§ 0.

75 ·
T cos 1 ¨ ¸ 60
q

CIVE1400, Fluid Mechanics © 1 .5 ¹

x 1.5 sin T 1.3
Marked Problem Sheet: SOLUTIONS
Area of displaced fluid = area of sector OAB – area of triangle OCB
Dr P.A Sleigh
P.A.Sleigh@leeds.ac.uk § 60 · 1.3 u 0.75
Area = S u 1.5 2 u ¨ ¸ 0.691
© 360 ¹ 2
th
Handed in Thursday 16 March 2006 RV = mass of displaced fluid = 0.691 u 1 Ug 6775 N

Question 1. Resultant = RV2  RH2 7315 N

(a) A sluice gate on a tank of water that is a circular quadrant of radius 1.5m is pivoted as §R ·
shown. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force when the water is Angle (the horizontal) = tan 1 ¨¨ V ¸¸ 67.84 q
(i) at a level with the pivot as shown © RH ¹
(ii) 0.75m below the pivot
(b) A circular butter-fly valve of diameter 1.0m is fitted to the vertical side wall of a tank
containing water. If the level of water above the centre of the valve is 5m what is the torque
(i) Horizontal force = force on projection of surface required to open the valve? [The valve pivots about a horizontal axis through it centre.]

h Resultant force = pressure at centroid × Area

RH Ug u h u 1
2
Depth to centroid = 5m
RH 1000 u 9.81 u 1.5 2 / 2 11036 N
2
§ § 1.0 · ·
Vertical force = mass of displaced fluid Resultant force = Ug u 5 u ¨ S u ¨ ¸ ¸ 38524 N
¨ © 2 ¹ ¸¹
©
§ Sr 2 · Position to centre of pressure (point of action of resultant force) = Sc
RV ¨¨ u 1¸¸ u Ug
© 4 ¹
I oo I GG Sr 4
RV 17336 N Sc I oo x I GG
Ax Ax 4
Sr 4 / 4 r2 0.5 2

Resultant = RV2  R H2 20551 N Sc x x 5 5.0125m

Sr 2 x 4x 4u5

§R · Distance from pivot to line of action of force = 5.0125-5 = 0.0125m

Angle (the horizontal) = tan 1 ¨¨ V ¸¸ 57.52 q
© RH ¹
Torque required = moment of resultant force about pivot = 38524×0.0125 = 482 Nm
(ii) Part (ii) is the same calculation but the geometry is a little more involved to calculate the (c) (i) Water flows in a circular pipe which increases in diameter from 400mm at point A to
displaced volume of fluid. 500mm at point B. Then pipe then splits into two branches of diameters 0.3m and 0.2m
Horizontal force = force on projection of surface discharging at C and D respectively. If the velocity at A is 1.0m/s and at D is 0.8m/s, what
are the discharges at C and D and the velocities at B and C?
h
RH Ug u h u 1
2 (ii) If point A is 5m higher than point B and the pressure at A is 15kN/m2, what is the pressure
RH 1000 u 9.81 u 0.75 2 / 2 2759 N at point B?

Vertical force = mass of displaced fluid

CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Problem Sheet 2006: Solutions CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Problem Sheet 2006: Solutions
 da 0.4m Aa S u 0.4 2 / 4 0.1257 m 2 u a 1.0m / s Question 2.
2 2
db 0.5m Aa S u 0.5 / 4 0.1963m The maximum depth of water in a reservoir is maintained by a V-notch weir, as shown in figure 2.
dc 0.3m Aa S u 0.3 2 / 4 0.0707m 2
Top of Dam
dd 0.2m Aa S u 0.2 2 / 4 0.0314m 2 u d 0.8m / s
o
110
Qa Aa u a 0.1257 u 1.0 0.126 m 3 / s H
3
Qd Ad u d 0.0314 u 0.8 0.025 m / s

By continuity Figure 2. Notch weir geometry.

Qa Qb Qc  Qd
Under storm conditions this weir is not adequate to cope with the excess flow and needs to be
0.126 Qc  0.025 modified.
Qc 0.101 m 3 / s
(a) If the maximum discharge, above which water will start to flow over the dam, is
55000m3/hr, determine the height of the weir if its discharge coefficient is 0.9.
Qc Ac u c
0.101 0.0707u c (b) One proposed new design is to increase the angle of the notch to 120o. Determine the
uc 1.43 m / s maximum hourly discharge over this weir if the height of the weir remains the same and the
discharge coefficient is 0.85.
Qa Qb Ab u b
(c) A second proposed design is to replace the notch weir with a rectangular weir the same
0.126 0.1963u b height as the original. Determine the width that this weir would need to be to give the same
ub 0.64 m / s discharge as the proposed 120 o notch.

(c)ii If point A is 5m higher than point B and the pressure at A is 15kN/m2, what is the pressure First convert the flow value units from m3/hr to m3/s:
at point B?
55000
Q 15.28 m 3 / s
3600
Apply Bernoulli between points A and B
p a u a2 pb u b2
  za   zb V-notch weir equation: Rectangular notch equation
Ug 2 g Ug 2 g
8 §T · 2
Q Cd 2 g tan ¨ ¸ H 5 / 2 Q Cd B 2g H 3 / 2
pa 15000 N / m 2 15 ©2¹ 3

15000 1.0 2 pb 0.64 2 a)

  5.0   0.0
1000 u 9.81 2 u 9.81 1000 u 9.81 2 u 9.81 8 § 110 · 5 / 2
15.28 0.9 2 u 9.81 tan¨ ¸H
15 © 2 ¹
pb 64345 N 5.031 H 5/ 2
pb 64.3 kN H 1.91 m

CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Problem Sheet 2006: Solutions CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Problem Sheet 2006: Solutions
b) Calculate the total force
8 § 120 · 5/ 2 In the x-direction:
Q 0.85 2 u 9.81 tan¨ ¸1.91
15 © 2 ¹
FT x UQ u 2 x  u1 x
Q 17.499 m 3 / s
u1 x u1
3
Q 17.499 u 3600 62996 m / hr
u2 x u 2 cos T
c) FT x UQ u 2 cos T  u1
2 1000 u 0.4 8.149 cos 45  1.684
17.499 0.85 u B 2 u 9.81 1.913 / 2
3 1631.36 N
B 2.64m

Question 3. In the y-direction:

A pipe which is carrying water turns through 45q in the horizontal plane, at the same time it reduces FT y UQ u 2 y  u1 y
diameter from 0.55m at the entrance to the bend to 0.25m at the exit. The water is measured as u1 y u1 sin 0 0
flowing at the rate of 400 litres/s with a pressure at the entrance of 1.5 bar.
u2 y u 2 sin T
Neglecting any head loss due to friction, calculate the force exerted by the water on the bend, and FT y UQu 2 sin T
its direction of application.
1000 u 0.4 u 8.149 sin 45
2304.81N
Solution Calculate the pressure force
Use Bernoulli to calculate force at exit, p2
0.25m
p1 u12 p 2 u 22
  z1   z2  h f
Ug 2 g Ug 2 g
the friction loss hf can be ignored, hf=0
p = 1.5 bar Horizontal plane so z1 = z2
0.55m o
By continuity, Q= u1A1 = u2A2
Q = 400 litres/sec 45
U
p2 p1  u 22  u12  z1  z 2
2
1000
A1= Sd1 / 4 = 0.238 m2 150000  8.149 2  1.68 2  0
2
A2= Sd2 / 4 = 0.049 m2 118216.37 N
Q = 400 / 1000 = 0.4 m3/s
u1 = Q/A1 = 0.4/0.238 = 1.684 m/s FP pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2
u2 = Q/A2 = 0.4/0.049 = 8.149 m/s
1 bar = 1×105 N/m2 FP x p1 A1 cos 0  p 2 A2 cos T p1 A1  p 2 A2 cos T
p1 = 1.5 ×105 N/m2 = 150 000 N/m2 [ 2 Marks ] 31534 N
FP y p1 A1 sin 0  p 2 A2 sin T  p 2 A2 sin T
4103N

CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Problem Sheet 2006: Solutions CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Problem Sheet 2006: Solutions
Calculate the body force (In horizontal plane so no body forces need be considered)
FBx 0
FBy 0

Calculate the resultant force

FT x FR x  FP x  FB x
FT y FR y  FP y  FB y

FR x FT x  FP x  FB x
1631  31534
29903 N

FR y FT y  FP y  FB y
2304  4103
6407 N
And the resultant force on the fluid is given by
FRy
FResultant

FRx

FR FR2 x  FR2 y 30581N 30.6kN

And the direction of application is

§ FR y ·
I tan 1 ¨¨ ¸
¸ 12.1$
© FR x ¹

the force on the bend is the same magnitude but in the opposite direction
R  FR

R = -30.6 kN

CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Problem Sheet 2006: Solutions