CH1: Introduction and perliminaries

Thenmedyhamits
science ehergy
fenergy
—
?

—
of senge
Heat pomer

eorgy
neB
o
Deal wth heat d work
已 功
propertas of substaes …
water refrigenne
,
Ʃ ,Ni
.

ex : 加些⼀杯⽔
tHeat change propertesof
⑧

substurerseay
→

⼀
(

嗖 changeonegystate -
s o
ω
。
* Thermodyhamius ;fm expelmntal obesenatim

*
Applicatims ; steam
power plant , heat the
Waer

hefrrgener ,
compresss , turbres ,

*
—
比 hoe object , tupernue d
wld
cold objeet A
, enpewne

女 rocket combustm
mixtme
⼀ engTne ,
gas ,
 FiBe law of of
Themdynans : cmsenatu
Ch 4
Ch 3 eneryy
PE ( 位能 )
lounTs
能量守
=

⼼翁比 16
oamtE
…
( 動能 =
]
sus 画
=
3 oniu
E =

*
Ereryy canve be creaed or
destuyd
!
can
only be trunstered
foome or
change ⼀
!
Seond law of
Thermlaynans Ch5 -ch

well
D
thelyy has quantity as as
qualrey
(量息
( stlaw (舅
x
2
ndlaw

Aeeul
②
poass ocous na certan diectuy

qulTty
ldecreasing of eneryy)

ventunly
totwaer wols
Vteae
c

→ 00
3 cool waer
80
o never
gets
∞ 600 L hoe by
itset
營
③ Entopy always
—
mczeases
 zewth law ofthendyhones ;

tepeve ?
② θ
⑤=
=

③ =
⑧

of easment
Basts tenperver
B
.

Example ;studeneA ; studne ; seluc

70 分
oth law ;
②= =
⑥
→②= B
② =

000 9
istlw A . : B 。 %00
nd
2 law :
② IQ hgh ③ IQl 0 w

C00 分 80 分

0 201

0
Thermodynamcs :
guidlae in theml
SOOUQ
(cm
⼀
ap )
⼀
1.
Thermedinamic syseem

Defartim : a devrce ormbTnatTm

of

devras
contnaning aquanty of
Matter under study

an
tarmntiugBounany
.
 Conte MaSs V
.
S .

conewl olam
⼀ ⼀

女
Depends On whethe a feed
o rotume

frced
mas

← ⼼不
点
…wyyye
…

!
⼀

” yye
?
“
… ⼼

one mass ? closed

system
cmm wlne 6
pen syseam
.

antne surfae :bounday of the antnl oame

 and
eneyy acossthe
* ho mass no

bounday ?
isolated systlm
onhl wlum
* EX
Frg 1 . 5 specify a

on
Heat aevre
时
0
⼀

: 烹
 rocket Jee engine Pressune cooler

了 …⽇
”
⼀

凸
⼀

& aoa

C . U 。 Co C M
.

.
Ca ) contnl rolume with real and
Tmaguay
boundarie
hozzle
⼀
-

!
… …

ω
!时
Fmagine)
…
-

—
kal
 fxed1
(b) cmtnl wlum with moring bounday

蕉eawuna boundary

,
.2
Macosoopτ( and
McOSWPE
巨觀 / 宏视 微

的 (
pressune
npesaenu
senso

3 goss or

macoswpEc mcroswpic
arerage

a
No need okhow
世 behowar of gas

partiles to
deermhe
onperatre 1
pressone
1 . 2 andstaes of
substanepertres a

ProperyC 性 ) : ex ;
pressure , emperetre
100c water
e4 s
)
depends on the state 2000L sM- -

( 狀態 )
GTndepadem
of path

( 2)
AgTun state s one definitealne

c latun
ex : lo 0 wael
*
intensthe indepedene
pupery
pupereyxeensTe
; of

mas
uries with mass

乒 ⼀⼀䳴
□ i
些 《贸
(

“
)

⼼
⼒
密度
 (
stae 狀態 )
inlentrfed
: or described

saresa tbrenan ,

mumoa
popertres

,
… 3

*
asysem wrth two dfferent
states
 (相 )
phase ; a materantiey
of
that honogeneous
es
thughne
ex 3
solrd 1 Fqurd
,
,
vapor
Eurd t
upor ( two -

phase )
Equilibrum (平衡):a stateof balaue

Thermal efuibrTun? femperature

035 →
…
和

nczrs
“
Mechanral efuilibrum s fone
pressure 1

Chemrcal equilibrum chemral

:
compositTm

phase efurlibrium phase

; mass of each

upor ⼀

Thermody namcefulibrum
; Ossib le change
of sta
one eqiiibrram seall s anttherefuiihumstate
 1. 4Proess and cye
過程 循環

女 The
pathof
⼀
successrom of staes

thwugh which the poas

sysem passes
is called
① Tnitial stae ( 1)

,
. Sta 比

popey ② Final stae ( 2)

exipressul
sta比 1
③ path
propertyB teenperum
ex ' ;

andstae
process betweenstale
A 1 2
QuasT equrlibrum ( quasi -
statrc)
poQSS
渐平得于通程
-

sweight
Tnitully equilibran

”
鳳⼀
…
s
weght
remore

G
reachanother quilibraum state

la) remove all the werght at once .

s
pison mores up
raprdly
→ hon -

equilibzrum purocess
→
can only describe the sxstem before

and after the proces 3 .

( b) remote uverysmall werght
" one
byone

piseon moves
up very slowly
→

quasT- efuikbraun state

→

quast efuribrumprocessmaxe
*
A -

nsidered as ofuilibrtum stae

*
cycce ( 循環 )

① whw a
systemTn a
g
TreU Tnital
⼀

stae
goes
diff thugh
eenea namber of

changes of
tma state Cprocess and )

returns ts Tntal
s ta

ine 切 → o

→ 0

② Atthe omusin of cye all

a
,

prpettes hanethe sameralvethey hadat beginnng

 EX :
Thermodyhamiccyce
pistm cylTnder
-

inrtally at 個 p =
1 bar
3
θ= lm
②
3
t IM t
3
process
(a ) = → =
0 .
2 m

…
path of

…呱
along a

”
… …
志

PV =
cnstant

the olume
pocess (b )
expand
…
at onstant pressne
…

:
回

proeeslo ) returns to the Q. 2 ; τ(m

3
)
Tnitralstate at a

nstant olu
1 5
.
unts ( table A -

)
化
specrtre wlume and
densiey
specifro wlume
) olume s
per une mass ( = V

遍 ( τ )
ee
divrdedby mass容
ft 3
unit :
mkg ( sr )
lbm CEU )

Densty 哭)
.

mass ( S
:
unt rolume
per
=

E*
1 umpe ⼆
:
A 1 -
m3 container tabbA -

A
34 -

0 . 12 m
3
gzanie ( S =
2750 kgm 3
)

。
0 .
15 m
3
sand (s =
1500 kg
/m
3
)

- 997加3)
3
0 2 m
. 17quid water 19

kst 3
0.
53 m aTr ( S = 1 .( 51
/)
cgm
 s =
世 ,
v =
号 ,
oeal mass =
?

3
=
Sgty = 2750Kgfm 3 O 12 m = 330
lky
Mgunree
-

Msand =
Ssts = 1500 kgm 3 a
O .
15
m
3
=
225 kg
mwaer Sw . = 9991 3
gm 3
= U
0 2 m 199 4
.

kg
. =
.

Mar =
Sa ta 1 - 15g
/m 3
-

M
. .53
0 3
= 0
. 61
kg
Moeal =
mg + ms + Mw + Ma =

955 kg
( 1)
speorta olume ;
2 =

teemarl-
15
y
=0 . 001325
mkg
( 2) me
density ;
8 =

ue
些

= 955 《g
名3
in PressuneP =
FEne .

Pacpascae) =

INMR
Area
psTecpoundper
square
p Tnch )
≥

⼯
=
lbfin =
=
.
895
6cPa

^
= 青 mechanal fuiibrcun .

□^ΛΛ
Baumer 1 H
“ racclum -
_
_→ - *

修⽣⼩⼀
-

The
* length or Coss -

sectan

sg
Patm = has no effeceson the height
* lkquid or
gas ?
pressune
solrd ; stress

*
conepts

W Uewi c ei t u i a si e s
…
…
UU
"
… … ”
…

PB
。

PA = =
PC PD

APA
=

,
O

…
B
gh
9 =Patm +

U …
,
9

#9
tSaghztS3 gh 3

…
PA ⽜ B
on
= . o
 Frg

Pgauge =
P -

Patm
abs
.

t
⼀

⼀
Themlynae
presshe → absolde

pressine
1 8
.

Energy
Total Inerml tkiotict Pountal
=

enegy : E

( macrosuopic ) =
U + KE + PE

speccfic oeal
energy
:

'

e =
/
E
m
=
a + ketpe
=

utiV tgE

Ineernal
*
enezyy: Sum Of
Mpall

forms of
enezsy
Tempentre (1 9.

,
1 .
(0 , 1 .

( 1 )
oc
2120
SI Celsrus 100
?
( oc )

EU :
Fahrenhece ( oF )

O
EE
0

c 320
32 -
F - C
⼀
⼀ =

C0 O -
32
212
-

F -
32
=
E
100
F =
5 c + 3 z
→
T
∞

10 c degree
diffenew = 号

oF degree
diffae
 c:
0
a ofcce
mxane and
waer
at latm

1000 C
.
d
mxane cf l τ
qerd waer and

sean at latm ( 95x

←
Now ; trrple poTnt of
) water C : 010 0
c
, 6113 Pa
 )
293 15 Cabsolae scae
Kelvin scale s
k = t C
.

⿒ Voluw

⼩
Gas A
↓
.

。 ;Gas

⿒
如

Gasc
。

0 0
。
。 , 8

”
。 ∞

ok 00

…
—

293 150
.
C

and T at nstant Pressine

V

M EU )
* RankTne scale : R
= 号

k ( absolatetemperutme