HARVARD REFERENCING / CITATION GUIDE

FOR ASSIGNMENTS

(1). Referencing in the Text or in your Essay (DO DOT

use ibid. and op.cit. in the text/essay).

a). Citing or referencing an author’s argument which you are reading from
another source/book:

However, as Goetz and Gaventa (2001) observe, ‘participation and the expression of ‘voice’ do not
necessarily mean that people are either heard or listened to – they can simply be ignored’ (cited in Crawford,
2009:59).

(Please note that you provide the page number from Crawford only because
that is the book from which you are borrowing Goetz and Gaventa’s statement
or quotation. In the references section, you list Crawford)

b). Citing or referencing an author’s argument which you are have

paraphrased in your own words:

While the functions performed by these local units generally lie outside the direct control of central
government, it nonetheless maintains indirect supervision and control of these autonomous units (Rondinelli,
1983).

c). Citing or referencing from a newspaper where the article has no author’s
name:

On March 2012, President Robert Mugabe argued that Zimbabwe was too small to be divided into small
pieces that ‘will cause disunity among our people’ (Quoted in NewsDay, 2012).

d). Citing an argument by an author which appears in two of his or her books
or journal articles. Separate the years by a semi-colon:

Morgan (2001; 2006) argues that in order for devolution to achieve territorial justice, allocation of public
expenditure to sub-governments should be based on a needs based assessment by region and not by
population.

e). Citing two different books or articles by same author which appears in the
same year:

According to Ncube (2013a) devolution of power has many advantages. Ncube (2013b) further argues that
devolution promotes democracy and enhances local level participation.

Please note that the use of letters ‘a’ and ‘b’ is meant to distinguish two
sources by same author that were published in the same year. So do not
simply copy these in your work as if you have read two or more sources
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by the same author. In the references section these sources should also
appear with 2013a and 2013b in the year section.

f). Citing two authors (You MUST quote both authors):

According to Ncube and Moyo (2013) devolution of power has many advantages.

g). Citing more than two authors (You MUST quote only the first author and
then use et al. Please write your et al. in italics):

According to Khumalo et al. (2013:23) devolution of power has many advantages.

(2). LISTING THE REFERENCES IN THE

BIBLIOGRAPHY SECTION

1). Referencing a book:

a). Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of book in italics. City: Publisher.

McCandles, E. (2012). Polarization and Transformation in Zimbabwe: Social Movements, Strategy Dilemmas
and Change. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

Raftopoulous, B. and Phimister, I. (1997). Keep on Knocking: A History of the Labour Movement in Zimbabwe
1900-1997. Harare: Baobab.

Peil, M. et al. (1982). Social Science Research Methods: An African Handbook. London: Hodder and
Stoughton.

2). Referencing a chapter in an edited book:

a). Surname, Initial. (Year). ‘Title of Chapter in Quotes’, in Surname, Initial (ed.),
Title of book in italics. City: Publisher.

Gamson, A.W. (1992). ‘The Social Psychology of Collective Action’, in Morris, D. and Mueller, C.M. (eds.).
Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Schmitz, H. P. (1999). ‘Transnational Activism and Political Change in Kenya and Uganda’, in Risse, T. et
al., (eds.). The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

3). Referencing a Journal article:

a). Surname, Initial. (Year). ‘Title of Article in Quotes’ , in Title/Name of Journal
in Italics, Volume (Issue or Number): Pages.

Schedler, A. (2002). ‘The Menu of Manipulation’, in Journal of Democracy, 13(2):36-50.

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Morgan, G. and Smircich, L. (1980). ‘The Case for Qualitative Research’, in Academy of Management
Review, 5(4):491-500.

4). Referencing an article or report from the Internet:

a). Surname, Initial. (Year). ‘Title of Article or Report in Quotes’ , Available at:
<website link> (accessed, date).

Shaw, A. (2008). ‘MDC Claim Victory as Mugabe Drags Vote Count’, Available at:
http://wwwnehandaradio.com/zimbabwe/elections/armyrigs070408.html (Accessed, 1 April 2008).

b). Name of Organisation (Year). ‘Title of Article or Report in Quotes’ , Available

at: website link (accessed, date).

SADC Election Observation Mission (SEOM) (2013). ‘SADC Observation Mission Report’, Available at:
http://www.gta.gov.zw/index.php/component/content/article/145-june-2013/9219-sadc-observation-mission-
report (Accessed, 13 September 2013).

5). Referencing articles from a newspaper, with author name and

without author name, online and offline
a). Surname, Initial. (Year). ‘Title of article in Quotes’, Name of Newspaper in
Italics, City, Day and Month. Available at: website link (accessed,
date).

Nyathi, J. (2004). ‘Umfecane’, Zimbabwe Independent, Harare, 8 May. Available at:

http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/may8_2004.htmI#link14 (Accessed, 24 September 2010).

b). Name of Newspaper (Year). ‘Title of article in Quotes’, Name of

Newspaper in Italics (City), Day and Month. Available at: website link
(accessed, date).

Zimbabwe Independent (2004). ‘Umfecane’, Zimbabwe Independent, Harare, 8 May. Available at:
http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/may8_2004.htmI#link14 (Accessed, 24 September 2010).

c). A Hard Copy Newspaper (Not on line):

Author, Initial. or Name of Newspaper (Year). ‘Title of article in Quotes’,

Name of Newspaper in Italics, City, Day and Month.

Ramphele, M. (2000). ‘When Good People are Silent’, Mail & Guardian, Johannesburg, 10-16 December.

The Herald (2001). ‘Composition of Judiciary must be Changed: Chinamasa’, The Herald, Harare, 19
January.

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5. Referencing a Report/article by an organization
Name of organization (Year). ‘Name of Article or Report in Quotes’, Title of
Series or Issue in Italics, City: Publisher/Name of Organization.

International Crisis Group (ICG) (2002). ‘Zimbabwe at the Crossroads: Transition or Conflict?’, Africa Report
No.41, Harare/Brussels: International Crisis Group.

International Organisation for Migration (IOM) (2005). ‘The Development Potential of Zimbabweans in the
Diaspora: A Survey of Zimbabweans in the UK and South Africa’, IOM Migration Research Series
No.17. Geneva: International Organisation for Migration.

7. Referencing a Dissertation or Thesis

Surname, Initial. (Year). ‘Title of Thesis or Dissertation in Quotes’,
(Unpublished PhD Thesis, Name of University, Country).

Helliker, K.D. (2006). ‘A Sociological Analysis of Intermediary Non-Governmental Organisations and Land
Reform in Contemporary Zimbabwe’, (Unpublished PhD Thesis, Rhodes University, South Africa).

Ncube, C. (2006). ‘Subsistence Agricultural Fallback and Vulnerability in Rural Zimbabwe, 1990-2006’,
(Unpublished Masters Dissertation, University of Leeds, United Kingdom).

8. Referencing an Interview (This will depends on how you have

anonymised your interviews)
Interview Number (Year). Interview with author, Position of Respondent,
Name of Organisation, City, Day and Month

Interview 9 (2013). Interview with author, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 30 September.

Interview 3 (2013). Interview with author, Bulawayo, 10 October.

**The list of examples given here is not exhaustive. Candidates are advised to consult the lecturer or other
members of staff if or when they are not sure how to reference a particular literature.