Political Self
School – focus of responsibility is in
- We are governed by government
policies that affect all our significant
aspects of our lives.
Aristotle
- All human beings are political
animals.
Citizenship
- Basic identification with the nation
- Membership of a citizen in a political
society
- Becomes a salient basis for political
self.
Political self and Identity are developed
through socialization.
Through Social Interaction
- People learn status, duties, rights,
and power necessary to interact
successfully with other people in the
group or community.
Origins of the Political Self
1. Family – smallest unit of the society
- Beginning and foundation of power
hierarchy
- Through hierarchy positions, status
and power are ascribe. Each position
carries a set of rights, responsibilities
and expectation.
- Duty of the parent to educate their
children about basic values and
beliefs.
2.
the formal education and training of
the children.
- Critical thinking – a skill needed to
teach by the school and instilled to
the students.
- Patriotism – Feeling of attachment
and commitment to a country,
nation, or political community.
Positive admiration
- Nationalism – emphasizes loyalty,
devotion, or allegiance to a nation
or nation-state.
- Excessive admiration
- Viewing one’s country is
better than the others.
3. Church – helps shape the ideals of
the citizenship and democracy
through their religious teachings,
values, and traditions.
4. Peers – members are equal in
rights.
5. Mass Media – May influence an
individual’s political values and
beliefs.
Theories of Political Self
1. Social Learning Theory – A person
can acquire learning through
observation and imitation.
2. Cognitive theory – mental activities
(knowledge ideas) are important
determinants of our behavior.
3. Theory of symbolic Interaction –
people give meaning to symbols, and
they express these meaning through
language and communication.
 4. Theory of Political Participation –
can be defined as citizens’ actions or
activities anchored in politics.
Sharing of personal information
- Strong desire of adults and
adolescents for social approval and
acceptance.
- Several levels of needs, biological
needs, security needs, love and
belongingness

Digital Identity
- Identity or sense of self a personal
claims in cyberspace
Digital Self - Some people create fake digital
- Aspect of the self that is expressed or identities to act in an unacceptable
shared with others through online manner without being identified –
interactions. nature of online disinhibition.
- It has influence to us (conscious or
unconscious)
Online Disinhibition Effect (Suler, 2004)
Online Disinhibition – lack of restraint one
Users normally disclose personal feels when communication online in
information such as: comparison to communication in-person
 Name manifestation could be in both positive and
 Age negative directions.
 Birthdate
 Address
 Contact Details Two Categories Main of Behaviours:

Some users also provide very personal Benign Disinhibition – occurs when people
information such as: tend to disclose more on the internet than
they would in real life.
 Likes
Toxic Disinhibition – Use rude language,
 Dislikes
threats, bully others in online platform that
 Hobbies
normally they would not do using their fake
 Favorite food identities.
 Favorite music
 Relationship status
 Places visited. Possible influencing factors:
 Thoughts / feelings
 Important events in life  Anonymily – not being known to
others.
  Invisibility – related to anonymity.
 Asynchronus communication – you
don’t have to deal with the person’s
feedback or reaction immediately.
 Personal Introjection – people tend
to assign an identity to the other
person that is also a reflector of their
own self.
 Equalizing social class
 Expression of Personality
Otherwise, they will not do the face-to-face
situations.
Self-Presentation in Social Networking
Sites
 Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) – the
higher the social presence, the larger
the social influence.
 Presenting oneself with others is
reinforced by social networking
sites.
 SNS serves as a stages and the
friends / followers we have is the
audience.
 Self-presentation can be both
conscious and unconscious.
 Refers to control how one person
projects themselves authentic or
fake.
Impression Management
 Conscious or subconcious process
which people attempt to influence
the perceptions of other people about
person, object, event.
Goffman’s (2012) dramaturgical
perspective:
 People preferred to present their
idealized self-image rather than
trueselves.
 People may not reveal their true
identity and even reshape some
aspect of self.
 Ideal self and real self
Back Stage
 One’s private part.
 Authentic part of self
 Preparation for performance occur.
 Not always seen by audience
Front Stage
 Public part, presentation of
performance occurs.
 What we post online
Hogan (2010)
 Front as a stage – what we want.
- Ideal version of the self-
according to a specific role
 Back Stage – real work happens to
keep up appearances.
The Other “I”: Love in the Time of Social
Media
Multiphrenia
 Fragmenting of the self
 Disintegration of the “Me” which
can be seen in one’s social media.
Catfish – fake social networking presence
for deceptive purposes
  Spirit – part that connects to God
and covers matters like faith, trust,
worship and so on
Data Privacy Act
 To protect the people from invasion
Religion
of privacy
 Republic Act 10173 - organized system of ideas about
- Data Privacy Act of 2012 spiritual sphere or the supernatural
 Privacy and confidentialy should be - Interpretation of the universe
a major concern. otherwise beyond their control
Durkheim

Adolescents are particularly susceptible to: - Sets of beliefs and practices deemed
as sacred.
 Cyberbullying - Unites believers as on moral
 Gossips community.
 Stalking

The Sacred Circle

Manage Online Behaviors
 Confucianism
- Do not post too much personal  Hinduism
information that may be used against  Judaism
you.
 Native Spirituality
- Avoid posting in social media when
 Unitarianism
angry.
 Sikhism
- Be familiar and aware of Republic
 Zoroastrianism
Act 10173
- Respect other people in the online  Taoism
community.  Jainism
 Christianity
 Islam
 Baha’i
 Buddhism

Philippines
Spiritual Self
 Catholics – 82.9%
Spiritt vs Soul
 Protestants – 5.4%
 Soul – Part of us that connects with  Islam – 4.6%
our fellow human beings. (diwa –  Philippine Independent Church –
consciousness) 2.6%
  Iglesia ni Cristo – 2.36%
3 Forms of Religion
1. Animism – belief that spiritual
beings can have good and ill effects
on people’s lives. (karma)
2. Totemism – belief that plants,
animals, or objects possess spirit.
3. Theism – belief in one or more gods
- 2 Kinds of Theisms:
 Monotheism – one
 Polytheism –
multiple gods
Measure of Religiosity (Gluck)
- Experiential Religiosity – believers’
emotional attachment to his religion
- Ritualistic Religiosity – frequency
of attendance in one’s religious
activities.
- Ideological Religiosity – believers’
degree of acceptance and beliefs of
the doctrines and teachings of one’s
religion.
- Following / accepting beliefs
you believe in
- Consequential Religiosity – how
believers observe and practices the
beliefs of his religion.
- Intellectual Religiosity – knowledge
about religious historical
backgrounds and doctrines
Types of Religious Group
1. Cult
- emerging religious group (new)
- has doctrines, teachings, and
practices different from prevailing
beliefs and traditions in the society.
2. Sect – when people accept the new
religion, and the number of followers
increase.
3. Church – highly organized religious
group
2 types of Church Organization:
1. Ecclesia – official state religion
(INC)
2. Denomination – existence of
various religious groups
simultaneously (Protestants)
Religion Vs. Spirituality
 Religion – involves group of people.
 Spirituality – involves only an
individual. ( Latin Word: Spiritus =
breath or life force)
Hage, Hopson, Siegel, Payton and Defanti
- Spirituality generally refers to
meaning and purpose in one’s life.
- Search for wholeness and
relationship with transcendent being.
Christians use the term “Spirit” – to
describe the Holy Spirit
Spiritual Self
 Inner essence
  Part of self that connects the person Cortex - outside layer of the brain
to the sacred, the supernatural, and
- Convolutions - wrinkles in the
the universe.
brain
 Inner self who is endowed with
peace of mind. - increase in the wrinkle on the
brain = brain is being used

AGAPE – platonic love. Giving to others

without asking anything
Frontal lobe - governed the human
functions/capabilities
Spiritual Pride
- houses executive functions -
- The strongest hindrance to gain
eg; capability to count, calculate, skills, etc...
spirituality.
- Voluntary functions –
discernment (pinagisipan) involve of a
Spiritual Aspect certain action.

- Makes us understand that suffering - houses the personality -

and trials makes us become closer to introvert, extrovert, likes and dislikes
God.

Parietal lobe - houses senses of the brain

- Somato sensory center of
the brain
- making meaning or
interpretation in the area of the parietal lobe

MENTAL SELF

The temporal lobe - the memory center of

Brain - actual organ, physical place where the brain, also facilitates auditory functions.
the mind resides.
- hippocampus and the
amygdala
Mind - processes involved in the brain. - hippocampus - stores
thoughts perception emotion memory long-term memory, general information
- organic damage on the
PARTS OF THE BRAIN temporal lobe might lead to amnesia.
 - total, partial, temporary - theory of multiple intelligence(a person
amnesia have 3-4 average, above average 5-6
intelligences)
- Retrograde amnesia - a
person cannot remember the past, general - 7 intelligences
information, or names.
- linguistic - language/Makata/memorize of
- Anterograde amnesia - words/different languages
cannot have new memories/ only be stored
- Logical-mathematical - reasoning, math,
in the short-term memory/lasts 20-30
seconds. - Musical - writing a poem, good voice,
great listening
- Total amnesia - a person
cannot recall anything - Intrapersonal - good at contemplating,
searching for the meaning of life, and
amygdala - stores memory with emotional
wisdom, (connects to themselves)
attachments
- Interpersonal - good at interacting with
other people, easy to be with with their
communication.
Occipital lobe - an area of the brain that - Bodily-kinesthetic - athletes, dancers
houses vision.
- Spatial - spaces, architects, indoor
- primary visual cortex designers, drivers, good at navigating the
space around them.

Intelligence - the ability to learn from

experience, adapt, and use knowledge. Thinking
- a continuous process of information
THEORIES UNDER INTELLIGENCE - insight - etiffany, AHA moment

Alfred Binet (Theodore Simon) two types of picture

- a combination of mental capacities - convergent thinking
- IQ test - many information - to specific
- devise a formal intelligence test to identify
the dullest student in the Paris school
- divergent thinking
- specific to multiple ideas
Howard Gardner
 2. Law of Disuse
LEARNING

learning
- permanent change in behavior due to (3) law of effect
experiences
- when you experience the effect of it, it
- withstand time gives you pleasure, it increases the chance of
you doing it.
- replication
- repetition

>Classical conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov
THEORIES UNDER LEARNING
• 1849-1936
• Russian physiologist
>Connectionism - edward lee thorndike
• in every stimulus there will be a
three elements must be fulfilled for learning
corresponding response
to take place
Applied through the laws of learning:
(1) law of readiness
- Unconditioned Stimulus
- prepared or ready to take or learn the
information - no response in the new unconditioned
Stimulus
– it states that when an individual is ready
(matured) to act: - Conditioned Stimulus
- Conditioned Response

(2) law of exercise

- replication and repetition is the key
- Review is important to easily learn new >Operant Conditioning
concepts, principles, and rules.
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
- 21 consecutive days to develop a habit
1. Law of Use
Reinforcement - stimulus that tends to steps
maintain or increase the strength of
- memory
response, it is a form of a reward.
- attention
- imitation
positive reinforcement - presented that
increases the chance of doing the act - motivation

negative reinforcement - redrawn that Factors that influence Learning

increases the chance of repeating the act
1. Motivation
2. Maturation
primary reinforcer - satisfies the basic needs,
3. Experiences
4. Environment
secondary reinforcer - what satisfies the
primary reinforcer eg; money 5. Practice

MEMORY

Punishment - anything that decreases the sensory memory - 3-5 seconds

behavior - interpret information
short term memory - 20-30 sec
positive punishment - receive something - stores information
that decreases the behavior
- encodes the memory for limited storage
negative punishment - redrawn something
that decreases the behavior - chunking
- duration and maintenance
rehersal/repetition
- - then to long term
long term memory - lifetime
Observational or Social Learning
- Albert Bandura
- observational learning
FORGETTING
- attention
- failure to properly store information
THEORIES WITH FORGETTING

1. Interference Healthcare and stress management

2. Trace decay
pebble stressors - something less significant
eg; lack of data network load
boulder stressors - something significant eg;
Interference
loss of job
Proactive interference -Information learned
EARLIER interferes with information
learned LATER.
two classifications of stress
Retroactive Interference - Information
learned LATER caused hindrance with
Eustress - good source of stress
learned EARLIER
- working out
- used to motivate someone
Trace decay
- short period of time
- no replication happened involving the
information - perceived in our coping
capabilities
- Loss of memory due to the passage of
time, during which the memory trace is not
used
distress - a negative type of stress
- causes anxiety
SENSATION
- long term and short term
is a process whereby sense organs receive
information from the external and internal - decreases performance
environments.

PERCEPTION stress immune response

is the giving of meaning to the information
received.

2 stress response - can happen at the same

time
sympathetic adrenal medulla axis (SAM) -
shorter - forgetting something important at
>>Psychologicalvvvvvv
your house, panicking and sweating.
adrenaline Feelings of anxiety
Reduced optimism
hypothalamus pituitary adrenal cortex axis Threats to self
(HPA) - long-term stress, chronic stress,
preparing for the board examination. esteem
Cortisol hinders other significant functions, Lower sense of
eg; immune response
mastery

Prone to musculoskeletal conditions

Cardiovascular diseases >>behevioral

Weak immune system Smoking

Can trigger/exacerbate pre-existing Loss of appetite/overeating

respiratory diseases (e.g,. Asthma, Insomnia/hypersomnia
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Resorting to drugs
This may lead to cognitive problems such as Resorting to alcohol
verbal functioning, memory, and
concentration (Starkman et al., 2001) Becoming prayerful

male - May affect the production of MENTAL HEALTH - State of well-being in

testosterone which the individual realizes his or her own
abilities can cope with normal stresses of
female - Can increase the likelihood of
depression and anxiety life

>>physical important factors on how good you look at

yourself; mental health
Headache/Migraine
Shortness of breath
Self-image
Spike in blood
Resiliency
pressure
Self-purpose
Skin Breakout
Productivity and Creativity
Excessive sweating
approach with problems

PROBLEM-FOCUSED
- Coping is used when the problem can be
eliminated or changed so that it is no longer
stressful or so that the impact of the stressor
is reduced.

EMOTION-FOCUSED
- coping is often used with problem-focused
coping and involves changing one’s
emotional reactions to a stressor