Balancing chemical reactions:

- Molecules need to collide in order to react.

- If equation’s not balanced then, it doesn’t value the law of conservation of mass.
- You cannot change the subscripts without changing the identity of the molecule. Thus, use
coefficients are used.
- 1st step: balance it ( it can be in elemental form or words)
- 2nd step: numbers in front that say how much of it is there. It doesn’t change the identity.
- 3rd step: 2__ +4 ___  6 ___ + 2___ ( if you have fractions, then multiply it with

= 1 ___ +2___  3__ +1___ denominator to form whole numbers.)

- 4th step: check answers

- Why Balance?
Coefficients in the front are called as molar coefficients. It says how many mols that you need.
Ex. 5O2
 5 mol O2 , 5 x 6.022 x 10^23 = molecules O2 , 5 x 2 = 10 = atoms of the molecule

Coefficient means moles and molecules. Thus moles= molecules

Stoichiometry:

- A lot of conversion factors done appropriately.

- To go from grams to moles, you divide by molar mass (g/mol)  it comes from the periodic
table.
- Moles of A compared to Moles of B is called Molar Ratio. It converts from units of A to units of
B. This happens from balanced equation. 1st= Write in the units. Put in what you want to get at
the top of fraction and put what you want to get rid of at the bottom of the fraction.
2nd= last step is to convert with molar mass from mols to g as you solve from moles of B to grams
of B.
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Calculate Percent Yield:

- Actual yield  experimental observations.

- Theoretical yield  Balanced equation
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Limiting and Excess reagents:

- 5 hotdogs x 1 buns/ 1 hotdogs = 5 buns ( needed if you use up 5 hotdogs)

- Have  4 buns < Need  5 buns Therefore, there’s something limiting.
- 4 buns x 1 hotdogs/ 1 buns = 4 hotdogs (need value)
- Needed 4 hotdogs < Have  5 hotdogs Therefore, there’s an excess.
- Limiting reagent is the buns and the excess reagent is the left-over hotdog.
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Molecular composition:

- % composition: identify elements present and give mass % of each.

- Empirical formula: Smallest whole number ratios of atoms on compound. Such as 1:2
- Molecular formula: Tells actual # of atoms in a molecule. Such as 2:4 , C4H8 = 4:8, C6H12 = 6:12
- H2O = 18 amu . How much comes from oxygen and hydrogen? Oxygen is 16 amu/18 amu x
100% = 88.88% . Hydrogen is 1 amu x 2 -= 2 amu 2 amu/ 18 amu x 100% = 11.11%

How is it done?

- Combustion analysis  combination with oxygen

- Adding 1 extra step: Look at amount of CO2 and H2O that are formed
- Completed combustion = enough oxygen.
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Percent Composition and Empirical Formula:

Combustion Analysis: