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PREFACE
This new edition of Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary carries International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology on
on a tradition of excellence that stretches back for more than a the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes. For prokar-
century. Its nearly 124,000 entries are by far the largest number yotes, we have used the ‘‘Taxonomic Outline of the Archaea and
to be found in a single-volume medical dictionary. The entries Bacteria,’’ by GM Garrity and JG Holt, in Volume 1 of Bergey’s
are enhanced by 1525 illustrations, nearly all in full color, each Manual of Systemic Bacteriology, 2nd edition, together with the
chosen for its ability to clarify the description given in the descriptions that have been published to date. For viruses, we
definition. About 500 of our illustrations are new in this edition, have relied on the Universal Virus Database of the International
keeping the dictionary fresh and up to date. We are confident Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTVdB). Psychiatric
that the 32nd edition will continue to provide its users with the terminology is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
same authoritativeness, comprehensiveness, and currency that Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), published by the
they have come to expect from Dorland’s. American Psychiatric Association. Drugs are identified as being
In the creation of any dictionary, the demands of providing included in the United States Pharmacopeia or the National
the fullest coverage possible must be balanced against the need to Formulary. Abbreviations included in this volume, both in the
keep the size of the volume within reasonable limits. In this vocabulary and the ‘‘Selected Abbreviations’’ appendix, that
edition, we have adopted a space-saving feature familiar from appear in the ‘‘Do not use’’ lists of the Joint Commission
standard English dictionaries, the use of run-on entries to give (JHACO), both the official list and the potential inclusions, carry
related parts of speech without definitions. These are confined to the notation ‘‘(on the JCAHO ‘Do Not Use’ List).’’ We gratefully
fairly colorless terms, such as adjectives meaning ‘‘pertaining acknowledge our indebtedness to the compilers, editors, and
to . . . .’’ This change has allowed us to decrease the size of the publishers of these works and we emphasize that any inaccuracies
book somewhat while maintaining the coverage that Dorland’s that may have arisen from our transcription or interpretation of
users have long been used to. this material are our sole responsibility.
Dorland’s also continues to include the familiar electronic As always, we are indebted to our consultants for their work in
resources. The accompanying CD-ROM contains supplementary reviewing the vocabulary and for their invaluable expert guidance
appendices comprising a tabular listing of selected terms in in selecting new material, deleting obsolete terms, and revising
anatomy and a listing of surgical equipment not covered in the existing entries. We are also grateful to the many users who, over
main section of the dictionary, as well as audio phonetics for over the years, have provided opinions, information, corrections,
35,000 medical terms. The content of the A to Z section of the criticism, and innumerable suggestions, as well as their praise and
dictionary is also available at www.dorlands.com; access can be support. To them we owe a debt of gratitude; their ongoing
obtained using the PIN included inside the front cover of this interest has helped to maintain Dorland’s position as the most
book. comprehensive and authoritative medical dictionary available.
As in previous editions, we have relied on a number of works
containing official and standard nomenclatures for guidance. For
anatomy, we have used the Terminologia Anatomica, as approved
DOUGLAS M. ANDERSON
by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical
Terminology. In enzyme nomenclature, we have relied heavily Chief Lexicographer
on the Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the Elsevier
vii
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CONTENTS
CONSULTANTS................................................................................................................ v
PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... vii
INDEX TO TABLES ......................................................................................................... xi
INDEX TO PLATES ....................................................................................................... xiii
INDEX TO APPENDICES ..................................................................................................xv
NOTES ON THE USE OF THIS DICTIONARY .............................................................. xvii
Main Entries and Subentries..........................................................................................................xvii
Syllabication.....................................................................................................................................xvii
Sequence of Entries ........................................................................................................................xvii
Indication of Pronunciation ......................................................................................................... xviii
Pronunciation Guide .................................................................................................................... xviii
Presentation of Plurals and Other Inflections ...............................................................................xix
Etymology ........................................................................................................................................xix
Official Publications.........................................................................................................................xix
Placement of Definitions and Cross-References ............................................................................xx
Related Entries..................................................................................................................................xx
Run-On Entries.................................................................................................................................xx
Official Terminology ........................................................................................................................xx
Entries Containing a Proper Name ................................................................................................ xx
Form of Eponyms.............................................................................................................................xx
Symbols and Abbreviations .............................................................................................................xxi
Abbreviations Used in This Dictionary .........................................................................................xxi
FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL ETYMOLOGY .............................................................. xxiii

Alphabet and Pronunciation..........................................................................................................xxiii
Transliteration................................................................................................................................xxiii
Word Formation............................................................................................................................ xxiv
VOCABULARY .................................................................................................................. 1
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. 2099
CREDITS ................................................................................................................... 2145
ix
INDEX TO TABLES
Amino Acids: The 20 -Amino Acids Specified by the Genetic Code.................................................... 61

Cavity Angles ................................................................................................................................................ 88
Malaria-Carrying Anopheles Species ............................................................................................................. 95
Human Blood Group Systems and Erythrocytic Antigenic Determinants ............................................ 229
Bronchi Segmentales (Segmental Bronchi) ............................................................................................... 255
Carbamate Insecticides ............................................................................................................................... 287
Blacks Classification of Dental Caries....................................................................................................... 296
Cholecalciferol and Related Metabolites of Vitamin D........................................................................... 348
Symbols Used in Chromosome Nomenclature ........................................................................................ 358
Selected Surgical Clamps ........................................................................................................................... 367
New York Heart Association Classification of Cardiac Patients ............................................................ 369
The Genetic Code ...................................................................................................................................... 380
Defects in Complement Components and Selected Regulatory Proteins .............................................. 393
Ranson Criteria for Severity of Acute Pancreatitis .................................................................................. 433
Types of Multiple Electrolytes Injection .................................................................................................. 601
Enterobacteriaceae Associated with Infection........................................................................................... 624
Some Naturally Occurring Fatty Acids..................................................................................................... 686
Selected Surgical Forceps........................................................................................................................... 731
Nyhus Classification of Inguinal Hernias ................................................................................................. 850
Hyperlipoproteinemias................................................................................................................................ 891
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ................................................................................................................ 894
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders, Diseases, and Syndromes........................................................... 918
The Human Immunoglobulins .................................................................................................................. 920
Common Plasma Lipoprotein Classes .................................................................................................... 1064
Surface Markers of Lymphocytes ............................................................................................................ 1085
Angle’s Classification of Malocclusion .................................................................................................... 1100
Human Adenoviruses ................................................................................................................................ 1111
Selected Etiologic Agents of Mycetoma ................................................................................................. 1215
Types of Mycotoxicosis ............................................................................................................................ 1218
Organochlorine Insecticides (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons)..................................................................... 1334
Organophosphorus Insecticides................................................................................................................ 1335
Oxyacids of Chlorine................................................................................................................................ 1356
NASPE/BPEG Generic (NBG) Pacemaker Code ................................................................................. 1359
Types of Pneumoconiosis......................................................................................................................... 1471
Types of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis .................................................................................................. 1475
Plants That Can Cause Cyanide Poisoning ........................................................................................... 1482
Plants That Can Cause Oxalate Poisoning ............................................................................................ 1483
Selenium Accumulators: Plants That Can Cause Selenium Poisoning ................................................ 1484
Positions of the Fetus in Various Presentations..................................................................................... 1498
Selected Brief Psychotherapy Methods ................................................................................................... 1550
Opioid Receptor Classes .......................................................................................................................... 1605
Selected Surgical Retractors..................................................................................................................... 1635
Anticoagulant Rodenticides ...................................................................................................................... 1652
Selected Rongeurs..................................................................................................................................... 1652
Rule of Nines ............................................................................................................................................ 1658
Selected Scissors........................................................................................................................................ 1678
Segmenta Bronchopulmonalia (Bronchopulmonary Segments) ............................................................. 1687
Segmentation of the Liver ....................................................................................................................... 1687
Senses......................................................................................................................................................... 1692
xi
Index to Tables .....................................................................................
Important Venomous Snakes ................................................................................................................... 1728

Erickson’s Eight Stages of Man............................................................................................................... 1759
Selected Technetium Tc 99m Radiopharmaceuticals ............................................................................ 1875
SI Units ..................................................................................................................................................... 2004
Selected Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses .............................................................................................. 2065
xii
INDEX TO PLATES
1. Principal Arteries of the Body and the Pulmonary Veins................................................................ 151

2. Arteries of the Head, Neck, and Base of the Brain.......................................................................... 152
3. Arteries of the Thorax and Axilla ...................................................................................................... 153
4. Arteries of the Abdomen and Pelvis .................................................................................................. 154
5. Arteries of the Upper Limb................................................................................................................ 155
6. Arteries of the Lower Limb ............................................................................................................... 156
7. Generalized Structures of Typical Bacterial Cells and Transfer of a Plasmid
Between Bacterial Cells via Conjugation ........................................................................................... 193
8. Structure, Vascularization, and Development of Bone..................................................................... 237
9. Various Aspects of Brain and Spinal Cord........................................................................................ 246
10. Hemisection of the Head and Neck, Showing Various Parts of the Brain
in Relation to Other Structures ......................................................................................................... 247
11. The Cell: Cell Structures and Epithelial Cell Types ....................................................................... 313
12. Cell Organelles and Plasma Membrane............................................................................................. 314
13. Various Types of Dislocation............................................................................................................. 548
14. External and Internal Structures of the Ear...................................................................................... 587
15. The Eye and Related Structures ........................................................................................................ 666
16. Various Types of Fractures ................................................................................................................ 741
17. The Endocrine Glands........................................................................................................................ 778
18. Structures of the Heart ....................................................................................................................... 826
19. Intestinal and Inguinal Hernias .......................................................................................................... 849
20. Structure of the Kidney ...................................................................................................................... 985
21. Articular Ligaments ........................................................................................................................... 1036
24. Structure of the Liver ....................................................................................................................... 1068
25. Pulmonary Segments ......................................................................................................................... 1078
26. Diagrammatic Representation of Lymphatic Drainage of Various Parts of the Body ................ 1082
27. Muscles of the Head and Neck........................................................................................................ 1191
28. Muscles of the Trunk, Anterior View ............................................................................................. 1192
29. Muscles of the Trunk, Posterior View ............................................................................................ 1193
30. Superficial Muscles of the Upper Limb .......................................................................................... 1194
31. Superficial Muscles of the Lower Limb .......................................................................................... 1195
32. Types and Structure of Muscle ........................................................................................................ 1196
33. Superficial Nerves and Muscles of the Head and Neck ................................................................ 1245
34. Deep Nerves Shown in Relation to Bones of the Face ................................................................. 1246
35. Deep Nerves of the Neck, Axilla, and Upper Thorax ................................................................... 1247
36. Deep Nerves of the Lower Trunk................................................................................................... 1248
37. Nerves of the Upper Limb............................................................................................................... 1249
38. Nerves of the Lower Limb............................................................................................................... 1250
39. Structure of Nerve Tissue ................................................................................................................ 1251
40. Anterior and Posterior Views of the Human Skeleton .................................................................. 1724
41. Various Types of Sutures ................................................................................................................. 1811
42. Autonomic Nervous System ............................................................................................................. 1860
43. Organs of the Respiratory System ................................................................................................... 1863
44. Organs of the Urogenital System..................................................................................................... 1864
45. Veins of the Head and Neck............................................................................................................ 2030
46. Principal Veins of the Body ............................................................................................................. 2031
47. Superficial Veins of the Upper Limb .............................................................................................. 2032
48. Superficial Veins of the Lower Limb .............................................................................................. 2033
49. Structure of Various Viruses and Life Cycle of Human Immunodeficiency Virus ..................... 2059
50. Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera ..................................................................................................... 2067
xiii
INDEX TO APPENDICES
1. Frequently Used Stems...................................................................................................................... 2101

2. Selected Abbreviations Used in Medicine........................................................................................ 2108
3. Symbols ............................................................................................................................................... 2126
4. Phobias................................................................................................................................................ 2130
5. Table of Elements.............................................................................................................................. 2133
6. Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Equivalents........................................................................... 2134
7. Units of Measurement ....................................................................................................................... 2135
8. Reference Intervals for the Interpretation of Laboratory Tests..................................................... 2137
xv
NOTES ON THE USE
OF THIS DICTIONARY
Main Entries and Subentries aluminum hydroxide, and aluminum sulfate are all
located under aluminum, and ferric citrate is found under
Main entries appear in boldface type, with bullets ferric.
indicating syllabication. Terms consisting of two or more
words are ordinarily given as subentries under the noun, as Drug Names
is traditional in medical dictionaries; subentries are also set Drugs are to be found under the active moiety, if that is
in boldface type, and each is set on a new line. Although a main entry. For example, prednisolone acetate, prednisolone
this arrangement may be confusing at first to those hemisuccinate, and prednisolone sodium phosphate all appear
accustomed to general dictionaries, it has the advantage under prednisolone. If the active moiety is not itself a main
of allowing related terms to be grouped together (for entry then the entire drug name appears as a main entry,
example, all the lymphocyte entries appear under the main for example, methadone hydrochloride under M.
entry lymphocyte).
According to this scheme, Howell-Jolly bodies, ketone Syllabication
bodies, and pineal body are all to be found under the main
entry body, and carotid pulse, dicrotic pulse, and paradoxical Acceptable word divisions are indicated for main entries by
pulse are to be found under the main entry pulse. It is the use of bullets within the entry word; syllabication is
important for the user to bear in mind that it is impossible based on pronunciation. Not all syllable breaks are given;
to provide entries for every variation of every term, so that for example, the separation of a single vowel from the
a phrase that is not found under one main entry should be beginning or end of a word is not allowed and is not
sought under a synonymous main entry. For example, the shown. Likewise, single letters should not be separated
same entity may be described as a disease or a syndrome from the word elements to which they belong in
(as Fabry disease—Fabry syndrome, which is to be found compound words. In many cases a word may be broken
under disease). In such cases, the main entry should be at places other than the ones indicated; for example,
consulted for references to synonymous terms under which different pronunciations imply different sets of breaks,
the desired phrase may be found. so that melanocyte could be divided mel • a • no • cyte or
me • lano • cyte, depending on which syllable, the first or
Example: second, is stressed. In any case, breaks that could confuse a
treatment . . . the management and care of a patient reader as to the meaning of a word are to be avoided.
for the purpose of combating disease or disorder. See
also under care, maneuver, method, technique, test, and Sequence of Entries
therapy. Main Entries
In subentries, the main entry word is represented only Main entries will be found alphabetized on the sequence of
by the initial letter, e.g., cogwheel r. under respiration, unless letters, regardless of spaces or hyphens that may occur
it occurs in the plural form. Regular English plurals are between them. (Special rules govern terms that begin with
represented by the initial letter followed by ’s, as b’s for proper names, which are mainly eponyms; see below.)
bones under bone. Irregular plurals, such as teeth under tooth, Thus the following sequences will be found:
and Latin plurals, such as foramina under foramen, are
spelled out in full. formboard heart
form-class heartbeat
Chemical Compounds forme heart block
Exceptions to the use of subentries are made for specific form-family heartburn
acids and for enzymes and enzyme deficiencies. Names of
specific acids will be found as main entries under the first Subentries
word of the name, for examples, sulfuric acid under S, as Subentries, like main entries, are alphabetized letter by
will enzyme names, for example, acetyl-CoA carboxylase letter. The main entry word, whether it is represented by
under A. Enzyme deficiencies, when they occur as separate the initial letter, the initial plus ’s, or a spelled-out plural,
entries, will be found as main entries immediately is ignored in alphabetizing subentries, as are prepositions,
following the entry for the enzyme in question, for conjunctions, and articles. Inflected forms, such as geni-
examples, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency after tives and plurals of Latin words, are treated as if they
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. were nominative singular. (For what is meant by ‘‘inflec-
Chemical compounds having a binary name will be ted forms,’’ see ‘‘Presentation of Plurals and Other
found under the first word, so that aluminum acetate, Inflections,’’ p. xix.) The following forms, all from
xvii
Notes on the Use of This Dictionary ......................................................................
os craniale ‘‘cranial bone,’’ are considered equivalent for Chemical Terms

purposes of alphabetization: os craniale, ossis cranialis, ossa In the alphabetization of chemical names, italic prefixes
cranialia, and ossium cranialium. (e.g., o-, p-, m-, trans-, cis-) are ignored, as are numbers,
In accordance with the above rules, the following Greek letters, and the prefixes D-, L-, d-, l-, (þ)-, and ()-.
sequences of subentries are found under ganglion and When a prefix is spelled out, however, the term is to be found
prolapse: under the fully spelled out form, for example, levodopa under
ganglion prolapse L, orthocresol under O, and beta-naphtholsulfonic acid under B.
Andersch ganglia anal p.
ganglia aorticorenalia p. of anus Indication of Pronunciation
auditory g. p. of cord
Auerbach g. frank p.
A phonetic spelling of a term appears in parentheses after
g. autonomicum p. of iris
the boldface entry word. The pronunciation is given for all
main entries; it is generally not given for subentries but
A special case is that of what may be called inverted does appear in some subentries that are foreign phrases. As
subentries, in which the initial word or words are moved to a rule, the most common pronunciation is given, with no
the end of the entry, set off by a comma. This is done effort to list the variants, although exceptions to this do
in order to allow related terms to fall together in the occur. The phonetic spelling is kept as simple as possible,
subentry list; such inversions are especially common in the with few diacritical marks; the only special character used
anatomical vocabulary for anterior/posterior structures and is , the schwa, used to represent the unstressed vowel
e
the like. These terms are alphabetized as usual up to the sound heard at the end of sofa. The schwa is also used in
comma marking the inversion; words following the combination with r in unstressed syllables to represent the
comma, however, are not counted except within the group sound heard in the second syllable of sulfur or other.
of repeated entries: There are four basic rules:
lobe (1) An unmarked vowel ending a syllable (an ‘‘open’’
inferior l., left syllable) is long. Thus ma represents the pronuncia-
inferior l., right tion of may.
inferior l. of left lung (2) An unmarked vowel in a syllable ending in a
inferior l. of right lung consonant (a ‘‘closed’’ syllable) is short. Thus not
represents the pronunciation of knot.
Proper Names (3) A long vowel in a closed syllable is indicated by a
A number of main entries are included for terms beginning macron. Thus māt represents the pronunciation of mate.
with a proper name, usually eponymic terms; these give (4) A short vowel that ends or itself constitutes a syllable
information about the term’s origin (most often a bit of is indicated by a breve. Thus ı̆-mūn0 represents the
biographical information) and cross-references to entries pronunciation of immune.
where definitions may be found. These cross-references can Primary (0 ) and secondary (00 ) stresses are shown in
be helpful in giving an indication of where to look for an polysyllabic words, with unstressed syllables followed by
entry that may go by more than one name (such as disease hyphens, as in rep00 lı̆-kā0 sh n. Monosyllables have no stress
e
or syndrome). Entries of this sort are alphabetized as mark unless they are part of a compound term, in which case
entries for the proper name only, following this set of rules: each word is given a stress mark for clarity. Thus, broun is
(1) The ’s, if one occurs, is never counted for used to represent brown, but den0 is broun0 is used for Denis
alphabetization. Jackson’s law, Jackson membrane, Browne splint. Primary stresses are also given as part of the
Jackson safety triangle, jacksonian appear in that order. boldface subentries for foreign phrases. However, even in
(2) Words following the name are not counted for compound terms, stresses are omitted from prepositions,
alphabetical order unless the names are the same. conjunctions, and other similar small words.
Thus, Addison disease precedes Addison planes. It is impossible with Dorland’s simplified phonetics to
(3) Only the first name in a term containing more than represent the native pronunciations of many foreign words
one proper name is counted for alphabetization and proper names. These are shown as closely as possible
unless the entries are the same in all other respects. in English phonetics.
Babinski reflex, Babinski-Frohlich syndrome, Babinski-
Nageotte syndrome, Babinski-Vaquez syndrome appear in Pronunciation Guide
that order.
Vowels
(4) Umlauts (ö, ü) are ignored for purposes of alpha-
betization. Löwe ring, Lowe syndrome, Lowe-Terry- (For the use of breves and macrons, see the four rules
MacLachlan syndrome, Löwenberg canal, Löwenthal tract, above.)
Lower rings appear in that order. e sofa ŏ got
(5) Names beginning Mac or Mc are alphabetized as if ā mate ū fuel
spelled Mac. ă bat ŭ but
Subentries that begin with a proper name also follow the ē beam aw all
above rules for sequencing. ĕ met oi boil
Proper nouns (or capitalized entries) appear before ı̄ bite oo boom
^
common nouns (or lower case entries). Thus Bacillus ı̆ bit oo book
precedes bacillus. ō home ou fowl
xviii
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes on the Use of This Dictionary
prepositions or conjunctions (e.g., et ‘‘and,’’ in ‘‘in’’); thus

Consonants
under the main entry fissura, the subentry f. in ano precedes
b book s sigh f. ansoparamedianis cerebelli.
d dog t tin
f fog w wood Etymology
g get z size, phase
h heat ch chin Information on the origin of a word appears in brackets
j jewel, gem ks six after the phonetic spelling or a plural form of the entry
k cart, pick kw quote when that is given. The information is necessarily brief,
l look ng sing and the reader must often reason from the etymon, the
m mouse sh should original word from which other words are derived, to
n new th thin, than the meaning. For example, for the main entry dualism
p park zh measure the etymological section reads [L. duo two]. L. stands
r rat for Latin (languages are either abbreviated or spelled
out; see ‘‘Abbreviations Used in This Dictionary,’’
p. xxi). The word duo is the etymon, and ‘‘two’’ is the
Presentation of Plurals and English translation of the etymon, not of the entry. The
Other Inflections reader proceeds from duo to dual to dualism. Further-
more, space limitations preclude the listing of all the
In main entries for foreign (nearly always Greek or Latin) stages in the passage from the etymon to the modern
nouns, the original and anglicized plurals are given after derivative (i.e., the entry). For example, the etymological
the phonetic spelling; irregular plurals of English nouns part of the entry for vein is simply [L. vena]; in full, it
are also given. would be [Middle English veine, from Old Fr., from
Example: L. vena].
For those foreign words or phrases taken into English
sto • ma (sto0 m ) pl. stomas, sto0 mata. . .
e
entire, only the language is given, with a translation given
tooth (tooth) pl. teeth. . . within quotation marks.
The original foreign plural is often given a separate Example:
boldface listing in its proper alphabetical place in the
vocabulary. déjà vu [Fr. ‘‘already seen’’] . . .
If the meaning of the foreign word or phrase is the same
Example:
as that of the entry word, no translation is given.
sto • ma • ta (sto0 m -t ) [Gr.] plural of stoma.
e e
There are three further additions:
Latin is used, especially in anatomy, to form phrases (1) Many technical terms of Greek or Latin derivation
of the type ‘‘the X of Y,’’ for example, arcus aortae, are listed twice as main entries (and both times
‘‘the arch of the aorta.’’ The prepositional phrase with meaning and cross-references), first as an
introduced by ‘‘of ’’ corresponds to the Latin genitive independent word (with an etymology), then as a
case (aortae ‘‘of the aorta,’’ from aorta). For this combining form (without an etymology), e.g., ectomy
reason, the genitive case (¼ English ‘‘of ’’) for Latin nouns and -ectomy.
is also frequently given, introduced by the abbreviation (2) There is an essay, ‘‘Fundamentals of Medical
gen. Etymology’’ (see p. xxiii), which explains the basic
Examples: rules for the derivation and composition of Greek,
Latin, and Greco-Latin terms in medicine. Appendix 1
pa • pil • la. . .gen. and pl. papil0 lae. . . is an analytical word list of Greek and Latin roots,
os1. . .gen. o0 ris, pl. o0 ra. . . prefixes, and combining forms; the list is an aid for
os2. . .gen. os 0 sis, pl. os 0 sa. . . the analysis of existing medical terms and the creation
Latin and Greek (and a number of other languages, such of new ones.
as German and Russian, for that matter) are said to be (3) The prefixes (e.g., hyper-, hypo-), suffixes (e.g., -ia,
inflected, that is, words change form to show how they are -oid ), and combining forms (e.g., action-, -emia) from
related to other words in a sentence. An example of this is the analytical word list are also listed as main entries
the ‘‘aortae’’ phrase given above, where the change in the in the vocabulary.
ending of the word corresponds to the use of the English
preposition ‘‘of.’’ Other Latin inflected forms are found in Official Publications
subentries; these forms will be the objects in a preposi-
tional phrase. For example, under the main entry fissura, Certain terms listed in official publications are identified
there is the subentry f. in ano; ano is the object of the by an abbreviation in brackets. In main entries, these
preposition in and is one of the half-dozen or so different abbreviations usually appear after the etymology (or after
inflected forms of anus, which is a main entry in the the phonetic spelling if no etymology is given). In
Dictionary and has listed with it the genitive and plural subentries, they appear immediately after the boldface
form ani. As in all subentries, differences in singular and subentry word. When a term has more than one meaning,
plural forms do not count for alphabetizing, nor do the abbreviation is placed at the beginning of the
xix
Notes on the Use of This Dictionary ......................................................................
definition to which it applies. The following abbreviations (For the abbreviations, see ‘‘Abbreviations Used in This
are used: Dictionary,’’ p. xxi.) Cross-references introduced by
‘‘see also’’ or ‘‘cf.’’ are set in italic type.
[DSM-IV] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders of the American Psychiatric Associa-
Run-On Entries
tion, 4th Edition, 1994
[EC] Enzyme Commission number (e.g., citrate (si)- As a space-saving device, one or more undefined forms
synthase . . .[EC 2.3.3.1]) from the Recommen- (usually adjectives) related to the main entry may occur at
dations of the Nomenclature Committee of the end of the main entry definition. Their meaning is
the International Union of Biochemistry and basically the same as that of the main entry, but they have
Molecular Biology on the Nomenclature and different grammatical functions. They are set in bold type
Classification of Enzymes published in Enzyme and given a stress mark, and they are followed by a part-of-
Nomenclature (1992), with updates published speech label. Alternative forms with the same part of
electronically at http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/ speech are separated by commas, with a single part-of-
iubmb/enzyme/ speech label following.
[TA] Terminologia Anatomica (1998)
[NF] The National Formulary, 24th edition (2006) Example:
[USP] The United States Pharmacopeia, 29th edition adac • ty • ly. . .a developmental anomaly characterized by
(2006) the absence of digits on the hand or foot. adac0 tylous
adj
Placement of Definitions and Cross-References Official Terminology

With few exceptions, a definition is given in only one place In general, when a term is included in one of the
for two or more synonymous terms. Entries for official publications listed in the preceding section
the synonyms provide cross-references to the term (‘‘Official Publications’’), its definition appears at the
where the definition is to be found. Such cross-references official term. Thus the definition for ‘‘pelvic bone’’ is found
are in place of a definition and are set in roman type: at os coxae; a cross-reference to the official term is found
at the subentry under bone. Exceptions have been made in a
mas • to • plas • ty (mas0 to-plas00 te) mammaplasty. few cases where the nonofficial term is so common
or important that it makes the most sense to put the
The definition will be found at mammaplasty. In many definition on the unofficial term (for example, heart is
cases, a list of synonyms is given at the end of the entry defined, not cor).
where the definition appears. This list is introduced by
the phrase ‘‘called also’’ and the synonyms are set in
italic type. Entries Containing a Proper Name
Cross-references from one subentry to another subentry Entries containing a proper name are generally entered
under the same main heading use the abbreviated form of twice. The definition for the entity is given in a subentry
the main entry: under the appropriate main entry, as Down syndrome under
syndrome. Biographical, geographical, or other information
syndrome attached to the proper name is given in a main entry (see
hypersomnia-bulimia s. Kleine-Levin s. ‘‘Proper Names’’ in the section ‘‘Sequence of Entries,’’
p. xviii.) A cross-reference is given from the main entry for
Cross-referencing has also been used for earlier terms that the proper name to the subentry where the term is defined.
have been supplanted and for variant spellings of a term. In For example:
such instances, the definition is attached to the term that
is currently the preferred term. A word of warning is, Down syndrome (disease) (doun) [John Langdon
however, warranted here. In some instances, preference for Haydon Down, English physician, 1828–1896] see
one term over another may be slight or even nonexistent, under syndrome.
while in others, different spellings or terms may be
preferred by different authorities, by different specialties, Form of Eponyms
or in different regions. In such cases, the practice of
defining words only at one place has been adhered to as a The tendency in recent years has been to drop the ’s from
means of keeping down the size of the Dictionary by medical eponyms and to use the nonpossessive form of the
avoiding duplication of definitions, and the user should personal name. Although this tendency is far from
remember that the appearance of a cross-reference or universal and the possessive is still commonly found, it
definition does not always indicate a preference for one was decided after much debate that for the sake of
form or synonym over another. consistency the ’s would be omitted from eponymic entries
for the 31st edition of Dorland’s. Exceptions were made for
a very few categories (such as the entries for law) where
Related Entries
there is a large amount of nonmedical terminology and the
Cross-references to related entries or to entries where possessive is still the rule in general use. This decision
additional information may be found are also given. They should by no means, however, be taken as a proscription of
are identified by ‘‘see also,’’ ‘‘cf.,’’ and ‘‘q.v.’’ (or ‘‘qq. v.’’). the possessive eponym, and whether or not to use the
xx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notes on the Use of This Dictionary
possessive is very much a matter of individual preference. ant. anterior

The user should be aware that some terms, such as Apgar Ar. Arabic
score, have never had an ’s and that for some terms, such as A.S. Anglo-Saxon
Christmas disease and Down syndrome, the nonpossessive c. about (L. circa)
cf. compare (L. confer)
form is always preferred. On the other hand, use of the
def. definition
eponym by itself to stand for the entity, as in the common dim. diminutive
phrase ‘‘living with Alzheimer’s,’’ requires the possessive EC Enzyme Commission
form; ‘‘living with Alzheimer’’ has an entirely different e.g. for example (L. exempli gratia)
meaning. Fr. French
gen. genitive
Ger. German
Symbols and Abbreviations Gr. Greek
i.e. that is (L. id est)
Symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms are included as inf. inferior
main entries; definitions consist of the term for which the It. Italian
symbol or the abbreviation stands, with a translation if the L. Latin
term is in a foreign language. These terms will usually be l. ligament (L. ligamentum)
found at the appropriate places in the vocabulary; some lat. lateral
terms, however, are self-explanatory and have no entry, ligg. ligaments (L. ligamenta)
m. muscle (L. musculus)
such as the names of organizations and phrases like the
med. medial; median
following: mm. muscles (L. musculi)
q.h. [L.] qua0 que ho0 ra (every hour). n. nerve (L. nervus)
neg. negative
In a few cases, the definition is placed at the abbreviation NF National Formulary
or acronym instead of at the term for which it stands, for nn. nerves (L. nervi)
example, ELISA; in such cases, the abbreviation, not the obs. obsolete
term, is what is actually in use. pl. plural
Abbreviations appear both with and without periods. Port. Portuguese
This should not be taken to denote proper usage, since post. posterior
abbreviations may appear either way; at the present qq. v. which (things) see (L. quae vide)
the trend is away from the use of the period for most q.v. which see (L. quod vide)
abbreviations. sing. singular
Sp. Spanish
A list of selected abbreviations also appears in
sup. superior
Appendix 2. TA Terminologia Anatomica
USAN United States Adopted Names
Abbreviations Used in This Dictionary USP United States Pharmacopeia
a. artery (L. arteria); agar v. vein (L. vena)
aa. arteries (L. arteriae) vv. veins (L. venae)
xxi
FUNDAMENTALS OF
MEDICAL ETYMOLOGY
By Joseph M. Patwell, PhD
Twenty-six hundred years ago the Asiatic Greeks of Ionia pronunciation of each ancient Greek character in terms
and the Italian Greeks in Magna Graecia began the of English.
speculative and investigational sciences, pushing the Capital Small Sound Name Transcription
then Greek to its limits, pushing beyond those limits, Letter
riveting new meanings onto old words, smithing A father alpha a
new words for new ideas and discoveries—philosophia, B barbarism beta b
grammar gamma g
‘‘the love of wisdom,’’ was supposedly first used by
diet delta d
Pythagoras. E " elephant epsilon e
The sciences still go their robust way, iconoclastic but Z zoology zeta z
also indebted to and respectful of their ancient tradition. H rabies eta ē
In anatomy, surgery, clinical medicine, and laboratory , # theory theta th
medicine, Greek, Latin, and Greco-Latin have always I machine iota i
formed well over ninety per cent of the technical terms. K skeleton kappa k or c (Latin)
Knowing the fundamentals of Greek and Latin word lithograph lambda l
formation is immensely helpful in learning the vocabulary M music mu m
of modern medicine or of any modern science and is N neolithic nu n
exegesis xi x
absolutely necessary for anyone coining a word for a new
O obelisk omicron o
hypothesis, theory, process, or entity. The purpose of this spasm pi p
introduction is to present those fundamentals in as P arachnid rho r
practical and concise a form as possible; any statements , & symbol sigma s
contrary to historical and comparative linguistic fact that T stadium tau t
are made in the following pages are deliberate in keeping ü, über (German) upsilon y
with this purpose. photo phi ph
X Bach (German) chi ch
dipsomania psi ps
Alphabet and Pronunciation
! ocher, Shaw omega ō
The Latin alphabet is a modification of one of the many
Greek alphabets. The order and shape of the Latin letters The vowels are , ", , , , , !, most of which may be
are the same as in ours except that the Classical Latin followed by or to form diphthongs, the most common
alphabet has no j, u, or w, which are improvements dating of which are shown below.
from the Middle Ages.
The consonants of the Latin alphabet have about the Diphthong Sound Transcription
same values as the English except that c, ch, g, s, t, and v are aisle ae, e, or ai
pronounced as in cold, chrome, get, so, tin, and wine, and out au
not as in cent, chill, gem, rose, mention, and vine. Ph and th " eight i or ei
may be pronounced as in philosophy and theology. " euphony eu
Latin vowels may be long or short. The short vowels are poison oe, e, or oi
pronounced very much like the American wander, bed, it, ghoul ou or u
hope, and put; short y sounds like the ü in German dünn. suite ui
The long vowels are pronounced as in father, hey, marine,
stove, and rude; long y is pronounced like the ü in the Transliteration
German über.
Words are stressed on the next-to-last syllable, called the The Romans transliterated kappa with c, not k, and chi
penult, if that syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong with ch, not kh; thus character, not kharakter. This
or is followed by two or more consonants, otherwise on Dictionary transliterates kappa with k in its etymologies
the syllable before the penult. in order to make immediately clear the nature of the
The Greek alphabet used today is based on that underlying Greek sound: Spelling cystis for kystis, cyst,
used in Athens by the end of the fifth century BCE. could cause doubt whether the sound was ‘‘kystis’’ or
The accompanying table shows one modern English ‘‘systis.’’ Similar difficulties with chi are less likely, and
xxiii
Fundamentals of Medical Etymology ......................................................................
therefore Dorland’s retains the traditional ch; hence our () is transcribed as rrh (
( , diarrhoea, diarrhea).
etymological spelling is charakter. Upsilon () is transcribed as y ( &, rhythmos)
( except in
Classical Greek " was pronounced as in skein, but by the diphthongs, where it is reproduced by u ("^ , rheuma).
end of the fourth century BCE it was pronounced as in A few Greek words have come into English unchanged
seize; thus the city that Alexander the Great founded in ( " " , skeleton; , automaton); most Greek
Egypt, Alexandreia, became Alexandria in Latin. English words have passed into English through Latin, undergoing
generally prefers the Latin transliteration, but the use of ei slight change (Greek " , sternon; Latin sternum); and
for " is growing. This Dictionary transliterates " with ei some Greek words have passed through a secondary
in its etymologies. intermediary language, such as French, with still further
The Romans transliterated Greek and with their change (Greek " , cheirourgia; Latin chirurgia;
own ae and oe, which had nearly the same pronunciation. French cirurgerie; English surgery). Other changes are
By late antiquity the Greek and Latin diphthongs accounted for by our tendency
) to drop Greek and Latin
had become simple vowels, having gone through the inflectional endings ( ! , axioma, becomes axiom;
regular progression aisle to air to aim, and the spelling dorsalis becomes dorsal) or replace them with a final
wavered between the old diphthongs and the new mute e as if the words have come into English through
pronunciation. This vacillation persists in English: the French ( ’&, gonophoros, becomes gonophore; spina
British prefer the diphthongs (oedema, haemorrhage); becomes spine).
the Americans, the simple vowel (edema, hemorrhage).
In the etymologies of this Dictionary Greek and are Word Formation
transliterated by ai and oi, and Latin ae and oe retained,
for clarity’s sake. The most frequent, the most important, and the seemingly
The Greeks especially but also the Romans had the same most capricious changes in Greek or Latin words (or in
troubles with aitch (h) that Cockneys do, dropping it English words, for that matter) arise not when the words
where it belonged and adding it where it did not. In pass from Greek or Latin into English, but when these
Greek, initial h- ordinarily remained in simple words words are first formed in the original language.
(haima, blood) but would either assimilate with or Many words in English and nearly all words in the
disappear before a prefix. For assimilation, hypo and haima Classical languages are combinations of roots and affixes.
make hyphaimos, suffused with blood (first appearing in The root of a word contains the basic, lexical meaning, and
Hippocrates); for disappearance, a-, an-, and haima make the affixes give the root its shape as a word. (Affixes for the
anaimia, anemia (first appearing in Aristotle), not ahaimia most part are prefixes and suffixes, including the
and ahemia. inflections, added before or after the root, respectively.)
Latin usually preserved initial h- even after prefixes For example, in the English love, loves, lover, lovers, loving,
( Homo habilis, habilitas, inhabilitas; honor, honestus, inhones- loved, lovingly, unloved, and unlovable, the root is love, and
tus), but very much of our Latin has come through French the various prefixes (un-) and suffixes (-s, -r, -r-s, -ing, -ing-
with inconsistent (to say the least) spellings and ly, etc.) form the root into a word and modify that word
pronunciations: able, ability, and inability, not hable, hability, for use in an utterance.
and inhability; honor and honest, not onor and onest. In English a root may very often function as an
Speakers of American English generally have no independent word, as love, hate, smile, frown, milk; these
difficulty with h- and treat it as a full consonant when ‘‘root words’’ are extremely rare in the Classical languages.
adding prefixes; thus we have inharmonious, not anarmo- Nearly always in Latin and Greek, and usually in English,
nious; ahaptoglobinemia, not anaptoglobinemia; and anhydride, a word is a complex consisting of a form of a root and one or
not anydride or ahydride. more affixes, which are not independent words themselves
Greek words are written with several accents ( ^ ) that but may be used only to modify the root in some way (as un-,
now indicate the stressed syllable. Words beginning with a -er, -ed ); such words are called ‘‘derived words.’’
vowel, diphthong, or rho () are written with a so-called When the root remains unchanged from derived word to
breathing mark over the initial vowel or rho or over the derived word (a ‘‘regular’’ or ‘‘weak’’ root) and the affixes
(
second element of the diphthong (" " , heterodoxia; remain unaffected in their surroundings, the entire system
) (
´ &, aisthētikos; ó&, rhythmos). The rough of derived words has a transparent, instantly compre-
(
breathing mark ( ) indicates that the syllable begins with hended simplicity, as in love and its forms. So in Latin and
an aspiration (aitch) as in heterodoxia, above, and words Greek: there is a systematic clarity to derivations of the
beginning with the rough breathing are usually transcribed Latin root laud- (praise)—the nouns laudis and laudatory
into English with an initial h. Words beginning with a (praise, praiser); the principal parts of the regular verb,
(
rho or ( an upsilon always have a rough breathing) (", laudo (I praise), laudare (to praise); and the adjectives
hyper; "^ , rheuma). The smooth breathing ( ) shows laudabilis and laudatorius (laudable, laudatory). There is also
the absence of ) aspiration and so has no ) effect on a regular system in the Greek root pau- (stop): the nouns
pronunciation (! &, arōmatikos; ’&,
autographos).
The other conventions for transliterations from Greek *During World War II, Ancistrodon (from G , fishhook,
are as follows: Gamma (), which before gamma (), and
G -, tooth) was reformed to Agkistrodon, which is the
kappa ( ), chi (), or xi () has the sound of n as in finger, ( official spelling. Ancistrodon and Ankistrodon are both correct, but
is transcribed as n.* Initial rho and its rough breathing ðÞ not Agkistrodon: Greek "G s (messenger) becomes angelus in
are transcribed as rh, not hr, as rheuma, above; double rho Latin and angel in English, not aggelus and aggel.
xxiv
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“Oh we get along all right.... Martin’s picking up, New York seems
to agree with him. He was so quiet and fat for a long while we were
terribly afraid we’d produced an imbecile. Do you know Ruth I don’t
think I’d ever have another baby.... I was so horribly afraid he’d turn
out deformed or something.... It makes me sick to think of it.”
“Oh but it must be wonderful though.”
They rang a bell under a small brass placque that read: Hester
Voorhees Interpretation of the Dance. They went up three flights
of creaky freshvarnished stairs. At the door open into a room full of
people they met Cassandra Wilkins in a Greek tunic with a wreath of
satin rosebuds round her head and a gilt wooden panpipe in her
hand.
“Oh you darlings,” she cried and threw her arms round them both
at once. “Hester said you wouldnt come but I just knew you would....
Come wight in and take off your things, we’re beginning with a few
classic wythms.” They followed her through a long candlelit
incensesmelling room full of men and women in dangly costumes.
“But my dear you didn’t tell us it was going to be a costume party.”
“Oh yes cant you see evewything’s Gweek, absolutely Gweek....
Here’s Hester.... Here they are darling.... Hester you know Wuth ...
and this is Elaine Oglethorpe.”
“I call myself Mrs. Herf now, Cassie.”
“Oh I beg your pardon, it’s so hard to keep twack.... They’re just in
time.... Hester’s going to dance an owiental dance called Wythms
from the Awabian Nights.... Oh it’s too beautiful.”
When Ellen came out of the bedroom where she had left her
wraps a tall figure in Egyptian headdress with crooked rusty
eyebrows accosted her. “Allow me to salute Helena Herf,
distinguished editress of Manners, the journal that brings the Ritz to
the humblest fireside ... isnt that true?”
“Jojo you’re a horrible tease.... I’m awfully glad to see you.”
“Let’s go and sit in a corner and talk, oh only woman I have ever
loved...”
“Yes do let’s ... I dont like it here much.”
“And my dear, have you heard about Tony Hunter’s being
straightened out by a psychoanalyst and now he’s all sublimated and
has gone on the vaudeville stage with a woman named California
Jones.”
“You’d better watch out Jojo.”
They sat down on a couch in a recess between the dormer
windows. Out of the corner of her eye she could see a girl dancing in
green silk veils. The phonograph was playing the Cesar Frank
symphony.
“We mustnt miss Cassie’s daunce. The poor girl would be
dreadfully offended.”
“Jojo tell me about yourself, how have you been?”
He shook his head and made a broad gesture with his draped
arm. “Ah let us sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of the deaths
of kings.”
“Oh Jojo I’m sick of this sort of thing.... It’s all so silly and dowdy....
I wish I hadnt let them make me take my hat off.”
“That was so that I should look upon the forbidden forests of your
hair.”
“Oh Jojo do be sensible.”
“How’s your husband, Elaine or rathah Helenah?”
“Oh he’s all right.”
“You dont sound terribly enthusiastic.”
“Martin’s fine though. He’s got black hair and brown eyes and his
cheeks are getting to be pink. Really he’s awfully cute.”
“My deah, spare me this exhibition of maternal bliss.... You’ll be
telling me next you walked in a baby parade.”
She laughed. “Jojo it’s lots of fun to see you again.”
“I havent finished my catechism yet deah.... I saw you in the oval
diningroom the other day with a very distinguished looking man with
sharp features and gray hair.”
“That must have been George Baldwin. Why you knew him in the
old days.”
“Of course of course. How he has changed. A much more
interesting looking man than he used to be I must say.... A very
strange place for the wife of a bolshevik pacifist and I. W. W. agitator
to be seen taking lunch, I must say.”
“Jimps isnt exactly that. I kind of wish he were....” She wrinkled up
her nose. “I’m a little fed up too with all that sort of thing.”
“I suspected it my dear.” Cassie was flitting selfconsciously by.
“Oh do come and help me.... Jojo’s teasing me terribly.”
“Well I’ll twy to sit down just for a second, I’m going to dance
next.... Mr. Oglethorpe’s going to wead his twanslation of the songs
of Bilitis for me to dance to.”
Ellen looked from one to the other; Oglethorpe crooked his
eyebrows and nodded.
Then Ellen sat alone for a long while looking at the dancing and
the chittering crowded room through a dim haze of boredom.
The record on the phonograph was Turkish. Hester Voorhees, a
skinny woman with a mop of hennaed hair cut short at the level of
her ears, came out holding a pot of drawling incense out in front of
her preceded by two young men who unrolled a carpet as she came.
She wore silk bloomers and a clinking metal girdle and brassières.
Everybody was clapping and saying, “How wonderful, how
marvelous,” when from another room came three tearing shrieks of a
woman. Everybody jumped to his feet. A stout man in a derby hat
appeared in the doorway. “All right little goils, right through into the
back room. Men stay here.”
“Who are you anyway?”
“Never mind who I am, you do as I say.” The man’s face was red
as a beet under the derby hat.
“It’s a detective.” “It’s outrageous. Let him show his badge.”
“It’s a holdup.”
“It’s a raid.”
The room had filled suddenly with detectives. They stood in front
of the windows. A man in a checked cap with a face knobbed like a
squash stood in front of the fireplace. They were pushing the women
roughly into the back room. The men were herded in a little group
near the door; detectives were taking their names. Ellen still sat on
the couch. “... complaint phoned to headquarters,” she heard
somebody say. Then she noticed that there was a phone on the little
table beside the couch where she sat. She picked it up and
whispered softly for a number.
“Hello is this the district attorney’s office?... I want to speak to Mr.
Baldwin please.... George.... It’s lucky I knew where you were. Is the
district attorney there? That’s fine ... no you tell him about it. There
has been a horrible mistake. I’m at Hester Voorhees’; you know she
has a dancing studio. She was presenting some dances to some
friends and through some mistake the police are raiding the place ...”
The man in the derby was standing over her. “All right phoning
wont do no good.... Go ’long in the other room.”
“I’ve got the district attorney’s office on the wire. You speak to
him.... Hello is this Mr. Winthrop?... Yes O ... How do you do? Will
you please speak to this man?” She handed the telephone to the
detective and walked out into the center of the room. My I wish I
hadnt taken my hat off, she was thinking.
From the other room came a sound of sobbing and Hester
Voorhees’ stagy voice shrieking, “It’s a horrible mistake.... I wont be
insulted like this.”
The detective put down the telephone. He came over to Ellen. “I
want to apologize miss.... We acted on insufficient information. I’ll
withdraw my men immediately.”
“You’d better apologize to Mrs. Voorhees.... It’s her studio.”
“Well ladies and gents,” the detective began in a loud cheerful
voice, “we’ve made a little mistake and we’re very sorry.... Accidents
will happen ...”
Ellen slipped into the side room to get her hat and coat. She stood
some time before the mirror powdering her nose. When she went out
into the studio again everybody was talking at once. Men and
women stood round with sheets and bathrobes draped over their
scanty dancingclothes. The detectives had melted away as suddenly
as they came. Oglethorpe was talking in loud impassioned tones in
the middle of a group of young men.
“The scoundrels to attack women,” he was shouting, red in the
face, waving his headdress in one hand. “Fortunately I was able to
control myself or I might have committed an act that I should have
regretted to my dying day.... It was only with the greatest
selfcontrol...”
Ellen managed to slip out, ran down the stairs and out into drizzly
streets. She hailed a taxi and went home. When she had got her
things off she called up George Baldwin at his house. “Hello George,
I’m terribly sorry I had to trouble you and Mr. Winthrop. Well if you
hadnt happened to say at lunch you’d be there all the evening they
probably would be just piling us out of the black maria at the
Jefferson Market Court.... Of course it was funny. I’ll tell you about it
sometime, but I’m so sick of all that stuff.... Oh just everything like
that æsthetic dancing and literature and radicalism and
psychoanalysis.... Just an overdose I guess.... Yes I guess that’s it
George.... I guess I’m growing up.”
The night was one great chunk of black grinding cold. The smell
of the presses still in his nose, the chirrup of typewriters still in his
ears, Jimmy Herf stood in City Hall Square with his hands in his
pockets watching ragged men with caps and earsflaps pulled down
over faces and necks the color of raw steak shovel snow. Old and
young their faces were the same color, their clothes were the same
color. A razor wind cut his ears and made his forehead ache
between the eyes.
“Hello Herf, think you’ll take the job?” said a milkfaced young man
who came up to him breezily and pointed to the pile of snow. “Why
not, Dan. I dont know why it wouldnt be better than spending all your
life rooting into other people’s affairs until you’re nothing but a
goddam traveling dictograph.”
“It’d be a fine job in summer all right.... Taking the West Side?”
“I’m going to walk up.... I’ve got the heebyjeebies tonight.”
“Jez man you’ll freeze to death.”
“I dont care if I do.... You get so you dont have any private life,
you’re just an automatic writing machine.”
“Well I wish I could get rid of a little of my private life.... Well
goodnight. I hope you find some private life Jimmy.”
Laughing, Jimmy Herf turned his back on the snow-shovelers and
started walking up Broadway, leaning into the wind with his chin
buried in his coatcollar. At Houston Street he looked at his watch.
Five o’clock. Gosh he was late today. Wouldnt be a place in the
world where he could get a drink. He whimpered to himself at the
thought of the icy blocks he still had to walk before he could get to
his room. Now and then he stopped to pat some life into his numb
ears. At last he got back to his room, lit the gasstove and hung over
it tingling. His room was a small square bleak room on the south side
of Washington Square. Its only furnishings were a bed, a chair, a
table piled with books, and the gasstove. When he had begun to be
a little less cold he reached under the bed for a basketcovered bottle
of rum. He put some water to heat in a tin cup on the gasstove and
began drinking hot rum and water. Inside him all sorts of unnamed
agonies were breaking loose. He felt like the man in the fairy story
with an iron band round his heart. The iron band was breaking.
He had finished the rum. Occasionally the room would start going
round him solemnly and methodically. Suddenly he said aloud: “I’ve
got to talk to her ... I’ve got to talk to her.” He shoved his hat down on
his head and pulled on his coat. Outside the cold was balmy. Six
milkwagons in a row passed jingling.
On West Twelfth two black cats were chasing each other.
Everywhere was full of their crazy yowling. He felt that something
would snap in his head, that he himself would scuttle off suddenly
down the frozen street eerily caterwauling.
He stood shivering in the dark passage, ringing the bell marked
Herf again and again. Then he knocked as loud as he could. Ellen
came to the door in a green wrapper. “What’s the matter Jimps?
Havent you got a key?” Her face was soft with sleep; there was a
happy cozy suave smell of sleep about her. He talked through
clenched teeth breathlessly.
“Ellie I’ve got to talk to you.”
“Are you lit, Jimps?”
“Well I know what I’m saying.”
“I’m terribly sleepy.”
He followed her into her bedroom. She kicked off her slippers and
got back into bed, sat up looking at him with sleepweighted eyes.
“Dont talk too loud on account of Martin.”
“Ellie I dont know why it’s always so difficult for me to speak out
about anything.... I always have to get drunk to speak out.... Look
here do you like me any more?”
“You know I’m awfully fond of you and always shall be.”
“I mean love, you know what I mean, whatever it is ...” he broke in
harshly.
“I guess I dont love anybody for long unless they’re dead.... I’m a
terrible sort of person. It’s no use talking about it.”
“I knew it. You knew I knew it. O God things are pretty rotten for
me Ellie.”
She sat with her knees hunched up and her hands clasped round
them looking at him with wide eyes. “Are you really so crazy about
me Jimps?”
“Look here lets get a divorce and be done with it.”
“Dont be in such a hurry, Jimps.... And there’s Martin. What about
him?”
“I can scrape up enough money for him occasionally, poor little
kid.”
“I make more than you do, Jimps.... You shouldnt do that yet.”
“I know. I know. Dont I know it?”
They sat looking at each other without speaking. Their eyes
burned from looking at each other. Suddenly Jimmy wanted terribly
to be asleep, not to remember anything, to let his head sink into
blackness, as into his mother’s lap when he was a kid.
“Well I’m going home.” He gave a little dry laugh. “We didn’t think
it’d all go pop like this, did we?”
“Goodnight Jimps,” she whined in the middle of a yawn. “But
things dont end.... If only I weren’ so terribly sleepy.... Will you put
out the light?”
He groped his way in the dark to the door. Outside the arctic
morning was growing gray with dawn. He hurried back to his room.
He wanted to get into bed and be asleep before it was light.
A long low room with long tables down the middle piled with silk
and crêpe fabrics, brown, salmonpink, emeraldgreen. A smell of
snipped thread and dress materials. All down the tables bowed
heads auburn, blond, black, brown of girls sewing. Errandboys
pushing rolling stands of hung dresses up and down the aisles. A
bell rings and the room breaks out with noise and talk shrill as a
birdhouse.
Anna gets up and stretches out her arms. “My I’ve got a head,”
she says to the girl next her.
“Up last night?”
She nods.
“Ought to quit it dearie, it’ll spoil your looks. A girl cant burn the
candle at both ends like a feller can.” The other girl is thin and blond
and has a crooked nose. She puts her arm round Anna’s waist. “My I
wish I could put on a little of your weight.”
“I wish you could,” says Anna. “Dont matter what I eat it turns to
fat.”
“Still you aint too fat.... You’re juss plump so’s they like to squeeze
ye. You try wearing boyishform like I told an you’ll look fine.”
“My boyfriend says he likes a girl to have shape.”
On the stairs they push their way through a group of girls listening
to a little girl with red hair who talks fast, opening her mouth wide
and rolling her eyes. “... She lived just on the next block at 2230
Cameron Avenue an she’d been to the Hippodrome with some
girlfriends and when they got home it was late an they let her go
home alone, up Cameron Avenue, see? An the next morning when
her folks began looking for her they found her behind a Spearmint
sign in a back lot.”
“Was she dead?”
“Sure she was.... A negro had done somethin terrible to her and
then he’d strangled her.... I felt terrible. I used to go to school with
her. An there aint a girl on Cameron Avenue been out after dark
they’re so scared.”
“Sure I saw all about it in the paper last night. Imagine livin right
on the next block.”
“Did you see me touch that hump back?” cried Rosie as he settled
down beside her in the taxi. “In the lobby of the theater?” He pulled
at the trousers that were tight over his knees. “That’s goin to give us
luck Jake. I never seen a hump back to fail.... if you touch him on the
hump ... Ou it makes me sick how fast these taxis go.” They were
thrown forward by the taxi’s sudden stop. “My God we almost ran
over a boy.” Jake Silverman patted her knee. “Poor ikle kid, was it all
worked up?” As they drove up to the hotel she shivered and buried
her face in her coatcollar. When they went to the desk to get the key,
the clerk said to Silverman, “There’s a gentleman waiting to see you
sir.” A thickset man came up to him taking a cigar out of his mouth.
“Will you step this way a minute please Mr. Silverman.” Rosie
thought she was going to faint. She stood perfectly still, frozen, with
her cheeks deep in the fur collar of her coat.
They sat in two deep armchairs and whispered with their heads
together. Step by step, she got nearer, listening. “Warrant ...
Department of Justice ... using the mails to defraud ...” She couldnt
hear what Jake said in between. He kept nodding his head as if
agreeing. Then suddenly he spoke out smoothly, smiling.
“Well I’ve heard your side Mr. Rogers.... Here’s mine. If you arrest
me now I shall be ruined and a great many people who have put
their money in this enterprise will be ruined.... In a week I can
liquidate the whole concern with a profit.... Mr. Rogers I am a man
who has been deeply wronged through foolishness in misplacing
confidence in others.”
“I cant help that.... My duty is to execute the warrant.... I’m afraid
I’ll have to search your room.... You see we have several little items
...” The man flicked the ash off his cigar and began to read in a
monotonous voice. “Jacob Silverman, alias Edward Faversham,
Simeon J. Arbuthnot, Jack Hinkley, J. J. Gold.... Oh we’ve got a
pretty little list.... We’ve done some very pretty work on your case, if I
do say it what shouldnt.”
They got to their feet. The man with the cigar jerked his head at a
lean man in a cap who sat reading a paper on the opposite side of
the lobby.
Silverman walked over to the desk. “I’m called away on business,”
he said to the clerk. “Will you please have my bill prepared? Mrs.
Silverman will keep the room for a few days.”
Rosie couldnt speak. She followed the three men into the
elevator. “Sorry to have to do this maam,” said the lean detective
pulling at the visor of his cap. Silverman opened the room door for
them and closed it carefully behind him. “Thank you for your
consideration, gentlemen.... My wife thanks you.” Rosie sat in a
straight chair in the corner of the room. She was biting her tongue
hard, harder to try to keep her lips from twitching.
“We realize Mr. Silverman that this is not quite the ordinary
criminal case.”
“Wont you have a drink gentlemen?”
They shook their heads. The thickset man was lighting a fresh
cigar.
“Allright Mike,” he said to the lean man. “Go through the drawers
and closet.”
“Is that regular?”
“If this was regular we’d have the handcuffs on you and be
running the lady here as an accessory.”
Rosie sat with her icy hands clasped between her knees swaying
her body from side to side. Her eyes were closed. While the
detectives were rummaging in the closet, Silverman took the
opportunity to put his hand on her shoulder. She opened her eyes.
“The minute the goddam dicks take me out phone Schatz and tell
him everything. Get hold of him if you have to wake up everybody in
New York.” He spoke low and fast, his lips barely moving.
Almost immediately he was gone, followed by the two detectives
with a satchel full of letters. His kiss was still wet on her lips. She
looked dazedly round the empty deathly quiet room. She noticed
some writing on the lavender blotter on the desk. It was his
handwriting, very scrawly: Hock everything and beat it; you are a
good kid. Tears began running down her cheeks. She sat a long
while with her head dropped on the desk kissing the penciled words
on the blotter.
IV. Skyscraper
T
he young man without legs has stopped
still in the middle of the south sidewalk
of Fourteenth Street. He wears a blue
knitted sweater and a blue stocking cap. His
eyes staring up widen until they fill the
paperwhite face. Drifts across the sky a
dirigible, bright tinfoil cigar misted with
height, gently prodding the rainwashed sky
and the soft clouds. The young man without
legs stops still propped on his arms in the
middle of the south sidewalk of Fourteenth
Street. Among striding legs, lean legs,
waddling legs, legs in skirts and pants and
knickerbockers, he stops perfectly still,
propped on his arms, looking up at the
dirigible.
J
obless, Jimmy Herf came out of the Pulizter Building. He stood
beside a pile of pink newspapers on the curb, taking deep
breaths, looking up the glistening shaft of the Woolworth. It was a
sunny day, the sky was a robin’s egg blue. He turned north and
began to walk uptown. As he got away from it the Woolworth pulled
out like a telescope. He walked north through the city of shiny
windows, through the city of scrambled alphabets, through the city of
gilt letter signs.
Spring rich in gluten.... Chockful of golden richness, delight in
every bite, the daddy of them all, spring rich in gluten. Nobody
can buy better bread than prince albert. Wrought steel, monel,
copper, nickel, wrought iron. All the world loves natural beauty.
Love’s bargain that suit at Gumpel’s best value in town. Keep that
schoolgirl complexion.... Joe kiss, starting, lightning, ignition and
generators.
Everything made him bubble with repressed giggles. It was
eleven o’clock. He hadnt been to bed. Life was upside down, he was
a fly walking on the ceiling of a topsy-turvy city. He’d thrown up his
job, he had nothing to do today, tomorrow, next day, day after.
Whatever goes up comes down, but not for weeks, months. Spring
rich in gluten.
He went into a lunchroom, ordered bacon and eggs, toast and
coffee, sat eating them happily, tasting thoroughly every mouthful.
His thoughts ran wild like a pasture full of yearling colts crazy with
sundown. At the next table a voice was expounding monotonously:
“Jilted ... and I tell you we had to do some cleaning. They were all
members of your church you know. We knew the whole story. He
was advised to put her away. He said, ‘No I’m going to see it
through’.”
Herf got to his feet. He must be walking again. He went out with a
taste of bacon in his teeth.
Express service meets the demands of spring. O God to meet the
demands of spring. No tins, no sir, but there’s rich quality in every
mellow pipeful.... Socony. One taste tells more than a million words.
The yellow pencil with the red band. Than a million words, than a
million words. “All right hand over that million.... Keep him covered
Ben.” The Yonkers gang left him for dead on a bench in the park.
They stuck him up, but all they got was a million words.... “But Jimps
I’m so tired of booktalk and the proletariat, cant you understand?”
Chockful of golden richness, spring.
Dick Snow’s mother owned a shoebox factory. She failed and he
came out of school and took to standing on streetcorners. The guy in
the softdrink stand put him wise. He’d made two payments on pearl
earings for a blackhaired Jewish girl with a shape like a mandolin.
They waited for the bankmessenger in the L station. He pitched over
the turnstile and hung there. They went off with the satchel in a Ford
sedan. Dick Snow stayed behind emptying his gun into the dead
man. In the deathhouse he met the demands of spring by writing a
poem to his mother that they published in the Evening Graphic.
With every deep breath Herf breathed in rumble and grind and
painted phrases until he began to swell, felt himself stumbling big
and vague, staggering like a pillar of smoke above the April streets,
looking into the windows of machineshops, buttonfactories,
tenementhouses, felt of the grime of bedlinen and the smooth whir of
lathes, wrote cusswords on typewriters between the stenographer’s
fingers, mixed up the pricetags in departmentstores. Inside he fizzled
like sodawater into sweet April syrups, strawberry, sarsaparilla,
chocolate, cherry, vanilla dripping foam through the mild
gasolineblue air. He dropped sickeningly fortyfour stories, crashed.
And suppose I bought a gun and killed Ellie, would I meet the
demands of April sitting in the deathhouse writing a poem about my
mother to be published in the Evening Graphic?
He shrank until he was of the smallness of dust, picking his way
over crags and bowlders in the roaring gutter, climbing straws,
skirting motoroil lakes.
He sat in Washington Square, pink with noon, looking up Fifth
Avenue through the arch. The fever had seeped out of him. He felt
cool and tired. Another spring, God how many springs ago, walking
from the cemetery up the blue macadam road where fieldsparrows
sang and the sign said: Yonkers. In Yonkers I buried my boyhood, in
Marseilles with the wind in my face I dumped my calf years into the
harbor. Where in New York shall I bury my twenties? Maybe they
were deported and went out to sea on the Ellis Island ferry singing
the International. The growl of the International over the water, fading
sighing into the mist.
DEPORTED
James Herf young newspaper man of 190 West 12th
Street recently lost his twenties. Appearing before Judge
Merivale they were remanded to Ellis Island for deportation as
undesirable aliens. The younger four Sasha Michael Nicholas
and Vladimir had been held for some time on a charge of
criminal anarchy. The fifth and sixth were held on a technical
charge of vagrancy. The later ones Bill Tony and Joe were
held under various indictments including wifebeating, arson,
assault, and prostitution. All were convicted on counts of
misfeasance, malfeasance, and nonfeasance.
Oyez oyez oyez prisoner at the bar.... I find the evidence dubious
said the judge pouring himself out a snifter. The clerk of the court
who was stirring an oldfashioned cocktail became overgrown with
vineleaves and the courtroom reeked with the smell of flowering
grapes and the Shining Bootlegger took the bulls by the horns and
led them lowing gently down the courthouse steps. “Court is
adjourned by hicky,” shouted the judge when he found gin in his
waterbottle. The reporters discovered the mayor dressed in a
leopard skin posing as Civic Virtue with his foot on the back of
Princess Fifi the oriental dancer. Your correspondent was leaning out
of the window of the Banker’s Club in the company of his uncle,
Jefferson T. Merivale, wellknown clubman of this city and two lamb
chops well peppered. Meanwhile the waiters were hastily organizing
an orchestra, using the potbellies of the Gausenheimers for
snaredrums. The head waiter gave a truly delightful rendition of My
Old Kentucky Home, utilizing for the first time the resonant bald
heads of the seven directors of the Well Watered Gasoline Company
of Delaware as a xylophone. And all the while the Shining
Bootlegger in purple running drawers and a blue-ribbon silk hat was
leading the bulls up Broadway to the number of two million,
threehundred and fortytwo thousand, five hundred and one. As they
reached the Spuyten Duyvil, they were incontinently drowned, rank
after rank, in an attempt to swim to Yonkers.
And as I sit here, thought Jimmy Herf, print itches like a rash
inside me. I sit here pockmarked with print. He got to his feet. A little
yellow dog was curled up asleep under the bench. The little yellow
dog looked very happy. “What I need’s a good sleep,” Jimmy said
aloud.
“What are you goin to do with it, Dutch, are you goin to hock it?”
“Francie I wouldnt take a million dollars for that little gun.”
“For Gawd’s sake dont start talkin about money, now.... Next thing
some cop’ll see it on your hip and arrest you for the Sullivan law.”
“The cop who’s goin to arrest me’s not born yet.... Just you forget
that stuff.”
Francie began to whimper. “But Dutch what are we goin to do,
what are we goin to do?”
Dutch suddenly rammed the pistol into his pocket and jumped to
his feet. He walked jerkily back and forth on the asphalt path. It was
a foggy evening, raw; automobiles moving along the slushy road
made an endless interweaving flicker of cobwebby light among the
skeleton shrubberies.
“Jez you make me nervous with your whimperin an cryin.... Cant
you shut up?” He sat down beside her sullenly again. “I thought I
heard somebody movin in the bushes.... This goddam park’s full of
plainclothes men.... There’s nowhere you can go in the whole
crummy city without people watchin you.”
“I wouldnt mind it if I didnt feel so rotten. I cant eat anythin without
throwin up an I’m so scared all the time the other girls’ll notice
something.”
“But I’ve told you I had a way o fixin everythin, aint I? I promise
you I’ll fix everythin fine in a couple of days.... We’ll go away an git
married. We’ll go down South.... I bet there’s lots of jobs in other
places.... I’m gettin cold, let’s get the hell outa here.”
“Oh Dutch,” said Francie in a tired voice as they walked down the
muddyglistening asphalt path, “do you think we’re ever goin to have
a good time again like we used to?”
“We’re S.O.L. now but that dont mean we’re always goin to be. I
lived through those gas attacks in the Oregon forest didnt I? I been
dopin out a lot of things these last few days.”
“Dutch if you go and get arrested there’ll be nothin left for me to
do but jump in the river.”
“Didnt I tell you I wasnt goin to get arrested?”
Mrs. Cohen, a bent old woman with a face brown and blotched
like a russet apple, stands beside the kitchen table with her gnarled
hands folded over her belly. She sways from the hips as she scolds
in an endless querulous stream of Yiddish at Anna sitting blearyeyed
with sleep over a cup of coffee: “If you had been blasted in the cradle
it would have been better, if you had been born dead.... Oy what for
have I raised four children that they should all of them be no good,
agitators and streetwalkers and bums...? Benny in jail twice, and Sol
God knows where making trouble, and Sarah accursed given up to
sin kicking up her legs at Minski’s, and now you, may you wither in
your chair, picketing for the garment workers, walking along the
street shameless with a sign on your back.”
Anna dipped a piece of bread in the coffee and put it in her mouth.
“Aw mommer you dont understand,” she said with her mouth full.
“Understand, understand harlotry and sinfulness...? Oy why dont
you attend to your work and keep your mouth shut, and draw your
pay quietly? You used to make good money and could have got
married decent before you took to running wild in dance halls with a
goy. Oy oy that I’ve raised daughters in my old age no decent man’d
want to take to his house and marry....”
Anna got to her feet shrieking “It’s no business of yours.... I’ve
always paid my part of the rent regular. You think a girl’s worth nothin
but for a slave and to grind her fingers off workin all her life.... I think
different, do you hear? Dont you dare scold at me....”
“Oy you will talk back to your old mother. If Solomon was alive
he’d take a stick to you. Better to have been born dead than talk
back to your mother like a goy. Get out of the house and quick
before I blast you.”
“All right I will.” Anna ran through the narrow trunk-obstructed
hallway to the bedroom and threw herself on her bed. Her cheeks
were burning. She lay quiet trying to think. From the kitchen came
the old woman’s fierce monotonous sobbing.
Anna raised herself to a sitting posture on the bed. She caught
sight in the mirror opposite of a strained teardabbled face and
rumpled stringy hair. “My Gawd I’m a sight,” she sighed. As she got
to her feet her heel caught on the braid of her dress. The dress tore
sharply. Anna sat on the edge of the bed and cried and cried. Then
she sewed the rent in the dress up carefully with tiny meticulous
stitches. Sewing made her feel calmer. She put on her hat,
powdered her nose copiously, put a little rouge on her lips, got into
her coat and went out. April was coaxing unexpected colors out of
the East Side streets. Sweet voluptuous freshness came from a
pushcart full of pineapples. At the corner she found Rose Segal and
Lillian Diamond drinking coca-cola at the softdrink stand.
“Anna have a coke with us,” they chimed.
“I will if you’ll blow me.... I’m broke.”
“Vy, didnt you get your strike pay?”
“I gave it all to the old woman.... Dont do no good though. She
goes on scoldin all day long. She’s too old.”
“Did you hear how gunmen broke in and busted up Ike Goldstein’s
shop? Busted up everythin wid hammers an left him unconscious on
top of a lot of dressgoods.”
“Oh that’s terrible.”
“Soive him right I say.”
“But they oughtnt to destroy property like that. We make our livin
by it as much as he does.”
“A pretty fine livin.... I’m near dead wid it,” said Anna banging her
empty glass down on the counter.
“Easy easy,” said the man in the stand. “Look out for the
crockery.”
“But the worst thing was,” went on Rose Segal, “that while they
was fightin up in Goldstein’s a rivet flew out the winder an fell nine
stories an killed a fireman passin on a truck so’s he dropped dead in
the street.”
“What for did they do that?”
“Some guy must have slung it at some other guy and it pitched
out of the winder.”
“And killed a fireman.”
Anna saw Elmer coming towards them down the avenue, his thin
face stuck forward, his hands hidden in the pockets of his frayed
overcoat. She left the two girls and walked towards him. “Was you
goin down to the house? Dont lets go, cause the old woman’s
scoldin somethin terrible.... I wish I could get her into the Daughters
of Israel. I cant stand her no more.”
“Then let’s walk over and sit in the square,” said Elmer. “Dont you
feel the spring?”
She looked at him out of the corner of her eye. “Dont I? Oh Elmer
I wish this strike was over.... It gets me crazy doin nothin all day.”
“But Anna the strike is the worker’s great opportunity, the worker’s
university. It gives you a chance to study and read and go to the
Public Library.”
“But you always think it’ll be over in a day or two, an what’s the
use anyway?”
“The more educated a feller is the more use he is to his class.”
They sat down on a bench with their backs to the playground. The
sky overhead was glittering with motherofpearl flakes of sunset. Dirty
children yelled and racketed about the asphalt paths.
“Oh,” said Anna looking up at the sky, “I’d like to have a Paris
evening dress an you have a dress suit and go out to dinner at a
swell restaurant an go to the theater an everything.”
“If we lived in a decent society we might be able to.... There’d be
gayety for the workers then, after the revolution.”
“But Elmer what’s the use if we’re old and scoldin like the old
woman?”
“Our children will have those things.”
Anna sat bolt upright on the seat. “I aint never goin to have any
children,” she said between her teeth, “never, never, never.”
Alice touched his arm as they turned to look in the window of an
Italian pastryshop. On each cake ornamented with bright analin
flowers and flutings stood a sugar lamb for Easter and the
resurrection banner. “Jimmy,” she said turning up to him her little
oval face with her lips too red like the roses on the cakes, “you’ve got
to do something about Roy.... He’s got to get to work. I’ll go crazy if I
have him sitting round the house any more reading the papers
wearing that dreadful adenoid expression.... You know what I
mean.... He respects you.”
“But he’s trying to get a job.”
“He doesnt really try, you know it.”
“He thinks he does. I guess he’s got a funny idea about himself....
But I’m a fine person to talk about jobs ...”
“Oh I know, I think it’s wonderful. Everybody says you’ve given up
newspaper work and are going to write.”
Jimmy found himself looking down into her widening brown eyes,
that had a glimmer at the bottom like the glimmer of water in a well.
He turned his head away; there was a catch in his throat; he
coughed. They walked on along the lilting brightcolored street.
At the door of the restaurant they found Roy and Martin Schiff
waiting for them. They went through an outer room into a long hall
crowded with tables packed between two greenish bluish paintings
of the Bay of Naples. The air was heavy with a smell of parmesan
cheese and cigarettesmoke and tomato sauce. Alice made a little
face as she settled herself in a chair.
“Ou I want a cocktail right away quick.”
“I must be kinder simpleminded,” said Herf, “but these boats
coquetting in front of Vesuvius always make me feel like getting a
move on somewhere.... I think I’ll be getting along out of here in a
couple of weeks.”

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Medical Dictionary 32nd Edition

FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL ETYMOLOGY .............................................................. xxiii

Amino Acids: The 20 -Amino Acids Specified by the Genetic Code.................................................... 61

Important Venomous Snakes ................................................................................................................... 1728

1. Principal Arteries of the Body and the Pulmonary Veins................................................................ 151

1. Frequently Used Stems...................................................................................................................... 2101

os craniale ‘‘cranial bone,’’ are considered equivalent for Chemical Terms

prepositions or conjunctions (e.g., et ‘‘and,’’ in ‘‘in’’); thus

Placement of Definitions and Cross-References Official Terminology

possessive is very much a matter of individual preference. ant. anterior

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