Foundation

• The part of the structure which lies below the ground is

referred to as the ‘Substructure’ or the ‘Foundation’.
• The purpose of the foundation is to effectively support the
superstructure by
1. Transmitting the applied load effects (vertical forces,
horizontal forces & moments) to soil below, without
exceeding the ‘Safe bearing capacity’ of the soil.
2. Ensuring that the settlement of the structure is within
tolerable limits, and as nearly uniform as possible.

10/13/2023 1
 Design of Foundations

Soil Design Structural Design

Determine thickness based on moment,
Determine depth of foundation
one way shear and two way shear
Determine allowable bearing
Minimum edge thickness 150mm or
pressure
300mm
Determine plan dimensions
Minimum cover 50mm
Determine upward soil pressure

10/13/2023 2
 Axially Loaded Sloped Footing
• Design as inverted cantilevers from column loaded with net upward
soil pressure.
 Design procedure
1. Design for flexure
2. Design for shear (one way & two way shear)
3. Design for bearing
4. Design for bond (development length)

• Proportioning size of the footing

Area of footing = (service load on column + soil backfill + wt. of footing)
allowable bearing pressure on soil
• For rectangular footing select the size in such a way that the
effective cantilevers on all four sides are equal, so bending
moments is equal in both directions.
10/13/2023 3
 Design for flexure (Clause 34.2.3)
• Critical section at the column face of
the footing as shown in figure.
• Straight width of 75 mm cast on four
sides of the column.
• Width for B.M resistance is taken as
column width + extra width cast for
formwork (2x75mm)
• For square footing, flexural
reinforcement may be placed at a
uniform spacing in both directions.
• For rectangular footing, the
reinforcement in long direction is
uniformly spaced across the full width
of the footing.

10/13/2023 4
• But in short direction,
reinforcement is to be provided
within a central band having
Width equal to width of the
footing.
• Reinforcement through Central
band = Ast,short x 2 / (ß+1)
Where,
Ast,short = total flexural reinforcement
required in short direction
ß = ratio of long side(L) to the
short side(B)of the footing

10/13/2023 5
• Design for Shear
1. One way shear
 Critical section at a distance d from the face of the column
 Width of footing at distance d from the face of the column may be
taken as,
i. width of column + two times d
ii. actual width of footing
Whichever is less
 Design shear strength depends percentage of reinforcement
provided as per beams and slabs.

10/13/2023 6
• Two way shear
 Critical section is at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the
column
 Design shear strength is taken as ks Ʈc

10/13/2023 7
• Design for bearing
 The force transferred is achieved through compression in
concrete at the interface is limited by the bearing stress.

fbr,max = 0.45 fck (A1/A2)^1/2

Where,
A1 = maximum area of the portion supporting surface
A2 = loaded area at the column base
(A1/A2)^1/2 value is limited to 2
• Design for Development length
 Check at the same planes as those described for bending
moment.
10/13/2023 8
An RCC column of size 350 mm x 350 mm
reinforced with 8 nos. 16 mm diameter bars
carries a characteristic load of 800 kN. The
allowable bearing pressure on soil is 200 kN/m2.
Design an isolated square sloped footing.
Materials M20 and Fe415
Size of footing
Load on column = 800 kN
Assume 10% of load on column as
= 80 kN
backfill and dead load of footing
Total load on soil = 880 kN
Area of footing = 880/200 = 4.4 m2
Adopt 2.1 m x 2.1 m footing. Area = 4.4 m2
10/13/2023 9
 Net upward Pressure
= (1.5 x 800) / (2.1 x 2.1)
Net factored upward pressure
= 272.1 kN/m2
Moment Steel
= (2100 – 350) / 2
Net cantilever
= 875 mm
= (0.8752 / 2) x 272.1 x 2.1
Mux = Muy
= 218.74 kNm
= column width + 2 x 75 mm
Resisting section has width = 350 mm + 150 mm
= 500 mm
= (Mu / Rb)1/2
Depth required = [(218.74 x 106) / (2.76 x 500)]1/2
= 398 mm
R is given by the limiting moment xu,max xu,max
= 0.36 1−0.42 fck
equation
10/13/2023(Annex G, cl. 38, G1.1 (c)) d d 10
Try an overall depth = 600 mm
= (600 – 50 – 6) mm
Depth in x direction, dx
= 544 mm

Plan and Section for Bending Moment

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Depth in y direction, dy
= (544 – 12) mm = 532 mm
(second layer)
= (218.74 x 106) / (500 x
Mu/bd2 5322)
= 1.55

Percentage reinforcement, pt
= 0.477
= (0.477 x 500 x 532) / 100
Ast
= 1269 mm2
Assume depth at edge of footing = 230 mm
= (230 + 600) / 2
Average depth
= 415 mm
= (0.12 x 2100 x 415) / 100
Minimum steel
= 1046 mm2
10/13/2023 12
Provide 12 nos. 12 mm diameter bars
 = (π/4) x 122 x 12
Ast provided
= 1356 mm2 > 1269 mm2 ……..ok
= 47φ
Development Length
= 47 x 12 = 564 mm

Plan and Section for One way shear

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 = 875 – 50 (cover)
Available anchorage
= 825 mm > 564 mm………..ok
One Way Shear
Shear force at 532 mm (critical section
= (0.875 – 0.532) x 2.1 x 272.1
= effective depth) from face of the
= 196 kN
column, Vu
= 350 + (2 x 532)
Width at the section, b
= 1414 mm
= 165 + ((343/875) x 370)
Depth at the section, d
= 310 mm
= 272.1 x 2.1 x (0.3432 / 2)
Mu at the section
= 33.61 kNm
The shear stress is given as, τv , (tanβ is the slope of footing)
.
( × )×
.
N/mm2
×
= (100As) / bd
Pt provided = (100 x 1356) / (1414 x 310)
10/13/2023 = 0.309 14
Shear strength, τc = 0.388 N/mm2 …..(Table 19, IS 456:2000)
Therefore, τv < τc

Plan and Section for Two way shear

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 Two way Shear
= 0.5 (544 + 532)
Average depth, davg
= 538 mm
Two way shear is checked at = 538 / 2
(davg/2) from face of column = 269 mm
= 272.1 x (2.12 – 0.8882)
Shear force
= 985.4 kN
= 4 x 888
Width, b
= 3552 mm
= 165 + (606/875) x 370
Depth, d
= 421 mm
= (985.4 x 103) / (3552 x 421)
Actual Shear stress, τv
= 0.659 N/mm2
= ks τc
Design shear strength = ks x 0.25 x (fck)1/2
10/13/2023 = 1.12 N/mm2 > τv ………..ok 16
Design shear strength = ksτc
where ks = (0.5 + βc)
short side of column
=
andβc long side of column

ks = 0.5 + 1 = 1.5 > 1

But maximum value of ks is 1 (cl. 31.6.3)
= (2100 – 100 – 12) / 11
Spacing of bars = 180.7 mm
< 3 x 165 mm (=495mm) or 300 mm
Transfer of load from column to footing (cl. 34.4)
Actual bearing pressure at the . ×
9 N/mm2
base of column ×

Design bearing pressure at base

= 0.45 fck = 0.45 x 20 = 9 N/mm2
of column
Excess bearing force = (9.79 – 9) x 350 x 350 = 97.5 kN
10/13/2023 17
 = 0.45 fck A1
= 0.45 x 20 x 350 x 350 x 10-3
Allowable bearing force
= 1102.5 kN
< 1200 kN
= (1200 – 1102.5) kN
Force in dowel bars
= 97.5 kN

10/13/2023 18
 Area at top of footing
supporting area for bearing of footing, which in sloped or stepped
footing may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest
A1 frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing
and having for its upper base, the area actually loaded and having
side slope of one vertical to two horizontal
A2 loaded area at the column base

= (width of column + 4 x thickness of footing)

(width of column + 4 x thickness of footing)
A1
= (0.35 + 4 x 0.6) (0.35 + 4 x 0.6)
= 7.56 m2 > 2.1 x 2.1 (4.41 m2)(Area of footing)
Adopt A1 = 4.41m2
= 0.35 x 0.35
A2
= 0.1225 m2
= (4.41/0.1225)1/2
(A1/A2)1/2 =6>2
Adopt 2
10/13/2023 19
Allowable bearing stress
= 18 N/mm2
= 2 x (0.45 x 20) x 350 x 350 x 10-3
Allowable bearing force
= 2205 kN
= (97.5 x 103) / (0.75 x 415)
Dowel area required
= 313 mm2
= (0.5 x 350 x 350) / 100
Minimum dowel area
= 612.5 mm2
Use 8 nos. 16mm dia. column bars as dowel bars, Area = 1608 mm2
Dowel length in footing = D + 450 = 1050 mm. Extend column bars
for 1050 mm in footing

10/13/2023 20
 Supplementary Details
• Under RCC footing usually a lean concrete is laid, so to
prevent direct contact of footing with soil.
• Such lean concrete projected beyond footing by 0 mm to 150
mm.
• Thickness of such lean concrete should be minimum 150 mm.

10/13/2023 21
 Reinforcement
Reinforcementfor
forflexure
flexure
10/13/2023 22
 Section showing reinforcement for flexure
10/13/2023 23