1.

2 Exercise B Combine the following sentences with appropriate conjunction

1. Prof. Narasingha Rao was a mathematician who taught us theoretical

aerodynamics.
2. My third and last year at MIT was a year of transition and was to have a
great impact on my later life.
3. I was not a bright student in terms of examination grades, but thanks to my
two buddies back in Rameswaram, I had acquired a practical bent of mind.
4. He taught us English and was also our hostel warden.
5. I stayed on the St Joseph's campus for four years where I shared my room
with two others.
6. We enjoyed every moment with Rev. Father Kalathil who participated in
our unsophisticated conversation with childlike enthusiasm.
7. I have nothing against astrology, but if it seeks acceptance under the guise
of science, I reject it.
8. Everything solid contains much empty space within, and everything
stationary contains great movement within.
9. I managed to be on the list of selected candidates, but admission to this
prestigious institution was an expensive affair.
10. The only way before me to earn money at that point of time was to study
hard and get a scholarship, so I went ahead at full steam.

1.2 Exercise D

2. We must consult our teachers if we encounter difficulties in understanding

the subject.
3. Kalam would help his brothers by taking care of their shops if they were
unable to do so themselves.
4. If one is filled with desire, belief, and expectation, they can achieve great
things.
5. If Kalam's teachers had not revealed the secrets of science to him, he might
not have pursued a career in science and technology.

2.3 Exercise D
1.3 Exercise B page 43:

Sentence 1:
(a) Wh Questions:
(1) What did you settle down for at the Blue-book?
(2) When did this happen at the country station the other morning?
(b) Yes/No Questions:
(1) Did you get into a railway carriage at the country station the other
morning?
(2) Is settling down for an hour's 'swot' at a Blue-book something
schoolboys would call it?
(c) Rhetorical Questions:
(1) Can you truly call it an hour's 'swot' at a Blue-book?
(2) Is it not a typical morning activity to get into a railway carriage?
Sentence 2:
(a) Wh Questions:
(1) What is commonly alleged against women in this respect?
(2) Who is more likely to thrust themselves in front of you at the ticket
office, according to your experience?
(b) Yes/No Questions:
(1) Is it commonly alleged that women are less civilized than men in this
respect?
(2) Are you bound to confess that in your experience, it is the well-dressed
woman who thrusts herself in front of you at the ticket office?
(c) Rhetorical Questions:
(1) Do women really behave less civilized than men in this aspect?
(2) Could it be that the well-dressed woman is the one who always pushes
in front of you at the ticket office?
Sentence 3:
(a) Wh Questions:
(1) What does it mean to declare that we are civilized or uncivilized?
(2) Where do we observe the rule of the road in small matters of conduct?
(b) Yes/No Questions:
(1) Do we pass judgment upon ourselves in the small matters of conduct?
(2) Is the observance of the rule of the road the basis for declaring our level
of civilization?
(c) Rhetorical Questions:
(1) Is it not in the small matters of conduct that we truly determine our level
of civilization?
(2) Do we really declare ourselves as civilized or uncivilized based on the
rule of the road?
 Present Past
Verb Adjective Tense Passive Voice
Participle Participle
The project, using She is currently
advanced technology, using the new The new
was completed ahead of software to analyze software is
schedule. the data. being used by
Use Using Used
The used car I bought The instructions, the entire team
last week turned out to once used, should be to improve
be in excellent carefully stored for productivity.
condition. future reference.
I am currently
working on
understanding the
complex equations The explanation
She is known for her
in this physics was well
understanding nature.
textbook. understood by
Understand Understanding Understood The instructions were Having studied the the audience,
clear and well-
material thoroughly, and questions
understood by all were
she felt confident
members of the team. welcomed.
that she had
understood the
concepts for the
exam.
The crew worked The tornado is
tirelessly to repair the currently destroying
ship's engines after the everything in its The entire
destroying storm had path, leaving a trail village was
passed. of destruction destroyed by
Destroy Destroying Destroyed The abandoned building behind. the hurricane
was in a state of The ancient city, that swept
complete disrepair, with now in ruins, was through the
its walls and windows destroyed by a area.
all looking heavily powerful earthquake
destroyed. centuries ago.
She is currently
writing a heartfelt
The writing process can The novel was
letter to her best
be both challenging and written by a
friend.
rewarding for aspiring talented author
Write Writing Written authors. The report, which who is known
was written by the for their
The written instructions
expert analyst, captivating
were clear and easy to
provided valuable storytelling.
follow.
insights into the
market trends.
1. "the mercury rose" - In this sentence, "the mercury" is a metonym for
the temperature or the level of heat.
2. "Hollywood used computer graphics" - In this sentence, "Hollywood"
is used as a metonym for the American film industry.
3. "I love Bharathiyar; I can read him all day." - In this sentence,
"Bharathiyar" is a metonym for the works or writings of the poet
Subramania Bharati.
4. "The Secretariat issued a press release." - In this sentence, "The
Secretariat" is a metonym for the government or its administrative
branch responsible for issuing statements and announcements.
5. "He addressed the chair." - In this sentence, "the chair" is a metonym
for a position or role in a meeting or organization.
6. "The kettle is boiling." - In this sentence, "the kettle" is a metonym
for the water inside the kettle that is boiling.
7. "I have a Picasso at home." - In this sentence, "a Picasso" is a
metonym for a painting or artwork created by the artist Pablo Picasso.
8. "Blood is thicker than water." - In this sentence, "blood" is a metonym
for family or familial relationships.
9. "A polyglot speaks many tongues." - In this sentence, "speaks many
tongues" is a metonym for being able to speak multiple languages.
10. "This magazine can be revamped by new blood." - In this sentence,
"new blood" is a metonym for new, young, and fresh employees or
contributors who can bring new ideas and energy to the magazine.

Sentence Error Grammar Check Correct Sentence

1. But modern But the modern
The poet's statement about the
generation is Lack of subject- generation is
modern generation's behavior
neglecting - Too verb agreement neglecting important
requires proper subject-verb
much going for values, too often
agreement, and the use of
fashion and foreign Word choice pursuing fashion and
"thing" should be more specific.
thing. foreign trends.
Missing The sentence lacks a preposition
2. How one goonda preposition to show the relationship How can one goonda
fellow / Throw between the action and the fellow throw a stone at
stone at Indirabehn. Subject-verb object, and there's a subject- Indirabehn?
agreement verb agreement error.
3. Be patiently, Incorrect adverb The adverb form should be used Be patient, brothers
brothers and sisters. form instead of the adjective form. and sisters.
The sentence
lacks a subject
The sentence lacks a clear
4. I'm the total and has I'm a teetotaler,
subject and contains
teetotaler, redundancy completely abstaining
unnecessary repetition with the
completely total. from alcohol.
word "total".
Repetition of the
word “total”
5. Pakistan
behaving like this, Pakistan is behaving
China behaving Lack of subject The second sentence lacks a like this, China is
like that, / It is in the second clear subject, making the behaving like that. It is
making me very sentence sentence unclear. making me very sad, I
sad, I am telling am telling you.
you.
 the middle of the street

the middle of the road a pavement

ROAD

the rule of the road the public highway

an aggressive bullying horn

code

behaviour ethics

SOCIAL
CONDUCT
manners morals

formalities etiquette
Page 40:
Q 5.
Fagin's Academy is a fictional location in Charles Dickens'
novel "Oliver Twist." In the novel, Fagin is a character who
is a skilled pickpocket and the leader of a group of child
thieves. He takes in young orphaned or homeless children
and trains them in the art of pickpocketing and other
criminal activities. Fagin's Academy is not a legitimate
educational institution but rather a den of juvenile criminals
where these children are taught to be proficient in various
forms of theft and deception.

The novel "Oliver Twist" tells the story of the titular

character, Oliver Twist, who becomes entangled with
Fagin's gang of child thieves but eventually seeks a better
life. The character of Fagin and his Academy are central to
the novel's portrayal of the harsh realities faced by
impoverished children in 19th-century London.

Page 41:
Bureaucrat : an official in a government department, in
particular one perceived as being concerned with procedural
correctness at the expense of people's needs.
Anarchy : a state of disorder due to absence or non-
recognition of authority or other controlling systems.
1. It is important to pay attention to our behavior even in small things because our
conduct in everyday, seemingly insignificant matters reflects our level of civilization.
These small behaviors, such as observing rules or etiquette, serve as indicators of our
overall character and values. They can either demonstrate that we are civilized or
uncivilized, shaping our self-image and the way others perceive us.

2. Three habits that might irritate someone could include:

a. Interrupting conversations: Constantly interrupting others when they are speaking
can be irritating because it disrupts the flow of communication and shows a lack of
respect for the speaker.
b. Being consistently late: Punctuality is a common expectation in many cultures, and
chronic lateness can irritate others because it wastes their time and can be seen as a
sign of disrespect.
c. Lack of consideration for personal space: Not respecting personal boundaries, like
invading someone's personal space or touching their belongings without permission,
can be irritating because it demonstrates a lack of respect for others' boundaries and
comfort.

3. Mindless behavior can affect others in various ways. It can cause annoyance,
discomfort, and frustration to those around us. It may lead to misunderstandings and
strained relationships if we do not observe basic social norms and etiquette.
Additionally, in some situations, mindless behavior can lead to accidents or conflicts,
particularly when it involves failing to follow rules or safety guidelines.

4. Yes, I agree with the author that our common habits in small matters can influence
our civilization as a whole. Small habits collectively shape our society's overall
culture and character. Civilized behavior in everyday life, such as following traffic
rules, showing respect to others, and observing social norms, contributes to a more
harmonious and orderly society. Conversely, uncivilized behavior in these small
matters can erode the social fabric and lead to chaos or conflict.

5. The ideas discussed in the text are still relevant today. Our behavior in small,
everyday matters continues to reflect our civilization and cultural values. While there
have been advancements in various aspects of society, the basic principles of civilized
conduct and the significance of small habits in shaping our character and interactions
remain constant. Whether we have become more or less civilized over time is a matter
of debate and may vary from one society to another. It's essential to recognize that
the concept of civilization is complex and multifaceted, with progress and regressions
in different aspects of life across different time periods and regions.
2.2
Exercise D:
(a) Circumscribe: To draw a boundary around or limit
something within specific confines.
(b) Inscribe: To write or carve words, symbols, or a
message onto a surface or object.
(c) Prescribe: To recommend or specify a medical
treatment, remedy, or course of action.
(d) Proscribe: To prohibit or outlaw something, often by
law or decree.
(e) Transcribe: To make a written or typed copy of spoken
or written content.
(f) Subscribe: To agree to receive or pay for a service,
publication, or product on a regular basis.
1. The phrase "thirsty desert-level floods" in the poem is metaphorical. It does not refer to a literal flood in a desert. It's
a poetic way of describing how machines can quickly and efficiently accomplish tasks, similar to how water can fill
a dry desert when released.
2. The poem suggests that machines cannot comprehend lies, love, pity, or forgive. In essence, machines lack emotions,
empathy, and the ability to discern falsehood from truth.
3. A valley can turn into a lake through a natural process known as lake formation. Several factors and geological
processes can contribute to the transformation of a valley into a lake. Here are some of the key ways this can occur:
(a) Tectonic Activity: One of the primary ways a (d) Landslides and Damming: In some cases,
valley can turn into a lake is through tectonic landslides or debris flows can block the outlet of a
activity. When two tectonic plates move apart, they valley, creating a natural dam that prevents water
can create a depression in the Earth's crust, which from flowing out. This can lead to the formation of
can eventually fill with water from rivers, streams, a lake, known as a landslide dam or debris dam
or groundwater. Over time, sediment accumulates lake.
in the depression, forming a lake. (e) River and Stream Erosion: Rivers and streams
(b) Glacial Activity: Glaciers have the power to carve can erode valleys over time, deepening and
out valleys as they move. When a glacier retreats, widening them. If a river or stream deposits
the valley it leaves behind can become a lake. sediment at a slower rate than it erodes, the valley
Glacial valleys often have a distinctive U-shape can become deeper and eventually create a lake.
and are commonly found in regions that have Lakes formed in this way are often called riverine
experienced glaciation, such as parts of North lakes.
America and Europe. (f) Human Activity: Sometimes, humans can
(c) Volcanic Activity: Some lakes, called volcanic transform a valley into a lake intentionally or
crater lakes, form within the calderas of active or accidentally. Dam construction for water storage,
dormant volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can create hydropower generation, or flood control is a
large depressions, and if these depressions collect common way in which valleys are turned into
water from rainfall or other sources, they can reservoirs or lakes. Artificial lakes can also form as
become lakes. a result of excavation or mining activities.
4. Machines play a crucial role in making our lives easier and more convenient across a wide range of industries and
daily activities. Here are some examples of how machines improve our lives:
(a) Transportation: cooking and meal preparation more efficient.
(1) Automobiles: Cars and other motor vehicles (2) Coffee Makers: Brew coffee quickly and
make travel faster and more accessible. easily.
(2) Public Transportation: Trains, buses, trams, (f) Banking and Finance:
and subways provide efficient and accessible (1) ATMs: Provide 24/7 access to banking
ways to move within and between cities. services.
(3) Aircraft: Airplanes enable rapid long- (2) Online Banking: Allows for electronic
distance travel. transactions, bill payments, and account
(b) Communication: management.
(1) Smartphones and Computers: These devices (g) Construction and Building:
connect people globally and provide access (1) Cranes and Bulldozers: Aid in construction
to information and services at our fingertips. and demolition.
(c) Agriculture: (2) Power Tools: Speed up tasks like drilling,
(1) Tractors and Farm Machinery: These cutting, and fastening.
machines increase efficiency and crop yields. (h) Education:
(2) Automated Harvesting: Machines automate (1) Computers and e-learning platforms facilitate
the collection of crops, reducing labor online education.
demands. (2) Interactive whiteboards and projectors
(d) Home Appliances: enhance teaching in classrooms.
(1) Washing Machines: These automate laundry (i) Retail:
tasks. (1) Barcode Scanners and Self-Checkout:
(2) Dishwashers: They clean dishes, saving time Streamline the shopping process.
and effort. (2) Automated Warehouses: Efficiently manage
(3) Refrigerators: Preserve food and reduce inventory and order fulfilment.
waste.
(4) Microwave Ovens: Heat food quickly.
(5) Vacuum Cleaners: Simplify household
cleaning.
(e) Food Preparation:
(1) Kitchen Appliances: Blenders, food
processors, and microwave ovens make
 JAVA
QUESTION BANK

DATA STRUCTES IN
JAVA