SIGNAL-TO-NOISE POWER RATIO

COMMUNICATIONS 1
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE POWER RATIO FOR A NETWORK THAT CONTRIBUTES
• Ratio of the relative strength of the desired SOME NOISE
(𝑆⁄𝑁)𝑖 > (𝑆⁄𝑁)𝑜
signal power to the noise power at the
𝑁𝐹(𝑑𝐵) > 0
same point
• Ratio of the signal power to noise power at NOISE FIGURE
a given point in the system • Ratio of the input and output signal-to-
IMPORTANT VALUES noise ratios for a device

• 10 dB – for barely intelligible speech Noise Factor Noise Figure

• 90 dB or more – for compact-disc audio
𝑺 𝑺
system (𝑵) (𝑵)
𝒊 𝒊
𝑭= 𝑁𝑭𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
MINIMUM REQUIREMENT S/N RATIO IN 𝑺
(𝑵)
𝑺
(𝑵)
CORRESPONDING END INSTRUMENTS: 𝒐 𝒐

• Voice – 30 dB
NOISE TEMPERATURE
• Video – 45 dB
• Data – 15 dB • The thermal noise that the device adds to a
system
IDEAL CASE
• The absolute temperature of a resistor that,
connected to the input of a noiseless
𝑠 𝑠 amplifier of the same gain, would produce
( ) ( )
𝑁 𝑖 𝑁 𝑂 the same noise at the output as the device
under discussion
𝑠 𝑠
( ) =( )
𝑁 𝑖 𝑁 𝑂 ADVANTAGES
• It is additive, like noise power
PRACTICAL CASE (NON-IDEAL)
• For low noise levels is that it shows a greater
variation for any given noise-level change
𝑠 𝑠 than does the noise figure; changes are
( ) ( )
𝑁 𝑖 𝑁 𝑂 easier to grasp in their true perspective

𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 290 (𝐹 − 1)
𝑆𝑂 𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛
( )=( ) 𝐹 = (𝑇𝑒𝑞 ⁄290) + 1
𝑁𝑂 𝑁𝑑 + 𝐴𝑁𝑖𝑛

NOISE FACTOR FRIIS’ FORMULA

• a figure of merit, indicating how much a • For total noise figure
component, stage, or series of stages 𝐹2 − 1 𝐹3 − 1 𝐹4 − 1
degrades the signal-to-noise ratio of a 𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹1 +
𝐴1
+
𝐴1 𝐴2
+
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
system
NOISE TEMPERATURE EQUIVALENT
FOR A NOISELESS NETWORK
𝑇𝐸2 𝑇𝐸3 𝑇𝐸4
(𝑆⁄𝑁)𝑖 = (𝑆⁄𝑁)𝑜 𝑇𝐸𝑒𝑞𝑇 = 𝑇𝐸1 + + +
𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝐹 = 1; 𝑁𝐹(𝑑𝐵) = 0