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WD
The axial load Wexerts a moment -about XX axis.
2
Resolving along the axis of the spring,
( n e)
R d2 x 1 =
Total volume of the spring = -
4 4
Strain Energy
Strain energy, U = Strain energy due to bending + Strain energy due to torsion
U=
Wb12 x 1 f,2 (Volume of the spring )
+-
2EI 4G
Butweknow. f ,
16T
= and
~ I=-
' nb'
64
Deflection of Springs
The partial derivative of this total strain energy with respect to the applied load Wgives the
deflection6.
Mb = M s i n a = -
wD sin a
2
Stresses inshafts & Shells Substituting in expression given in Eq. (15.1I),
and Thermal Stresses
D
cos a x - cos a (15.12)
2
Stiffness of Springs
W
Stiffness of spring, k = -
6
:. d cos a
k =
cos2a 2 sin a
[8D3niT+f )J
15.3.2 Spring Subjected to Axial Couple
To find the angle $ by which the spring is wound up, apply a unit moment along the axis of
helix as shown in Figure 15.4.
Strain Energy
Weknow, $ =
au
-
aM
- 64 1Mb
-- (- cos a ) + -
32 (sin a )
Z ~ E lcdG
WD WD
On substitutingMb = -sin a and T = -cos a,
2 2
:. $ = --- i s i n a c o s a
&
[h - $)
15.3.3 Spring Subjected to Moment along t4leAxis of the Helix Springs
Figure 15.5 (a) shows an open coiled helical spring subjected to an axial couple M.
I Axis of the
colt wire
Figure 155 :Open Coiled Helical Spring (Subjected to Moment M along the Axis ofthe Helix)
-- ~3
2EZ
6 x (Volume of the spring)
+-
4G
Mb=Mcosa aMb
- - - cos a
" aM
aT
T=Msina ... aM
- - - sin a
ndE
'
:. 9 = -(M cos a ) cos a + -
321 ( M s i n a ) s i n a
ndc
On substituting1 = n -
nD
cos a '
32 M
9 = -x- . nnD
cos a
[-
sin2a
G
2 cos2a
E
Stresses in Shafts & Shells
and Thermal Stresses
On putting (D = 2R), @ =
6 cos a E
where, R = radius of the coil.
Deflection of Springs
To frnd the deflection 6 of the spring, a unit moment is applied at the end as shown in
Figure 15.6.
Mb = M c o s a
WD .
T = -sma = Msina
2
Strain energy, U =
a
aw =&E
=
("Iw (%I+[
2Mcosa --sina
n 6
)+
~
-
(n:t)-sina[+fcosa)
-aU- 16MDlsinacosa
aw - l~6 (15.19)
nnD
Substituting for 1 = -
-a' -
aw -
cos a
16NiD MDsinaCosa($
n d cos a
- $1
15.3.4 Stresses in Springs
Bending stress,fb =
MD
-
(a)
Z
WD nd3
where, MD = -sinol
2
and Z = -
32 '
Springs
WD s i n a
Thus,:. f - - -
- 16 WD sin a
nd3
16 T
(b) Sheai Stress,fs = -
nd3
L
-
nd3
- 8WD cos a.
fs =
d
(c) Principal stresses are as follov~s :
We get, G = 2 1 0 X l ~=3a x l o 3 M p a
2 (1 + 0.25)
:. Extension, 6 =
Stresses in Shafts & Shells Example 15.7
and Thermal Stresses
An open coiled helical spring of 50 mm mean diameter is made of steel of 6 mm,
diameter. Calculate the number of turns required in the spring to give a deflection of
12 mm for an axial load of 250 N, if the angle of helix is 30". Calculate also, the
rotation of one end of the spring relative to the other if it is subjected to an axial
couple of 10 N m. Take E = 210 GPa and G = 84 GPa.
Solution
Here, we have, D = 50 mm d = 6 m
6=12mm W=250 N
a = 30" n=?
E = 210 GPa G = 84 GPa
For a = 304,we get, sin a = 0.500, cos a = 0.866
Angle of rotation, $ =
32 MDn
dcosa (7
+
E -1
sin2a 2cos2a
:. $ = 0.6868 radian.
Example 15.8
An open coiled helical spring consisting of 12 turns of radius 100 mm and diameter
of wire 12 mm and the angle of helix 15'. It is subjected to an axial load of 250 N.
Determine the deflection under the load and also the angle of rotation of the free end.
Take E = 210 GPa and G = 84 GPa.
Solution
Here, we.have, n = 12
d=12mm
Here a is unknown
8WD (sin a + 1 )
Maximum principal stress,fi = -
nd3
(sin a + 1 ) = 1.667
sin a = 0.667
Axial Deflection, 6 =
cos2a + 2 sin2 a
E
1
Angular Deflection,$I =
16 WD2nsin a
d4 [a-s)
:. $I = 0.0314 radian.
Example 15.10
An o p n coiled spring consists of 10 coils, each of mean diameter of 50 mm, the wire
formkg the coils being 6 mm diameter and making a constant angle of 30"with the
planes perpendicular to the axis of the spring. What load would cause the spring to
elongate by 12.5 mm and what are the magnitudes of bending and shearing stresses
due to this load ? Take E = 210 GPa and G = 84 GPa.
Solution
Here, we have, n = 10 D=50mm
d=5mm 6 = 12.5 mm
E = 210 x l d MPa G = 84 x lo3 M P ~
For a = 30°, we get, cos a = 0.866, and sin a = 0.5
Stream in Shafts & She&
and Thermal S t r e s s Using the relationship, 6 = ----
E
.'. W = 124.1 N
Torque, T = WR cos a
Bendii moment, M b = WR sin a = M
Equivalent bending moment,
= 21 ( WRsina+ WR)
32 Me
Maximum direct stress = 2
d3
16 Te
Maximum direct stress,f, = 2
ltd3
SAQ 6
In an open coiled helical spring having a = 20', if the inclination of the coils is
ignored, calculate the percentage by which the axial extension is underestimated.
Take E = 200 GPa and G = 80 GPa.
In an open coiled helical spring having a = 30", if the inclination of the coils is
neglected. calculate the percentage error in the value obtained for the stiffness.
TiLke,E = 200 GPa and G = 80 GPa.
Springs
9
SAQ 8
An ope11 coiled helical spring having 12 complete turns is made of 15 mnm diameter
steel rod, the inearl diameter of the coil being 100 innl. The angle of hel~x,cx is 15'.
(a) Calculate the deflection under an axial load of 300 N.
(b) Also calculate the direct and shear stresses induced in the section of the wire.
(c) If, however, the axial load of 300 N is replaced by an axial torque of 8 N In,
deterinhe lhe axial deflection and the angle or rotation about the axis of the
coil. Takc E = 200 GPa and (;= 80 GEa.
((1) Also calculate the axial twist which will cause a bending stress of 10 MPa
SAQ Y
An open coil sprlllg with a: = 30" has a vertical displacement of 16.8 Inn1 and an
angular roration of the load end of 0.027 radi%iXntler an axial load of 100 N: The
sprmg 1s fonned of a I 0 nlnl diameter steel rod. Calculate the mean radius of the coil
Tiike E = 210 <;Pa. (; = 84 GPa.
SAQ 10
If the close co:led sprillg Sormula 1s used in finding thz exterisioll of an open coiled
5prlng under rhe axial load. deterrmne thc maximum ariglc of helix for which the
error 111 111e value oS the exlension is not to excccd 2 percent. Assume E = 2.5 G.
Spring
2
W
Using the relationship, S = -
6
--
I - 0.05058
(d2)4
:. d2 = 2.109 mm
Given
,,),f( = 180 MPa, then W = ?
W
Here, Deflection of all the 3 springs will be equal, i.e. 6 = 7 = constant.
. -Wl -- w
-2 - w3
" Sl. s2 s3
where, W1,W2and W3 are the loads carried by these 3 springs and S1,
S2and S3 are
their respective stiffnesses.
0)
(ii)
Substituting in (i), W l+ W2 + W3 = 25 kN
* . :?i'
. i t s -,o11\pr?n:l\ who\e propcrt~csare given below ale connected 111 series
I1 Spring
I Axial length 1
I , uncornpreused 1
1 Figure 15.9 shows a carriage spring carrying a central vertical load W, which is balanced by
1 equal end reactions -.W
2
WL
[bfl
Maximum bending moment, M = -
4
But !!!=f
Y
Strain Energy
volume = (9 Ll)
1
Work done by the load = - x Wx 6
2
Equating these two,
Stiffness of Springs
It is defied as tile load required to produce unit deflection.
W
:. Spring constant, S = -
6
Proof Load me-w-
Springs
If Wois the load required to make the spring flat, it is known as the proof load.
If 60 is the deflection corresponding to proof load wo,
then,
8Enb?
:. Proof Load, Wo = - s,
3L3
15.5.2 Practical Applications
Leaf springs are extensively used in railway carriages, railway wagons, trucks, trollies,
buses and cars etc. the common purpose of all kinds of springs is to absorb energy and to
release it as and when required. Carriage springs are used normally to absorb shock. In other
words, they act as primarily shock absorbers.
Example 15.13
A leaf spring 0.8 nl long consists of 12 plates, each of them is 65 mm wide and 6 mm
thick. It is simply supported at its ends. The greatest bending stress is not to exceed
180 MPa and the central deflection when the spring is fully loaded is not to exceed
20 mm. Estiinate the magnitude of the greatest central load that can be applied to the
spring. Take E = 200 x lo3 MPa,
Solution
Here, we have, L = 0.8 m n = 12
b=65mm t=6mm
f < 21 0 ~ / m r n ~ 6<20mm
3WL
Using the relationship, f
, = -
2nb8
:. W = 3510N
Thus, the greatest central load that can be applied is lesser of these two, i.e. 3.51 kN.
Example 15.14
A leaf spring is required to satisfy the following specification :
L = 0.75 m, W = 5 kN,b = 75 mm, maximum stress = 210 MPa,
Maximum deflection = 25 rnm, E = 200 GPa.
Find the number of leaves, their thicknesses and initial radius of curvature.
Solution
Here, we have, L = 0.75 m = 750 mm W = 5 kN = 5000 N
3 x-
Maximum stress,f = - WL
2 rrb8
Stresses in Shafts & Shells
3 wL3
and Thermal Stresses Maximum deflection, 8 = - x-
8 ~nb?
Adopt 10 leaves.
L L
Using property of circle, - x - = 6 (2R - 6)
2 2
and
SAQ 13
:. Radius of curvature = 2.815 m.
A stcel carrlagc spring is hO0 mrn I:)nlz and carries a ceiitral load of 4.5 kN. Each
plate is 75 rnm wide and 6 Irun thick. Thc strcss i b oot to exceed 170 MPa. C'alculate
the required ~iun~ber of plates aid 152 deflection at thc cenuc of the spring.
Take E = 210 GPa.
15.6 SUMMARY
We conclude by summarising what we have covered in this unit. We have /
I!;I .*
(a) Studied the definition of proof load, spring constant and proof stress, 1
(b) The defferent types of spring9namely close-coiled, open-coiled helical springs
and leaf springs. C.
(c) Obtained expressions for stresses in the springs, stiffness of springs and
deflection of springs for the above three types of springs.
-
-,
(d) Also seen the compound springs i.e. springs in series and springs in parallel and Springs
the situations where they are used.
(e) Studied some of the practical applications where springs are very often used.
1
15.7 ANSWERS TO SAQs
SAQ 1
W=351.8N,6=77.2mm, U = 13.59Nm,k=4.56N/mm.
SAQ 2
d = 45.92 mm, D = 459.22 mm,f, = 29.3 N/mm 2.
SAQ 3
D = 63.81 mm, n = 6.73.
SAQ 5
U = 4.23 N m, f,= 82.52 MPa, @ = 34.7'.
SAQ 6
3.78%.
SAQ 7
9.7%.
SAQ 8
(a) 7.26 mm.
(b) 28.49, -1 6.78,22.64 MPa.
(c) 0.1963 mm, 3.659'.
(d) 3.43 N m.
SAQ 9
56.7 mm.
SAQ 10
14.670.
SAQ 11
6.8 mm, 247 N.
SAQ 12
40.6 N, 19.1 MPa, 39.76 MPa.
SAQ 13
8.82, 11.9 mm.
SAQ 14
t=8mm,b=96mm,n=7.81,R=4m.
Stresses in Shafts & Shells
and Thermal Stresses
FURTHER READING
(1) Aggarwal, S. K., and Gupta, P. K., Strengths of Materials, Metropolitan Book
Company, New Delhi - 110 002.
(2) singh, Surendra, Strength of Materials, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi - 110 002.
(3) Prasad, Jainti, Strength of Materials, CBS Publishers & Distributors.
(4) Timoshenko, Stephen, Strength of Materials - Part I & 11, CBS Publishers &
Distributors.
(5) Schaum's OutlineSeries, (1989), Strength of Materials - Second Edition, McGraw Hill
Book Company.
(6) Popov, E. P., (1993), Mechanics of Materials - Second Edition, Prentice Hall of India
Private Limited.
(7) Ryder, G. H., (1993), Strength of Materials, Educational Low Priced Books Scheme.
(8) Case, John, Chilver, L., Ross, Carl T. F., (1993), Strength of Materials and Structures -
Third Edition, Educational Low Priced Books Scheme.