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E = E0 sin ωt E = E0 cos ωt
E ,I I = I0 sin ωt E ,I I = I0 cos ωt
E0 E0
I0 I0
0 0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt
T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
T/4 T/4
t t
q = 2 I0 / ω = 2 I0 T / 2π = I0 T / π
T
H = ∫ I02 R sin2 ωt dt
0
H = I02 RT / 2 (After integration, ω is replaced with 2 π / T)
Tips:
1. The given values of alternating emf and current are virtual values unless
otherwise specified.
I=E/R
= (E0 / R) sin ωt E = E0 sin ωt
E = E0 sin ωt y
E ,I I = I0 sin ωt
E0 E0
I0
I0
0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt
T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
T/4
t 0 ωt
x
AC CIRCUIT WITH A PURE
E = E0 sin ωtINDUCTOR:
Induced emf in the inductor is - L (dI / dt) L
q = CE = CE0 sin
E = E0 sin ωt
ωt I = dq / dt
= (d / dt) [CE0 sin (where I0 = E0 / (1 / ωC)
ωt] and XC = 1 / ωC =
I I==[E / (1 (ωt
I00sin / ωC)]
+π/ E 0 / I0)
2)
( cos ωt ) XC is Capacitive Reactance.
Its SI unit is ohm.
Current leads the emf by π/2 radians.
E = E0 sin ωt y E0
E ,I I = I0 sin (ωt + π / 2)
I0
E0
I0
π/2
0
ωt
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt 0 x
T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
T/4
t
Variation of XL with Frequency:
XL
I0 = E0 / ωL and XL = ωL
ω = 2π f XL = 2π f L i.e.
0 f
XL α f
ω = 2π f XC = 1 / 2π f C
0 f
i.e. XC α 1 / f
TIPS:
1) Inductance (L) can not decrease Direct Current. It can only
decrease Alternating Current.
2) Capacitance (C) allows AC to flow through it but blocks DC.
L R
AC CIRCUIT WITH L, C, R IN SERIES C
COMBINATION: VR
VL
The applied emf appears as VC
Voltage drops VR, VL and VC
across R, L and C respectively.
E = E0 sin ωt
1) In R, current and voltage are in
phase. VL VL
2) In L, current lags behind
- VC
voltage by
π/2 π/2
3) In C, current leads the voltage π/2 I VR
0 I
by
π/2 π/2
Z = √ [R2 + (ωL
XL – –
XC1/ωC)2] ωL – 1/ωC
tan Φ = or tan Φ =
R R
XL – XC ω L – 1/ωC
tan Φ = or tan Φ =
R
R
Special Cases:
Case I: When XL > XC i.e. ω L >
1/ωC, tan Φ = +ve or Φ is
+ve
The current lags behind the emf by phase angle Φ and the LCR circuit
is inductance - dominated circuit.
Q = ωr / 2 ∆ ω
R2
It can also be defined as the ratio of potential drop across either
the inductance or the capacitance to the potential drop across the R3
resistance.
0 ωr ω
Q = VL / VR or Q = VC / VR ωr - ∆ ω ωr + ∆ ω
or Q = ωr L / R or Q=1/
ωrCR
POWER IN AC CIRCUIT WITH L,
C, R:
E = E0 sin ωt
I = I0 sin (ωt + Φ) (where Φ is the phase angle between emf and
current)
Instantaneous Power = E I
= E0 I0 sin ωt sin (ωt + Φ)
= E0 I0 [sin2 ωt cosΦ + sinωt cosωt sinΦ]
If the instantaneous power is assumed to be constant for an
infinitesimally small time dt, then the work done is
dW = E0 I0 [sin2 ωt cosΦ + sin ωt cosωt
sinΦ] Work done over a complete cycle is
T
W = ∫ E0 I0 [sin2 ωt cosΦ + sinωt cosωt sinΦ] dt
0
W = E0I0 cos
Average Φ xover
Power T / 2 a cycle is =W/T
Pav
= (E0I0/ 2) cos Φ (where cos Φ = R / Z
Pav
= (E0 /√2) (I0 / √2) cos Φ = R /√ [R2 + (ω L – 1/ωC)2]
Pav is called Power Factor)
Pav = Ev Iv cos Φ
Pav = Ev Iv cos Φ
Wattless Current or Idle Current:
Power in AC Circuit with R: Ev
In R, current and emf are in phase.
Iv cos Φ Iv
Φ = 0° Φ
90°
Pav = Ev Iv cos Φ = Ev Iv cos 0° = E v Iv
Iv sin Φ
Power in AC Circuit with L:
In L, current lags behind emf by The component Iv cos Φ
generates power with Ev.
π/2. Φ = - π/2
Pav = Ev Iv cos (-π/2) = Ev Iv (0) = 0 However, the component
Iv sin Φ does not
Power in AC Circuit with C: contribute to power along
Ev and hence power
In C, current leads emf by π/2.
generated is zero. This
Φ = + π/2 component of current is
Pav = Ev Iv cos (π/2) = Ev Iv (0) = called wattless or idle
0 current.
P = Ev Iv sin Φ cos 90°= 0
Note:
Power (Energy) is not dissipated in Inductor and Capacitor and hence they
find a lot of practical applications and in devices using alternating
current.
L C OSCILLATIONS:
L L
+++++ + +
L C + C C
- - -- - -
-
At t = 0, UE=Max. & UB=0 At t = 2T/8, UE=0 & UB=Max.
-
L L L
- - - - - -- - - - -
At t = T/8, UE = UB C
C C
+ +++++ +
+ +
At t = 4T/8, UE=Max. & UB=0
L + +
L
+ + +++++
At t =3T/8, UE = UB + L At t =5T/8, UE = UB
C C
- -
- - ---C
-
At t = 6T/8, UE=0 & UB=Max. At t =7T/8, UE = UB At t =T, UE=Max. & UB=0
q0 q0
q
q
0 0
t t
Principle:
P
Transformer is based on Mutual Induction. S Load
P S Load P S
Load
This can be minimised by using suitable material with thin hysteresis loop.
4. Losses due to vibration of core: Some electrical energy is lost in the
form of mechanical energy due to vibration of the core and humming
noise due to magnetostriction effect.
A.C
GENERATOR: Q R
S S
R Q
N N
P S
R1 S P
R1
B1 B1
R2 R2
B2 B2
Load Load
E0
0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π θ = ωt
T/2 3T/4 T 5T/4 3T/2 7T/4 2T
T/4
t
R 7
H A PT E
D O FC
EN