-$)“*

8inmmi-d (4.17)

u--v
“’ =
l- y
2

“t* = !?+v*-2uv

(l- F)’

u’* (u2 + v* - 2uv)c*

l-
7 = l- (2 - vu)2

WlWCilrJ.lhiWfll. (7.6)
(l- F)’

E; = Q (I- F)

e’&v ( 1 - $)I’* (l- $y*

PH 340 179
 - VUQ
2 &o&v ( l- $y2 >

E; = y ( E,- (7.8)
02 1,10 BJ

&i7%$ -L-- = c2 &-a

EOIJO

E: = Y US - W
R = u+v (7.13)
l+ E
2

181
 E; zz

( 1 _ ( .+“I )” LJ2

1+ Et
C2

182 PH 340
 PY = qE;At’

pz = qE: At ’

APX = yqE:Atf

Apy = qE;At’ (7.15)

A p , = qE:At’

at’ ahaaaimwi~ C&u dasbaaiaBuafG.bIP~h a t = yat’ ainaamimp ( 7 . 1 0 ) LLaz

(7.15)

* = qE: = qEx
At

spy-- $E: = q(E, - VW

At

APT _
At - +qE; = s@z + vB,)

PH 3 4 0 183
 (7.16)

d2
1. F, = m d7 x

2.F, = mg(gx) = &IL

184 PH 340
 F = $P = q(E+vxB) (7.16)

PH 340 185
 2. F, = m&($x) = $px

186 PH 340
7.6.1 t7l~lnna0di0u SJ mZoebfthh~Yfia, +X 910Yn90uki.091 s 6awm~a”a v IKE,

bhRUlOJWlYbluabbnl4 y ‘110~btl~0~naW~Pa (Jdd 45) !d0~VidY $Y&4 Bi %U

m0di0u S’ to . . . . ..._...................................................................................................................

m¶J : eo~oyvJ%
I 8
7.6.2 hnnn30d0u S’ !,d!0Pa?b’mfi~ + X wmmdm S 6aiaunalti~a”a V b&J

E: = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blb¶J : E,

7.6.3 th4lnnsou~oer s’ av-lii0uchhl~Y%7 +x u0YnsoGiou s &wwmJLa”a ” La&

B: = ........................................

E; = . . . . . . . . . . ..-........... B; = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E: = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B: = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WmJ : B: = B,

E ; = y (E,--vB,) B; = y (B,+vE,)

E: = y (E,i-vB,) B: = y (B,-vE,)

.....................................................................................................

mopI : ~~n~“voYaPai81~~~~~~n~~l~~~~0Y~nl~~~~~~~

7.6.6 a~la7ua~~bnffnbaRra~l~~~~l~~~~~~~an~~Q~ bLdb%4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blm : l3lu~of

7.6.7 LL~YLU.i~M&lb% F = .............................................

PH 340 187
188 PH340
 E, = - - &O- $A, = i c (-&-&--&-AI)

E, = = 1c(&&-$-AZ)

E, = = i c ( -&-&--&AS)

PH 340 189
 +A;
2
= -sinY& A,+cosY -L
axz

aA; = --&Al+
1
a4 ax4
COSYX; - sinYx(

x4 = sinYx; + co?&

LAi = -shy-,&AZ + cosY&Az

ad I

-&,; -2,; = COSY

axi ad

i Et
c y = cosY ( - ‘$ ) + sinY B,

1 9 0 PH 340
PH340 191
1 9 2 PH 340
8.1 PIWIil

PH 340 193
 (Inertial mass and gravitational mass)
97nns”U09bba963~Js;as~llosfa~~b5inSlElji

- = - Gm:$2r

194, PH 340
PH 340 195
 (dQ2 = (dt)’ - 5 (dF)* (8.7)

hv’ P hv + $,L (8.8)

13 Einstein, A., The Principle of Relativity, London: Methuen & Co., 1923, p 111

196 PH 340
 v’ 7 v (1+ 5) (8.9)

$1 L = 20 baJW5

VI -v Av & = 10x20
= 2 x lo-l5 (8.10)
V
~ = V
- 3 c2 (3 x 1oy

‘$ b&IbiElf&l WdTJ~lVlal~bhi%S (Gravitational length) tWfll3 (8.12) bbat (8.13)

14 Pound, R.V. and Rebka, Jr., CA., Phys. Rev. Letters 4, 337, 1960

PH 340 197
 g = -0rp
g.dF = -d@ = gL (8.14)

” = voexp(- $$)
s

Av =
u - -5.9x lo-5 (8.17)

198 PH 340
 hs' 2 hv f $ gL (8.8)

(3.9)

202 PH 340
%4l~uhlPaJesils%P~flai~~~~~~

8.7.7 %uwQ~~~a.J~~~"lw~a~d Xk' = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

mml : fk(XlrXZ,X3,X4)

8.7.3 uaas&li% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............

........................

mm : ~?ns~%Pra8in7~bbaase~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~;r~bat~a~ara~s

8.7.4 %J%&Hk~U6 &I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BlQlJ : nraa~~o~49%~a~l~~~~~~~~~a~

8.7.5 ~n'nniavos~~i81~~~a~~~~~~~ii .........................................................................................

8.7.6 rumSn4vos0ubnaaZ bwasS?h (do)* = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B1B¶J : (dt)* - $(dF)’

8.7.7 61~dmow~na1u~ Y uaavosGuid1.................... * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . . . . .

mmJ : b
c*

0.7.8 =&I . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c*

204 PH 340
 158

126 158

122 197

7 12,13

8 2

8 181

156

70

71 67

22 9

13

66

197 39,40

132

75 15

76 15

66 78

133 197

96

82 95

68,ES 114

140 114

211
 48

37

49

15

157

8 11

78

16 156

66 156

4 2

40
9

mu 126

36

100
7

127

20

77

212 PH 340
 67

194

194

195 16

6
194

158
196
37
122
37
43
178,179
8

43 178,179

184

20

78 17

126 150

184 150

10 152

152

184 155

184 166

22 196

49

64

65

75

213
 37 8

8 5

194

214 PH 340
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PH 340 209
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210
PH 340