CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Submitted By

YOUR NAME

(Reg. No: )

To the Faculty of Chemistry

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the project work of

GRADE XII (CBSE)

Branch of Chemistry

THE INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

Coimbatore
BATCH: 2023-2024
THE INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL - Coimbatore

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2023-24
Chemistry

Name of the Steve Daniel.J

Candidate

Register No

Center Code

The Indian Public School – Coimbatore

AISSCE Practical Report
 2023-2024

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master Steve Daniel.J of Grade XII

has Satisfactorily completed the Chemistry project on
_________________________________________________________
TO COMPARE THE FOAMING CAPACITY OF VARIOUS SOAPS
________________________________________________________
under the guidance of Dr. M.Sasthaa Begum for AISSCE Practical
examination during the year 2023-2024.

DATE: TEACHER IN-CHARGE

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on_____________ at The Indian Public School,
Coimbatore.

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
EXAMINER PRINCIPAL EXAMINER
TO COMPARE THE FOAMING CAPACITY OF VARIOUS
SOAPS

Done by : Steve Daniel

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank God Almighty for providing

me the resources to complete this
project with success. I also thank my
teacher Dr. M. Sasthaa Begum for
providing me with an interesting
topic that allowed me to explore
and gain information along with
experience from doing this project.
CONTENTS

S.NO TOPIC PG NO

1 Aim 6

2 Chemicals and apparatus required 7

3 Theory 8

4 Experimental procedure 11

5 Observations 12

6 Result 14

7 Precautions 15

8 Pictures 16

9 Bibliography 18
AIM

To compare the foaming capacity of various soaps.

CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS REQUIRED

Apparatus:

· Five 100ml conical flasks

· five test tubes

· 100ml measuring cylinder

· test tube stand

· weighing machine

· stop watch.

Chemicals:

· Five different soap samples

· distilled water

· tap water.
THEORY

Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning,
which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid. soap
consists of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and is obtained by reacting common
oils or fats with a strong alkaline in a process known as saponification. the fats are
hydrolyzed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol.

Soaps are denoted by a general formula : RCOO-Na+

The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the nature of the soap and its
concentration. This may be compared by shaking equal volumes of solutions of different
samples having the same concentration with same force for the same amount of time.
The solutions are then allowed to stand when the foam produced during shaking
disappears gradually. The time taken for the foam to disappear in each sample is
determined. The longer the time taken for the disappearance of the foam for the given
sample of soap, greater is its foaming capacity or cleansing action.
PROCEDURE

i. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them 1, 2,3,4,5. Put 16ml of water in each
flask and add 8 g of soap.

ii. Warm the contents to get a solution.

iii. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of water. Repeat the process for
each soap solution in different test tubes.

iv. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a minute. Do the same for
all test tubes and with equal force.
OBSERVATION

The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the experiment.

Volume of Time taken for

water disappearance
S No Test Tube No Volume of soap
added of 2mm
solution

1. Dove 8ml 16ml 11’42”

2. Lux 8ml 16ml 3’28”

3. Tetmosol 8ml 16ml 5’10”

4. Santoor 8ml 16ml 15’32”

5. Cinthol 8ml 16ml 9’40”

The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order:

Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux

From this experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the highest foaming capacity, in
other words, highest cleaning capacity. Lux, on the other hand is found to have taken
the least amount of time for the disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be
having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity.
Test for hardness in water :

Test for Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts in the water supplied

Test for Ca2+ in water :

H2O +NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3

No precipitate is formed.

Test for Mg2+ in water :

H2O +NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)3PO4

 RESULT

The tests show negative results for the presence of the salts causing hardness in water.
The water used does not contain salts of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The tap water provided is soft
and thus, the experimental results and values hold good for distilled water and tap
water.
PRECAUTIONS

1. For the experiment of cleaning capacity of a soap, always use cloth washing soap
and not bathing soap or the synthetic detergent.

2. The quantity of ink drops put on each white cloth piece should be equal.

3. The ink spot on the cloth must be dried before washing with soap solutions.

4. Add sufficient amount of calcium chloride or magnesium chloride to the water to

make it hard water.

5. Each test tube containing soap solution must be shaken with the same force and the
same period of time
PICTURES
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites:

Ø http://www.wikipedia.com

Ø http://www.google.co.in

Ø http://www.slideshare.net

Ø http://www.chemistrylab.co.in

Ø Comprehensive Practical Chemistry for class XII