MODULE 11

I, ME, MYSELF AND MY USER ID ONLINE

- The sum of one's characteristics, such as birthplace, education, and shoe size, constitute
one's identity. On the other hand, online identity is the sum of these characteristics and
interactions. Because they perceive you differently, each website has its own partial
identity. As a result, you have one true identity and many partial identities, with some
information under your control and others that are out of your control or invisible.
Whatever your partial identities are, they all contribute to who you are and what you do.

SELECTIVE SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

- Social media and online community attendance have become integral parts of our lives,
making self-presentation an essential aspect of personal and professional life. Impression
management involves controlling others' perceptions through information, photos, and
videos, connecting oneself to the outside world. There are three types of self-presentation
strategies: proactive, fuzzy generalization, and passive. Proactive strategies value others'
perceptions of self, while fuzzy generalization avoids stereotypes and passive strategies
control negative emotions and attitudes. People are more willing to present themselves
positively on social media, compared to their real self-presentation.

Why People Engage in Self Presentation?

1. Facilitate Social Interaction- Self-presentation defines social situations, influencing

role-governed interactions, such as airline pilots' poise and dignified demeanor, ensuring
smooth behavior.
2. Gain Material and Social Rewards- People create impressions to gain material and
social rewards, influencing their likeability and leadership abilities.
3. Self-Construction- Self-presentational behavior constructs identity by convincing others
of personal qualities.

The internet has negative effects on our mental health and face-to-face communication,
making our generation impatient, antisocial, and unhealthy. However, being online is
necessary for living, working, and communicating with others. However, creating
necessary boundaries online is difficult. Boundaries are necessary for safety, maintaining
good mental health, and preventing hacking and catfishing. To create boundaries online,
individuals must decide what kind of boundaries they want to create and how to create
them. The most common boundary is limiting the amount of personal information others
can access.

Digital footprints are a reflection of our online activity, and they can be used for various
purposes, such as selling products, evaluating job opportunities, or deciding if to enroll in
institutions. To create a positive digital footprint, it is crucial to understand the
permanency and implications of our online actions on our online identity. Digital
citizenship involves engaging in appropriate and responsible behavior when using
technology, including digital literacy, ethics, etiquette, online safety, norms, rights, and
culture.
 MODULE 12

Neuroscience researchers have recently discovered that the human brain is the seat of learning,
with the brain acting as a dense network of fiber pathways consisting of approximately 100
billion neurons. The cerebrum is the most important part of learning, as it is where higher-
ordered functions like memory and reasoning occur. The brain's physiology is crucial for
understanding how learning occurs, as it acts as a dense network of fiber pathways. Sensory
information is transmitted by synapses along the neural pathway and stored temporarily in short-
term memory. The brain's neural pathways carry these memories to the structural core, where
they are compared with existing memories and stored in long-term memory.

However, this process is not always perfect, and many of our memories are incomplete or
include false portions. Neuroscientists believe that learning and memory formation are made by
the strengthening and weakening of connections among brain cells. This research has important
implications for learning, especially how we acquire new knowledge, store it in memory, and
retrieve it when needed. To ensure effective learning, we need to engage all senses and tap into
the emotional side of the brain through methods like humor, storytelling, group activities, and
games. Our brains are hardwired to learn, and our natural curiosity drives our curiosity.

BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR CHANGES

- Neuroplasticity allows the brain to change its structure and function based on
experiences, behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Habits become neural traits, and
breaking bad habits requires changing the brain. Building alternate pathways in the brain
involves conscious effort, intention, and thought. The time required to modify behavior
varies, with progress gradually diminishing over time.

METACOGNITION AND STUDY STRATEGIES

- Metacognition is a regulatory system that helps individuals understand and control their
cognitive performance. It involves awareness of how they learn, evaluating their learning
needs, generating strategies to meet these needs, and implementing these strategies.
Metacognitive skills are crucial for efficient independent learning and foster forethought
 and self-reflection. They can be divided into two complementary processes: knowledge
of cognition, which involves understanding factors influencing performance, and
regulation of cognition, which involves setting goals, planning, monitoring and controlling
learning, and evaluating one's own regulation. Metacognitive strategies are essential for
improving productivity and effectiveness at school or work.

- Some metacognitive strategies include self-questioning, meditation, awareness of

strengths and weaknesses, learning styles, mnemonic aids, writing down working,
thinking aloud, graphic organizers, regulation checklists, and active reading strategies.
These strategies help individuals become better learners and improve their overall
cognitive performance. By incorporating these strategies, individuals can become better
learners and improve their overall performance in various aspects of their lives.

MANAGING OUR OWN LEARNING

- Self-regulated learning involves students taking responsibility for their learning and
applying it for academic success.

Cycle of Self-Regulated Learning

- Planning involves setting goals, defining strategies, and creating a schedule for a task. Students
work on self-assessment and learn to select the best strategies for success. Monitoring involves
implementing the plans and making adjustments as needed. Reflection involves synthesizing
learning and evaluating their performance, identifying areas for improvement and adjusting
strategies accordingly.
 MODULE 13

THE IMPORTANCE OF GOALS

- Goal setting process motivates, inspires, and increases success rate, focusing on current
situation, choosing desired path, and assessing steps for ultimate goal achievement.

The following are my insights about the types of goals.

1. Outcome goals- Outcome goals are specific, stating the desired outcomes. For example,
a high school student sets a goal to become a doctor, which involves exams and
competition. While studying hard and preparing well for interviews, the results are
ultimately not under one's control.
2. Process goals- Process goals are strategies for achieving desired outcomes, such as
weight loss, by focusing on changing behaviors and habits. They are within our control
and help us achieve desired outcomes. Examples include reducing calories, cycling, and
drinking water.
3. Performance goals- Performance goals set standards for achieving process goals,
focusing on results that affect the bottom line. Meeting these goals with process goals is
the most effective way to achieve outcome goals. For example, achieving weight loss
goals by eating 1200 calories daily, cycling 30 minutes weekly, and drinking 3 liters of
water daily for a month.

SELF-EFFICACY

- Beliefs shape thoughts, words, actions, habits, values, and destiny. Self-efficacy, a
positive psychology model, is the optimistic belief in one's competence and chances of
successfully accomplishing tasks, resulting in favorable outcomes.

4 Ways to Build Self-Efficacy

The following are my insights about the 4 ways to build Self- Efficacy.

Mastery Experiences

- Bandura (2008) suggests that building self-efficacy through mastery experiences is the
most effective way to believe in one's ability to succeed. By setting goals, persisting
through challenges, and enjoying satisfying results, individuals develop a belief in their
ability to succeed. Conversely, achieving easy success with little effort can lead to
unrealistic expectations and discouragement.
Social Modeling

- Witnessing competence demonstrations by similar individuals can build self-efficacy.

The observer perceives aspects of their identity in the actor, influencing their own goals
and inspiring them to achieve their own.

Social Persuasion

- Self-efficacy is strengthened through self-fulfilling prophecies, as individuals are told they

have the capabilities to achieve their goals. A trusted mentor can boost self-efficacy
through role-modeling and encouragement, rather than dwelling on deficiencies.

States of Physiology

- Emotions, moods, and physical states impact self-efficacy judgment. Weariness and low
moods can hinder success, especially when perceived as incompetence or vulnerability.
Introspection and education can prevent negative interpretations, promoting self-
compassion during personal or work failures.
 MODULE 14

Stress is the body's response to demands and can be negative or positive depending on our
response to stressors. Negative stress is beyond one's control and manifests in physical and
mental symptoms.

- Negative stress causes anxiety, can be short- or long-term, and can lead to mental and
physical problems. However, mild or moderate stress can improve creativity, learning,
efficiency, and self-esteem. Positive stress motivates and focuses energy, is short-term,
perceived as within coping abilities, and feels exciting. Stressors can be chemical or
biological agents, environmental conditions, or external stimuli that cause stress.

Fight-or-flight response: what happens in the body

The nervous system releases stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, when threatened.
These hormones cause the body to respond, increasing strength, stamina, reaction time, and
focus. These physical changes prepare the body to fight or flee from the danger.

Stress overload can be easily detected and can lead to cognitive, emotional, physical, and
behavioral symptoms. Common warning signs include memory problems, poor judgment,
anxiety, and constant worrying. Emotional symptoms include depression, anxiety, agitation,
moodiness, and feeling overwhelmed. Physical symptoms include aches, pains, nausea,
dizziness, chest pain, and rapid heart rate. Behavioral symptoms include eating more or less,
sleeping too much or too little, withdrawing from others, procrastinating, and using alcohol,
cigarettes, or drugs to relax. Factors influencing stress tolerance include a strong support
network, sense of control, and confidence in oneself.

Your attitude and outlook significantly impact your stress management. A hopeful outlook
reduces vulnerability, while stress-hardy individuals embrace challenges, have a stronger sense
of humor, believe in a higher purpose, and accept change. Emotional management is crucial for
coping with sadness, anger, or trouble. Knowledge and preparation about stressful situations,
such as the duration and expectations, also help in coping.