CONTENTS

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS PAGE

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2

1-ADJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 2
1-1 ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................................ 2
1-2 THE ORDER OF THE ADJECTIVES .................................................................. 4
1-3 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES ................................ 5

2-ADVERBS ........................................................................................................................8
2-1 FORMING ADVERBS WITH -LY .................................................................... 9
2-2 USE OF ADVERBS ............................................................................................ 9
2-3 IRREGULAR ADVERBS .................................................................................. 10
2-4 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE .................................................. 14
2-5 ADVERBS OF DEGREE ................................................................................... 14
2-6 SENTENCE ADVERBS .................................................................................... 22
2-7 FOCUSING ADVERBS ...................................................................................... 23

3-ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB STRUCTURES .............................................................. 24

3-1 TOO AND ENOUGH .......................................................................................... 24
3-2 SO ...... THAT/SUCH .... THAT .......................................................................... 25
3-3 COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ........................28
3-4 COMPARISON WITH AS .... AS/THE SAME .... AS/DIFFERENT FROM...... 35
3-5 SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ......................... 40
3-6 LIKE, AS, SUCH AS ............................................................................................ 43

EXAMPLES FROM ÖYS/YDS ......................................................................................... 46

TEST YOURSELF 1 .......................................................................................................... 49
TEST YOURSELF 2 .......................................................................................................... 51
TEST YOUR VOCABULARY ........................................................................................... 62

ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

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 INTRODUCTION
Bir ismi tanımlayan sözcüğe sıfat (adjective) denir: a pretty girl, rainy weather, hardworking
students, a difficult question, etc.
Zarf (adverB) ise öncelikle bir fiili tanımlayan sözcüktür: speak fluently, walk slowly, cook well, play
badly, etc.
Bir zarf bir sıfatı ya da başka bir zarfı da niteleyebilir: very hot weather, an extremely difficult
question, very fluently, unusually quickly, etc.
Zarflar genellikle sıfatın sonuna "-ly" ekinin getirilmesiyle oluşur: serious/seriously, bad/badly,
extreme/extremely, etc. Ancak, sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynı olan sözcükler de vardır: fast, hard, late, early,
etc.
Sonu "-ly" ile biten her sözcük zarf olmayabilir. Friendly, lovely, elderly gibi sözcükler, sonu "-ly" ile
bittiği halde sıfattır: an elderly woman, a lovely day, a friendly voice, etc.
Sıfat ve zarfın cümle içindeki görevi, kullanımları ve çeşitli sıfat ve zarf yapılan, bu sayımızın
konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Şimdi bunları inceleyelim.

l- ADJECTIVES
1-1 Sıfat, bir sıfat tamlamasında (adjective + a noun), ismin önünde yer alır ve sayılabilir tekil
isimlerle tamlamanın başında a/an kullanılır. Eğer sıfat sayılamayan bir ismi (water, weather, work,
etc.) ya da sayılabilir çoğul bir ismi (days, girls, students, etc.) tanımlıyorsa a/an kullanılmaz.
He is a good cook.
She has a round face.
This is hard work.
I don't like to swim in cold water.
Those are nice shoes.
Our neighbours are really friendly people.
Sıfatlar yaygın olarak be, become ve get fiilleri ile kullanılır. Seem, appear, look, feel, taste,
smell ve sound gibi duyu fiilleriyle de sıfat kullanılır. Çünkü bu fiiller bir eylem bildirmezler. Bir
nesnenin durumunu ifade etmemizi sağlarlar.
be+adjective:
She was rather plump last year, but now she is slim.
The wages are rather low.
become/get+adjective:
She got/became happy when she learnt that she had passed the exam.
I'll get/become angry if she doesn't invite me.
seem/appear/look+adjective:
You look/seem/appear tired. Did you work hard in the office?
She looks/seems/appears pale. Is something wrong with her?
Seem ve appear'dan sonra to be + adjective de kullanabiliriz. Look'dan sonra to + infinitive gelmez.
Don't try to speak to her. She seems/appears to be angry.
He seemed/appeared to be ill.

feel + adjective:
I felt sad when I got the bad news.
Do you still feel tired? (=Are you still tired?)

taste + adjective:
The dinner tasted delicious. (=The dinner was delicious.)
This soup tastes awful. (=This soup is awful.)

smell + adjective:
The room smells awful. (= There is an awful smell in the room.)

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 The rose smells nice. (= The rose has a nice smell.)

sound + adjective:
Gördüğümüz bir durumu ifade ederken look/seem/appear kullanılır. Duyduğumuz bir durumu ifade
ederken ise sound kullanılır.
The music sounds a bit loud.
I talked to her on the phone. She sounded ill.
The teacher in the next classroom sounds rather angry.

Look, feel, taste, smell ve sound, "like" ile birlikte kullanılırsa, devamında bir isim gelir.

Look like + a noun (resemble), benzemek anlamındadır.

She looks like (resembles) her mother.
That man looks like a plainclothes detective.

Feel like + a noun, "— gibi hissetmek, — gibi durmak" anlamını verir.
She still feels like a child. (Kendini hala bir çocuk gibi hissediyor.)
This material feels like wool. (Bu kumaş yün gibi duruyor.)

Taste like + a noun, "tadı — ya benziyor" anlamındadır.

I didn't like the wine at the feast. It tasted like vinegar.
This coffee tastes like hot water. Did you forget to put coffee in it?

Smell like + a noun, "— gibi kokuyor" anlamındadır.

I didn't like the smell of the perfume. It smelt like soap.

Sound like + a noun, "(kulağA) — gibi geliyor" anlamını verir.

We heard a loud noise in the middle of the night. It sounded like a car crash.

Look, taste ve smell eylem bildiriyorsa zarf kullanılır.

She looked angry. ("angry", "She"yi tanımlıyor.)
She looked at me angrily. ("angrily", "looked" fiilini tanımlıyor.)
The soup tasted delicious. ("delicious", "The soup" ismini tanımlıyor.)
She tasted the soup suspiciously. ("suspiciously", "taste" eyleminin nasıl yapıldığını
ifade ediyor.)
The flowers smelt wonderful. ("wonderful", "the flowers" ismini tanımlıyor.)
She smelt the flowers happily, ("happily", "smell" eylemini tanımlıyor.)
Turn (turn out) ve grow fiillerinden sonra bir nesnenin durumundaki değişikliği ifade etmek için sıfat
kullanabiliriz.
Her hair has turned grey now. (has become grey)
The day started sunny, but later it turned out wet.
Everybody had considered her to be guilty, but she turned out (to be) innocent.
(proved innocent)
We began to walk home when it grew dark. (became/got dark)
My father grows angry if I go home late. (gets/becomes angry)
Turn ve grow fiilleri eylem bildiriyorsa, zarf kullanılır.
Children grow quickly.
The car turned round the corner fast.
She turned the pages of the book quickly, looking for some information.
Keep ve remain fiilleri de, bir nesnenin durumunu ifade ederken sıfatlarla kullanılabilen fiillerdir.
Although I shouted at her, she remained silent.
Nothing remains unchanged.
Although things were going badly, he kept calm.
Keep quiet, please. I can't concentrate on my work.

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1-2 THE ORDER OF THE ADJECTIVES
Bazen bir ismi birden fazla sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz. Bu durumda sıfatlan belli bir düzene göre
sıralamamız gerekir. Bu konuda çeşitli kullanımlar bulunmasına rağmen, dilde yerleşmiş biçimiyle en
yaygın kullanılan dizim şöyledir:
A) size (big, large, small, tall, short, long, etc.)
B) age (young, old, etc.)
C) shape (round, square, fat, slim, etc.)
D) colour (white, black, green, etc.)
E) material (plastic, cotton, wooden, woollen, etc.)
f) origin (French, Russian, Turkish, etc.)
a small round table
a new woollen sweater
an old wooden house
an expensive Swiss watch
a tall thin man
a tall young man
Eğer bu sıfatların dışında, beautiful, nice, lovely, fine gibi duygulanırım ifade eden sıfatlar varsa,
bunlar sıralamanın en başında yer alır.
a lovely small wooden house
a nice old Turkish song
a clever little boy
an intelligent young Russian scientist
Pretty, bir başka sıfatın önünde yer alıyorsa ve aralarında virgül yoksa. "çok, oldukça" (quite, very)
anlamına gelir.
Their daughter is a pretty tall girl, (quite/very tall girl)
Eğer pretty "hoş, güzel" anlamındaysa iki sıfat arasında virgül kullanılır.
Their daughter is a pretty, tall girl/a tall, pretty girl.
Sıfatların bu dizimi, bir sıfat tamlaması içerisinde önemlidir. Eğer sıfatlan, tanımladıkları isimden
sonra kullanıyorsak, bu sıra o kadar önemli değildir ve iki sıfat arasında "and" kullanmak gerekir.

İstanbul is big and noisy.

İstanbul is big, noisy and crowded.
She is tall and thin.
Their son is clever and obedient.

Eğer bu sıfatlar, aynı nesnenin birbiriyle çelişen yönlerini tanımlıyorlarsa, arada "but"
kullanmamız gerekir.

İstanbul is nice but polluted.

Their son is clever but disobedient.
She is very pretty but a little short.

1-3 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

Present ve past participle, bir fiil kökünden türeyip cümle içinde sıfat görevinde bulunan
sözcüklerdir: running water, an exciting story, stolen money, baked potato, etc.
Present participle, fiil köküne "-ing" takısının eklenmesiyle oluşturulur: developing countries,
an increasing demand, a tiring job, a moving car, etc.
Past participle, düzenli fiillere "-ed" eklenerek, düzensiz fiillerin ise üçüncü halini kullanarak
eide edilir: a damaged car, excited children, grilled chops, an unseen hand, a half-eaten
apple, the recently found solution, etc.

A) Bir ismin "-ing" li bir sıfatla mı yoksa "-ed" li bir sıfatla mı tanımlanacağı öncelikle o ismin
etkileyen (activE) ya da etkilenen (passivE) taraf olmasına bağlıdır. Eğer tanımladığımız isim, o

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 eylemin olmasına neden oluyorsa yani etkiliyorsa, o ismi "-ing" li bir sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz. Eğer
tanımladığımız isim o eylemden etkileniyorsa, onu "-ed" li bir sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz.

His job bores him. ("bore" cümlenin yüklemidir.)

His job is boring. ("sıkma" eylemine neden olan, yani etkileyen taraf "his job"dur.)
Onun işi sıkıcıdır.

He is bored with his job. ("bored" "he" yi yani "sıkma" eyleminden etkilenen tarafı
tanımlıyor.)
O işinden sıkılıyor.

Science-fiction films interest her a lot.

She finds science-fiction films interesting.
She is interested in science-fiction films.

The explanation confused her.

The explanation was confusing.
She was confused by the explanation.

Her attitude astonished us.

Her attitude was astonishing.
We were astonished by her attitude.

Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan sıfatlar şunlardır:

Verb Present Participle Past Participle

admire admiring admired

amaze amazing amazed
amuse amusing amused
annoy annoying annoyed
astonish astonishing astonished
bewilder bewildering bewildered
bore boring bored
charm charming charmed
confuse confusing confused
depress depressing depressed
disappoint disappointing disappointed
discourage discouraging discouraged
disgust disgusting disgusted
embarrass embarrassing embarrassed
encourage encouraging encouraged
excite exciting excited
exhaust exhausting exhausted
fascinate fascinating fascinated
frighten frightening frightened
frustrate frustrating frustrated
horrify horrifying horrified
interest interesting interested
irritate irritating irritated
please pleasing pleased
satisfy satisfying satisfied
shock shocking shocked
startle startling startled
stimulate stimulating stimulated
surprise surprising surprised
terrify terrifying terrified
tire (out) tiring tired
thrill thrilling thrilled
worry worrying worried
B) Bir ismin, "-ing" li ya da "-ed" li bir sıfatla tanımlanması eylemin, devam etmekte olan bir eylem
mi yoksa tamamlanmış bir eylem mi olduğuna da bağlıdır.
Turkey is among the developing countries. ("develop" eylemi devam ediyor.)

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 Türkiye gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındadır.
The U.S.A. England and Germany are among the developed countries.
Amerika, İngiltere ve Almanya gelişmiş ülkeler arasındadır.
I need some boiled water to make coffee.
Kahve yapmak için kaynamış suya ihtiyacım var.
You should put macaroni into boiling water.
Makarnayı kaynayan (kaynamakta olan) suya atmalısın.
The plumber will come tomorrow to repair the leaking pipe. He will also repair
the dripping tap in the kitchen. (sızıntı yapan boru, damlatan musluk)
You should rinse the dishes thoroughly in running water. (...akan su)
My cousin played for the winning team. (.... kazanan takım)
"-ing" li ve "-ed" 1i sıfatların en yaygın kullanımı active-passive noktasında yoğunlaşır.
The hurricane damaged a large area.
Because of the damaging hurricane, a lot of people are homeless now. (hasara neden
olan "hurricane", active)
Many people will have to live in tents until the damaged houses are repaired. (hasar
gören "the houses", passivE)
They stole a large sum of money from the bank last week, and the stolen money hasn't
been found yet (çalınan para...)
She broke her leg in the accident, and the broken leg is in plaster now. (kırık bacak...)
Last night, the storm blew down several trees, and the road is blocked now by the
fallen trees. (yıkılmış ağaçlar.)
I very much like to watch the falling snowflakes. (düşen kar taneleri)

EXERCISE l : Choose the correct one.

1- Although her elbow has healed completely, she still finds the result of this injury quite
............... as she can't move her arm to reach things.
A) irritating B) irritated

2- I think 'Silence of the Lambs' is the most ......... film I have ever seen.
A) frightening B) frightened

3- In the burnt-out remains of the town, the soldier found a ......... little girl crouched in a
doorway.
A) frightening B) frightened

4- Everyone thinks that it is ......... that a bomb has exploded after all the peace talks and
negotiations.
A) shocking B) shocked

5- The offer of an extra ten percent commission on sales up to the end of the month is .........
for the staff.
A) motivated B) motivating

6- We were already .......... but we had only reached the halfway point of the valley.
A) exhausting B) exhausted

7- We thought a peaceful settlement had been reached and were ......... when we heard
reports of new violence.
A) shocked B) shocking

8- Even the Sales Director seemed ......... by the concert, which was performed by members
of the staff.
A) amusing B) amused

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 9- When she opened her present, she looked really ......... with it.
A) pleasing B) pleased

10- Dr Finley's daughter really is a ......... girl, isn't she?

A) charming B) charmed

11- The best tiling about Bill Bryson's books is that he looks at American life in such an
......... way.
A) amused B) amusing

12- Corned beef and mashed potato makes quite a filling and ......... meal.
A) satisfied B) satisfying

13- I had to take strategic marketing as part of my degree, but I found it an extremely ............
subject.
A) boring B) bored

14- I'm glad that you woke me up. I was in the middle of a ......... nightmare.
A) terrified B) terrifying.

15- Maria's presentations are usually both professional and ......... .

A) stimulating B) stimulated

16- The food at the hotel was awful and the rooms were filthy. In fact, we were
with the whole experience.
A) disgusted B) disgusting

17- The result of the match was ......... for our team.
A) disappointed B) disappointing

18- He looked ......... by the new surroundings of his foster home.

A) bewildered B) bewildering

19- People who push into queues are very ..........

A) annoying B) annoyed

20- She was ......... when someone pushed :n front of her in the queue.
A) annoying B) annoyed

2- ADVERBS

Genel olarak zarflar kendi aralarında çeşitli gruplara ayrılırlar. Bu grupları şöyle sıralayabiliriz.
A)Manner : slowly, gently, carefully, frankly, bravely, etc.
B) Place : here, there, up, down, near, etc.
C)Time : now, yesterday, tomorrow, still, yet, etc.
D)Frequency : always, never, frequently, once, twice, etc.
E) Sentence : actually, really, evidently, obviously, definitely, etc.
f) Degree : very, quite, rather, fairly, hardly, scarcely, etc.
g) Focusing : just, only, simply, even, also, etc.
Bu bölümde daha çok üzerinde duracağımız zarflar, durum bildiren (adverbs of manner), derece
bildiren (adverbs of degreE), cümleyi niteleyen (sentence adverbs) ve vurgulama yapan (focusing
adverbs) zarflardır.

2-1 FORMING ADVERBS WITH - LY

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Pek çok durum ve derece zarfı, sıfatın sonuna "-ly" eklenmesiyle oluşur.
cold - coldly whole - wholly heavy - heavily
quick - quickly true - truly happy - happily
wise - wisely full - fully shy - shyly
I don't know why, but she spoke to me coldly.
You should treat people gently.
We had to eat our lunch quickly.
This morning, I left home hurriedly.
Bazı sıfatların sonu -ly ile biter: cowardly, friendly, likely, lovely, elderly, lively, lonely, silly, ugly. Bu
sözcükleri tek başıma zarf olarak kullanamayız. Eğer, bunlardan birini zarf görevinde kullanmamız
gerekiyorsa, in a lovely voice, in a friendly manner, in a cowardly way gibi bir phrase (sözcük
grubu) kullanabiliriz.
He is a cowardly person. (adjectivE)
He acted in a cowardly way. (adverbial phrasE)
İkinci cümledeki "cowardly", "way" sözcüğünü tanımladığı için yine bir sıfattır. Ancak "in a cowardly
way" bir bütün olarak "act" eylemini tanımladığı için bir zarftır.
Our neighbours are very friendly people, (adjectivE)
Our neighbours welcomed us in a friendly way. (adverbial phrasE)
She has a lovely voice, (adjectivE)
She spoke to me in a lovely voice. (adverbial phrasE)

2-2 USE OF ADVERBS

Zarflar, önceltkle, bir eylemin nasıl yapıldığını ifade eden sözcüklerdir. Yani, yükleme "How?"
sorusunu sorduğumuzda yanıt alabileceğimiz sözcüklerdir.
He is a careful driver. (adjectivE) She is a successful singer.
He drives the car carefully. She sings successfully.
("How does he drive?" "Carefully.")
Her action was deliberate. Their visit was unexpected.
She acted deliberately. They came unexpectedly.

Zarflar, bir sıfatın ya da bir başka zarfın derecesini arttırmak ya da azaltmak için de
kullanılırlar.

Adverb + adjective:
It is cold today. Her mother is ill.
It is extremely cold today. Her mother is seriously ill.
The street was quiet yesterday.
The street was unusually quiet yesterday.
Adverb + adverb:
He drove the car carelessly. She did her homework quickly.
He drove the car unbelievably carelessly. She did her homework incredibly quickly.
At the party last night, he behaved foolishly.
At the party last night, he behaved terribly foolishly.

Preposition + a noun yapısını kullanarak bazı zarfların taşıdığı anlamı ifade edebiliriz.
She left home in a hurry/hurriedly. I broke your window by accident/accidentally.
He drove the car with great care/very carefully. She looked at me with sorrow/sorrowfully.

2-3 IRREGULAR ADVERBS

A) Good / well: Good bir sıfattır ve zarf biçimi well’ dir.

My mother is a good cook. She cooks well.

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 Her English is very good. She speaks English well.
Well, birinin "sağlığı iyi" anlamında kullanılıyorsa bir sıfattır. "How are you?" sorusuna "I'm very
good." biçiminde yanıt veremeyiz. Çünkü bu yanıt. "Ben çok iyi biriyim." anlamına gelir. Oysa "How
.......?" sorusu, insanlara ilişkin sorulduğunda, kişinin sağlığı hakkında bilgi ister.
How are you today? - I'm very well, thanks.
Eğer bir insanın nasıl biri olduğunu sormak istersek "What is he like?" sorusunu sorarız ve bu soruya
yanıt verirken good sözünü kullanabiliriz.
- What is your new boss like? - I think he is a good person.
- What is your father like? - He is a good father.
Bir nesnenin nasıl olduğunu sorarken "How is it?" ya da "What is it like?" sorularını kullanabiliriz.
Ancak bu sorulara yanıt verirken "iyi" demek istiyorsak good sözünü kullanmalıyız. (Well, sadece
canlıların sağlık durumunu ifade ederken sıfat olarak kullanılır.)
- What is your new job like?/ How is your new job?
- I'm not sure yet, but I think it is good.
- How is your new house?
- Oh, it is very good.
Well, past participle ile çok sık kullanılan bir zarftır: well-known, well-organized, well-dressed, well-
educated, etc.
Everybody at the party last night was very well-dressed.
Haven't you heard of him? He is quite a well-known author.
Past participle ile badly'yi de kullanabiliriz.
Everything went wrong on our holiday. It was badly-planned.
The car was not worth repairing. It was badly-damaged.
B) Fast, hard, late ve early, sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynı olan sözcüklerdir.
He is a fast runner. (adj.) He is a hard worker, (adj.)
He runs fast. (adv.) He works hard. (adv.)
She travels to work on an early train. (adj.) I'll go on a late train (adj.)
The train came early. (adv.) I arrived home late. (adv.)
"Geç" anlamındaki late ile lately birbirinden farklı sözcüklerdir. Lately, recently ile aynı anlamdadır
ve "son zamanlarda, son günlerde" demektir.
- Have you been to the cinema lately / recently?
- I haven't done any shopping lately /recently.

Hard, "çok, yoğun" anlamındaysa sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynıdır. Hard sıfat olarak "zor" anlamında da
kullanılır.
The exam was very hard. (=very difficult)
This is hard work. I can't do it. (adj.)
Although I worked hard, I couldn't finish the work. (adv.)

C) Hardly: Hardly, "hard" ın zarf biçimi değildir. Başka bir anlama sahip bir zarftır.
Hardly = almost not
Hardly'nin bir anlamı "hemen hemen hiç, neredeyse hiç" demektir. Olumlu cümle yapısıyla
kullanılır. Ancak anlamı olumsuzdur.
I can't tell you much about her, because I hardly know her. (= I almost don't know
her. = I know her very little. = Onu neredeyse hiç tanımıyorum. = Onu çok az
tanıyorum.)
I didn't feel good yesterday, so I hardly studied. (= I studied very little.)

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Hardly = only with great difficulty
Hardly'nin bir anlamı da "güçlükle" demektir. Bu anlamda hardly, can ve could ile çok sık kullanılır.
Her voice is very soft. I can hardly hear her. (I can hear her only with great
difficulty = Onu güçlükle duyabiliyorum.)
I had a terrible headache yesterday. I could hardly listen to the lesson. (I could only
listen to the lesson with great difficulty = Dersi güçlükle dinleyebildim.)
Hardly ever = almost never
Hardly ever, sıklık bildiren bir zarf olarak "hemen hemen hiç, çok seyrek" anlamında kullanılır.
He doesn't like reading. He hardly ever / almost never reads a book.
Hemen hemen hiç kitap okumaz.
I can hardly ever / almost never watch TV these days.
Bugünlerde neredeyse hiç televizyon izleyemiyorum.
Hardly any = almost no, very little
Hardly any, miktar belirtirken kullanılır. Bu anlamda hardly, cümle içinde iki yerde kullanılabilir.
I hardly have any money./ I have hardly any money.
(I have almost no money = Neredeyse hiç param yok. / Çok az param var.)
She feels lonely. She hardly has any friends. /She has hardly any friends.
(She has almost no / very few friends = Hemen hemen hiç arkadaşı yok.)
Hardly'yi anyone, anything, anywhere gibi sözcüklerle de kullanabiliriz.
I hardly bought anything. /I bought hardly anything.
(I bought almost nothing.)
I hardly knew anyone at the party. /I knew hardly anyone at the party.
(I knew almost no one at the party.)
I can hardly go anywhere these days. /I can go hardly anywhere these days.
(I can go almost nowhere these days.)

EXERCISE 2 : Choose the correct answer in parentheses.

1- It was a (significant/significantly) breakthrough in scientific understanding, but the actual

discovery was (accidental/accidentally).
2- When you're jogging, it helps to breath (deep/deeply) and (even/evenly).
3- We thought we were going to miss the meal (complete/completely), but we were just a few
minutes (late/lately).
4- You have been looking very (worried/worriedly) (late/lately). Is everything all right?
5- It was so (late/lately) when we arrived that we (hard/hardly) saw any of the attractions.
6- (Normal/Normally) they charge £19.99 for these, but I bought them for £9.99, which I think
is a very (reasonable/reasonably) price.
7- All our products are (meticulous/meticulously) checked by our quality control stall to ensure
they meet all the (current/currently) standards.
8- I wait until I go to the open market to buy fish because you can buy it quite (cheap/cheaply)
there.
9- Tell the doctor that he has to come (immediate/immediately) as the patient's condition is
very (serious/seriously).
10- I don't think the special effects in 'Star Wars' are as (good/ well) as the ones in 'Star Trek'.
11- Jason communicates (good/well) with the customers, but he isn't very (good/well) at keeping
records.

10
12- I am going shopping with a (good/well) friend this afternoon, so I have (quick/quickly)
dusted the house and will clean everywhere (proper/properly) tomorrow.
13- I find driving long distances (extreme/extremely) (tired/tiring).
14- I like our local dry-cleaner's because their service is (efficient/efficiently). Items are
(normal/normally) ready for collection the following day.
15- I can ski (proficient /proficiently), but Jean is an (absolute/ absolutely) beginner.
16- We were so (confident/confidently) before the tournament that I was crushed when we lost
the first game so (decisive/decisively), and the coach was (similar/similarly) disappointed.
17- We are (near/nearly) at Carlisle, so we will be crossing the Scottish border (short/ shortly).
18- We worked so (hard/hardly) picking strawberries that we couldn't stand up straight by the
end of the day, but we (hard/hardly) earned any money at all.
19- Malcolm is a (high/highly) regarded member of the community who is (general/generally)
considered honest and trustworthy.
20- The rate of inflation is too (high/highly) at the moment, which is (serious/seriously)
affecting the stability of the economy.
21- We won't make (huge/hugely) profits this year. In fact, we will (scarce/scarcely) cover our
costs.
22- It's been (incredible/incredibly)(quiet/quietly) in the shopping centre today, which was not
(normal/normally), because it is (usual/usually) very (busy/busily) on Fridays.
23- The injection was (painful/painfully), but she recovered from it (quick/quickly).
24- Black cumin oil is a (traditional/ traditionally) remedy for both (serious/seriously) and
minor illnesses.
25- The (terrible/terribly) behaviour of his elder brother had a (profound/profoundly)
(bad/badly) influence on him.
26- Thomas is known to be (confident/confidently), but at the moment, he is waiting
(anxious/anxiously) for an interview.
27- All of our products are (careful/carefully) constructed from (natural/naturally) materials.
28- She speaks French so (fluent/fluently) and (natural/naturally) that she could be mistaken for
a French woman.
29- During the meeting, we kept (strict/strictly) to the schedule, so we finished
(comfortable/comfortably) in the time available.
30- After suffering a (serious/seriously) illness, I had to go on a (special/specially) diet.
31- They achieved (good/well) results, especially considering that the project was
(inadequate/inadequately) funded.
32- He was (extreme/extremely) (angry/angrily) because he felt that he had been (harsh/harshly)
treated by the boss.
33- She (mistaken/mistakenly) thought she had won a valuable prize, but she had only won an
(extreme/extremely) (cheap/cheaply) watch.
34- Unlike in England, the football season in Sweden takes place during the Summer and
Autumn. In this way, the footballers don't have to play in the (extreme /extremely)
temperatures of Scandinavian winters.
35- The dock workers in Glasgow at the turn of the last century lived in (atrocious/atrociously)
conditions and were treated (bad/badly) by their bosses.
36- Simon behaved (atrocious/atrociously) at Katherine's business reception. He insulted
several of the (important/importantly) guests.
37- I don't exercise (regular/regularly) any more, but (occasional/occasionally), we go for a
(strenuous/strenuously) walk in the mountains.
38- He is an (international/internationally) renowned referee, but on this occasion, he made a
(total/totally) (erroneous/erroneously) decision at a (critical/critically) point in the match.
39- If you can wind this bandage (tight/ tightly) around his leg to try and stop it bleeding so
(quick/quickly). I'll run and get some help.

11
 40- I've put on a lot of weight and my jeans are too (tight/tightly) now, so I will have to either go
on a (strict/strictly) diet or buy some (new/newly) trousers.
41- Bjöm Borg's tennis game was suited to clay courts, but he was (surprising/surprisingly)
(successful/successfully) in the competitions on grass courts.
42- One (surprising/surprisingly) result of the preliminary rounds was that the Slovenian team
(successful/successfully) qualified to play in the tournament.
43- On the day he had a (nasty/nastily) argument with his boss, he walked out (angry/angrily)
and never returned.
44- A few (violent/violently) people spoilt the enjoyment of the (good/well)-behaved majority.
45- When my neighbours replaced their living-room carpet, they (kind/kindly) offered to give
me the old one, which was a really (nice/nicely) gesture.

2-4 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE

Durum bildiren zarflar, yüklemden sonra gelir. Eğer yüklemin nesnesi varsa, /,arl nesneden sonra yer
alır.
She spoke quietly. She read the book carefully.
He waited hopefully. She left the country secretly.
Verb + preposition + object durumunda zarf, iki yerde bulunabilir.
She listened to me carefully./ She listened carefully to me.
Eğer nesne birden fazla sözcükten oluşuyorsa, zarf preposition'dan önce ya da yüklemden önce
kullanılır.
She listened carefully to the delegates from various countries.
She carefully listened to the delegates from various countries.
Yan cümlesi clan ya da gerund - infinitive bulunan cümlelerde, zarfın hangi eylemi nitelediğine dikkat
etmek gerekir.
I tried hard to make her study. ("hard", "try" eylemini tanımlıyor.)
I tried to make her study hard. ("hard", "study"yi tanımlıyor.)
I know very well that she can knit. ("very well", "know" eylemini tanımlıyor.)
I know that she can knit very well. ("very well", "knit" eylemini tanımlıyor.)

2-5 ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Derece bildiren zarflar, bir fiili, sıfatı ya da zarfı tanımlayabilirler. Bu zarfların görevi, tanımladığı
fiilin, sıfatın ya da zarfın sahip olduğu değeri azaltmak ya da çoğaltmaktır.
I really enjoyed the meal. I find archeology quite interesting.
This book is rather boring. He barely avoided hitting the child.
The questions on the test were extremely
difficult. He was driving very fast.
Commonly used Adverbs of Degree
a) absolutely, completely, entirely, fully, thoroughly, perfectly, totally, decidedly, certainly,
positively, really, deeply, enormously, greatly, highly, utterly, extremely, exceedingly, excessively,
tremendously, increasingly, awfully, badly, terribly, pretty, bitterly, incredibly, unbelievably,
surprisingly, intensely, strongly, extraordinarily, exceptionally, reasonably, remarkably,
considerably, comparatively, relatively, seriously, slightly, significantly, unusually, etc
b) too, enough, very, just, well indeed, for, much, a lot, lots, so, quite, rather, fairly, a bit, a little
barely, hardly, little, scarcely
almost, nearly, practically, virtually

A) Sonu -ly ile biten pek çok zarf, derecelendirme yapmak için kullanılabilir.
He won the football pools again. He is incredibly lucky.
Everything is surprisingly cheap at this market.

12
 I was deeply hurt by his remarks.
Some of our traditions are utterly peculiar to foreigners.
I greatly appreciate your helping me.
I certainly don't want to come with you.
The bike is becoming increasingly popular in Turkey.
Everybody was very elegant at the party, but she was exceptionally elegant.
The children are behaving unusually well today.
The students are remarkably quiet today.
I haven't fully understood what you meant.
It's bitterly cold outside.
Bu grupta awfully, terribly ve badly "very, very much" anlamında kullanılır.
I'm terribly sorry. (= very sorry)
He was awfully/terribly upset by the news.
Badly, want ve need fiilleriyle çok sık kullanılır.
I badly need a holiday for a few days.
She badly wants to have her own car.
I need some money badly. (or I badly need some money.)
Pretty, bu kullanımıyla rather, almost ile aynı anlamdadır ve "oldukça" demektir.
We had a camping holiday, and it was pretty tiring.
They are working pretty hard these days.
B) Too, enough, very, very much and much
Too, bir sıfatı ya da zarfı niteleyebilir.
It's too hot today. (too+adj.)
You are eating too quickly. (too+adv.)
Too bir fiili tek başına asla niteleyemez. Ancak too much biçiminde kullanılırsa, fiili niteleyebiliriz.
You are working too much.
He smokes too much.
Too bir ismi nitelerken, ismin sayılabilir ya da sayılamaz olduğunu dikkate almalıyız. Sayılabilir çoğul
isimlerle too many/too few, sayılamaz isimlerle ise too much/too little kullanabiliriz.
I can't talk to you now. I have too little time.
I don't want to drive now. There is too much traffic at this hour.
She has too few friends, so she feels lonely.
Too, başka zarflarla nitelenebilir. Bu zarflar şunlardır; far, rather, much, a bit, a little.
This skirt is a little too big for me.
This house is much too large for only two people.
It's rather too dreary today to go out.
There were far too many people at the party.
Enough, bir sıfatı, zarfı, fiili ve ismi niteleyebilir. Enough, sıfat ve zarftan sonra, isimden önce gelir.
This rope isn't strong enough. (adj + enough)
I drove carefully enough. (adv. + enough)
We can go out for dinner, I have enough money. (enough + uncountable noun)
We can’t invite so many people. We don’t have enough chairs. (enough + countable
plural noun)
Stop working now. You have worked enough for today, (verb + enough)
Very, bir sıfatı ya da zarfı tanımlayabilir.
Everything is very expensive these days. (very + adj.)
Slow down, please. You are driving very fast. (very + adv.)
Very bir fiili tanımlarken very much biçiminde kullanılır.

13
 I like swimming very much./I very much like swimming.
Much ve very much, appreciate, admire, regret, care, mind, enjoy, like, dislike, hope, fear gibi
derecesini ifade edebileceğimiz fiillerle kullanılır.
Much daha çok olumsuz cümlece ve soruda kullanılır. Olumlu cümlede kullanımı çok kısıtlıdır.
I don't like football much.
He used to drink a lot but he doesn't drink much nowadays.
She doesn't much care to be in crowded places.
I much regret my foolish remarks.
I much appreciate what you have done.
Very much daha çok olumlu cümlede kullanılır ve normalde yeri fiilden; varsa, nesneden sonradır.
Ancak, fiilden önce de gelebilir.
I very much enjoy being with friends./I enjoy being with friends very much.
She very much wants to buy a car./She wants to buy a car very much.
Very much olumsuz cümlede kullanıldığında cümlenin sonunda yer alması tercih edilir.
I don't like football very much.
I don't approve of her course of conduct very much.
Barely, hardly, little, scarcely
Bu zarflar daima olumlu cümlede kullanılırlar ancak cümleye verdikleri anlam olumsuzdur.
Most of the people at the reception were strangers to me.
I barely/hardly/scarcely knew anybody there. (I knew very few people there.)
Hemen hemen hiç kimseyi/neredeyse hiç kimseyi tanımıyordum.
He barely/hardly/scarcely avoided the accident. (but he did.)
Kazayı güçlükle/güç bela önleyebildi.
Little, think, imagine, expect, realise gibi düşünmeye ilişkin fiilleri niteleyebilir.
I little know what he has been doing since he left.
I little expect him to pass the exam.
Almost, nearly, practically, virtually
Bu zarflar, "hemen hemen, neredeyse" anlamındadır. Niteledikleri fiilin önünde yer alırlar.
I almost/nearly /practically hit the child. (But I didn't.)
Çocuğa neredeyse çarpıyordum.
She almost/nearly/practically dropped the tray. (But she didn't)
Tepsiyi neredeyse düşürüyordu.
The questions on the test were really difficult.
I almost/nearly/practically/virtually did nothing. (But I did something.)
Neredeyse/hemen hemen hiçbir şey yapmadım.
Virtually, diğer üçünden daha güçlü bir anlama sahiptir ve "gerçekten" anlamına da gelir.
The defeat of our team was virtually a disaster. (But it wasn't a real disaster.)
Bizim takımın yenilmesi gerçekten bir felaketti.
She spent a lot of money on decorating her house, but it looks like virtually nothing.
Evi gerçekten hiçbir şeye benzemiyor.
Barely/hardly ve scarcely’nin cümleye verdiği anlam ile almost/nearly ve practically'nin yerdiği
arılama dikkat ediniz.
"I barely/hardly/scarcely passed the exam." cümlesi "Sınavı güçlükle/güçbeia geçebildim. Ancak bir
geçer not alabildim." anlamını verir. Ama güçlükle de olsa "pass" eylemi gerçekleşmiştir. Yani kişi
sınavı geçmiştir.

14
"I almost/nearly/practically passed the exam." cümlesi ise "Sınavı neredeyse geçiyordum. Geçmeme
ramak kalmıştı." anlamını verir. Oysa "pass" eylemi gerçekleşmemiştir. Yani kişi sınavdan kalmıştır.
Fairly, quite, rather
Fairly, quite ve rather, bir sıfat ya da zarfı niteleyebilir.
Rather, "considerably" ile aynı anlama sahiptir ve "oldukça, bir hayli" demektir. Rather daha çok
expensive, late, poor, ugly, sadly, unwisely, etc. gibi olumsuz bir özelliği ifade eden sıfat ya da zarflan
nitelemek için kullanılır.
It's rather cold today.
She behaved rather foolishly last night.
She was rather tense, so I advised her to take a few days off.
Fairly, daha çok olumlu bir özellik ifade eden sıfat ya da zarflarla kullanılır.
She is fairly tall. (not very tall, moderately)
It's fairly warm today. (not hot, not colD)
I'm fairly tolerant with my son.
Quite, iki anlama sahip bir zarftır. Birinci anlamı "fairly" ile aynıdır ve "oldukça" demektir.
Quite da fairly gibi, daha çok olumlu bir özellik ifade eden sıfat ya da zarflarla kullanılır.
It's quite warm today. Let's have a walk.
I try to be quite understanding to him.
She managed to settle the row quite cleverly.
Quite, "tamlık, bütünlük" ifade eden empty, full, ready, sure, wrong, right, unique, alone, etc. gibi
sıfatlarla ya da incredible, unexpected, amazing, extraordinary, horrible, superb, marvellous, etc. gibi
çok güçlü anlama sahip sıfatlarla kullanıldığında "completely" anlamına gelir.
I'm not quite ready. (completely ready)
The suitcase is quite empty. (completely empty) (Valiz tamamen boş.)
You are quite right. (completely right)
Quite, bir fiili de niteleyebilir. Eğer nitelediği fiil enjoy, like, want, wish gibi derecesini
belirtebileceğimiz bir fiil ise "quite" in anlamı "oldukça" dır. Ancak agree, think, understand gibi
bütünlük ifade eden bir fiil ise "quite" in buradaki anlamı "completely"dir.
I quite liked the film. (Filmi oldukça beğendim.)
We quite enjoyed ourselves at the party. (Partide oldukça eğlendik.)
I don't quite understand his excuse. (Onun mazeretini tam olarak anlamadım.)
We haven't quite finished the book. (Kitabı tam olarak bitirmedik.)
I quite agree with him. (Onunla tamamen aynı fikirdeyim.)
Rather da like, enjoy, dislike, object gibi fiilleri nitelemek için "oldukça" anlamında kullanılır.
I rather object to elementary school students being given too much homework.
She rather likes doing housework.
Sıfat tamlamalarında a/an "fairly"den önce kullanılır.
She is a fairly tall girl.
It is a fairly interesting story.
A/an, "rather'dan önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
This is a rather difficult question/rather a difficult question.
This is a rather noisy place/rather a noisy place.
A/an, "quite" dan sonra gelir.
It was quite a nice holiday.
She was quite an understanding person.
Our house is quite a long way from here.

EXERCISE 3 : Choose the correct answer.

15
 1- If you are not ......... satisfied with the product, you can return it for a full, refund.
A) extraordinarily B) slightly C) increasingly D) decidedly E) entirely
2- The problem of congestion is becoming ......... unbearable in Istanbul with each day.
A) deeply B) fully C) bitterly D) unusually E) increasingly
3- He was ......... hurt by her spiteful remarks.
A) favourably B) highly C) perfectly D) deeply E) fully
4- With his long and well-prepared speech he gave yesterday, our manager made our objectives
for next year ......... clear.
A) perfectly B) deeply C) enormously D) greatly E) bitterly
5- The politician made a stirring speech, but many people in the audience ......... doubted his
sincerity.
A) seriously B) practically C) exceptionally D) severely E) fatally
6- Once you have learnt one foreign language, learning a second is ......... easy.
A) fully B) comparatively C) deeply D) excessively E) intensely
7- When we have examined the situation .......... we will issue a report.
A) thoroughly B) decidedly C) tremendously D) increasingly E) relatively
8- She produces some ......... intelligent essays, but she needs to participate mere in class
discussions.
A) badly B) bitterly C) slightly D) certainly E) exceedingly
9- Several decisions by the referee during the game in favour of one team revealed him to be
......... biased.
A) reasonably B) barely C) bitterly D) decidedly E) practically
10- I think Bamby is ......... talented and should be picked for the team.
A) completely B) exceptionally C) fully D) badly E) barely
EXERCISE 4 : A) Match each adverb on the left below with its synonym in the box.

1- safely 6- incessantly a) constantly f) voluntarily

2- shyly 7- precisely b) fundamentally g) adventurously
3- widely 8- adequately c) securely h) exactly
4- essentially 9- daringly d) timidly i) competently
5- skilfully 10- willingly e) extensively j) sufficiently

b) Choose the correct answer.

1. The flowers on top of the wedding cake were particularly ...........made. They looked almost
real.
A) incessantly B) skilfully C) essentially D) voluntarily E) shyly
2. She doesn't get any extra wages, but she became the company's health and safety officer
......... because she thought the training useful to have.
A) sufficiently B) widely C) voluntarily D) shyly E) precisely
3. To be honest. I don't think my daughter is ......... talented to win the first prize in the art
competition.
A) shyly B) voluntarily C) adventurously D) sufficiently E) exactly
4. While on holiday in America, he ......... travelled down the Colorado River in an
inflatable raft.
A) essentially B) widely C) incessantly D) adequately E) daringly
5. His success as a speed skater is ......... due to his speed and stamina.
A) fundamentally B) willingly C) daringly D) sufficiently E) timidly
EXERCISE 5 : A) Match each adjective on the left below with its opposite in the box.
1- identical 5- broad
2- intentional
6- sharp a) shallow f) harsh
3- abrupte 7- distant b) permanent g) different
4- temporary 8- tender c) narrow h) close
d) blunt i) accidental
e) gradual j) innocent 16
9- deep 10- guilty
b) Choose the correct answer.
1- Sending her to her room was ........ . After all, she had spilt the milk accidentally.
A) gradual B) harsh C) guilty D) temporary E) blunt
2- I'm sure I've seen a/an ......... vase to yours in the antique shop in town.
A) identical B) innocent C) permanent D) tender E) abrupt
3- I might have applied for the information officer's job at the hospital if it had been a/an
......... position, but it is only a twelve-month contract.
A) deep B) broad C) permanent D) gradual E) identical
4- The committee of the sports club has decided to advertise in the local newspaper as there
has been a/an ......... decline in membership for the last few seasons.
A) narrow B) accidental C) gradual D) distant E) identical
5- Not giving the precise details of the President's tour in the article was a/an .........omission
for security reasons.
A) sharp B) accidental C) identical D) abrupt E) intentional
EXERCISE 6 : a) Match each adverb on the left below with its opposite in the box.
1- cheerfully
2- wisely
3- considerately
4- incorrectly
5- quickly
6- harshly
7- abundantly
8- casually
9- obscurely
10- indisputably a) sparsely i) thoughtlessly
11- enthusiastically b) deniably j) formally
12- publicly c) seriously k) artificially
13- smoothly d) stupidly 1) plainly
14- naturally e) sorrowfully m) slowly
15- humorously f) privately n) half-heartedly
g) tenderly o) roughly
h) accurately

17
b) Choose the correct answer.
1- Jonathan acted ......... and left the room when he realised the argument was developing into
a fight.
A) wisely B) artificially C) roughly D) harshly E) deniably
2- With his suit and tie, Mark was dressed rather ......... for a cricket match, but he explained
that he had come directly from his office.
A) sparsely B) privately C) obscurely D) formally E) casually
3- We had better put the-milk back in the refrigerator as it will go sour ......... in this hot
weather.
A) seriously B) quickly C) obscurely D) harshly E) roughly
4- Jamie ......... entered the obstacle race at his school's summer fair and he was confident
that he would win.
A) enthusiastically B) privately C) publicly D) smoothly E) tenderly
5- The whole family gathered, in tears, and buried their pet dog in the garden of their
home ....... .
A) densely B) indisputably C) sorrowfully D) humorously E) roughly
6- He didn't have much enthusiasm for the job and carried out his work ......... .
A) publicly B) smoothly C) half-heartedly D) wisely E) meticulously
7- None of the medical staff at the hospital had criticised the doctor in public, but ..........
many had had their suspicions about him.
A) deniably B) artificially C) plainly D) casually E) privately
8- The company has had its problems in the past, but this is the first time that the board have
......... discussed closing the factory.
A) accurately B) naturally C) roughly D) seriously E) smoothly
9- Because of the favourable climate, vegetables grow ......... in the area, which provides
plentiful food for the residents.
A) smoothly B) abundantly C) considerately D) humorously E) sparsely
10- The author includes his own life experiences in the town ......... and interweaves them with
the plot. You cannot tell the factual sections from the fictional ones.
A) artificially B) roughly C) deniably D) privately E) obscurely
EXERCISE 7: Choose the synonym for the word in bold type.
1- It's probable that the hospital will be extended next year.
A) fortunate B) unusual C) definite D) certain E) likely
2- I had difficulty understanding the man as he had a strange accent.
A) relentless B) complicated C) plain D) peculiar E) ordinary
3- I was a little concerned about Joe's failure to turn up punctually and rang his mother to
make sure that everything was all right.
A) sorrowful B) worried C) humble D) reluctant E) reliable
4- He got involved in a fight at school, which was silly.
A) aggressive B) foolish C) shameful D) wise E) considerate
5- This month, as well as my wages, I received an extra one hundred pounds, which
was a bonus for meeting the sales target.
A) reserved B) inclusive C) exclusive D) undivided E) additional
6- He won the competition and his performance was practically flawless.
A) hopeless B) fruitless C) perfect D) faulty E) doubtful
7- As soon as we saw the hurricane coming towards the farm, we run to the
underground bunker, where we knew we would be secure.
A) satisfactory B) injured C) lively D) careless E) safe
8- It was obvious that the horse had been neglected by his owner.
A) apparent B) insistent C) invalid D) obscure E) ignored
9- It was very rude of us to leave the television on when Mrs Short visited us.
A) fierce B) aggressive C) impolite D) modest E) impatient
10- This Monday, customs officers seized 100,000 counterfeit Gucci watches from a cargo of
fruit and vegetables arriving from Eastern Europe.
A) genuine B) inestimable C) fake D) valuable E) worthless
11- I'm envious of people who are really happy in the morning and sing as they get ready
for work or school.
A) alert B) wide-awake C) humorous D) cheerful E) sentimental
12- Do you think it is credible that he had no knowledge of the drugs in his suitcase?
A) believable B) knowledgeable C) casual D) extraordinary E) usual
13- My son was surprisingly unwilling to come out with us last night, as I know he is
very fond of going to the cinema.
A) voluntary B) reluctant C) invalid D) cautious E) compulsory
14- We thought it was needless to participate in the introduction section of the training,
which was to waste our time.
A) required B) useful C) reliable D) unnecessary E) reckless
15- The collar of this shirt is so stiff that it's making my neck sore.

18
 A) smooth B) rough C) flat D) uneven E) rigid

EXERCISE 8: Choose the opposite of the word in bold type.

1- Melons are rather cheap at the moment, aren't they?

A) ripe B) expensive C) raw D) tasteless E) priceless
2- This play is so boring that I can't wait for the final scene.
A) primitive B) motionless C) exciting D) graceful E) uncultivated
3- It is unusual for him to display such aggressive behaviour under these circumstances.
A) passive B) humorous C) wise D) serious E) conceited
4- The problem with you is that you are always too optimistic and you don't understand
thereality of the situation.
A) sincere B) tactful C) systematic D) pessimistic E) silly
5- The rest of the staff think that he is too proud for a sales manager, but I think that he has
the ideal personality for the job.
A) conceited B) selfish C) humble D) generous E) efficient
6- He gave the beggar ten pence, which we thought was extremely miserly.
A) forgetful B) generous C) thoughtful D) miserable E) cheerful
7- The committee decided that the club had sufficient funds to replace the old carpet in the
clubhouse.
A) inestimable B) unbearable C) unnatural D) unavailable E) inadequate
8- When we toured the property, we realised that features of the house were understated.
A) exaggerated B) infamous C) unnecessary D) magnified E) underestimated
9- You can see how much work he does if you look at his hands, which are covered in
rough skin.
A) calm B) coarse C) smooth D) raw E) shiny
10- The South West is a particularly fertile area of the country.
A) fruitful B) useful C) plentiful D) barren E) uncultivated.
11- WalR to the end of this road, where you will see a broad path on your right, and that
leads up to the castle.
A) shallow B) deep C) uneven D) miserly E) narrow
12- Margaret's halfpenny from the year 1934 is valuable, but she wants to keep it to give to
her son when he's older.
A) harmless B) cheap C) profitable D) priceless E) worthless
13- I much prefer soft cheese on sandwiches.
A) solid B) hard C) rough D) smooth E) spongy
14- Because of their reputation, we were already expecting the reckless behaviour they
displayed.
A) responsible B) notorious C) proud D) vain E) famous
15- Hiring the village hall for the wedding reception was resourceful.
A) annoying B) creative C) unimaginative D) predictable E) unbearable

2-6 SENTENCE ADVERBS

Bu zarflar bütün bir cümleyi niteler ve konuşmacının yorumunu, düşüncesini ifade eder.
a) Cümleyi niteleyen zarllann büyük bir bölümü, olasılık derecesini ifade eder. Bunlardan yaygın
olarak kullanılanlar şunlardır:
actually certainly perhaps
indeed definitely possibly
really clearly probably
in fact undoubtedly
(doubtless) presumably
surely evidently maybe
obviously
of course
Bu zarflardan definitely, perhaps, maybe ve of course hariç diğerleri, cümlenin başında,
ortasında ya da sonunda yer alabilirler.
Mid-position:
Bu zarflar ortada kullanıldığı zaman "be" fiilinden sonra gelir.
He is obviously innocent.

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 They are probably at home.
Yardımcı fiil yoksa, yardımcı fiille asıl fiil arasında yer alırlar.
He will probably come late tonight.
He had obviously taken the money.
Olumsuz cümlede "not'dan önce kullanılırlar. Ancak, özneden hemen sonra kullanılması daha
yaygındır.
He will probably not come tomorrow./He probably won't come tomorrow.
He certainly can't do the job.
At the beginning or at the end of a sentence:
Certainly he has been working very hard.
He has been working very hard certainly.
Obviously they will raise the prices again.
They will raise the prices again obviously.
Definitely'nin cümlenin başında kullanılması çok enderdir. Daha çok cümlenin ortasında
kullanılır.
He was definitely at home at that hour.
He is trying to do his best definitely.
Perhaps, of course ve maybe, cümlenin sonunda da kullanılabilmelerine rağmen daha çok
cümlenin başında kullanılırlar. Ancak, vurguyu arttırmak için ortada kullanılmaları da
mümkündür. Bu durumda iki virgül arasında kullanılırlar.
Perhaps he can lend us his car.
He can lend us his car perhaps.
Of course he is capable of doing that.
He is capable of doing lhat of course.
He is, of course, capable of doing that.
Surely, daha çok cümlenin başında ya da sonunda kullanılır.
Surely, he was at the demonstration! (I feel almost sure that he was.)
b) Cümleyi niteleyebildi diğer zarflar şunlardır:
admittedly, annoyingly, frankly, fortunately, unfortunately, luckily, unluckily, honestly,
personally, naturally, surprisingly, understandably, seriously, rightly, wrongly, etc.
Bu zarflar genelde cümlenin başında kullanılırlar. Ancak, cümlenin sonunda kullanılmaları da
mümkündür. Genellikle bir virgülle cümlenin devamından ayrılırlar.
Frankly, he doesn't work hard enough to succeed.
Dürüst olmak gerekirse/Doğruyu söylemek gerekirse, başaracak kadar çok çalışmıyor.
Understandably, he doesn't want to join us.
Anlaşıldığı gibi/Anlaşıldığı üzere/Anlaşılan o ki bize katılmak istemiyor.
Seriously, why don't your parents move to the country? The air is cleaner there.
Cidden/gerçekten, ailen neden taşraya taşınmıyor?
Rightly or wrongly, he decided to quit school and start to work.
Doğru ya da yanlış, okulu bırakıp çalışmaya karar verdi.
Naturally, everybody wants to live in better conditions.
Doğal olarak herkes daha iyi koşullarda yaşamak ister.

2-7 FOCUSING ADVERBS

Bu zarflar, cümlenin bir öğesini vurgulamak için kullanılır. Cümle içindeki yerleri genelde
vurguladıkları isimden hemen öncedir. Bu zarflan şöyle sıralayabiliriz:
only, just, merely, simply, purely, solely, exclusively, exactly, chiefly, mainly, primarily,
mostly, especially, particularly, either, too, also, as well, even

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Merely, purely ve simply, hemen her zaman vurguladıkları isimden önce gelirler.
I merely/purely/simply wanted to warn you. I had no other intention.
Seni sadece uyarmak istedim. Başka bir niyetim yoktu.
Just, only ve even, vurguladıkları isimden hemen önce gelebilirler. Ancak arada kullanılan
zarfların (mid-position) kullanıldığı biçimde de yer alabilirler.
I just/only want to warn you. (fiili vurguladıkları için başka bir yerde kullanılamazlar.)
(Seni sadece uyarmak istedim.)
I bought only /just a sweater. / I only/just bought a sweater. Sadece bir kazak aldım.
I had eaten only/just a sandwich. /I had only/just eaten a sandwich. Sadece bir sandviç
yemiştim.
She did many things yesterday. She even did some shopping. (Alışveriş bile yaptı.)
He left without saying anything. He didn't even say goodbye.
I bought many things. I even bought a pair of jeans. (Bir kot pantolon bile aldım.)
Even ve only, özneyi vurguluyorsa, özneden önce kullanılır.
Only Janette objected to my suggestion. The others accepted.
Sadece Janette benim önerime karşı çıktı.
Even my father burst into tears when we got the news of his death.
Onun ölüm haberini alınca, babam bile ağladı.
Too, also, as well ve either, hepsi "de, da" anlamını verir.
Either, daima cümle sonunda ve olumsuz cümlede kullanılır.
Father didn't want to go to the cinema. He didn't want us to go either.
Too ve as well olumlu cümlede ve genellikle cümle sonunda kullanılırlar. Ancak, too, özneyi
vurgularken ortada da kullanılabilir.
Everybody enjoyed the play. My parents enjoyed it too/as well.
I, too, had expected him to pass.
Ben de onun geçeceğini ummuştum.
Also, ortada kullanılan bir zarftır. Ancak, vurguladığı sözcüğe bağlı olarak cümle içindeki yeri
değişebilir.
I met many old school friends at the party. I also met some of our teachers. .
I also had expected him to pass. (Ben de .......)
I had expected also him to pass. (Onun da ......)
Vurgulama zarfı olarak exactly, daha çok wh- soru sözcükleriyle kullanılır.
What exactly do you mean? (Tam olarak ne demek istiyorsun?)
How exactly did the accident happen? (Kaza tam olarak nasıl oldu?)
Examples with other focusing adverbs:
I think you are wrong, especially on this occasion.
Parents' duty is not exclusively to feed their children.
We should deal primarily with the housing problem.
I'm afraid I can't support you, particularly on this point.
The people at the wedding were mainly/chiefly the bride's relatives.
Knowing a foreign language is important mainly/chiefly in jobs doing business with
foreigners.
We should primarily focus on saving the company from bankruptcy in these economic
conditions. Then we can consider expansion.

3- ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB STRUCTURES

3-1 TOO AND ENOUGH*

Too + adjective/adverb + to infinitive
Too olumlu cümlede kullanılır. Ancak cümlenin anlamı olumsuzdur.

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 I'm too tired. I can't go out tonight.
I'm too tired to go out tonight.
Bu aksam dışan çıkamayacak kadar yorgunum.

You are working too slowly. You can't finish the report by 5 o'clock.
You are working too slowly to finish the report by 5 o'clock.
This problem is too complicated. You can't solve it without help.
This problem is too complicated for you to solve without help.
Adjective/adverb + enough + to infinitive
She is mature enough. She can decide for herself.
She is mature enough to decide for herself.
We are walking fast enough. We can catch the train.
We are walking fast enough to catch the train.
Trene yetişecek kadar hızlı yürüyoruz.
* Too ve enough’1ı cümleler hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. Sayı:7 Bölüm: 2/9

She isn't reliable enough. You can't confide your secret in her.
She isn't reliable enough for you to confide your secret in.
Sırrını ona açabileceğin kadar güvenilir değil.
Enough, sıfat ve zanlardan sonra, isimlerden önce gelir.
We don't have enough eggs to make an omelette.
I don't think I'll have enough time tomorrow to visit them.
Yarın onlan ziyaret edecek kadar vaktimin olacağını sanmıyorum.
Enough ve too ile eşanlamlı cümleler üretebiliriz.
You are too tense to take a healthy decision.
Sağlıklı bir karar veremeyecek kadar gerginsin.
You aren't calm enough to take a healthy decision.
Sağlıklı bir karar verecek kadar sakin değilsin.
This dress is too expensive for me to buy.
This dress isn't cheap enough for me to buy.

3-2 SO ........ THAT, SUCH ........ THAT

a) So + adjective/adverb: so warm, so beautiful, so expensive, etc.
so fast, so carefully, so quickly, etc.
Such + a/an + adjective + a singular noun: such a pretty girl, such a lovely day, such an
absurd case, etc.
Such + adjective + plural noun: such pretty girls, such happy days, such expensive shoes.
Such + adjective + uncountable noun: such awful weather, such difficult vocabulary, such
strong coffee, etc.
So ve such niteledikleri sıfatın anlamını kuvvetlendirir. Such, sıfat tamlamalanyla kullanılır. So'dan
sonra bir zarf da gelebilir.
I liked the meal. It was so delicious. (It was really delicious.)
I don't want to read this book. It's so boring. (t is really boring.)
She is a good cook. She cooks such delicious meals. (really delicious meals)
I like her very much. She is such a nice person. (a really nice person)
Such'dan sonra direk bir isim de gelebilir. Bu durumda such "böyle, öyle" anlamına gelir.
Some people like money a lot. Such people don't like to spend money even for their
own needs.
(Böyle insanlar ..............)

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b) So ve such, sıfatın ya da zarfın derecesinin umduğumuzdan az ya da çok olduğunu ifade ederken
"bu kadar, o kadar" anlamında da kullanılır.
The play was excellent. I hadn't expected it to be so good. (Bu kadar iyi olacağını
ummamıştım.)
Don't work so hard. You'll lose your health. (Bu kadar çok çalışma.)
The exam was really difficult. I hadn't expected it to be such a difficult exam. (Bu
kadar zor bir sınav olacağını ummamıştım.)
Their house is very large. I didn't know they had such a large house. (Bu kadar büyük
bir evleri olduğunu bilmiyordum.)
c) So ve such, süreç, mesafe ve miktar bildiren sözcüklerle şu şekillerde kullanılır.

So long=such a long time

I didn't think the job would take so long/such a long time.
İşin bu kadar uzun süreceğini sanmıyordum.

So far=such a long way

I didn't know your house was so far/such a long way from your work.
Evinizin işinize bu kadar uzak olduğunu bilmiyordum.
Miktar bildiren sözcüklerle so da bir isimle birlikte kullanılır.

With countable nouns:

So many=such a lot of
I have so many books/ such a lot of books that I don't know where to put them. (O
kadar çok kitabım var ki ............... .)

So few=such a few
She has so few friends/such a few friends that she feels lonely. (O kadar az arkadaşı
var ki...)

With uncountable nouns:

So much=such a lot of
They have so much furniture/such a lot of furniture at home.
(Evlerinde o kadar çok mobilya var ki.)

So little=such a little
I can't do shopping with so little money/such a little money.
(Bu kadar az parayla alışveriş yapamam.)

d) So ve such neden-sonuç ilişkisi kurarak iki cümleyi bağlayabilir.

Reason: I was very tired. Effect: I went to bed early.
I was so tired that I went to bed early.
(O kadar yorgundum ki erkenden yattım.)
Reason: There were a lot of people in the queue.
Effect: I decided not to see the film.
There were so many people / such a lot of people in the queue that I decided not to see
the film.
It was a hard job. I felt exhausted afterwards.
It was such a hard job that I felt exhausted afterwards.

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 I have a lot of work to do tomorrow. I don't think I'll have time to call you.
I have such a lot of work / so much work to do tomorrow that I don't think I'll have
time to call you.

Genelde, iki cümle arasında tense uyuşması vardır. Ancak, uygun bir geçiş sağlanıyorsa, neden ve
sonuç farklı zamanlara ait tense'lerle ifade edilebilir.
He is so weak that I don't think he can carry this bag.
He was so weak that I didn't think he could carry the bag.
(Bu örneklerde neden ve sonuç aynı zamana aittir.)
He got so annoyed with me that I didn't think he would forgive me. ("got annoyed"
ve "didn't think", her ikisi de geçmişte gerçekleşmiş eylemler.)
Bana o kadar kızmıştı ki beni affedeceğini ummuyordum.
He got so annoyed with me that I don't think he will forgive me.
("got annoyed" geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir eylem. Ancak "don't think he will" present
time'a ait.)
Bana o kadar kızdı ki beni affedeceğini sanmıyorum.

İki cümle arasındaki "that"" kaldırılabilir. Anlam değişmez.

It's so humid today that I find it difficult to breathe.
It's so humid today I find it difficult to breathe.
It's such a lovely blouse that I'll certainly buy it.
It's such a lovely blouse I'll certainly buy it.

EXERCISE 9: Combine the two sentences using so ...... that or such ..... that.

1- He was condescending when he spoke to me. I had to try hard to keep my composure.
He was ...............................................................................................................
2- Portions served in Dutch restaurants are huge. You might want to share a meal unless
you're very hungry.
Portions served in Dutch restaurants are ............................................................
3- It was a boring game. He didn't stay until the end.
It was .................................................................................................................
4- He was carrying the tray of food carelessly. He dropped his glass of Coke and stained his
new t-shirt.
He was carrying the tray of food......................................................................................
5- Grandma told the children an interesting story. They all listened to her attentively.
Grandma told the children ....................................................................................
6- The company's level of service was low. He wrote a letter of complaint.
The company's level of service was ...................................................................... .

EXERCISE 10: a) Rewrite the sentences using such instead of so.

Example: The meal was so spicy that it gave me a stomach ache.

It was such a spicu meal that it gave me a stomach ache.
1- He is so greedy that he never seems to stop eating.
He is .................................................................................
2- The coffee was so strong that I will probably be awake most of the night.
It was .........................................................................................
3- There are so many calories in Börek that if you eat a lot of it, you'll become overweight.
There are ................................................................................................................

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 4- The news was so distressing that he collapsed immediately.
It was .....................................................................................................................
5- The holiday resort was so wonderful that we have already booked to go there again next
year.
It was .....................................................................................................................

b) Rewrite the sentences using so instead of such.

1- He was such a coxvardly person that he didn't mention the problem to the manager.
He was ...................................................................................................................
2- It took me such a long time to get served in the library that I was late back ;o my office.
It took me ............................................................................................................. .
3- There were such a lot of defective products that we had to send the entire consignment
back to Germany.
There we're .............................................................................................................
4- My neighbours are such helpful people that I settled down here quickly.
My neighbours are .................................................................................................
5- This is such a sharp knife that it can cut steak easily.
This knife is ...........................................................................................................

3-3 COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

a) Regular Inflection of Adjectives and Adverbs

Sıfatların karşılaştırmalı biçimini elde etmek için "-er" takısı ya da "more" sözcüğü kullanılır.
Genellikle bir heceli ya da bazı iki heceli sıfatlar sonuna -er takısı alır.
big-bigger long-longer tidy-tidier pretty-prettier
thin-thinner short-shorter happy-happier dear-dearer
easy-easier slow-slower quick-quicker early-earlier
Sonu -ing, -ed ve -s ile biten sıfatlar, kısa heceli de olsa sonuna -er takısı alamazlar. Bu sıfatların
başına "more" getirilir.

tired-more tired bored-more bored serious-more serious

tiring-more tiring boring-more boring tedious-more tedious
Bazı iki heceli sıfatlar her iki biçimde de kullanılabilir.

simple-simpler/more simple common-commoner/more common

narrow-narrower/more narrow friendly-friendlier/more friendly
polite-politer/more polite handsome-handsomer/more handsome

Çoğu iki ve daha fazla heceli sıfatlar başına "more" alır.

modest-more modest careful-more careful comfortable-more comfortable
hostile-more hostile careless-more careless beautiful-more beautiful
certain-more certain frequent-more frequent practical-more practical
content-more content intelligent-more intelligent efficient-more efficient
Sonu -ly ile biten zarflar başına "more" alır.
slowly-more slowly quickly-more quickly carefully-more carefully
easily-more easily cleverly-more cleverly comfortably-more comfortably

25
Sonu -ly ile bitmeyen fast, hard, late zarflan sonuna -er takısı alır.
fast-faster hard-harder late-later
Ancak often bu kuralın dışındadır ve more often biçiminde çekimlenir.
Early ise sonu -ly ile bittiği halde earlier biçiminde çekimlenir.
Karşılaştırma yapabilmek için iki öğeye ihtiyacımız vardır. İki insanı, iki nesneyi, iki yeri vs. birbiriyle
karşılaştırabiliriz. Karşılaştırılan öğelerden ikincisine geçerken arada "than" kullanılır.
İstanbul is bigger than Ankara.
Ayşe is more beautiful than her sister.
Your house is larger than ours. (our house)
Her hair is longer than mine. (my hair)
She is taller than me.
He is driving more carefully than you.
I find basketball more enjoyable than volleyball.
Karşılaştırmayı yaparken, her iki nesnenin de tekil ya da her ikisinin de çoğul olması gerekmez. Şu
örneği inceleyelim:
İstanbul is bigger than all the other cities in Turkey.
Bu örnekte, İstanbul'u Türkiye'nin diğer bütün şehirleriyle karşılaştırdığımız için, yine iki taraf vardır.
Ayşe is more hardworking than all my other students.
Ayşe diğer bütün öğrencilerimden daha çalışkandır.
He drives more carefully than his brothers.
Some people are luckier than others.
Aynı nesnenin farklı zamanlardaki durumunu da karşılaştırabiliriz.
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
Bugün hava dün olduğundan (dünkünden) daha sıcak. OR
It was cooler yesterday than it is today.
Dün hava bugünkünden daha serindi.
I could run longer distances when I was younger than I can now.
She works harder this year than she did last year.
Last night, they treated us more sincerely than I had expected.
(Dün akşam bize, umduğumdan daha samimi davrandılar.)
I used to go to the cinema more often when I was at university than I do
now.
Comparative yapıyı, belirtili bir nesne için kullanıyorsak, önüne "the" gelir.
- Which of those two is your English teacher?
- The taller (of them) is my English teacher.

- Of these two apples, can I take the bigger one?

Aksi takdirde "the" kullanılmaz.

My English teacher is taller than yours.
This apple is bigger than that one.
b) Irregular Inflection of Adjectives and Adverbs
Bazı sıfat ve zarfların çekimi, belirtilen kuralların dışındadır.
good (adj.) / well (adv.) = better much = more
bad (adj.) / badly (adv.) = worse many= more
far = farther / further little = less
She is a better driver than I thought.
She drove the car better than I thought.

26
 He is better at mathematics than his sister, but he is worse at physics.
He speaks English worse than anybody else in the classroom.
Good, bad ve well sözcüklerim "feel" ve "get- fiilleriyle kullanırken belli kısıtlamalar vardır. "Well"
in, sağlığımıza ilişkin konuşurken "iyi" anlamında bir sıfat olduğunu görmüştük.
- How-are you today/How do you feel today?
- I am well/I feel well, (not "good")
Eğer, hasta birine "İyileşinceye kadar yatmalısın." demek istiyorsak, well ya da onun comparative
biçimi better kullanabiliriz. (good kullanamayız.)
You must stay in bed until you feel well/better.
Eğer hasta biri, "Bugün kendimi kötü/daha kötü hissediyorum." demek istiyorsa bunu şöyle ifade
edebiliriz.
I feel worse today. (not "bad")
"Feel good/bad", kişinin ruh halini ifade etmek için kullanılabilir.
I feel good. (happy, pleased, etc.) I feel bad.(unhappy, displeased, etc.)
Get fiilinden sonra good ve bad kullanılmaz. Bunların comparative biçimi better ve worse
kullanılır. "Get well" kullanımı da mümkündür.
She was very ill yesterday, but she is getting better.
Your English is getting better. (İngilizcen düzeliyor.)
The economic situation is getting worse. (Ekonomik durum kötüleşiyor.)
I hope you'll get well soon. (Umarım yakında iyileşirsin.)
Nicelik sıfatı olarak much ve many "more" biçiminde çekimlenir. Little'ın comparative biçimi
"less"dir. Few düzenlidir. "Fewer" biçiminde çekimlenir.
You have little money, but I have less. (I have less money than you.)
I have few books, but you have fewer than me.
There were fewer people at the demonstration yesterday than at the previous one.
(Dünkü gösteride öncekinden daha az kişi vardı.)
I think you have more money than all of us.
I guess more people will become unemployed in the days to come.
(Sanırım önümüzdeki günlerde daha çok insan issiz kalacak.)
Zarf olarak much ve little’ın comparative biçimi yine more ve less'dir.
I drove the car more than you did.
I used to read more than to do now.
She thinks very little, but her sister thinks less.
"More" gibi "less"de sıfat ve zarfları nitelemek için kullanılır.
This bed is less comfortable than the one I slept in last night. (Bu yatak, dün akşam
yattığım yataktan daha az rahat.)
Bu cümleden çıkan sonuç "yatakların ikisi de rahat, ama bu daha az rahat"dır. Eğer bu cümleyi "more
uncomfortable" ile ifade edersek anlam biraz değişir:
This bed is more uncomfortable than the one I slept in last night.
(Bu yatak, dün akşam yattığım yataktan daha rahatsız.)
Bu cümleden çıkan sonuç ise "Yatakların her ikisi de rahatsız ama bu daha rahatsız"dır.
Both a Mercedes and a BMW are expensive cars, but a BMW is less expensive than a
Mercedes.
Far iki şekilde comparative yapılır: farther ya da further. Eğer far, "uzak" anlamında kullanılıyorsa
comparative biçimi farther ya da further olabilir.
Your house is farther/further from the city centre than ours.
Further'ın bir anlamı da "more" demektir. Bu anlamda farther kullanılmaz.
I'll let you know as soon as I get further information. (more information)

27
OLDER AND ELDER
İki kişinin ya da iki nesnenin yaşlarını karşılaştınyorsak "older" kullanılır. "Abla, ağabey, büyük amca
vs." gibi aile bireylerinden, daha büyük olanını ifade ediyorsak "elder" kullanılır. "Than" kullanılan
cümlelerde elder kullanılmaz; çünkü "than" karşılaştırma yapar.
My elder sister lives in Germany. (Ablam Almanya'da oturuyor.)
Her elder brother doesn't allow her to stay out late.
(Ağabeyi, onun geç vakte kadar dışarıda kalmasına izin vermiyor.)
I have two sisters. One is older than me, and one is younger.
Are you older or younger than your brother?
Older "daha eski" anlamında da kullanılır.
Our apartment building is older than all the others in our street.
This car seems older than the one we tried out yesterday, and I'd prefer to buy the
newer one.
c) İki nesneyi karşılaştırırken bazı zarflarla karşılaştırmanın derecesini azaltabilir ya da
çoğaltabiliriz. Karşılaştırmalı bir sıfat ya da zarfı niteleyebilecek zarflar şunlardır: far, much, a
little, even, hardly, scarcely, almost, nearly, any, rather. (quite ve fairly, comparative yapılarla
kullanılmaz.)
Ankara is a big city, but Istanbul is much/a lot/far bigger than Ankara. (Istanbul
Ankara'dan çok daha büyük.)
This exam is a bit/a little more difficult than the previous one.
(Bu sınav öncekinden biraz daha zor.)
You said her handwriting was better than yours, but it isn't any better.
(..... ama hiç de daha iyi değil.)
Last night, I went to bed rather earlier than usual.
(Dün akşam, her zamankinden oldukça erken yattım.)
d) Bir durumun sürekli değiştiğini vurgulamak için comparative adjective ya da adverb çift
kullanılabilir: more and more, faster and faster, better and better, more and more expensive,
etc. Örneklerde görüldüğü gibi, -er takısı olan sıfatların kendisi çift söylenir. Çok hecelilerde ise
more yinelenir.
Everything is getting more and more expensive.
Her şey gittikçe pahalılaşıyor.
It's becoming more and more important to know a foreign language. (=It's
becoming increasingly important to....)
Yabancı dil bilmek gittikçe daha çok önem kazanıyor.
More and more students are taking the university exam.
Gittikçe daha çok öğrenci üniversite sınavına giriyor.
It's becoming harder and harder to find a job.
They began to work more and more slowly.
e) Karşılaştırmalı yapıyı, iki durumun birbirine bağlı olarak değiştiğini ifade etmek için de
kullanabiliriz.
The harder you work, the more successful you will be.
Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar başarılı olursun.
The less you eat, the more quickly you'll lose weight.
Ne kadar az yersen o kadar çabuk kilo verirsin.
The more you earn, the more you can spend.
Ne kadar çok kazanırsan o kadar çok harcayabilirsin.
The harder the job became, the less interested I was.
İş zorlaştıkça ilgim azaldı.
The more he talked, the more annoyed I became.
O konuştukça öfkem arttı.
Bu cümlelerdeki anlamı "as" kullanarak da verebiliriz.

28
 As I grew older, I became more interested in music.
The older I grew, the more interested I became in music.
Büyüdükçe müziğe olan ilgim arttı.
As I waited there for him to come, I got more and more impatient.
The longer I waited there for him to come, the more impatient I got.
EXERCISE 11: Complete the sentences using the comparative forms of the adjectives or
adverbs given in parentheses.
1- Since they moved to their house on the banks of the river, where the surroundings are
.......................... they haven't been on so many day trips. (pleasant)
2- After the survey, the doctors concluded that most Americans need to eat ........................ meat
and ........................ fruit and vegetables. (little/much)
3- I tried to talk to her to calm her down, but she just got ........................ . (worried)
4- Some people can express themselves ........................ in written words than they can verbally.
(good)
5- Whether they are a ........................ team than Bursa is debatable, but they won because they
played a lot ........................ on the night. (good/well)
6- I wish you had told me ........................ that you were looking for a sofa as my mother gave
away a nice one recently. (early)
7- She has been studying Chinese language and history ........................ since she visited the
country last year. (passionately)
8- They are both legendary cricket players, but his father is ........................ than he is. (famous)
9- The medicine might have been ........................ if you had followed the directions properly,
(effective)
10- Being ill while on holiday abroad can be ........................ than being ill at home, where you
are surrounded by home comforts and family. (bad)
11- The children behaved ........................ at their grandparents' house than they normally do.
(badly)
12- It was a difficult problem for them to face and I think you explained it ........................ than I
could have done. (diplomatically)
13- Working as a salesman proved to be ........................ than he had ever imagined. (hard)
14- As he had said we would be going for a country walk. I expected to walk ........................ than
to the end of the park. (far)
15- ........................ details regarding your accommodation and schedule will be sent to you later.
(far)
EXERCISE 12: Circle the correct one.
1- My sister is three years (older/elder) than me and my brother is four years (younger /young).
2- The doctor thought it would be a simple operation, but during the procedure, he found
(farther/further) complications.
3- She is working (hard/ harder) in her own business than she did for the council, but she is
(hardly /harder) covering her expenses at the moment.
4- Don't worry about us catching your cold. You are welcome to join us unless you think it
might make your condition (worse/badly) than it is already.
5- His new car is capable of being driven (fast/foster) than his old one, but he drove (fast/faster)
enough to break the speed limit in his old one.
6- We have changed our business account to a different bank as we can receive banking services
(cheaper/more cheaply) from our new bank than from our old one.
7- His aunt wanted to leave her house to Simon when she died because his (elder/old) brother
was not particularly trustworthy.
8- He played (good/better) last season than this, but he played (better/well) enough to be picked
for the national team.
9- The craft workers copy Ottoman embroidery designs onto (elder/old] cloth.

29
 10- Even your (elder/old) sister is too (young/younger) to stay out after ten, so you will have to
think again about your plans.
11- Our advertising campaign would have been (more effective /so effectively) if we had selected
the newspapers and magazines (more careful/more carefully).
12- I wish we didn't live so (far/farther) from the coast, but at least, we live (close/closely) to a
lake.
13- Julia Rcberts's acting was (higher/highly) praised in the film, which was a (more
serious/more serjously) production than she normally stars in.
14- Can you wait five minutes for rne as the drama I'm watching has (nearer/nearly) finished?
15- She is (better-known/well-known) for her film roles than theatre appearances, but she has
received (more surprisingly/surprisingly) good reviews for this play.
EXERCISE 13: Complete the sentences using the "comparative + and + comparative" structure
with the words in parentheses.

Example: The British economy is getting more and more dependent on service
industries. (dependent)
1- It is getting .............................. to find reasonably priced housing in London. (hard)
2- It is getting .............................. to buy things using the Internet. (easy)
3- I must go to the doctor as my foot is getting ............................... . (painfult
4- The problem of water pollution is getting .............................. and now affects most countries
in the world. (bad)
5- He used to be shy, but since he joined the school basketball team, he has been getting
.............................. . (confident)
6- At first, a lot of people thought the South African cricket captain was innocent, but as the
trial went on, it became .............................. that he was guilty. (clear)
7- It is getting .............................. to use liquid petroleum gas fuel in passenger cars.
(popular)
8- As the big wheel at the fun fair span round and round, we became ......................... .
(dizzy)
9- Renting an apartment in Istanbul is getting ........................... . (expensive)
10- I must be putting on weight as my jeans are getting .............................. with every passing
week. (tight)

EXERCISE 14: Rewrite the sentences using "The + comparative ...., the + comparative .,..."
structure.

Example: As she became wealthier, she got greedier.

The wealthier she became, the greedier she got

1- My brother gets more pessimistic as he gets older.

...................................................................................................................................................

2- How expensive a vase is depends on how intricate the design

is. ................................................................................................................................................
...

3- As the waves got bigger, we derived more pleasure from

surfing. ........................................................................................................................................
...........

4- As I walked farther, my feet became

sorer. ...........................................................................................................................................
........

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 5- If we make more money now, we'll be able to expand the business further next
year. ............................................................................................................................................
.......

3-4 COMPARISON WITH AS .... AS/THE SAME .... AS/DIFFERENT FROM

a) Sıfat ve zarflarda karşılaştırma yapabileceğimiz diğer bir yapı as .... as/so ..... as kalıbıdır. As .....
as kalıbı olumlu cümlede kullanıldığında eşitlik bildirir ve iki as arasında sıfatın ya da zarlin yalın
hali kullanılır.
as + adjective/adverb + as
Ali is 16 years old. Ayşe is 16 years old too.
Ali is as old as Ayşe.
Ali is 1.65 m tall. Ayşe is 1.65 m tall too.
Ali is as tall as Ayşe.
Ali is 50 kg. Ayşe is 50 kg.
Ali is as heavy as Ayşe.
They are driving at 100 kph. We are driving at 100 kph.
They are driving as fast as we are.
(Bizim kadar hızlı sürüyorlar.)
He drives the car carefully. You drive üre car carefully.
He drives the car as carefully as you.
(Arabayı senin kadar dikkatli kullanıyor.)
Olumlu cümlede, karşılaştırılan öğeler yer değiştirdiğinde cümlenin anlamı değişmez.
Your house is as large as ours. OR Our house is as Jarge as yours.
Ali is as tall as Ayşe. OR Ayşe is as tall as Ali.
As + adjective/adverb + as, olumsuz cümlede kullanıldığında eşitsizlik olduğunu vurgular. Olumsuz
cümlede so + adjective/adverb + as kalıbını da kullanabiliriz.
Our apartment building has three floors. Your apartment building has six floors.
Our apartment building isn't as/so high as yours.
Living in the country isn't as/so expensive as living in big cities.
(Kırsal kesimde yaşamak büyük şehirlerde yaşamak kadar pahalı değil.)
He doesn't drive as/so carefully as you. (O senin kadar dikkatli sürmüyor.)
Olumsuz cümlede karşılaştırılan öğeler yer değiştirdiğinde cümlenin anlamı değişir. Bu nedenle,
isimleri değiştirdiğimizde kullanılan sıfat ya da zarfı da değiştirmemiz gerekir.
This exam isn't as/so difficult as the previous one.
(Bu sınav önceki kadar zor değil.)
The previous exam wasn't as/so easy as this one.
(önceki sınav bunun kadar kolay değildi.)
As .... as ya da so .... as arasına sıfat ya da zarftan başka sözcükler de girebilir. Karşılaştırılan
öğelerden birincisine ait olan sözcükler ikinci as'a kadar yazılır. İkinci as'den sonra yazılanlar ikinci
öğeye aittir.
It isn't as/so cold today as it was yesterday.
I'm not as/so optimistic about the economic situation in Turkey as you are.
(Türkiye'deki ekonomik durum konusunda senin kadar iyimser değilim.)
She wasn't as/so self-confident before she found a decent job as she is now.
(Saygın bir iş bulmadan önce. şimdi olduğu kadar kendine güvenli değildi.)
You don't seem as/so keen on playing football nowadays as you were before.
Sıfat tamlamalarında so/as + adjective + a/an singular noun kalıbı kullanılabilir. Bu yapı çoğul
isimlerle ve sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılmaz.

31
 Have you ever seen as keen a boy as him?
Hiç onun kadar hevesli bir çocuk gördün mü?
I want to buy just as big an apartment as yours.
Aynı seninki kadar büyük bir daire almak istiyorum.
I hadn't expected our team to get as high a score as they did.
So/as + adj + a singular noun kalıbı çok fazla kullanılmaz. Bunun yerine such ..... as kalıbı tercih
edilir. Bu kalıp tekil, çoğul ve sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılabilir.
I have never seen such a beautiful girl as her.
Hiç onun kadar güzel bir kız görmedim.
I have never drunk such delicious coffee as this.
Hiç bunun kadar' lezzetli kahve içmedim.
I don't think you can find such cheap shoes as these.
Bunlar kadar ucuz ayakkabı bulabileceğini sanmıyorum.
So + adjective/adverb + as to do ve such + adjective + noun + as to do kalıpları "..... yapacak
kadar" anlamını verir.
I admit he is rather disrespectful but he is not so disrespectful as to shout at
his mother.
(Annesine bağıracak kadar saygısız değil.)
He is not such a disrespectful boy as to shout at his mother.
(Annesine bağıracak kadar saygısız bir çocuk değil.)
She isn't so beautiful as to win the beauty contest.
(Güzellik yarışmasını kazanacak kadar güzel değil.)
She isn't such a beautiful girl as to win the beauty contest.
(Güzellik yarışmasını kazanacak kadar güzel bir kız değil.)
As ..... as kalıbını, just, nearly, almost gibi zarflarla niteleyebiliriz.
Her dog is nearly/almost as clever as humans.
(Onun köpeği neredeyse insanlar kadar akıllı.)
I thought you were considerate but you are just as rude as the others.
(Senin düşünceli olduğunu zannetmiştim ama sen de aynı/tam diğerleri kadar
kabasın.)
As/so ... as kalıbını miktar sıfatları many, few, much ve little ile as/so + many/few/much/little + noun
+ as biçiminde kullanabiliriz.
I don't have as/so many books as you have.
Benim, seninki kadar çok kitabım yok.
We intend to invite as few people to the wedding as possible.
Düğüne, mümkün olduğu kadar az kişi davet etmek niyetindeyiz.
You won't need as much money in the mountains as that.
Dağda bu kadar çok paraya ihtiyaç duymazsın.
For the trip, I'll take as little luggage as possible.
Seyahat için mümkün olduğu kadar az eşya alacağım.
As much as yapısını fiilleri tanımlarken de kullanabiliriz.
You don't like swimming as much as I do. She doesn't smoke as much as she used to.
Sen yüzmeyi benim kadar seviniyorsun. Eskiden olduğu kadar çok sigara içmiyor.
Half as ..... as, twice as ..... as gibi yapılarla, karşılaştırdığımız özelliğin kaç kat olduğunu ifade
edebiliriz.
He eats very little. He doesn't eat even half as much as his sister.
Kardeşinin yediğinin yarısını bile yemiyor.
Her salary is twice as much as mine.

32
 Onun maaşı benimkinin iki katıdır.
Turkey is almost seven times as big as Bulgaria.
Türkiye, Bulgaristan'ın yaklaşık yedi katı büyüklüğündedir.

b) The same ..... as

The same ..... as, karşılaştırılan iki öğenin "aynı" olduğunu ifade eden bir yapıdır. Ancak the same
..... as, isimlerle kullanılır.
Ali is as old as Ayşe. (as + adj + as)
Ali is the same age as Ayşe. (the same + a noun + as)
Ali Ayşe ile aynı yaşta.
Ali is as heavy as Ayşe. Your hair is as dark as mine.
Ali is the same weight as Ayşe. Your hair is the same colour as mine.
I usually arrive home at the same time as my father.

The same as yan yana kullanılabilir.

My needs are the same as yours.
Her eye colour is the same as her mother's.
Your English teacher is the same as ours.

Eğer karşılaştırılan iki öğeyi, cümlenin başında özne olarak kullanıyorsak, as kullanılmaz.
Last night. I arrived home at the same time as my father.
Last night, my father and'I arrived home at the same time.
She still lives at the same house as her parents.
Her parents and she still live at the same house.

c) Similar to/different from

Your pronunciation is quite different from mine.
Senin telaffuzun benimkinden çok farklı.
The layout of your house is similar to ours, but yours is a bit larger.
Sizin evin planı bizimkine benziyor.

Benzeyen ya da farklı olan noktayı in that + a sentence biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.

My job is similar to yours in that we meet a good many people throughout the day.
(Benim işim, gün boyu pek çok insanla karşılaşmak bakımından seninkine benziyor.)
My point of view is different from yours in that I'm more optimistic about the
situation. (Benim görüşüm, bu konuda daha iyimser olmam bakımından seninkinden
farklı.)

d) Pronouns/nouns after "than" and "as"

Than ve as den sonra fiil subject + verb biçiminde kullanılır. Eğer fiil kullanılmıyorsa object
pronoun/noun (me, him, you, Ayşe, etc.) kullanılır.
You are taller than me./You are taller than I am.
She can sing better than you./She can sing better ıhan you can.
I'm not as tall as him./I'm not as tall as he is.
You can't sing as well as her./You can't sing as well as she can.
Eğer baştaki özne iyelik bildiriyorsa than ve as den sonra possessive noun/pronoun kullanılır.
Your parents aren't so strict as mine. (as my parents'/as my parents are)
My hair is longer than hers. (than her hair/than her hair is)

33
EXERCISE 15 : Rewrite the sentences using "as/so ..... as", or "such ..... as" where possible.

Example: The new shopping centre is larger than the old one.
The old shopping centre is not as/so large as the new one.

1- This is certainly a much better house than the one we saw yesterday.
The one we saw yesterday ................................................................................. .

2- I had to stay in hospital fewer days than I had expected.

I didn't ................................................................................................................ .

3- We now spend less on eating out than we used to.

Now we ............................................................................................................. .

4- Backgammon is easier to play than chess.

Chess ................................................................................................................ .

5- This is a very practical solution. I don't think I could have thought of that.
I don't think I .................................................................................................. .

EXERCISE 16 : Complete the sentences using "half as ..... as, twice as ..... as, etc." pattern.

Example: The engine in his car is twice as big as the one in mine.
The engine in my car is half as bid as the one in his.

1- To fly to Erzurum costs 60 million lira. To take the coach to Erzurum costs 15 million
lira.
To fly to Erzurum .............................................................................................

2- The old stadium seated 30.000 spectators. The new stadium seats 60,000 spectators.
The old stadium ........................................................................................
The new stadium .......................................................................................

3- Susan has been a doctor for 20 years. Jason has been a doctor for 2 years.
Susan ................................................................................................................... .
4- Trainers off the market cost £10.00. Trainers from Mike's official shop cost. £50.00.
Trainers from Mike's official shop ........................................................................... .
5- The sports ground at my school is one acre. The sports ground at your school is half an
acre.
The sports ground at my school ............................................................................
The sports ground at your school ...........................................................................

EXERCISE 17: Choose the correct one.

1- These curtains have (nearer/nearly) (the same/as) pattern (as/than) the ones in outliving
room.
2- If she had to deal with (fewer/ so few) projects at work (that/than) she actually does. I'm sure
she wouldn't feel (so/such) stressed.
3- We didn't get as (more/much) work done today (as/ that) we did yesterday because we started
(later/lately).

34
 4- He revises half (as/so) (more/much) (than/as) I do, but always gets a (more/much)
(higher/highly) mark.
5- Jenny was (more/so) (tired/tiring) yesterday (than/that) she fell asleep during the lecture.
6- It is (practical/practically) (impossible/impossibly) to get an appointment with her because
she has (so/such) a lot of work all the time.
7- The children were (so/as) (well-behaved/better-behaved) (as/that) even aunt Marie seemed to
enjoy their company.
8- He got (more/so) (angry/angrily) after losing the tennis match (than/that) he threw his racket
and balls into his sports bag and marched (quickly/quicker) off the court.
9- Nobody is capable of playing tennis (as/such) (good/well) (as/that) Pete Sampras when he is
playing at his best, but I've seen him play (good/better) (that/than) he did today.
10- The curtains you have made look just (as/so) nice (that/as) Mrs Smith's, but they cost half
(as/so) (more/much) (as/that) hers.
11- I'm sure she'll be pleased because it is (so/such) a (wonderful/wonderfully) gift.
12- I couldn't believe that the director accepted (so/such) an (incredibly/incredible)
(stupid/stupidly) idea.
13- He is a lot (busier/busily) since the new manager started. In fact, I've never seen him so
(busy/busier).
14- Sonia thinks the guitarist is (better-looking/good-looking) (that/than) the lead singer, but
Maria thinks they are all ugly and unable to sing very (well/good).
15- The production manager has (so/such) a (short/shortly) temper that his staff speak to him
very (careful/carefully).
3-5 SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
a) Sıfat ve zarflarda en üstünlük derecesi "-est" takısı ve "most" sözcüğüyle ifade edilir, "-est" ve
"most" un kullanımıyla ilgili kurallar "-er" ve "more" için belirttiğimiz kurallarla aynıdır.
pretty-prettier-prettiest expensive-more expensive-most expensive
big-bigger-biggest frequent-more frequent-most frequent
clever-cleverer-cleverest pleased-more pleased-most pleased
carefully-more carefully-most carefully
easily-more easily-most easily
significantly-more significantly-most significantly
Sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynı olan sözcüklerin çekimi şöyledir:
hard-harder-hardest late-later-latest
fast-faster-fastest early-earlier-earliest
Late'in comparative ve superlative biçimi iki şekildedir:
late-later-latest late-latter-last
"Geç-daha gec-en geç" anlamında "late-later-latest" kullanılır.
I usually get up late. My son gets up later than me and my husband gets up the latest.
(adverb)
He usually gets home on a late train. (adj.)
Can we travel on a later train today? (adj.)
The latest train we can get direct to Adapazarı is the 10.30. (adj.)
Latest, "son moda, en son" anlamında "most recent, up-to-date" ile eşanlamlı olarak da kullanılır.
Everybody at the party was dressed in the latest fashion.
Partideki herkes son moda giyinmişti.

35
 Have you read his latest book? Onun en son kitabını okudun mu?
Latter sadece sıfat olarak kullanılır ve arka arkaya sözedilen iki şeyden "ikincisi, sonuncusu"
anlamındadır, îki şeyden "birincisi, önceki" anlamında "former"* ile bırarada sık kullanılır.
- There are two films on at the same time. One is a detective and the other is a
romantic film.
- I'd prefer to watch the latter. I'd find the former too nerve-racking.
Ben ikincisini izlemeyi tercih ederim. Birincisini fazla sinir bozucu buluyorum.
Bu cümlede "latter" söyleniş sırasına göre ikinci sırada yer alan "romantic film" yerine, "former" ise
birinci sırada yer alan "detective" yerine kullanılmıştır. (former=first, latter=second)
Last, sıfat ve zarf olarak kullanılır ve "first" ile zıt anlamlıdır.
I first went to Germany in 1973 and I last went there in 1986. (adv.)
Almanya'ya ilk olarak 1973'te, en son (son olarak) 1936'da gittim.
I will be the last person to leave the office. Who will be the first? (adj.)
Bürodan en son ayrılan kişi ben olacağım. Birinci/ilk ayrılan kim olacak?
*"Former"ın bir anlamı da "eski" demektir: in former times (eski zamanlarda), our former teacher
(eski öğretmenimiz/önceki öğretmenimiz). "Former" bir comparative değildir, "-er", sözcüğün
yapısında vardır. "Formerly" bir zarftır ve "eskiden, önceleri" anlamındadır. "I formerly worked as a
secretary."

Düzensiz sıfat ve zarflar ise su şekilde çekimlenir:

good/well-better-best much-more-most
bad/badly-worse-worst little-less-least
far-farther/further-farthest/furthest few-fewer-fewest (düzenlidir)
b) Sıfat ve zarfların superlative biçimi, bir kişi ya da nesnenin, belirtilen özelliğe belli bir grubun
içerisinde en üst ya da en alt düzeyde sahip olduğunu ifade eder. Superlative'in önünde "the"
kullanılır.
She is the most hardworking student in the classroom.
Istanbul is the biggest city in Turkey.
Our apartment building is the tallest in our street.
She has the most money among us.
Ayşe has the least courage of all the others.
She has the fewest friends in the class.
This problem is the least important (one) of ail.
He is the best player in the team.
He drives the most carefully of all the drivers I know.
She speaks English the best of the three.
(Üçünün içinde İngilizceyi en iyi o konuşuyor.)
c) Tanımladığımız öğenin hangi ortamda en iyi, en kötü vs. olduğunu belirtirken, eğer bu ortam bir
yer ise in kullanılır: in the world, in Turkey, in our street, etc. Zaman ya da bir grup ifade eden
sözcük ise of kullanılır: the happiest time of my life, the shortest month of the year, the most
hardworking one of all my students, the most-intelligent of us all, the most famous of all the
Turkish writers, etc. Grup ifade eden yapılarla among da kullanabiliriz: the cleverest among us,
the laziest among my students, etc.
Mount Everest is the highest in the world.
February is the shortest month of the year.
Hande is the tallest of all my students.
Of all the contemporary writers, I like him best.
d) Superlative kullanabilmemiz için tanımlayacağımız nesnenin ait olduğu grubun en az üç öğeden
oluşması gerekir. Eğer grup iki öğeden oluşuyorsa comparative kullanılır.
They have two daughters, and Ayşe is the cleverer of the two.
They have three sons, and Ali is the most intelligent of the three.
Bazı durumlarda comparative ile superlative kullanımım ayırt etmek güç olabilir. Şu iki örneği
inceleyelim.
She is more hardworking than all the other students in the classroom.

36
 O sınıftaki diğer bütün öğrencilerden daha çalışkandır.
She is the most hardworking of all the students in the classroom.
O sınıftaki bütün öğrencilerin içinde en çalışkanıdır.

Bu örneklerden birincisinde, "she", sınıftaki diğer öğrencilerin dışında tutulmuştur. Yani bir tarafta
"she", bir tarafta "diğer öğrenciler" göz önüne alındığında, iki öğeden oluşan bir karşılaştırma
yapılmıştır. İkinci örnekte ise "she" grubun bir üyesidir ve o grubun içinde "en çalışkan" olduğu ifade
edilmiştir.
Istanbul is bigger than all the other cities in Turkey.
Istanbul is the biggest city in Turkey.
I consider his latest book to be more successful than all his others.
I consider his latest book to be the most successful of all his books.
e) More, most ve least, fiilleri nitelemek için de kullanılır.
She most fears that she may lose her job some day.
En çok bir gün işini kaybedeceğinden korkuyor.
I more want to have an early night.
Erken yatmayı daha çok istiyorum.
She usually comes when I least need her and doesn't when I need her most. Genellikle
ona en az ihtiyaç duyduğum zamanlarda gelir, en çok ihtiyaç duyduğumda
ise gelmez.
Like, enjoy gibi beğeni ifade eden fiillerle "daha çok, en çok" anlamında better ve best de
kullanabiliriz.
Of the two shirts, I liked the checked one better. (=more)
İki gömlekten, kareli olanını daha çok beğendim.
I like coffee better than tea. (=more than)
Kahveyi çaydan daha çok severim.
Of all the Turkish pop singers, I like Sezen Aksu best. (=most)
Türk pop sanatçıları içinde en çok Sezen Aksu'yu severim.
Hate, dread gibi olumsuz anlam taşıyan fiillerle better ve best kullanamayız. Bu tür fiillerle more ve
most kullanabiliriz.
Among the martial arts I hate karate most.
"Do" sporları içinde en çok karateden nefret ederim.

f) Bir superlative'in önünde, normalde "the" kullanıldığını görmüştük. Ancak, "his, my, this, that"
gibi başka bir sözcük kullanılıyorsa "the" kalkar.
His best book is his latest.
She is one of my most hardworking students.

g) Oldest-eldest

Oldest ve eldest arasındaki fark, older ve elder arasındaki fark ile aynıdır. Eğer bir kişi ya da nesnenin
yaşça en büyük olduğunu ifade ediyorsak oldest, aile bireylerinden en büyük olanını ifade ediyorsak
eldest kullanılır.
Who is the oldest student in this classroom?
The oldest representative came from China.
My eldest uncle is a lawyer.
My eldest brother is getting married next week.

h) Most + adjective önünde "the" olmadan kullanıldığı zaman "very" anlamını verir.
A most strange thing happened the other day. (a very strange thing)

37
 Geçen gün çok garip bir şey oldu.
You shouldn't miss that film. It's most interesting. (very interesting)

EXERCISE 18: Choose the correct one.

1- The power station was built using the (latest/last) technology.
2- I don't know why we have to study Heidegger because, of all the German philosophers, he
seems to be the (less/least) significant.
3- She always looks (smarter/the smartest) than the other students in her class.
4- You should have attended this Friday's lecture. It was the (more interesting/most interesting)
one Professor Schmitz has given this term.
5- They sell school uniforms in Marks and Spencer and in C & A, but I think you'll find a
(better/best) selection in the (later/latter).
6- There are several ways to Maltepe from here, so I'll tell you (the least/fewer) complicated.
7- The (latest/last) one to leave the house in the morning should turn off the gas.
8- He plays (more confidently/most confidently) than he did before he won the competition,
don't you think?
9- Jeremy is (as/so) happy (that/as) the other children even though he's got (fewer/less) toys.
10- He was a good player, but nobody imagined he would make (so/such) a brilliant manager
(that/as) he showed himself to be this season.
11- I've just seen the sequel to the film 'Grease' and I think it's the (worst/badly) film I've ever
seen.
12- Nowadays, it is (easy/easier) to keep in touch with family and friends than ever before.
13- I enjoyed John Grisham's book 'A Time to Kill' (so/as) much (that/as) the film version, but I
think the former is (more/the most) powerful than the (later/latter).
14- Despite being (the oldest/the older) in his class, he is (less/the least) mature.
15- They have three daughters. Sharon is their (older/eldest) daughter and also their
(cleverer/cleverest).
16- I remember when he used to be (so/such) a delicate child, but now he is (stronger/the
strongest) than his father.
17- I was (so/more) (angry/angrier) at my manager (than/that) I (nearly/nearer) walked out of
my job on the spot.
18- His goal was (the most/more) (spectacular/spectacularly) of the entire tournament.
19- (Less/Fewer) time was given for the essay (than/that) we had anticipated.
20- Of my two aunts, the (elder/eldest) is the (most/more) helpful.

3-6 LIKE, AS, SUCH AS

a) Like, "similar to, for example, the same as" anlamını veren bir preposition'dır. Bu nedenle
kendinden sonra bir isim, zamir ya da gerund gelebilir.
She is very beautiful indeed, like an angel. (melek gibi)
Work hard like your father. (Baban gibi)
This bed is too tough. Sleeping in it is like sleeping on the floor.
(Bu yatakta yatmak verde vatmak gibi.)
Do you have any other books like this? (Bunun gibi başka kitapların var mı?)
My son wants to be a teacher like me. (Benim gibi)
Like'dan sonra gerund'ı, like someone /something doing biçiminde de kullanabiliriz.
We heard a loud noise last night. It sounded like a bomb exploding.
(Bomba patlaması gibi geldi.)

38
 - Do you hear a noise in the kitchen?
- Yes, it sounds like the tap dripping.
Like'ın bu "gibi" anlamını as ile de verebiliriz. Ancak as'den sonra subject + verb kullanılır.
Work hard like your father. (baban gibi...)
Work hard as your father does. (babanın yaptığı gibi...)
My son wants to be a teacher like me/as I am.
Try to do it like this/as I show you.
b) As + subject + verb kalıbı farklı anlamlarda da kullanılabilir.
She passed the exam with a high grade, as we expected.
(We were expecting this already.)
As we all know, we'll face terrible conditions on this expedition.
(Hepimizin bildiği gibi,...)
She did exactly as she was told. (She did what she was told.)
Aynen kendisine söylendiği gibi yaptı.
As I said before (daha önce söylediğim gibi), as we stated before (daha önce belirttiğimiz gibi), as it is
known (bilindiği gibi), as it is expected (beklenildiği gibi), etc. bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan
ifadelerdir.
Passive ifadeleri kısaltarak as + past participle biçiminde kullanabiliriz.
As it is known very well = As known very well (çok iyi bilindiği gibi)
As it was mentioned before = as mentioned before (daha önce değinildiği gibi)
As it has been illustrated above = As illustrated above (yukarıdaki örnekte görüldüğü gibi)
c) As den sonra bir isim kullanılabilir: as an accountant, as a study, as a hospital, etc. Bu
kullanımıyla as "..... olarak" anlamına gelir ve bir benzetme yapmaz, gerçek durumu yansıtır.
He works as an accountant in a big firm. Büyük bir şirkette muhasebeci olarak
çalışıyor.
She has been working as a teacher for nearly ten years.
The news that she had passed the exam came as a great surprise to me.
(It really was a surprise.)
I've always regarded you as my closest friend. (Seni her zaman en yakın arkadaşım
olarak görmüşümdür.)
Like + a noun ile as + a noun arasındaki farkı şu örneklerde inceleyelim:
As your mother, I want you to be successful.
Like your mother, I want you to be successful.
Bu cümlelerden birincisinde "as your mother", "Ben senin annenim ve annen olarak ....." anlamına
gelmektedir. İkincisinde ise "like your mother.....", "Annen senin başarılı olmanı istiyor. Annen gibi,
ben de senin başarılı olmanı istiyorum." anlamını verir.
Yesterday, my son invited his classmates to us to study together, and our living room
was like a classroom. (Oturma odası aslında sınıf olmadı. Sadece sınıfa benzedi.)
When there were more students than they had expected, they used the teachers room as
a classroom. (Öğretmenler odası sınıfa dönüştürüldü ve gerçekten sınıf amacıyla
kullanıldı.)
d) Such as + noun, "for example" anlamında kullanılır. Bu anlamda like da kullanabiliriz.

I like summer fruits, such as peaches, melon and water melon.

,like peaches, melon and water melon.
Ben, şeftali, kavun, karpuz gibi yaz meyvelerini severim.
Such as ve like bu anlamıyla, kullanılan genel bir ifadeyi örneklendirir. (Yaz meyvelerinin
örneklendirilmesi gibi.] Vereceğimiz örnek bir tane ya da birden fazla olabilir.
Such ..... as, birbirinden ayrılabilir ve araya genellediğimiz isim girebilir. Şu örnekleri inceleyelim:

Some countries, such as Turkey, are still dependent on agriculture economically.

39
 Countries such as Turkey are still dependent on agriculture economically.

Such countries as Turkey are still dependent on agriculture economically.

I like to give presents such as books and records.

I like to give such presents as books and records.

I find some sports, such as car-racing and climbing, really dangerous.

I find sports such as car-racing and climbing really dangerous.
I find such sports as car-racing and climbing really dangerous.

EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences with like, as or such as.

1- We are not going to exhibit at the show ................ mentioned earlier.

2- This sand is so hot that walking on it is ................ walking over hot coals.

3- ................ arranged with your purchasing department, we will deliver your order on Friday.

4- Emma wants a puppet ................ the main one on Sesame Street.

5- Apparently he is a marine biologist, but he looks more ................ a boxer.

6- Certain wines, ................ Shiraz, can be kept for up to eight years.

7- During the European Cup, the Belgium Police used a sports hall ................ a temporary
prison.

8- I shouldn't go into the kitchen. Mum is boiling cabbage and it's ................ a sauna in there at
the moment.

9- I think our literature teacher should give us written assignments to write over the weekend
................ our history teacher does.

10- Some sports. ................ horse racing and gymnastics, are more suitable for people with small
frames.

EXAMPLES FROM ÖYS/YDS

1- Professor Turner's excellent book will difficult, so only one of the (III) students
give you a lot of .......... information on the was able (IV) to answer it (V).
subject.
cümlesinde numaralanmış yerlerden hangisine
A) dangerous B) useless "extremely" sözcüğü getirilebilir?
C) unnecessary D) valuable
E) limited A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
(ÖYS 1988) (ÖYS 1988)
2- Peter thought it wasn't warm .......... to go 4- A washing machine costs ..... the same as
swimming. as a television set.
A) for B) enough A) approximately B) perfectly
C) too D) still C) suddenly D) unexpectedly
E) just E) extremely
(ÖYS 1988)
(ÖYS 1989)
3- The teacher's question (I) was (II)

40
5- Before the meeting began (I) he assured A) seriously B) occasionally
me that (II) the report (III) would be (IV) C) nearly D) reluctantly
ready by the end of the month (V). E) exclusively
cümlesinde numaralanmış yerlerden hangisine (ÖYS 1992)
"absolutely" sözcüğü getirilebilir?
14- There is nothing ........ being interrupted
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V all the time.
(ÖYS 1989) A) annoying enough
B) as annoyed as
6- I have such a lot of work to do that it C) so annoying that
is ........ to try to finish it today. D) more annoying than
A) useless B) sensitive E) the most annoying
C) eager D) exaggerated (ÖYS 1992)
E) illegal
15- The better I get to know him ...... .
(ÖYS 1990)
A) more the outcome had seemed
7- They looked as if they were climbing unpredictable
fast ........ to reach the top before dark. B) I'm afraid I really can't stand him
C) I realized to what extent they had been
A) owing B) already involved.
C) quite D)enough D) the less I like him
E) nearly E) the more reliable were the data
(ÖYS 1990)
8- The weather was so cold.......... . (ÖYS 1992)
A) since I came to live in this town
B) when the wind blows hard 16- My .... sport is tennis. What is yours?
C) because it has been snowing heavily A) wonderful B) favourite
D) that I decided not to walk to school C) fine D) miserable
E) until the spring comes E) enormous
(ÖYS 1990) (ÖYS 1993)
9- (I) He was sitting (II) in an armchair and 17- The use of food addtitives has grown .......
(III) reading (IV) a (V) newspaper. in recent years; in fact, it has increased
cümlesinde numaralanmış yerlerden hangisine tenfold in the last three decades.
"comfortably" sözcüğü getirilebilir? A) deliberately B) closely
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V C) rapidly D) precisely
E) considerately
(ÖYS 1990) (ÖYS 1993)
10- The tourists were ............... by the poverty 18- The diagram shows it is ......... in summer
they observed in some African countries. than in winter in the northern
A) upset B) damaged hemisphere.
C) contented D) involved A) so hot B) hottest
E) included C) hot D) the hottest
(ÖYS 1991) E) hotter
11- Determined to get into shape for the (ÖYS 1993)
coming swimming season, Clara exercises
........ every morning. 19- In some parts of the world they are .........
short of food .......... people are dying of
A) clumsily B) reluctantly hunger.
C) vigorously D) mournfully
E) tolerantly A) too/that B) more/than
C) as/as D) so/that
(ÖYS 1991) E) that/if
12- Why don't you stay in bed and rest .......... (ÖYS 1993)
until you feel ......?
A) better B) good 20- Jane has lost the gold brooch her mother
C) bad D) worse gave her ............... a wedding present.
E) best A) as B) such as
(ÖYS 1991) C) despite D) like
E) rather
13- Measles is not .... a children's disease.

41
 (ÖYS 1994) A) suitable B) influential
C) punctual D) variable
21- He performed ............... the audience E) detailed
applauded him for ten minutes. (ÖYS 1996)
A) more skilful than B) as skilful as
C) skilfully that D) skilful enough 30- This report seems interesting in parts, but
E) the most skilful the last section is ........ unrealistic.
(ÖYS 1994) A) completely B) sensibly
C) consequently D) nervously
22- I can't tell you the exact amount, but I E) reliably
can give you a ........ estimate. (ÖYS 1996)
A) smooth B) rough
C) cruel D) tidy 31- Since he was too lazy to read the
E) similar novel .......... he has misunderstood the
motives of the main character.
(ÖYS 1994)
A) generously B) unusually
23- Hong Kong is one of the most .......... C) properly D) lively
populated areas in the world. E) inevitably
A) consequently B) wastefully (ÖYS 1997)
C) perfectly D) completely
E) densely
(ÖYS 1994) 32- Do you think we can trust him to find
a ......... place for us to stay in London?
24- Soil is ......... being eroded by the action of
running water and wind. A) thorough B) considerate
C) sufficient D) suitable
A) constantly B) suitably E) steady
C) bitterly D) exactly
E) urgently (ÖYS 1997)
(ÖYS 1994)
33- The view from this window is one of .......
25- The earthquake caused ......... damage but I have ever seen.
not as much as expected. A) the finest B) finest
A) competent B) sensible C) the finer D) finer
C) rapid D) faithful E) fine
E) considerable
(ÖYS 1997)
(ÖYS 1995)
34- Parents who understand child behaviour
26- Unless you take your medicine ......... that are more ......... about their ability to
cough of yours will never go. handle difficult situations.
A) decisively B) regularly A) familiar B) watchful
C) reluctantly D) specially C) confident D) virtuous
E) elaborately E) forgiving
(ÖYS 1995)
(ÖYS 1998)
27- A lot of the pictures were really very
good, but Mary's was certainly ........ of 35- Foods that were ........ seasonal may now
all. be found throughout the year.
A) well B) better A) properly B) satisfactorily
C) as good D) as well C) previously D) rapidly
E) the best E) seriously
(ÖYS 1995) (ÖYS 1998)
28- I don't think Frank is old ...... to stay at 36- I can't imagine how anyone .... clever as
home alone. he is could make ...... a terrible mistake.
A) so B) too A) even/rather B) so/as
C) enough D) even C) enough/as well D) quite/just
E) rather E) as/such
(ÖYS 1995)
(ÖYS 1998)
29- You've kept us waiting here for two
hours. Next time make sure you are ...... . 37- Although he is an engineer, he is as ...... as

42
 any carpenter at making kitchen 41- I enjoyed this book so much; I want to
furniture. read another by ....... author.
A) forceful B) genuine A) such B) similar
C) skilful D) extravagant C) same D) a certain
E) current E) the same
(YDS 1999) (YDS 2000)
38- The chief of police finally agreed to 42- You can look at this plan for the new
release news of the accident, but he did so sports centre ..... closely ...... you like but I
........ . don't think you will be able to understand
it.
A) regularly B) extremely
C) terribly D) reasonably A) as/as B) so/that
E) reluctantly C) such/that D) more/than
(YDS 1999) E) just/as
(YDS 2000)
39- His lecture was attended
by........people ....... the hall was 43- When the class laughed, the poor boy
completely full. felt ..... uncomfortable ..... he didn't know
whether to keep his cap in his hand or
A) so much/as B) so many/that not.
C) as many/as D) more/than
E) many /just as A) such/that B) that/as
(YDS 1999) C) as/as D) mor e/than
E) so/that
40- As she grew older, it became ....... difficult (YDS 2001)
for her to do the shopping.
44- I'm afraid I can't afford to pay ...... that
A) eventually B) increasingly for a pair of shoes.
C) doubtfully D) adequately
E) reluctantly A) too much B) as much as
(YDS 2000) C) so much D) as many as
E) much more
(YDS 2001)

TEST YOURSELF 1
1- I've had a full day's rest now and I feel C) most D) as
much ........; at least ........ enough to be E) much
able to get out of bed.
A) the worst/worse 4- There is ......... a shortage of qualified
B) better/well teachers in England ......... the
C) best/better government is paying students to train
D) good/so well in teaching.
E) worse/as good
A) such/that B) so/as
C) more/than D) too/than
2- There is nothing ......... a slight breeze on E) as/that
a hot, sunny day.
A) refreshing enough 5- My father treasures the gold watch that
B) as refreshed as he was given ......... a retirement present.
C) more refreshing than
D) so refreshing that A) like B) as
E) the most refreshed C) such as D) so
E) too

3- The survey confirmed that house prices

are ......... higher in the South than in the 6- Some of the delegates were ........... with
North. the Chairman's speech ................. they
walked out.
A) so B) more

43
 A) too disappointed/that A) as encouraging
B) more disappointing/than B) so encouraged as
C) so disappointed/that C) more encouraged
D) so disappointing/than D) the most encouraging
E) as disappointed/as E) such an encouraged
7- Without the heavy make-up she wears,
she looks ......... in real life ......... she does
13- My father plays golf just for fun,
on television.
although sometimes he plays .... some
A) young/so professionals.
B) as young/that
A) so skilful that
C) younger/than
B) as skilfully as
D) the youngest/as
E) so young/that C) more skilfully
D) the most skilful
8- He wasn't ....... studious student in the E) skilfully enough
class, but he worked ........ to pass his
final examinations.
14- She couldn't believe that her son had
A) the most/hard enough behaved ........ to be disciplined by the
B) such/harder than teacher.
C) more/so hard that
D) as much as/hardly A) as bad as
E) too much/too hard B) worse than
C) the worst
9- After we had been shopping, Alice and D) so badly that
May went bowling, but I was ........ to E) badly enough
join them.
A) so tiring that
B) the most tired 15- The courts dealt with the farmer who
C) so tired as had shot the thief ........tolerantly ........
D) too tired most people considered appropriate.
E) as tiring as
A) more/as B) so/as
10- The spot where Vicki's new house is C) the most/than D) less/than
located is ......... one that all her friends E) too/that
and relatives want to visit her.
16- Because it all happened he couldn't give
A) the most picturesque the officer an accurate description of his
B) more picturesque than attacker.
C) as picturesque as
D) so picturesque that A) so suddenly
E) such a picturesque B) as sudden
C) too sudden
D) as suddenly
11- The amazing thing about oltu stone is E) the most sudden
that ........ you keep it, ....... it gets.
A) so long/so shiny
B) the long/the shiny 17- The people have ......... distrust of the
C) the longest/the shiniest government in this African nation that
few residents expect the elections to be
D) the longer/the shinier
fair.
E) as long/as shiny
A) so B) such
C) as D) like
12- For me, ......... aspect of the conference E) much
was the decision to concentrate on
environmental issues.

44
18- He is feeling ......... can be expected B) so /that
after ......... a major operation. C) more/so
A) well enough/like D) enough/more
E) too/a lot
1-60. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan
boşluğa uygun düşen kelime ya da
ifadeyi bulunuz. 20- This material is ......... to be stitched
E) the best/as together on a sewing machine.
A) too delicate
19- I felt ........ ill yesterday to get out of bed, B) as delicately as
but I'm feeling ....... better today. C) so delicate that
A) as/much D) delicately enough
E) such a delicate

TEST YOURSELF 2
1- She had acted ............ she was dismissed 6- I made a bit of a mess of wrapping
immediately. Matthew's present, but it was ....... shape
A) more unprofessionally than to wrap.
B) as unproiessionally as A) too awkward
C) so unprotessionally that B) as awkward as
D) unprofessionally enough C) so awkward that
E) the most unprofessionally D) such an awkward
E) more awkward
2- ......... we climbed, ......... the air became, 7- The Renault Megane uses a little ......
which made it difficult for us to proceed. petrol than the Skoda Esprit, but it
A) The higher/the colder performs ........ better.
B) The highest/the coldest A) so much/less
C) Too high/too cold B) too much/more
D) As high/so cold C) the most/a lot
E) So high/very cold D) much/such
E) more/much
3- The Goosander is one of ........ ducks
which nest in tree holes. They are highly 8- I didn't find the ski runs ........ so
efficient underwater swimmers, being exhilarating as the ones in St Moritz.
able to stay submerged for ....... a minute. A) too nearly B) nearer
A) the most/the longest C) nearly D) nearest
B) the few/longer than E) so near
C) too many/so long
D) more/too long 9- Farmer Parkinson's dog is ........... to scare
E) the least/as long any intruder.
A) ferocious enough
4- Records of Johannes Gutenberg are ......... B) such ferocious
vague for us to be able to know what he C) as ferocious
looked like or even his actual date of D) so ferocious that
birth. E) more ferocious
A) such B) more 10- The two brothers could have hanged
C) so D) as themselves or they could have been
E) too murdered by attackers. The police
suspect ......... .
5- I wish my cousin would type his letters to
me as his handwriting is .......... legible. A) such late B) the latter
A) merely B) bitterly C) later D) the latest
C) slightly D) barely E) so late
E) utterly 11- ....... dangerously a person lives, ...........
likely he or she is to die young.

45
 A) So/much more expected.
B) The more/the more
C) As much/too A) so B) much
D) Far too/so much C) less D) a little
E) The most/the most E) too

12- To the thief, the bracelet will be ......... as 20- Don't be too critical of Mark as this is the
it is only made of pewter, but to me it was first time he's played in ........ an
precious because my aunt had given it to important match.
me just before she died.
A) too B) such
A) elaborate B) humble
C) so D) as
C) worthless D) plain
E) more
E) priceless
13- Her economic situation has got ......... 21- I don't know why ........ people find skiing
worse since she gave up her job because great. I can't think of anything ........ being
of her illness. cold and frightened at the same time.
A) more B) so A) few/as badly as
C) as D) even B) too many/the worst
E) too C) too much/so much
D) so many/worse than
14- Of all the problems she has faced, this one E) the fewer/the worse
is by far ......... .
22- The Queen mother, who is 100 years old
A) badly B) worse this year, is ......... member of the British
C) too badly D) so badly Royal family.
E) the worst
A) as old B) too old
C) so old D) the eldest
15- I was ....... at the time to help him with his E) much older
project at all, so it is completely his own
work. 23- As their conversation continued, she
became ......... of the strange looking
A) too busy B) busier gentleman.
C) the busiest D) so busy
E) such busy A) as suspicious as
B) more and more suspicious
16- I've had ........ trouble starting the car C) so suspiciously that
D) more suspiciously than
lately ........ I think I'll have to take it to E) much too suspiciously
the garage.
24- ....... the trial progressed, ........ apparent it
A) so much/that B) too many/for became that he was guilty.
C) the most/that D) such a lot/as
E) much more/than A) So far/so much
B) The farthest/the most
17- In today's busy world traditional C) The further/the more
D) Much farther/too much
crafts, ......... knitting and embroidery, are E) The furthest/even so
declining in popularity.
25- If he spent ....... money on his family ........
A) the most B) much more he does on beer, his children wouldn't be
C) such D)such as running around without shoes on.
E) much as
A) as much/as B) so much/that
18- The decision to promote him was C) a little/than D) enough/so
based .......... on his sales record, and E) too much/that
neither his management skills nor his 26- I know we didn't stop overnight when we
organisational ability was taken into drove to Scotland last year, but the Isle of
account. Sky is much ....... Edinburgh.
A) highly B) barely A) very far B) farther than
C) bitterly D) intensely C) the farthest D) as far as
E) solely E) so far
27- The holiday firm was accused of .........
19- The holiday we spent in Canada turned
misleading holiday makers about the
out to be ....... expensive than we'd

46
 location of their hotel. 36- I don't know why the purchasing
assistant is complaining as, of all the staff,
A) accidentally B) deliberately she's ......... affected by the changes.
C) exceptionally D) fairly
E) tactfully A) so lew B) few
C) little D) the lesser
28- We took a tour of the most amazing E) the least
Chateau during our holiday, which we
discovered .......... by accident. 37- A: Well, you've been ......... today, haven't
A) purely B) wisely you?
C) deliberately D) competently B: Yes, not only have I put up these new
E) systematically shelves, but I have also mended the
leaky tap in the bathroom.
29- The ruddy duck is ......... seen in the wild A) industrious B) confident
on British lakes or rivers. C) watchful D) careful
A) loo rare B) rare E) sincere
C) so rare D) rarely
E) the rarest 38- The valley of the River Severn is ......... it's
known as the garden of England.
30- You should have ......... material for a A) as fertile as B) so fertile that
skirt if you are careful about how you lay C) fertile enough D) more fertile than
the pattern out. E) the most fertile
A) much B) enough
C) the most D) as 39- Simon and John are twins, but they are
E) such not identical ones. In fact, they are
quite ......... from each other.
31- ........ the tourists didn't want to go to the A) similar B) the same
town where the riots had taken place just C) different D) complete
a few weeks before. E) suitable
A) Reluctantly B) Approximately
C) Extremely D) Perfectly 40- The dry-cleaner's couldn't get the stain
out completely, but you can ......... see it
E) Understandably now.
32- Considering he is the top salesman, he is A) approximately B) virtually
really ......... and never boasts at all. C) barely D) practically
E) nearly
A) variable B) suitable
C) modest D) confident 41- Certain household items, ......... bleach
E) jealous and insecticides, are very dangerous and
should be kept away from children.
33- I believe no one could have investigated
the matter ......... we did. A) so much B) just as
C) rather D) such as
A) so thoroughly that E) more
B) as thoroughly as
C) thorough enough 42- ......... students enrolled on the Serbo-
D) more thorough than Croat language course that they are
E) the most thoroughly discontinuing this class.
A) Fewer B) Less
34- When I moved into the house, the grease C) The least D) So little
on the oven was ......... it took me a whole E) So few
morning to remove it.
A) so thick that B) as thick as 43- I knew my grandmother was seriously ill
C) thick enough D) too thick as she couldn't speak ......... .
E) much thicker A) tactfully B) utterly
C) anxiously D) courageously
35- The director thought our proposal E) coherently
was ......... a good idea that he suggested
we start implementing it immediately. 44- The council are looking for a qualified
A) so B)as management accountant, but it is
C) such D) like a/an ......... position to cover the present
E) more post holder's maternity leave.

47
 A) temporary B) immediate C) as progressive as
C) momentary D) compulsory D) too progressive
E) limitless E) so progressive that

45- ......... petroleum and natural gas, coal is a 53- Toads, which belong to .........
carbon-based fossil fuel. family ......... frogs, have shorter legs than
frogs.
A) Such as B) More
C) So D) As A) the same/as B) more/than
E) Like C) so/that D) such/as
E) rather/than
46- I thought we were being ....... we could be,
but the neighbours still complained that 54- It was ......... injury that he struggled to
we were ....... . carry on playing for the rest of the game.
A) quieter than/such noisy A) so painfully B) such a painful
B) as quiet as/too noisy C) the most painful D) as painful as
C) so quietly/noisy enough E) too painfully
D) quietly enough/as noisy
E) the quietest/noisier 55- I felt quite out of place in my evening
dress as most of the guests were .........
dressed.
47- I didn't really want the children to eat all
the ice-cream, but I was ......... to argue A) formally B) publicly
with them. C) privately D) casually
A) as tired as B) tired enough E) peacefully
C) too tired D) so tired that
E) more tired than 56- Most of the population of Canada live in
the cities in the South, leaving the Arctic
North ......... populated.
48- We were expecting it to be a little cool,
but admittedly, none of us expected ......... A) plainly B) roughly
weather ........ this for our club picnic. C) sparsely D) densely
A) so awful/that B) as awfully/as E) primitively
C) more awfully/than D) such awful/as
E) the most awful/than 57- For once she knew the answer to the
question, and so, afraid to miss the
chance, raised her hand ......... .
49- The oak tree in our garden is
almost ......... the house itself. A) limitlessly B) temporarily
A) so tall that B) the tallest C) reluctantly D) tenderly
C) much taller D) tall enough E) enthusiastically
E) as tall as
58- The comedian Jasper Carrot doesn't tell
jokes, but he describes daily life .........
50- In some southern counties in the USA, audiences roar with laughter.
blacks outnumber whites by four to one.
Yet ......... thirty-six years ago, in many of A) as humorously as
these counties, not a single black person B) humorously enough
was registered to vote. C) such a humorous
A) as recently as B) so recently that D) more humorous than
C) more recently D) less recently E) so humorously that
E) recently enough
59- ....... birds ....... parrots, parakeets and
51- The shops on the main street have been mynahs learn to imitate sounds, but they
restored and now they serve .......... do not have the capacity to think or to
boutiques and gift shops for tourists. understand what they are saying.
A) such B) so A) Rather/than B) So/that
C) as D) like C) Much/like D) Such/as
E) enough E) As /as

52- 'The Commercial Dispatch' is .... of all
the newspapers published in Mississippi.
A) more progressive
B) the most progressive
60- Canadian wolves are ......... wolves in the
world and twice ......... a large dog.
A) larger than/so big
B) the largest/as big as
C) large enough/bigger than

48
 D) too large/too big
E) so large/the biggest
61- Drew's car is so old ................ .
A) if he didn't earn enough to save for a
new one
B) even if he is considering buying a new
one
C) though prices of new cars in Britain are
61-70. sorularda, yarım bırakılan
cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan
ifadeyi bulunuz.
higher than in the rest of Europe
D) that the manufacturer doesn't make
spare parts for it any more
E) to rely on to get us to work every day
62- ....... as to lend her car to Michael.
A) It would have been a lot wiser for my
niece
B) The most foolish thing Julester did last
year
C) She is a much better driver than her
husband
D) I didn't expect my sister to do something
so stupid
E) Of all the foolish things she has done
this year
63- The harder you have had to work for
your possessions, ......... .
A) your brother was luckier though
B) the more you appreciate them
C) as I know that you came from a poor
family
D) it hasn't been as easy as it seems
E) the less time you had had for your
family
64- As the weather conditions worsened and
daylight began to fail,
A) the climbers begin to wonder if they will
reach the top
B) much earlier than the climbers were
used to in their country
C) the climbers began considering possible
alternative routes
D) then the climbers would have no choice
but to turn back
E) there has been only one alternative left
to the climbers
65- Our children aren't given enough support
in sports ......... .
A) as much as they arc in many western
countries
B) than they used to be twenty years ago
C) that we are producing very few
professional athletes
D) for this country to produce world class
athletes
E) less than any other European country
66- ..........., we hired them to decorate our
hotel.
A) Their design wasn't as attractive as the
other one
B) Assuming we would save money by
doing the job ourselves
C) Although they had no difficulty paying
their bill
D) As they produced the most attractive
plans
E) They had made such a terrible job of the
painting
67- We should have placed a larger order this
year ......... .
A) the more money we would have earned
B) ordering so much before we have seen if
they are popular products
C) so the company gave a discount on our
bulk purchase
D) that we don't have enough room in the
warehouse
E) than we normally sell during winter
months
68- I can only join you at the picnic ............. .
A) if I feel better tomorrow
B) when it makes me feel worse
C) so I do hope you will be well again
D) as I was feeling so ill at the time
E) the less intense my headache gets
69- ......... producing a report on the results of
our research is the most important.
A) The fact that I have been working
overtime
B) The quicker 1 print out the analysis
C) Of all the tasks that I have to do at work
D) In order to be able to finish before I
went on holiday
E) The one which is produced for the
committee
70- ......... if there had been more people our
own age at the hotel.
A) The school excursion was great fun for
all of us
B) A number of bedrooms were vacant
throughout our stay
C) We may change the date of our vacation
D) We would have enjoyed the holiday
much more
E) Several days alter we arrived at the
popular resort
71- Of all the continents, the death rate is the
highest in Africa, which indicates that the
level of health care, sanitation and
nutrition is very poor there.
A) Bütün kıtalar içinde ölüm oranı
Afrika'da en yüksektir ki bu da orada
sağlık, temizlik ve beslenme düzeyinin
çok kötü olduğunu gösterir.
B) Afrika sağlık, temizlik ve beslenme
düzeyi bakımından çok kötü
olduğundan, orada ölüm oranı, diğer
kıtalarda olduğundan daha yüksektir.
C) Ölüm oranı diğer kıtalara göre daha
49
 yüksek olan Afrika'da sağlık, temizlik
ve beslenme düzeyinin çok kötü olduğu
görülmektedir.
D) Afrika'da sağlık, temizlik ve beslenme
düzeyinin çok kötü oluşunun göstergesi,
bütün kıtalar içinde en yüksek ölüm
oranına sahip olmasıdır.
E) Bütün kıtalar içinde sağlık, temizlik ve
beslenme düzeyi bakımından en kötü
olanı Afrika olmalı çünkü oradaki ölüm
oranı diğer kıtalara göre çok daha
71-80. sorularda, verilen İngilizce
cümlenin Türkçe dengini bulunuz.
yüksek.
72- The less cooking oil and salt you use in
your meals, the less risk you'll have of
catching heart diseases in later years.
A) İleriki yaşlarda kalp hastalıklarına
yakalanma riskinizi olabildiğince
azaltmanız için. yemeklerinizde tuz ve
yağı çok az kullanmalısınız.
B) Yemeklerinizde mümkün olduğu kadar
az yağ ve tuz kullanırsanız, ileri
yaşlarda kalp hastalıklarına yakalanma
tehlikesi o kadar az olur.
C) Yemeklerinizde ne kadar az yağ ve tuz
kullanırsanız, ileriki yaşlarda kalp
hastalıklarına yakalanma riskiniz o
kadar az olacaktır.
D) Yemeklerinizde kullandığınız tuz ve yağ
miktarı çok düşükse, ileriki yıllarda kalp
hastalıklarına yakalanma riskiniz de çok
düşük olacak demektir.
E) İleriki yıllarda kalp hastalıklarına
yakalanma riskinizi en aza indirgemek
için yemeklerinizde mümkün olduğu
kadar az tuz ve yağ kullanınız.
73- The city of Aden, which lies in the centre
of an extinct volcano, is one of the hottest
places on the Earth.
A) Yeryüzünün en sıcak yerlerinden biri
olan Aden şehri, sönmüş bir volkanın
merkezinde yer almaktadır.
B) Sönmüş bir volkanın merkezinde yer
alan Aden şehri, yeryüzündeki en sıcak
yerlerden biridir.
C) Aden şehri, yeryüzünün en sıcak
yerlerinden biri olup sönmüş bir
volkanın merkezinde kurulmuştur.
D) Sönmüş bir volkanın merkezinde
kurulan Aden şehri, yeryüzünün en
sıcak bölgesidir.
E) Aden şehri, sönmüş bir volkanın
merkezinde konumlandığı için
yeryüzünün en sıcak noktasıdır.
74- Sometimes a dish may not taste as nice as
it looks.
A) Çok hoş görünen bir yemek bile bazen
tatsız olabiliyor.
B) Bazen bir yemeğin görünüşü güzel ama
tadı çirkin olabilir.
C) Bir yemeğin görünüşünün güzel olması
tadının da hoş olacağı anlamına gelmez.
D) Bazen bir yemeğin tadı kadar
görünüşüde hoş olmayabilir.
E) Bazen bir yemeğin tadı göründüğü
kadar hoş olmayabilir.
75- Roughly thirty percent of Sierra Leone is
covered with tropical forests from which
such valuable timber as mahogany and
teak is obtained.
A) Maun ve tik gibi çok değerli keresteler,
Sierra Leone'nin neredeyse yüzde
otuzunu kaplayan tropik ormanlardan
elde edilir.
B) Sierra Leone'deki ormanların yaklaşık
yüzde otuzunu, kerestesi çok değerli
olan maun ve tik ağaçlan kaplamaktadır.
C) Maun ve tik gibi değerli kerestesi olan
tropik ormanların neredeyse yüzde
otuzu Sierra Leone'de yer almaktadır.
D) Çok değerli keresteler olan tik ve
maunun yaklaşık yüzde otuzu. Sierra
Leone'deki ormanlardan elde
edilmektedir.
E) Sierra Leone'nin yaklaşık yüzde otuzu,
maun ve tik gibi değerli kereste elde
edilen tropik ormanlarla kaplıdır.
76- The struggle between France and
England called the Hundred Years' War
was the longest war in recorded history.
A) Fransa ve İngiltere arasındaki yazılı
tarihin en uzun savaşı olan mücadele.
Yüzyıl Savaşları diye adlandırılır.
B) Yüzyıl Savaşları denilen mücadele,
yazılı tarihin en uzun savaşı olup Fransa
ile İngiltere arasında olmuştur.
C) Fransa ile İngiltere arasındaki Yüzyıl
Savaşları diye adlandırılan mücadele,
yazılı tarihin en uzun savaşıydı.
D) Yüzyıl Savaşları, Fransa ve İngiltere
arasındaki savaşların en uzunu olarak
tarihe geçmiştir.
E) Fransa ile İngiltere arasında olan Yüzyıl
Savaşları, yazılı tarihin en uzun
mücadelesi olarak kabul edilir.
77- The country's production of milk and
dairy products is not plentiful enough to
export, but it is sufficient for the domestic
consumption.
A) Ülkede'üretilen süt ve süt" ürünleri, iç
tüketim için yeterliyse de ihraç edilecek
kadar çok değildir.
B) Ülkenin süt ve süt ürünleri üretimi, ihraç
edecek kadar çok değildir ama iç
tüketim için yeterlidir.
C) Süt ve süt ürünleri üretimi, ülkenin iç
tüketimi için yeterli ancak ihraç etmeye
yetecek kadar çok değil.
D) Ülke süt ve süt ürünleri ihraç edemiyor
çünkü üretimi ancak iç tüketime yanıt
verebiliyor.
E) Ülkenin süt ve süt ürünleri, ihraç
edilecek kadar çok olmamakla beraber
iç tüketimi rahatlıkla karşılayabiliyor.
78- Although living standards have
50

81-90. sorularda, verilen Türkçe
cümlenin İngilizce dengini bulunuz.
considerably improved in our country in
the last two decades, they are still far
below expectations.
A) Ülkemizde yaşam standardı son yirmi
yılda hissedilir ölçüde geliştiyse de, hala
beklentilerin çok altındadır.
B) Ülkemizde yaşam standardı son yirmi
yılda büyük ölçüde gelişti ama
beklenildiği kadar değil.
C) Ülkemizde yaşam standardındaki
gelişme yirmi yılın sonunda bir ölçüde
hissedilse de, hala beklentilerimizin çok
altındayız.
D) Ülkemizde yaşam standardı hala
beklenenin altında olmasına rağmen,
son yirmi yıldaki gelişme
yadsınamayacak ölçüdedir.
E) Ülkemizde hala normalin çok altında
olan yaşam standardı, ancak son yirmi
yılda biraz hissedilir bir gelişme
göstermiştir.
79- The demand for fossil fuels is so
widespread that it would be virtually
impossible to stop their production and
use on a global level even if we wanted to.
A) Fosil yakıtlara olan talep o kadar yaygın
ki bunların küresel ölçekte üretimini ve
kullanımını, çok istediğimiz halde,
durduramıyoruz.
B) Fosil yakıtlara bu kadar yoğun talep
varken istense de bunların küresel
ölçekte üretimini ve kullanımını
durdurmak mümkün olmayacaktır.
C) Fosil yakıtlara olan talep çok geniş çaplı
olduğundan bunların küresel düzeyde
üretimini ve kullanımını durdurmak
imkansızdır.
D) Fosil yakıtlara olan talep o kadar geniş
çaplı ki, istesek de bunların küresel
düzeyde üretimini ve kullanımını
durdurmak neredeyse imkansız olurdu.
E) Fosil yakıtlara olan yoğun talep
yüzünden, bunların küresel düzeyde
üretimini ve kullanımını durdurmak
kesinlikle mümkün değildir.
80- Because much of Africa is near the
equator, fatal or debilitating tropical
diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness
and river blindness are very common
there.
A) Sıtma, uyku hastalığı ve nehir körlüğü
gibi insanları çok bitkin düşüren tropik
hastalıklar, Afrika'nın ekvatora yakın
olan büyük bir bölümünde öldürücü
olabilmektedir.
B) Büyük bir bölümü ekvatora yakın olan
Afrika'da, sıtma, uyku hastalığı ve nehir
körlüğü gibi öldürücü ya da bitkin
düşüren tropik hastalıklar çok
yaygınlaşmıştır.
C) Afrika'nın çoğu bölgeleri ekvatora yakın
olduğundan, orada öldürücü ya da bitkin
düşüren tropik hastalıklardan özellikle
sıtma, uyku hastalığı ve nehir körlüğü
çok yaygındır.
D) Sıtma, uyku hastalığı ve nehir körlüğü
gibi öldürücü tropik hastalıkların
Afrika'da çok yaygın olmasının nedeni,
kıtanın büyük bir bölümünün ekvatora
yakın olmasıdır.
E) Afrika'nın büyük bir bölümü ekvatora
yakın olduğu için, sıtma, uyku hastalığı
ve nehir körlüğü gibi öldürücü ya da
bitkin düşüren tropik hastalıklar orada
çok yaygındır.
81- Üzerindeki elbisenin böyle resmi bir
kokteyl için doğru seçim olduğu
kanısında değilim.
A) Were I you, I wouldn't choose that dress
for such a formal cocktail party.
B) You should wear a more formal dress to
look right for this cocktail party.
C) In my opinion, you have chosen to wear
a very formal cocktail dress for this
occasion.
D) I don't think the dress you have on is the
right choice for such a formal cocktail
party.
E) I think the dress you are wearing is a
little too formal even for a cocktail
party.
82- 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında elektronik
ürünler günlük yasamda, diğer teknoloji
ürünlerinin yarattığından daha büyük
değişiklikler yaratmıştır.
A) The greatest change in everyday life
during the second half of the 20th
century was the change caused by
electronic technology.
B) In the second half of the 20th century,
electronic products have caused greater
changes in everyday life than those of
other technologies.
C) There were many technological
advances during the second half of the
20th century, of which those involving
electronic products caused great changes
in people's lives.
D) The only new technology to alter
everyday life greatly in the second half
of the 20th century was electronics,
which resulted in many new products.
E) In the second half of the 20th century,
electronic products changed people's
lives to such an extent that no other
technology could surpass.
83- Endüstrilesmiş ülkelerde bile, eski
zamanlardakine benzer aile çiftlikleri
hala vardır ama bunlar her geçen yıl
daha da azalmaktadır.
A) In industrialised nations, family-run
farms, though in smaller numbers with
each year, still employ methods similar
to those of earlier times.
B) Even in industrialised nations, farmers
make little use of modern technology,
especially more traditional family-run
farms.
C) There are still family farms similar to
those of earlier times even in
industrialised nations, but they are
51
 becoming fewer with each year.
D) Although traditional family farms still
exist, they are getting rarer with each
year, especially in industrialised nations.
E) There are still some family farms using
the technology of former eras, but more
and more farmers in industrialised
nations are converting to modem
technology.
84- Mali, Afrika'da nüfus yoğunluğu çok
düşük olan ülkelerden biridir.
A) Mali is one of the countries in Africa
with a very low population density.
B) Mali is one of the least populated
countries in Africa.
C) The population of Mali is the smallest of
all the African countries.
D) Mali has a much smaller population than
most African countries.
E) The population density of Mali is not as
high as of other African countries.
85- Kedi gibi sıçramaları ve hızlı dönüsleriyle
tanınan Rudolf Nureyev zamanının en
başarılı dansçısıydı.
A) Rudolf Nureyev's catlike leaps and rapid
turns made him the most spectacular
dancer of his time.
B) Known for his catlike leaps and rapid
turns, Rudolf Nureyev was the most
accomplished dancer of his era.
C) Among the most popular dancers of his
era, Rudolf Nureyev was best known for
his catlike leaps and rapid turns.
D) Rudof Nureyev, an accomplished dancer
of his era, produced some remarkable
catlike leaps and unbelievably rapid
turns.
E) One of the most accomplished dancers
of all time, Rudolf Nureyev made his
trademark catlike leaps and rapid turns.
86- Günümüz endüstri toplumlarında olduğu
gibi, bireylerin çevrelerindeki yaşamdan
daha kopuk oldukları toplumlarda
intihar olaylarının yaygın olduğu
gözlenmektedir.
A) in modern industrial societies, it is
commonly believed that exclusion of an
individual from the community is a
primary cause of suicide.
B) It has been observed that isolation,
which is common in modern industrial
societies, is the major cause which
drives an individual to commit suicide.
C) Suicides are more common in modern
industrial societies, which could be due
to isolation of individuals from the
community they live in.
D) It has been confirmed thai suicides are
more common in areas where
individuals lead a life isolated from
other people than in modern industrial
cities.
E) It's been observed that suicide cases are
common in societies where individuals
are more isolated from the life around
them, as in modern industrial societies.
87- 1987'de Van Gogh'un 'Irises' tablosunun
53.9 milyon dolara satışı, bir sanat eseri
için o güne kadar ödenen en yüksek fiyat
olmuştu.
A) The highest price of all time paid for a
single work of art has been for Van
Gogh's 'Irises', which was sold for 53.9
million dollars in 1987.
B) The sale of Van Gogh's painting 'Irises'
in f 987-for 53.9 million dollars is still
the highest price ever paid for a work of
art.
C) The sale of Van Gogh's painting 'Irises'
for 53.9 million dollars in 1987 has been
the highest price ever paid for one of his
paintings.
D) The sale of Van Gogh's painting 'Irises'
for 53.9 million dollars in 1987 had
been the highest price ever paid for a
work of art up to that time.
E) Before Van Gogh's 'Irises' was sold for
53.9 million dollars in 1987, no one had
ever paid such an amount for a single
work of art.
88- 1660'larda dantel yapımında gereken
malzeme için o kadar büyük miktarlarda
para İngiltere dışına gidiyordu ki
parlamento ithalatı yasaklamak zorunda
kaldı.
A) Because of the sums of money going out
of the country to pay for lace used in
manufacturing, Parliament banned its
importation in 1660.
B) Due to the large sums of money leaving
the country to pay for material for lace
making in the 1660s, Parliament banned
its importation.
C) In the 1660s, such huge sums of money
were going out of England for die
material needed for making lace that
Parliament had to prohibit its
importation.
D) Foreign lace was so expensive causing
huge sums of money to go abroad that in
1660, Parliament banned anyone from
importing it.
E) The high price of the material used for
making lace during the 1660s was as
effective at deterring importation as any
ban introduced by Parliament.
89- Baraj yapılıp göle dönüştürülmüş olan
Torrens Nehri, Avustralya'nın besinci
büyük şehri olan Adelaide'nin merkezine
güzellik katmaktadır.
A) The Torrens River, dammed and made
into a lake, adds charm to the centre of
Adelaide, the fifth largest city in
Australia.
B) The Torrens River runs through
Australia's fifth largest city, Adelaide
and, along with the lake created by the
dammed river, adds charm to the centre
of town.
C) The fifth longest river in Australia, the
Torrens River, has been dammed
creating a charming lake in .the centre
of Adelaide.
D) The Torrens River, which runs through
Australia's fifth largest city, Adelaide,
52

91-105. sorularda, verilen cümleye
anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz.
has been dammed to create a charming
lake.
E) Australia's fifth largest city, Adelaide's
charm is largely a result of the Torrens
River, from which a lake was created in
the centre of town.
90- Tarım konusunda tüm dünyada trend,
küçük aile çiftlikleri yerine, mekanize
olmuş ve en yeni bilimsel yöntemleri
kullanan daha büyük çiftlikler
yönündedir.
A) If the trend in agriculture continues all
over the world, there will be very few
small family farms and more large
mechanised farms utilising the latest
scientific methods.
B) A trend all over the world towards
larger farms using the latest scientific
methods has meant a sharp reduction in
the number of small family farms.
C) Unlike small family farms, larger farms
all over the world prefer to utilise
mechanisation and the latest scientific
methods.
D) In agriculture, the trend all over the
world is toward larger farms, rather than
small family farms, that are mechanised
and that utilise the latest scientific
methods.
E) On larger farms, the number of which is
increasing at the expense of small
family-run operations, mechanisation
and the latest scientific methods are
strictly employed.
91- It was such a delicious mousaka that I
could have asked for a second helping if
there had been any left.
A) I asked the hostess if I could have some
more mousaka as it was so delicious.
B) I could have eaten another portion of the
mousaka as it was so tasty, but
unfortunately, there wasn't any left.
C) I asked if there was any mousaka left
because I really liked it and wanted to
have some more.
D) I regretted that 1 didn't ask for a second
helping of mousaka because it was so
delicious.
E) The additional portion of mousaka I
ordered wasn't as tasty as the first had
been.
92- The birth of the quintuplets in Ontario,
Canada, made more money for the
country's government than their
principal tourist attraction, Niagara Falls.
A) The birth of quintuplets in Ontario.
Canada, cost the government more than
their greatest tourist attraction. Niagara
Falls.
B) Quintuplets, who were born in Ontario,
Canada, cost more to raise than the
entire earnings from tourists at Canada's
premier attraction, Niagara Falls.
C) The Canadian government profited more
from quintuplets being born in Ontario
than they did from Niagara Falls, their
main attraction for tourists.
D) The only attraction in Canada which
raises more money for the government
than the birthplace of the famous
quintuplets is Niagara Falls.
E) More people visited the quintuplets,
who were born in Ontario. Canada, than
have ever visited Canada's premier
tourist trap, Niagara Falls.
93- Las Vegas is undeniably the most breath-
taking city on earth.
A) The fact that Las Vegas is one of the
most exhausting cities in the world is
beyond doubt,
B) Indisputably, Las Vegas is more
spectacular than any other city in the
world.
C) It cannot be argued that Las Vegas is a
most exceptional, world renown city.
D) Of all the spectacular cities in America.
Las Vegas is the most popular.
E) Everybody would like to visit Las
Vegas. the world's most stunning city.
94- Windermere is England's largest lake,
although tiny in comparison with
Turkey's Lake Van.
A) Windermere-is among England's biggest
lakes, but it is not as big as Turkey's
largest lake, Lake Van.
B) The biggest ;ake in England is
Windermere, but when measured
against Lake Van in Turkey, it is
extremely small.
C) In comparison to England's Lake
Windermere, Turkey's Lake Van is quite
small.
D) England's Lake Windermere is a very
big lake, even bigger than Turkey's
largest lake. Lake Van.
E) Lake Van is Turkey's largest lake and it
is a little bigger then '.ake Windermere
in England.
95- Despite having extensive diamond
deposits, no other country in the world is
poorer than Sierra Leone.
A) Sierra Leone is the poorest country in
the world even though it has
considerable diamond reserves.
B) It is hard to believe that Sierra Leone is
so poor because the country actually has
large diamond reserves.
C) Sierra Leone's large diamond reserves
haven't prevented it from being among
the poor countries of the world.
D) Sierra Leone was the poorest country in
the world until large diamond deposits
were found there.
E) If it didn't have large diamond mines,
Sierra Leone would be the poorest
country in the world.
53
96- The more washing you put in the dryer,
the longer it takes to dry.
A) If you put too much washing in the
dryer, it will take a very long time to
dry.
B) The drying time increases with the
amount of washing put into the
machine.
C) Your washing is taking so long to dry
because you put too much washing into
the dryer.
D) Large loads of washing take longer to
wash in a machine than smaller
amounts.
E) The amount of washing does not affect
the drying time in a machine.
97- The biggest problem we face is raising
enough funds to continue.
A) We desperately need to raise more
money if we want to proceed.
B) It's going to be extremely difficult to
raise sufficient money to enable us to
proceed.
C) Raising sufficient money to proceed is
the greatest difficulty ahead of us.
D) We will have to raise a lot of money
before we are able to proceed any
further with our plans.
E) Luckily, we raised sufficient funds to
continue, but it wasn't easy.
98- A warmer world means more floods and
more droughts, and they will hit
developing countries the hardest.
A) Global warming causes such extremes
as floods and droughts, which have
already been seen in some developing
nations.
B) Global warming will cause both floods
and droughts, but only in the developing
nations of the world.
C) Rising temperatures throughout the
world have been the cause of both
floods and drought, which have affected
developing nations lately.
D) A rise in world temperatures will cause
both more flooding and more droughts,
which will cause the most devastation in
developing nations.
E) A rise in temperatures in developing
nations around the world has been
causing severe floods and droughts.
99- During the next half a century, the sea
level will rise by at least 50 centimetres.
A) Over the last 50 years, the sea level has
risen by over 50 centimetres.
B) It is feared that in 50 years' time, the sea
level could be half a metre or more
higher than it is today.
C) Every 50 years, the sea level rises by
approximately half a metre.
D) The sea level has been rising at a rate of
a metre a century.
E) The sea level is expected to rise by no
less than half a metre in the next 50
years.
100- Once every 133 years, the moon appears
much brighter than normal due to its
proximity to the Sun.
A) 133 years ago, the moon shone a lot
brighter than it usually does because it
came very close to the Sun.
B) When the moon comes close to the Sun,
which happens at least once every 133
years, it appears slightly brighter than
normal.
C) In the next 133 years, the moon will
shine extremely brightly because it will
pass very close to the Sun.
D) In 133 years' time, the moon will be
extremely close to the Sun. and this will
cause it to appear very bright.
E) As a result of its being close to the Sun,
the moon shines a lot brighter than usual
every 133 years.
101- There is barely anywhere more beautiful
than New England in autumn.
A) New England looks more, beautiful in
autumn than at any other time of the
year.
B) Actually, there are several places as
beautiful as New England in autumn.
C) It is not hard to find somewhere as
beautiful as New England in autumn.
D) In autumn, New England is more
beautiful than virtually any other place.
E) Nowhere in the world is as beautiful as
New England is in autumn.
102- Regular exercise is one of the most
effective methods of tackling stress and
insomnia.
A) In some cases, sufferers of stress and
sleeplessness can be helped by taking
regular exercise.
B) The only way to beat stress and
sleeplessness is to take exercise
regularly.
C) Stress and sleeplessness can be a
symptom of lack of exercise.
D) The best method to relieve stress and
sleeplessness is to start an exercise
program.
E) One of the best ways to overcome stress
and sleeplessness is to take regular
exercise.
103- A steady temperature in greenhouses
requires a careful and accurate control.
A) The ventilation of greenhouses should
be tightly monitored at all times.
B) If you want to ensure a constant
temperature inside a greenhouse.
heating appliances need to be installed.
C) The temperature inside a greenhouse
should not be allowed to fluctuate.
D) Precise and thorough control is
necessary for the temperature in
greenhouses to remain constant.
E) To achieve the optimum temperature in
greenhouses, heating must be chosen
accurately.
104- The coastline at Dunnage has receded by
54
 one mile since Roman times.
A) The coast al Dunnage was one mile
farther out in Roman times than it is
today.
B) Dunnage was about a mile away from
the coast in Roman times.
C) Today Dunnage is one mile nearer the
coast than it was in Roman times.
D) Dunnage has expanded one mile
towards the coast since Roman times.
E) In Roman, times. Dunnage had a
coastline which was about one mile in
width.
105- A fifteen-minute rest can be as
energising as sleeping for hours.
A) Taking a fifteen-minute break can
refresh you until you are able to get
some proper sleep.
B) A quarter of an hour's sleep should be
enough for anyone to refresh.
C) A long sleep isn't always necessary and
sometimes as little as a quarter of an
hour's rest is ample.
D) Relaxing for quarter of an hour can
refresh you as much as a long sleep.
E) Even if we don't have time to sleep for a
long period, we must make sure that we
sleep no less than fifteen minutes.

TEST YOUR VOCABULARY

1- During training, the coach makes us after he fell from the tree was only .........
jump and touch our knee with our so it didn't require any stitches.
opposite ........ which is good for co- A) minor B) inferior
ordination and stamina. C) major D) low
E) primary
A) head B) toe
C) chest D) back 8- The fact that one of the students from the
E) elbow school has been accepted at Harvard
University has had a positive ........ on all
2- People who sell Avon cosmetics and
the other students.
toiletries earn twenty-five percent ........
A) bias B) average
on the value of orders that they take.
C) prejudice D) deterrent
A) wages B) winnings E) influence
C) commission D) debt
9- Everyday items, such as umbrellas or
E) achievement
shoes, can become.... if they were once
3- I won this medal for coming second in the owned by a celebrity. The umbrellas used
school chess ........ . by 'The Beatles' in their film 'Help' are
A) board B) opponent worth a small fortune now.
C) enthusiast D) tournament A) useful B) practical
E) struggle C) countless D) infinite
E) valuable
4- The police have searched the suspect's
house ......... but they haven't found the 10- None of the children at the party
weapon used in the murder. were ........., but Simon was naughtier than
all the others.
A) curiously B) meticulously A) silly B) well-behaved
C) superficially D) cunningly C) intelligent D) industrious
E) permanently E) joyful
5- Cynthia Jones has worked for this 11- I wish I had bought some milk on the way
company for ten years and we have found home as the milk in the refrigerator has
her smart, punctual and ........ gone ........ .

A) trustworthy B) dishonest A) bitter B) sour

C) greedy D) sentimental C) gloomy D) rotten
E) temporary E) muddy
6- Automotive manufacturing is essential 12- Button Gwinnett, who was one of the
for the ........ of the British economy. signatories of the Declaration of
A) sincerity B) enjoyment Independence, is ........ in Colonial Park
C) toughness D) stability Cemetery in Savannah, USA.
E) tenderness A) concealed B) buried
7- Fortunately, the cut on my son's forehead C) obscured D) submerged

55
 E) masked 21- The side of my foot, where the strap on
my new sandals has been rubbing the
13- Jim Brown’s arrest confirmed my........ skin, is ...... .
that he was a dishonest man.
A) sore B) harmful
A) methodology B) suggestion C) hurtful D) evil
C) suspicion D) recommendation E) scattered
E) allowance
14- Kelly has a quarterly sales........ of twenty 22- The ........ of my son's shirt gets filthy
caravans. Last quarter, she exceeded this quickly because he doesn't clean his neck
and sold twenty-five. properly.

A) target B) aim A) lace B) button

C) flag D) monitor C) belt D) collar
E) dial E) rim

15- Deschamps is one of the oldest French 23- Johnny, don't be so............. . Leave some
footballers, but his........ in the European food for the others.
Championship was fantastic.
A) thirsty B) vain
A) production B) trend C) grateful D) greedy
C) label D) performance E) extravagant
E) composition
24- I like pancakes with maple syrup for
16- Elif learnt English from an Australian breakfast, but, of course, it contains a lot
teacher, and thus, she has acquired an of calories, and so is very ....... .
Australian ........ . ,
A) fattening B) fatiguing
A) slope B) posture C) wealthy D) tiring
C) melody D) accent E) tasteless
E) mood
17- The coach of the Dutch team resigned 25- The rate of beer ....... at the Dog and Fox
after Holland's ........ to win the event. pub is amazing. Customers drink more
than three barrels a night!
A) defect B) imperfection
C) failure D) error A) manufacture B) consumption
E) flaw C) inflation D) flavour
E) adequacy
18- Farmer Butterworth was banned from
keeping animals by the courts because the 26- The former German President, Helmut
Royal Society for the Prevention of Kohl's ........ has been damaged by a
Cruelty to Animals proved he had........ scandal concerning donations to his
his farm animals and allowed them to political party.
suffer unnecessarily. A) embezzlement B) bribery
A) neglected B) rejected C) reputation D) dishonesty
C) consented D) regretted E) complexion
E) discriminated
27- This power station is coal fired and it .......
19- The border control officers ........ a cargo electricity to the whole of Derbyshire.
of illegal weapons, which was concealed A) mines B) broadcasts
under blankets. C) supplies D) involves
A) clenched B) stamped E) floods
C) fired D) lost
E) seized 28- The models on the catwalk were all
absolutely ....... . In fact, they were so
pretty that Paul could hardly take his
20- There were three other ........ in my ward eyes off them!
and all of them had also had eye
operations. A) plain B) stunning
C) huge D) stretched
A) mourners B) patients
E) frustrating
C) spectators D) onlook
E) bystanders 29- There is too much ........ about the

56
 situation in this city. Nobody seems to 35- He had ........ parked right in front of
know anything about it. someone's driveway.
A) ignorance B) reality A) accurately B) gracefully
C) collection D) obligation C) lawfully D) thoughtlessly
E) care E) mercilessly

30- The board of directors had ........ some 36- When Susan's husband was in hospital
resistance from the employees to the new for an operation, her neighbour........
application, but not so much as they asked her to let her know if there was
actually received. anything she could do to help.
A) scheduled B) devoted A) painfully B) arrogantly
C) prepared D) anticipated C) considerately D) aggressively
E) responded E) observantly

31- Marie had trained in the traditional craft 37- Because he had already handed in his
of basket weaving and decided ........ her notice, he worked ........ for the rest of the
work at a local craft show. month.
A) to exploit B) to explore A) successfully B) unshakeably
C) to exhibit D) to operate C) expertly D) fortunately
E) to scatter E) half-heartedly

32- The newspaper article had ........ 38- No matter how many referee's decisions
humiliated the South African captain in go against him, Pete Sampras always
very plain language. keeps his ........ on the tennis court.
A) secretly B) superstitiously A) balance B) harmony
C) publicly D) environmentally C) symmetry D) composure
E) narrowly E) tune

33- The South African captain had 39- I think he made a ........ decision under the
foolishly ........ money for information on circumstances. It would have been foolish
the game and ruined his career. to let his son go to a dangerous part of the
city at night.
A) accepted B) printed
C) wasted D) agreed A) responsible B) selfish
E) released C) hasty D) respectable
E) authentic
34- The family of the ambassador, who was
assassinated, urged the public to let them 40- Be careful of the dog as he is sometimes a
grieve ......... away from reporters and little..........
photographers. A) aggressive B) cute
A) publicly B) privately C) cunning D) tender
C) sarcastically D) remotely E) inhuman
E) indifferently

ELS 2001/8 ANSWER KEY

Exercise 1 (pg.7)
1. A 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A
19.A 20.B

Exercise 2 (pg.12)
1. significant/accidental 2. deeply/evenly 3. completely/late 4. worried/lately 5. late/hardly
6. Normally /reasonable 7. meticulously/current 8. cheaply 9. immediately/serious 10. good
11. well/good 12.good/quickly/properly 13. extremely/tiring 14. efficient/normally
15. proficiently/absolute 16.confident/decisively/similarly 17. nearly /shortly 18. hard/hardly
19. highly/generally 20. high/seriously 21.huge/scarcely 22. incredibly/quie/normal/usually/busy
23. painful /quickly 24. traditional/serious 25.terrible/profoundly/bad 26. confident/anxiously
57
27. carefully/natural 28. fluently/naturally 29. strictly/comfortably 30. serious/special
31. good/inadequately 32. extremely/angry/harshly 33. mistakenly/extremely/cheap 34. extreme
35. atrocious /badly 36.atrociously/importart 37. regularly/occasionally /strenuous
38. internationally/totally/erroneous/critical 39. tightly/quickly 40. tight/strict/new
41. surprisingly/successful 42. surprising/successfully 43. nasty/angrily 44. violent/well
45. kindly /nice

Exercise 3 (pg.18)
1.E 2.E 3. D 4.A 5.A 6. B 7.A 8. E 9.D 10. B

Exercise 4 (pg.18)
a) l. c 2.d 3. e 4.b 5. i 6.a 7.h 8.j 9.g 10.f
b) l. B 2. C 3. D 4.E 5.A

Exercise 5 (pg.19)
a) l.g 2.i 3.e 4.b 5.c 6.d 7.h 8.f 9.a l0.j
b) l.B 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.E

Exercise 6 (pg.19)
a) l. e 2.d 3.i 4.h 5.m 6.g 7.a 8.j 9.l 10.b 11.n 12.f 13.o 14.k 15. c
b) l. A 2.D 3. B 4.A 5.C 6. C 7. E 8. D 9. B 10. E

Exercise 7 (pg.20)
l.E 2.D 3.B 4.B 5. E 6. C 7.E 8.A 9. C 10. C 11. D 12.A 13.B 14. D 15. E

Exercise 8 (pg.21)
l.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5. C 6. B 7. E 8.A 9.C 10.D 11. E 12. E 13.B 14.A 15. C

Exercise 9 (pg.27)
1.so condescending when he spoke to me that I had to ay hard to keep my composure 2. so huge that
you might want to share a meal unless you're very hungry 3. such a boring game that he didn't stay
until the end 4. so carelessly that he dropped his glass of Coke and stained his new t-shirt 5. such an
interesting story that they all listened to heir attentively 6. so low that he wrote a letter of complaint

Exercise 10 (pg.27)
a) l. such a greedy person that he never seems to stop eating 2. such strong coffee that I will probably
be awake most of the night 3. such a lot of calories in Börek that if you eat a lot of it, vou'll become
overweight 4. such distressing news that he collapsed immediately 5. such a wonderful holiday resort
that we have already booked to go there again next year
b) l. so cowardly that he didn't mention the problem to the manager 2. so long to get served in the
library that I was late back to my office 3. so many defective products that we hadto send the entire
consignment back to Germany 4. so helpful that I settled down here quickly 5. so sharp that it can cut
steak easily

Exercise 11 (pg.32)
l.more pleasant (pleasanter) 2. less/more 3. more worried 4. better 5. better/better 6. earlier 7. more
passionately 8. more famous 9. more effective 10. worse 11. worse 12. more diplomatically 13. harder
14. farther (further) 15. Further

Exercise 12 (pg.33)
1 .older /younger 2. further 3. harder/hardly 4. worse 5. faster/fast 6. more cheaply 7. elder
8.better/well 9.old 10. elder/young 11. more effective/more carefully 12. far/close 13. highly/more
serious 14. nearly 15.better-known/surprisingly

58
Exercise 13 (pg.34)
1. harder and harder 2. easier and easier 3. more and more painful 4.worse and worse 5. more and
more confident 6. clearer and clearer 7. more and more popular 8. dizzier and dizzier 9. more and
more expensive 10. tighter and tighter

Exercise 14 (pg.34)
1. The ofder my brother gets, the more pessimistic he gets. 2. The more intricate the design (is), the
more expensive the vase (is). 3. The bigger the waves got, the more pleasure we derived from surfing.
4. The farther I walked, the sorer my feet became. 5. The more money we make now, the further well
be able to expand the business next year.

Exercise 15 (pg.38)
1. wasn't such a good house as this one 2. have to stay in hospital as/so many days as I had expected 3.
don't spend as/so much on eating out as we used to 4.isn t as/so easy to play as backgammon 5. could
nave thought of such a practical solution as this

59